In the domestic social psychology There are many approaches to understanding personality. Let's consider the main ones.
1) A complex approach to the study of personality was formulated and developed by a famous Soviet psychologist B.G. Ananiev. He identified hierarchically subordinate levels of human organization: individual, personality, individuality. In his opinion, individuality is formed on the basis of the relationship between the characteristics of a person as a person and as a subject of activity, which are determined by individual natural properties.
Ananiev believed that in the study of a person as a person, the following stands out:
- personality status, i.e., its position in society (economic, political, legal, etc.);
- public functions carried out by a person depending on this position and historical era;
- motivation of her behavior and activities depending on the goals and values that form the inner world;
- outlook and the totality of the relationship of the individual to the world around him (nature, society, work, other people, himself);
- character;
- inclinations.
All this a complex system subjective properties and qualities of a person, his socio-psychological phenomena determines his activities and behavior.
2) Activity approach to the study of personality was developed by one of the famous Soviet psychologists - A. N. Leontiev. In his opinion, human activity generates all mental phenomena, qualities, features, processes and states. Unlike the individual, the personality “is in no sense a precursor to his activity, like his consciousness, it is generated by it” (Leontiev, 1975, p. 173). In Leontiev's concept, the categories of personality, consciousness, activity appear in their dialectical interaction, trinity. Leontiev applied the analysis of the structure of activity to the characterization of personality. As you remember, the main psychological components of activity are its motives: incentive motives and sense-forming motives, and the hierarchical connections of motives form the core of the personality.
3) Structural-dynamic approach to the study of personality unites a number of psychological theories, which are based on the principle of structure. This approach can be attributed to the point of view K.K. Platonov, according to which the personality structure consists of four substructures:
1)Substructure of directionality and personality relationships, which manifest as its moral traits. This structure includes: inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview. The substructure of the orientation of the personality is most socially conditioned, formed under the influence of upbringing in society, and most fully reflects the ideology of the community in which the person is included.
2)Individual social experience of the individual, combines the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired in personal experience through learning, but already with a noticeable influence of both biologically and even genetically determined personality traits. This substructure, explains Platonov, is sometimes called individual culture or preparedness, but it is better to call it briefly experience.
3)Individual characteristics mental processes human, or mental functions understood as forms mental reflection: memory, emotions, sensations, thinking, perception, feelings, will. The influence of biologically determined features in this substructure is seen even more clearly, since the forms of reflection are functions of the brain and depend on its state. It, interacting with the other three substructures, is formed mainly through training and exercise. .
4)biologically determined substructure, which includes typological properties (temperament), age and sex properties of the personality. The personality traits included in this substructure are incomparably more dependent on physiological features brain, and social influences only subordinate and compensate them. Therefore, this substructure, according to Platonov, can be briefly called biopsychic. .
According to Platonov, these substructures differ in the "specific weight" of social and biological content, it is in the choice of these substructures as the subject of analysis that general psychology differs from social psychology.
General psychology focuses on three substructures: biological(gender, age, temperament), psychological(memory, emotions, thinking) and social experience(knowledge, skills, abilities, habits), and on the share social psychology remains the fourth substructure focus(beliefs, worldview, personal meanings, interests).
4) From the standpoint of social psychology, it is important to consider the point of view A.V. Petrovsky on the understanding of personality . Personality is considered by him not as an individual taken in an abstract social environment, but, first of all, as a person who defines himself through a group, through society. The need for personification is the starting point of personality analysis. That is why A. V. Petrovsky calls his theory the concept of personalization. They distinguish three main processes:
1) adaptation - as the appropriation of social norms and values by an individual, that is, the formation of a socially typical;
2) individualization - as the discovery or affirmation of the "I", the identification of one's inclinations and capabilities, character traits, that is, the formation of individuality;
3) integration - as a change in the life of the surrounding people, the implementation of contributions and their acceptance by others and thereby the assertion of one's otherness in other people, that is, the formation of the universal.
Thus, in the structure of a person's personality, according to A.V. Petrovsky, includes three generators, three subsystems: the individuality of the individual, its representation in the system interpersonal relationships and in other people. A.V. Petrovsky identifies three blocks in the personality structure:
1) intra-individual subsystem - qualities inherent in an individual subject (individuality);
2) interindividual subsystem - the space of interindividual relations, the representation of the individual in the system of interpersonal relations;
3) the meta-individual subsystem is the representation of the personality in other people, which thereby affects its behavior, self-determination, etc.
In psychological science, there are various approaches to the study of personality. The most widespread in foreign psychology are three theories, namely: biogenetic, sociogenetic, psychogenetic.
Biogenetic theory bases the development of personality biological processes body maturation. The American psychologist of the early 20th century, S. Hall, considered the biogenetic "law of recapitulation" to be the main law of development, according to which individual development, ontogenesis, repeats the main stages of phylogenesis. In the typological classifications developed in the 20th century by E. Kramer (1925), W. Sheldon (1954), an attempt was made to link the character of a person with his physical. Biologism is especially bright in the interpretation of personality 3. . According to his teaching, all behavior of the individual is due to unconscious biological drives or instincts. Personal development occurs through adaptation biological nature to life in society, the development of her and coordinated with the "Super-I" ways to meet needs.
L. S. Vygotsky explains the personality from the point of view of the cultural and historical development of mankind: “Personality is a social concept, it embraces the supranatural, historical in man. It is not born, but arises as a result of cultural development, therefore personality is a historical concept.
The emergence of personality as a systemic quality is due to the fact that the individual in joint activities with others, he changes the world and through these changes transforms himself (A. N. Leontiev, S. L.). Personality is considered in the unity of the individual and the conditions of the social environment (B. G., A. N. Leontiev).
Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man. The real basis of the personality is the totality of social relations to the world, those relations that are realized in activity, more precisely, in the totality of diverse activities. The formation of personality is the formation unified system personal meanings.
Personality- a basic concept in psychology, studied by all social sciences, and general definition no. B.G. Ananiev singled out 4 levels of human organization: individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality (Leningrad school). Individual- a representative of a biological species, has certain congenital features(the structure of the body - the possibility of upright walking, the structure of the brain - the development of intelligence, the structure of the hand - the possibility of using tools, etc.), that is, the individual is the belonging of a particular person to the human race. Most General characteristics individual: the integrity of the psychophysiological organization; stability in interaction with the outside world; activity. Subject of activity- the carrier of consciousness, which is formed and develops in the process of activity. Personality- being included in the system of social relationships and processes, a person acquires a special social quality - becomes a personality. Individuality- the uniqueness and originality of a particular person, expressed in the features of development lower levels(individual, subject, personality). Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, in the specifics of interests, qualities of perceptual processes and intellect, needs and abilities of the individual. The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is the anatomical and physiological inclinations, which are transformed in the process of education, which has a socially conditioned character, giving rise to a wide variability of manifestations
In this way, personality- this is the most significant level organization of a person, that is, a feature of his development as a social being.
The relationship between the individual as a product of anthropogenesis, the individual as a product of socio-historical experience, the individual as a transforming world, is expressed in the formula: “The individual is born. They become a person. Individuality is upheld." An individual experiences a socially conditioned need to be a person and discovers the possibility of this in a socially significant activity: this determines the development of a person as a person. In a child, this happens with the help of an adult. Personal development is controlled by a system of motives, and the activity-mediated type of relationship with the most reference group is the determining factor in development.
Personality and individuality form a unity, but not identity, since individual characteristics may not be represented in the forms of activity and communication that are essential for the group in which the individual is included. If personality traits are not presented in interpersonal relationships (for example, habits), then they are not essential for assessing the personality and do not receive conditions for development. So, for example, dexterity and determination, being personality traits of a teenager, do not act until that time as a characteristic of his personality, until he was included in a sports team. That is, individual characteristics do not declare themselves (do not acquire personal meaning) and do not develop until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relations of a person.
functional approach- the role of consciousness is to give a person the opportunity to adapt to different situations. This happens either when repeating already developed forms of behavior, or when changing them depending on the circumstances, or when mastering new actions, if the situation requires it (W. James).
personality, in terms of behaviorists, nothing more than a set of behavioral reactions inherent in a given person. The formula "stimulus - reaction" was the leading one in behaviorism. Personality is an organized and relatively stable system of skills. The latter form the basis of relatively stable behavior, they are adapted to life situations whose change leads to the formation of new skills.
Gestalt psychology originated in the twenties of the twentieth century and has a pronounced integrative character. M. Wertheimer, W. Köhler and K. Koffka (the founders of the new direction) decided that human behavior and consciousness cannot be studied separately. Human consciousness collects parts of experience into a kind of integral structure, which is called gestalt. According to this trend, the whole is not just the sum of its parts. The task of psychologists is not to study individual processes of perception, but to explain the principles by which these parts are grouped. This knowledge is used to explain to a person his behavior, to help him become a more harmonious personality.
At the beginning of the XX century. appeared psychoanalysis. The psychoanalytic direction turned to the study of unconscious mental processes. The impulses of the unconscious area of the psyche (desires, repressed desires, experiences) have a strong influence on the actions and states of a person, although he does not suspect this, he himself often does not know why he does something. Unconscious representations hardly pass into consciousness, remaining unconscious due to the work of two mechanisms - repression and resistance. Therefore, unconscious ideas, having a large energy charge, break through into the conscious life of the individual, taking a distorted or symbolic form (three manifestations of the unconscious - dreams; erroneous actions: reservations, typos, forgetting things; neurotic symptoms). Thus, the essence of Freud's teaching is the recognition of the fatal antagonism between repressed experience and consciousness, which leads to antagonism between the individual and the social environment.
humanistic(existential) psychology subject psychological research presupposes a healthy creative personality of a person. In contrast to Freudianism and behaviorism, which evaluate a person as completely dependent either on the environment or on unconscious instincts, humanistic psychology views him as responsible for his own destiny, freely making a choice among the opportunities provided, striving for self-improvement, being in the process of becoming, changing throughout life.
Representatives cognitive psychology (from lat. cognitio - knowledge) George Kelly (1905-1966) and others assign a decisive role in the behavior of the subject to knowledge. Any person is a kind of researcher who seeks to understand, interpret, anticipate and control the world of his personal experiences, draw a conclusion based on his past experience and make assumptions about the future. And although objective reality exists, people perceive it in different ways, since any event can be viewed from different angles.
In the history of Russian psychology, the idea of psychological essence personalities have changed over and over again.
Structural approach(K.K. Platonov) understood a personality as a kind of biosocial structure, in which he singled out the following substructures: orientation; experience (knowledge, skills, abilities); individual characteristics various forms reflections (sensation, perception, memory, thinking) and, finally, the combined properties of temperament.
Systems approach(Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev). Personality is considered as a psychological formation of a special type, generated by a person's life in society. The subordination of various activities creates the basis of personality, the formation of which occurs in the process social development(ontogeny).
The human psyche and personality are so multifaceted and complex that present stage development of psychology has not yet reached the full knowledge of the secrets human soul. Each of the existing theories and concepts reveals only one of the facets of the human psyche, reveals certain real patterns, but not the whole truth about the essence of the human psyche. Therefore, it is unacceptable to absolutize any one theory and reject all others. Majority modern psychologists agree that when analyzing the psyche and personality structure, one should take into account the biological and social nature of a person ( social relations, internalized social norms), conscious and unconscious mental spheres, the unity of cognitive-intellectual, emotional-motivational, behavioral-volitional areas, as well as the essence of personality.
In modern psychology, there is no unambiguous understanding of such a phenomenon as personality, and this is understandable, since personality is a capacious and multifaceted concept. In psychology, there are different approaches to understanding personality.
A personality can be described in terms of its motives and aspirations, which make up the content of its "personal world", that is, a unique system of personal meanings, individually unique ways of ordering external impressions and internal experiences.
Personality is considered as a system of traits - relatively stable, externally manifested characteristics of individuality, which are imprinted in the subject's judgments about himself, as well as in the judgments of other people about him.
Personality is also described as an active "I" of the subject, as a system of plans, relationships, orientation, semantic formations that regulate the way her behavior goes beyond the original plans.
Personality is also considered as a subject of personalization, i.e. the needs and abilities of the individual to bring about change in others.
Personality is a social concept, it expresses everything that is supranatural, historical in a person. Personality is not innate, it arises as a result of cultural and social development.
Personality is a specifically human formation that is "produced" public relations into which the individual enters in his activity. The fact that in this case some of his features as an individual also change is not a cause, but a consequence of the formation of his personality. The formation of personality is a process that does not directly coincide with the process of lifetime, naturally current change. natural properties individual in the course of his adaptation to the external environment.
Personality is a socialized individual, considered from the side of his most significant socially significant properties. A person is such a purposeful, self-organizing particle of society, the main function of which is the implementation of an individual way of social existence.
In one of the first generalizing works on the psychology of personality, A. G. Kovalev proposed to distinguish three formations in personality: mental processes, mental states and mental properties, and B. G. Ananiev put forward the idea of an integrated approach to personality formation, when the "set" of characteristics taken into account is significantly expanded.
The question of the structure of personality was specially covered by Platonov K.K. latest edition consisted of four substructures, which are at the same time the levels of personality formation:
biologically determined substructure (which includes temperament, sexual, age, sometimes pathological properties of the psyche);
psychological substructure, including the individual properties of individual mental processes that have become properties of the personality (memory, emotions, sensations, thinking, perception, feelings and will);
substructure of social experience (which includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person);
) a substructure of the orientation of the personality (inside which there is, in turn, a special hierarchically interconnected series of substructures: inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, an individual picture of the world and highest form orientation - beliefs).
In the history of Russian psychology, the idea of the psychological essence of personality has repeatedly changed. Initially, it would seem that the most reliable way to overcome the theoretical difficulties associated with the need to comprehend the personality precisely as a psychological category is to enumerate the components that form the personality as a kind of psychological reality. In this case, personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, features, characteristics of the human psyche. This approach to the problem was called by academician A.V. Petrovsky "collectionist", because in this case the person turns into a kind of "receptacle", a container that takes in the traits of temperament, character, interests, abilities, etc. The task of the psychologist in this case is reduced to cataloging all this and identifying the individual uniqueness of its combination for each individual person. This approach deprives the concept of personality of its categorical content.
Already in the 1960s, psychologists realized their dissatisfaction with the results of this approach. The question of structuring numerous personal qualities was on the agenda. Since the mid-1960s, attempts have been made to elucidate the general structure of personality. Very characteristic in this direction is the approach of V.V. Platonov, who understood a certain biosocial hierarchical structure as a personality. The scientist singled out the following substructures in it: orientation, experience (knowledge, abilities, skills); individual characteristics of various forms of reflection (sensation, perception, memory, thinking) and, finally, the combined properties of temperament. The main disadvantage of this approach was that general structure personality was interpreted mainly as a certain combination of its biological and socially determined features. As a result, perhaps the main problem in the psychology of the individual was the problem of the relationship between the social and the biological in the individual. However, in fact, the biological, entering the personality of a person, becomes social.
By the end of the 70s, the orientation towards a structural approach to the problem of personality is replaced by a tendency to apply systems approach. In this regard, of particular interest is the appeal to the ideas of A.N. Leontiev, whose ideas about the personality are detailed in his recent works. Before proceeding to characterize the formation of personality, he formulates some general prerequisites for considering personality in psychology. Their essence boils down to the fact that the formation of personality is inextricably linked with activity. Key to scientific understanding personality can only be a study of the process of generation and transformation of a person's personality in his activities. Personality appears in such a context as, on the one hand, a condition of activity, and, on the other hand, as its product. Such an understanding of this relationship also provides a basis for the formation of personality: if personality is based on relationships of subordination of species human activity, then the basis for identifying the structure of personality should be the hierarchy of these activities.
Let us briefly characterize the features of the understanding of personality by A.N. Leontiev. Personality, in his opinion, is a psychological formation of a special type, generated by a person's life in society. The subordination of various activities creates the basis of personality, the formation of which occurs in ontogeny. It is interesting to note those features that A.N. Leontiev did not attribute to personality, primarily genotypically determined features of a person: physical constitution, type nervous system, temperament, dynamic forces of biological needs, natural inclinations, as well as acquired skills, knowledge and skills, including professional ones. The above constitutes the individual properties of a person. The concept of an individual, according to A.N. Leontiev, reflects, firstly, the integrity and indivisibility of an individual of a given biological species, and secondly, the features of a particular representative of a species that distinguish it from other representatives of this species. Individual properties, including genotypically determined ones, can change in many ways in the course of a person’s life, but this does not make them personal. Personality is not an individual enriched by previous experience. The properties of the individual do not pass into the properties of the personality. Although transformed, they remain individual properties, not defining the emerging personality, but constituting the prerequisites and conditions for its formation.
Personality in psychology denotes a systemic social quality acquired by an individual through objective activity and communication and characterizing the level and quality of representation of social relations in an individual.
What is a personality as a special social quality of an individual? All domestic psychologists deny the identity of the concepts of "individual" and "personality". The concepts of personality and individual are not identical; this is a special quality that an individual acquires in society, in the totality of his social relations in nature, in which the individual is involved ... personality is a systemic and therefore "supersensory" quality, although the bearer of this quality is a completely sensual, bodily individual with all his innate and acquired properties.
Now we need to clarify why the personality is spoken of as the "supersensible" quality of the individual. It is obvious that the individual has quite sensual (that is, accessible to perception with the help of the senses) properties: physicality, individual characteristics of behavior, speech, facial expressions, etc. How, then, are qualities revealed in a person that are not seen in their directly sensible form? Personality embodies a system of relations, social in nature, which fit into the sphere of the individual's being as his systemic (internally dissected, complex) quality. Only an analysis of the relationship "individual-society" allows us to reveal the foundations of the properties of a person as a person. To understand the foundations on which certain properties of a person are formed, it is necessary to consider her life in society, her movement in the system of social relations. The inclusion of an individual in certain communities determines the content and nature of the activities performed by them, the range and methods of communication with other people, that is, the features of his social life, lifestyle. But the way of life of individual individuals, certain communities of people, as well as society as a whole, is determined by the system of social relations. Psychology can solve such a problem only in contact with other social sciences.
Is it possible to directly derive psychological characteristics of this or that person from socio-historical laws? It is possible to characterize a personality only by seeing it in the system of interpersonal relations, in joint collective activity, because outside the collective, outside the group, outside human communities, there is no personality in its active social essence.
The personality of each person is endowed only with her inherent combination of features and characteristics that form her personality - a combination psychological features of a person, constituting his originality, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in character traits, temperament, habits, prevailing interests, as cognitive processes, in abilities, individual style of activity. Just as the concepts of individual and personality are not identical, personality and individuality, in turn, form a unity, but not identity. If personality traits are not represented in the system of interpersonal relations, they turn out to be insignificant for assessing the personality of an individual and do not receive conditions for development, just as only individual traits that are most "drawn" into the leading activity for a given social community act as personal traits. Until a certain time, the individual characteristics of a person do not manifest themselves in any way until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relations, the subject of which will be this person as a person. So, individuality is only one of the sides of a person's personality.
Returning to the issue of understanding the essence of personality by A.V. Petrovsky and V.A. Petrovsky, it is necessary to dwell on one more aspect - such an understanding of the personality structure by them, when it is considered as a "supersensory" systemic quality of an individual. Considering the personality in the system of subjective relations, they distinguish three types of attribution (attribution, endowment) of the personal being of the individual (or 3 aspects of the interpretation of the personality). The first aspect of consideration is intra-individual personal attribution: personality is interpreted as a property inherent in the subject himself; the personal turns out to be an immersion in the inner space of the individual's being. The second aspect is inter-individual personal attribution as a way of understanding personality, when the "space of inter-individual relations" becomes the sphere of its definition and existence. The third aspect of consideration is meta-individual personal attribution. Here attention is drawn to the impact that, wittingly or unwittingly, an individual has by his activity (individual or joint) on other people. Personality is already perceived from a new angle: its the most important characteristics who tried to see in the qualities of the individual, it is proposed to look not only in himself, but also in other people. In this case, the personality acts as an ideal representation of the individual in other people, his personalization. The essence of this ideal representation is in those real effective changes in the intellectual and affective-need sphere of another person, which are produced by the activity of the subject or his participation in joint activities. The "other being" of an individual in other people is not a static imprint. We are talking about an active process, a kind of continuation of oneself in another, as a result of which a person acquires a second life in other people. Of course, a person can be characterized only in the unity of the three proposed aspects of consideration.
With a consistent analysis of various approaches to the problem of personality formation, formulated by L.S. Vygotsky, S. L. Rubinshtein, A. N. Leontiev, we can conclude that all sections psychological science consider the personality as originally given in the system of social connections and relations, determined by social relations and, moreover, acting as an active subject of activity. In other words, when considering the problems of personality formation, one cannot separate from the consideration of the problems of the group.
Our personality depends not only on heredity. The experience of the first years of life leaves a deep imprint on her. It can even be said that the phases that a child goes through in this "forgotten" period are the most important for the formation of his personality, for the socialization of personality.
The concepts of "man", "individual", "subject", "personality", "individuality"
Person- the most common concept in psychology is the concept of man - a kind of biological creature with articulate speech, consciousness, the ability to create tools and use them, etc. Man is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree of development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.
Individual is a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).
Individuality- this is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental features, intellect, worldview, life experience).
There are two levels in the formation of individuality:
The first level is associated with the features of the structure and dynamics of the nervous system;
The second - a combination of various features provides the originality of human behavior and cognition, which is manifested in the individual style of human life.
Subject- this is a person in the totality of such mental characteristics that allow him to carry out actions, activities and behavior in general. The concept of "subject" says that activity and energy come only from him, and not from outside, i.e. the subject himself chooses the objects of his attention, communication, friendship.
Personality is one of the central themes of modern psychology.
Personality in the broadest sense is what internally distinguishes one person from another, a list of all its psychological properties. Such a concept of "personality" includes features of a person that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. Personality in the intermediate, middle sense is a social subject, social individual, a set of social and personal roles. Personality in the narrowest sense is a cultural subject, selfhood. This is a person who builds and controls his own life, a person as a responsible subject of will.
Personality structure (according to K.K. Platonov)
K. Platonov put the grouping of psychological traits into logically integral substructures as the basis for structuring the personality: biologically conditioned and socially conditioned. Substructures, in turn, have their own levels:
The lowest level is those traits of a person that are biologically determined: the age and sex properties of his personality, temperament, features of the nervous system. At the next level, there is a substructure that includes the features of the flow of various mental processes: memory, thinking, perception, innate abilities.
The next substructure includes human experience, i.e. those knowledge and skills that have been acquired in the process of social life. And, finally, at the highest level is the orientation of the personality, i.e. features of the worldview and character of a person, his self-esteem, interests and hobbies. All this diversity forms the integral psychological structure of the personality.
W. James personality theory
The empirical "I" (Personality) according to James combines:
1.Physical personality (the attitude towards her of her own bodily organization, family and home, etc., is also taken into account).
2. Social personality, which is defined as a form of acceptance of personality in each individual by other people.
3. Spiritual personality, which serves as a unity of spiritual capabilities, properties, qualities and states (for example, desires, thinking).
Personality: this is what is able to store memories of itself and at the same time perceive itself as one and the same (just like before). It was this vision of this issue that was supported and developed by James, who represented the personality as the sum of everything that a person can define and call his own. Such definitions identify the concept of personality with the concept of self-consciousness, therefore it is more reasonable to formulate personality through the prism of social relationships. Then the personality acts as a system of social behavior of the individual. Self-esteem, formed by evaluating the individual of other people and vice versa, is the main formation of the personality. Particular attention is paid to the identification of the individual himself.
Personality structure according to Z. Freud
Freud compared the structure of personality to an iceberg, in which the surface, one tenth of it is consciousness, and the rest of the underwater part is the unconscious. Freud understands the human psyche as a structure consisting of three layers or components: It (id), I (ego), Super-I (super-ego). He believes that a person, or rather, his personality, is formed gradually, from the moment of birth successively going through several stages, taking into account natural abilities and his environment - family, society, school, etc.
Freud's Unconscious It is the deepest, inherited part of the human mind, in the depths of which there are secret spiritual movements, reminiscent of ancient demons and expressing the unaccountable desires of a person. It consists of three elements: the eros drive (libido), the death drive, and the repressed elements separated from the ego by resistance. These urges are guided by the pleasure principle. This instance of the psyche is accessible to direct research only through such manifestations as dreams, symptoms of illness and behavioral errors. This is a dark and inaccessible part of our psyche, the most archaic and ancient. It is inherently irrational and immoral.
The Conscious Self is the link between the It and the outer world. If it needs to satisfy its desires, then the ego decides whether there is a possibility for this. I obey the reality principle. The functions of the ego include self-preservation of the organism, fixing the experience of external influences in memory, avoiding dangers and threats, control over the requirements of instincts (coming from the id).
Correlation between the concepts of "personality" and "individual" according to A.N. Leontiev
Leontiev considered man as the totality of all human qualities.
The concept of the individual contains an indication of the likeness of a person to all other people, to his commonality with the human race.
2 signs:
1. Indivisibility or integrity of the subject.
2. The presence of special (individual) properties that distinguish it from other representatives of the same species.
Personality is a systemic and therefore supersensory quality. “The concept of personality expresses the integrity of the subject of life. One is not born a personality, one becomes a personality... Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man.”
Thus, every person is an individual, but not every individual is a person, but only that cat. acquired a social individuality, and withdrew his biological individuality. Every Personality is a person as a social individuality.
Analytic Theory of Personality (C. G. Jung)
The philosophical basis of Jung's theory is the teleological assumption of organismic purposefulness, due to which the transformational processes of individualization unfold in each person along the paths already laid down in the unique potential of the psychological center, called by Jung the Self.
The concept of the Self emphasizes the importance of balance and wholeness, but goes far beyond that, recognizing that a spiritual basis and a transcendent source of creative power are inherent in the potential for growth in the soul of every person.
The Self is an archetype (the original innate mental structures that make up the content of the collective unconscious) of the order, which is the center of the integrity of the conscious and unconscious spiritual being of a person and the principle of their unification.
Humanistic theory of personality (K. Rogers, A. Maslow)
Representatives of humanistic psychology consider people as active creators of their own lives, having freedom of choice, highly conscious and reasonable, striving for personal growth and self-sufficiency.
K. Rogers developed a number of concepts that describe the characteristics of the personality and its development:
1) the trend of actualization is the only motive that inspires and regulates all human behavior. According to the author, to actualize oneself means to preserve and develop oneself, to bring out the best qualities of one's personality as much as possible.
2) the whole life experience of a person is evaluated - thanks to the "organismic evaluation process" - from the standpoint of how well it serves the trend of actualization.
3) the core of the personality, according to K. Rogers, is the I-concept, or the Self, which is a person's concept of what he is.
This system includes I-real - those characteristics that a person perceives as part of himself, including a set of "role images of I" (parent, spouse, employee, athlete, etc.) reflected in different life contexts. It also includes the I-ideal - those characteristics that a person would like to have, but does not yet have. These characteristics a person appreciates and strives to possess;
The basic concept developed by A. Maslow is the hierarchy of needs model. The author put forward a number of provisions related to it, describing the development of the personality and its features:
1) man is a “desiring being”. A person rarely has a state of complete, complete satisfaction, lack of desires. People almost always want something.
2) a person is a single, unique whole.
3) the hierarchy of needs, according to A. Maslow, applies to all people.
4) in every person by nature there are potential opportunities for positive growth and improvement.
5) self-actualization, according to A. Maslow, is the desire of a person to become what he can become. A person who has achieved self-actualization is one who has achieved the use of all his talents, has fully realized his potential for independence from it.
Cognitive theory of personality (J. Kelly)
In his opinion, the only thing a person wants to know in life is what happened to him and what will happen to him in the future.
Kelly's main source of personality development is the environment, the social environment. The cognitive theory of personality emphasizes the influence of intellectual processes on human behavior. In this theory, any person is compared with a scientist who tests hypotheses about the nature of things and makes a forecast of future events. Any event is open to multiple interpretations.
Behavioral (behavioristic) theory of personality
Spence's personality theory
Behavioral theory of personality according to which the strength, the effectiveness of the reactions of the subject depends on the potential of excitation. This potential, in turn, depends on two main factors: on the strength, strength of the skill and on the strength of motivation (motive, emotion). Strong emotional, motivational arousal can be associated with both high and low strength, the effectiveness of the subject's reaction.
Dispositional theory of personality (G. Eysenck, G. Allport)
The dispositional direction in the study of personality is based on two general ideas.
The first is that people have a wide range of predispositions to respond in certain ways in different situations (that is, personality traits). This means that people show a certain consistency in their actions, thoughts and emotions, regardless of the passage of time, events and life experiences. In fact, the essence of personality is determined by those inclinations that people carry through their whole lives, which belong to them and are inalienable from them.
The second main idea of the dispositional direction has to do with the fact that no two people are exactly alike.
One of the most influential proponents of the dispositional trend, Gordon Allport, believed that each person is unique and that its uniqueness can best be understood through the definition of specific personality traits. Allport's emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual is, however, only one side of his theoretical position. Much attention is paid to how human behavior is influenced by cognitive and motivational processes. A distinctive feature of Allport's theoretical orientation is his conviction that human behavior is always the result of one or another configuration of personality traits.
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