Penicillin is the very first in the world, which became a real salvation for millions of people. With its help, doctors were able to declare war on diseases that were considered fatal at that time: pneumonia, tuberculosis,. However, treatment of pathologies with the use of antibiotics should be carried out only after establishing accurate diagnosis and strictly as prescribed by the doctor.
History of discovery
The discovery of the antibacterial properties of penicillin occurred in 1928. The famous scientist Alexander Fleming, as a result of conducting a routine experiment with colonies, discovered stains of ordinary mold in some cups with cultures.
As it turned out upon further study, there were no harmful bacteria in the cups with mold stains. Subsequently, it was from ordinary green mold that a molecule was derived that was capable of killing bacteria. This is how the first one appeared modern antibiotic- Penicillin.
Penicillium group
Nowadays, penicillins are a whole group of antibiotics produced by certain types of mold (genus Penicillium).
They can be active against entire groups of gram-positive microorganisms, as well as some gram-negative ones: staphylococci, spirochetes, meningococci.
Penicillins are large group beta-lactam antibiotics, which contain a special beta-lactam ring molecule.
Indications
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are used in courses of treatment huge amount infectious diseases. They are prescribed for sensitivity pathogenic microorganisms to a medicinal product for the treatment of the following pathologies:
- many types of pneumonia;
- osteomyelitis;
- infections genitourinary system, most of the gastrointestinal tract;
- scarlet fever;
- diphtheria;
- anthrax;
- gynecological diseases;
- diseases of the ENT organs;
- syphilis, gonorrhea and many others.
This type of antibiotic is also used in the treatment of wounds infected with bacteria. As a prevention of purulent complications, the drug is prescribed in the postoperative period.
The drug can be used in childhood for umbilical sepsis, pneumonia, otitis in newborns and infants, also early age. Penicillin is also effective for purulent pleurisy and meningitis.
Use of penicillin in medicine:
Contraindications
Application penicillin series for the treatment of infections is not always possible. People who are highly sensitive to the drug are strictly prohibited from taking the drug.
The use of this antibiotic is also contraindicated in patients suffering from asthma of various origins, hay fever, or a history of other active substances.
Release form
Modern pharmacological companies produce penicillin preparations for injections or in tablet form. Products for intramuscular administration are produced in bottles (made of glass), sealed with rubber stoppers and metal caps on top. Before administration, the substrate is diluted with sodium chloride or water for injection.
Tablets are produced in cell packaging in dosages from 50 to 100 thousand units. It is also possible to produce ecmoline lozenges. Dosage in in this case does not exceed 5 thousand units.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of penicillin is the inhibition of enzymes involved in the formation of the cell membrane of microorganisms. The cell membrane protects bacteria from exposure environment, disruption of its synthesis leads to the death of pathogenic agents.
This is the bactericidal effect of the drug. It acts on some types of gram-positive bacteria (streptococci and staphylococci), as well as several types of gram-negative ones.
It is worth noting that penicillins can only act on multiplying bacteria. In inactive cells, membranes are not built, so they do not die due to enzyme inhibition.
Instructions for use
The antibacterial effect of penicillin is achieved when intramuscular injection, when taken orally, as well as when local action. More often it is used for treatment injection form. When administered intramuscularly, the drug is quickly absorbed into the blood.
However, after 3-4 hours it completely disappears from the blood. Therefore, regular administration of the drugs at equal intervals from 4 times a day is recommended.
The drug can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or into the spinal canal. For treatment complex pneumonia, meningitis or syphilis, a special regimen is prescribed, which can only be prescribed by a doctor.
When taking penicillin in tablet form, the dosage must also be determined by your doctor. As a rule, for bacterial infections, 250-500 mg is prescribed every 6-8 hours. If necessary, a single dose can be increased to 750 mg. The tablets should be taken half an hour before meals or 2 hours after. The duration of the course will be determined by the doctor.
Side effects
Since penicillins are natural preparation, they have minimal toxicity among other groups of artificially bred antibiotics. However, allergic reactions are still possible.
The tablet form of penicillin should be taken with plenty of liquid. During treatment with penicillin antibiotics, it is important not to skip the recommended doses, since the effect of the drug may be weakened. If this happens, the missed dose should be taken as quickly as possible.
It happens that after 3-5 days after regular use or administration of the drug, improvement does not occur, then you should consult a doctor to adjust the course of treatment or dose medicine. It is not recommended to interrupt the course of treatment without consulting a doctor.
Rules for the use of antibiotics:
Drug interactions
When prescribing penicillin, attention should be paid to its interaction with other drugs used. This antibiotic should not be combined with the following medications.
IN modern medicine antibiotics of the penicillin group are widely used in standard forms inflammatory diseases. Although in Lately Semi-synthetic penicillins are more often used; a simple version of this drug is often indispensable for otitis, cystitis and sore throats in children.
The antibiotic penicillin is one of the first forms antibacterial agents directed action invented by man. At the time of its discovery, it was a powerful drug that helped save the lives of patients with pneumonia and. Before the invention of penicillin, pneumonia was fatal in almost 90% of cases. dangerous disease. But, a few years later, doctors began to notice a decrease in the activity of the antibiotic penicillin against the vast majority of pathogens. This was the impetus for the development of new antibacterial agents.
However, with each new generation, antibiotics acquired not only powerful antibacterial properties, but also severe side effects. At the same time, simple, completely natural penicillin was gradually forgotten. Today, the use of first generation penicillin is recommended by all foreign microbiologists. The point is simple. Immediately after the invention of penicillin, a gradual decrease in its activity began to appear due to bacterial mutations. They began to adapt to this antibiotic and develop a kind of immunity against it. Subsequently, this process progressed. Man invented new bacteria - new forms of adaptation.
According to recent microbiological studies, resistance to the antibiotic penicillin in bacteria is low. This means that it can be successfully used in the treatment bacterial infections caused by bacteria sensitive to this drug.
Basics pharmachologic effect penicillin is aimed at disrupting protein synthesis in bacterial cells. As a result of disruption of the permeability of the cell membrane, it causes destruction and death of bacteria. This determines its rapid bactericidal effect. Unlike other antibiotics, it does not slow down the reproduction of pathogens, but provokes their disappearance.
Low resistance to penicillin has been experimentally proven in:
- gram-positive bacteria, causing inflammation respiratory organs and urinary system;
- gram-negative bacteria of the cocci group, including causing meningitis, gonorrhea, syphilis;
- bacteria of the actinomycete group.
The maximum concentration in the biological media of the human body is achieved with intramuscular administration of the drug. In this case, the increase in percentage begins 5 minutes after the injection of penicillin and reaches its maximum after 30 minutes. The antibiotic penicillin freely penetrates into the blood, urine, and bile, binding to blood plasma proteins. Not available to him cerebrospinal fluid, tissue in the eye area and prostate. Therefore, in the treatment of gonorrhea in men, penicillin is used in combination with other drugs.
The antibiotic penicillin is available in tablets and vials for injection in the form of a dry powder. Before use, it is diluted with physiological sodium chloride solution or novocaine.
Where is penicillin used?
Penicillin is used in the treatment of inflammatory bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. In particular, it gives good results in the treatment of catarrhal and lacunar tonsillitis. The drug is effective in combination with sulfonamides in the treatment of uncomplicated forms of pneumonia. Used in the treatment of pyelonephritis, consequences urolithiasis, cystitis in combination with nitrofuran drugs.
Other indications for the use of penicillin include:
- inflammation and purulent lesions of the epidermis, including erysipelas;
- otitis and sinusitis;
- chronic and sharp forms pleurisy with effusion;
- endocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatic heart defects;
- some sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, ureaplasmosis, toxicoplasmosis);
- infectious diseases, among which scarlet fever and anthrax are most successfully treated with penicillin.
Penicillin is not effective for intestinal infections, in particular for dysentery, salmonellosis. This drug is not resistant to acidic environment and is quickly destroyed in the intestine under the influence of penicillinase.
Treatment of inflammatory diseases with penicillin
For effective treatment penicillin in inflammatory diseases, two factors are important. This correct selection method of administration and precise determination of daily and single dosage. A course of treatment is recommended for acute conditions And severe course diseases begin with intramuscular administration. The half-life of penicillin in human tissues and body fluids is just over 4 hours. Therefore, to maintain maximum concentration injections should be given at intervals of 4 hours. Those. 6 times daily administration of penicillin is necessary to obtain a high-quality treatment result.
The dosage is calculated based on the patient’s weight, the severity of his condition and the type of pathogen. Approximate dosages can be seen in the table below; the course of treatment is at least 10 days.
Can children take penicillin?
Penicillin can be prescribed to children from 1 year of age. At an earlier age, this drug can have an otogenic effect, which in the future will negatively affect the development of hearing in the baby. Penicillin injections to children can only be given in a hospital setting. At home it is only allowed oral administration drug.
Use of penicillin during pregnancy and lactation
During pregnancy, penicillin is strictly prohibited for intramuscular and internal use. Can be used as an ointment on limited areas of the skin.
Penicillin should also be avoided during breastfeeding. It easily penetrates breast milk and is extremely negative impact for an infant.
Allergy to penicillin
Allergies to penicillin are quite common. In this case, an allergic reaction after intramuscular injection often develops according to the type anaphylactic shock, which is dangerous for the patient’s life. Therefore, before prescribing penicillin, a skin test is mandatory.
To do this, the nurse makes a small scratch on the inside the patient's forearms. A penicillin solution prepared for injection is applied to the wound surface. After 30 minutes the reaction is checked. If there is even slight redness at the scratch site, penicillin cannot be used in this patient.
To reduce the level of local irritation, penicillin should be diluted with a solution of novocaine before injection. Although dilution with sodium chloride solution is usually recommended.
Penicillin is one of the the most famous antibiotics in the history of mankind. According to a survey by the London Science Museum, the discovery of penicillin is the second most important in the ranking. greatest discoveries humanity. Its discovery occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, and the active use of penicillin as a medicine began during the Second World War.
Penicillin is a waste product of the Penicillium mold fungus. Its therapeutic effect extends to almost all gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria (staphylococci, gonococci, spirochetes, etc.).
Use of penicillin
The good tolerability of penicillin makes it possible to use it for a large number of diseases:
- sepsis;
- gas gangrene;
- extensive lesions skin as a result of injuries;
- erysipelas;
- brain abscess;
- sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis);
- burns high degree(3 and 4);
- cholecystitis;
- lobar and focal pneumonia;
- furunculosis;
- ophthalmic inflammation;
- ear diseases;
- upper respiratory tract infections.
In pediatrics, treatment with penicillin can be prescribed for:
- septicopyemia (a type of sepsis with the formation of interconnected abscesses in different organs);
- sepsis umbilical region in newborns;
- otitis, pneumonia in newborns and young children;
- purulent pleurisy and meningitis.
Penicillin is produced in powder form, which is diluted with a special solution before injection. Injections can be given intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intravenously. Penicillin solution can also be used as inhalation and drops (for ears and eyes).
Penicillin group drugs
Due to its effect on bacterial cells (inhibition chemical reactions, necessary for the life and reproduction of bacterial cells), penicillin-based drugs are allocated to a separate classification group. Drugs of the natural penicillin group include:
- Procaine;
- Bicillin;
- Retarpen;
- Ospen;
- benzylpenicillin sodium salt;
- benzylpenicillin potassium salt.
Natural penicillins have the most gentle effect on the body. Over time, bacteria became resistant to natural penicillins and the pharmaceutical industry began to develop semi-synthetic penicillins:
- Ampicillin;
- Oxycellin;
- Ampiox.
Side effects of semi-synthetic drugs are more pronounced:
- gastrointestinal disorders;
- dysbacteriosis;
- cutaneous allergic reactions;
- anaphylactic shock.
Currently, the fourth generation of drugs containing penicillin has been developed.
Penicillin is antimicrobial antibiotic for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in human body. It belongs to a group of drugs whose purpose is to neutralize the development of pathogenic bacteria in the human body.
Composition and properties of penicillin tablets
This drug was discovered accidentally by the English scientist Alexander Fleming in 1928 based on the spores of the mold Penicillium notatum. In Russia, the first samples of penicillin were obtained in 1932 by biologists Ermolyeva and Balezina.
The positive effect is achieved due to the fact that aminopenicillanic acid destroys the cell walls of pathogenic bacteria, as a result of which this prevents their reproduction and they die.
Drugs of the penicillin family are used for various types of diseases that arise due to weakening immune system and entry into the body of infectious bacteria such as staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, etc.
The most commonly used drugs are two types from the penicillin family: penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) and penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin). The benzylpenicillin group includes Benzylpenicillin and its analogs (Retarpen, Benzylpenicillin-KMP and Benzylpenicillin sodium salt), and the phenoxymethylpenicillin group includes Phenoxymethylpenicillin and its analogs (Penicillin V, Penicillin B, Ospen and others). Now let's look at some of these drugs in more detail.
Basic penicillin preparations and their use
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Release form
Package - 10 tablets, 1 tablet contains 100 mg of phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Indications for use
Used to treat pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, stomatitis, abscess, furunculosis, scarlet fever, anthrax, diphtheria, inflammation of the lymph nodes, syphilis, gonorrhea and other diseases.
It is quickly absorbed by the stomach and reaches the blood plasma in 40–50 minutes. It is mainly excreted from the body in urine.
Method of use
Adults, as well as adolescents over 14 years of age, should take 0.5–1 g 2–3 times during the day, 40–60 minutes before meals. For one-year-old children, 10–15 mg/kg once a day, and for children from 1 year to 6 years, 15–20 mg/kg.
Side effect
With prolonged use for two weeks, allergic reactions are possible. side effects: conjunctivitis, urticaria, joint pain. From the outside digestive tract: heartburn, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea.
Contraindications for use
Phenoxymethylpenicillin should be taken with caution in patients with allergic diseases(bronchial asthma, fever, diathesis), as well as those suffering from vomiting and diarrhea.
Price from 17 rub. for 10 pcs
V-Penicillin (instructions for use)
Release form
The package contains 10 tablets, 1 tablet contains 250 or 500 mg of phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Indications for use
Used to treat pharyngitis, pneumonia, infectious skin diseases, fever, erysipelas skin caused by staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci. It has an effect on some E. coli, forms of Proteus and Salmonella.
Mode of application
Adults and adolescents over 14 years of age should take 500 mg twice a day 40-60 minutes before meals. The drug is taken for 1–2 weeks.
According to the latest clinical research It is recommended to increase the dose and frequency of taking the drug in the first two days, i.e. take 500 mg three times a day, and then continue to take 500 mg 1-2 times a day for a week.
Side effect
With long-term use and taking large doses of the drug, you may experience headache, heartburn, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal disorders.
Contraindication for use
To avoid exacerbation of certain diseases, patients who suffer from allergies should renal failure and have diseases of the gastrointestinal system, should take this drug with caution, adjusting the dosage and period of its use.
Price about 45 rubles. for 20 pcs.
Ospen (instructions for use)
Release form
This drug is available in tablets, granules and syrup form. Tablets per package - 20 pcs. One tablet contains 250 mg of phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Indications for use
It is used for infectious diseases of the respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia), ear, throat, nose (sore throat, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, otitis), for infected wounds and burns (furunculosis, abscesses, phlegmon).
Mode of application
For lung infections and moderate severity adults and adolescents over 14 years of age take 500 mg 2-3 times a day for about 7-10 days. The drug is taken regardless of food intake. Children aged 1–6 years – 250 mg 2 times a day, children aged 6–12 years – 500 mg twice a day.
Side effect
Long-term use of the drug may cause distress digestive system and cause heartburn, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, as well as cause allergy symptoms in the form of dermatitis, urticaria or swelling, so after the appearance side effects You should definitely consult with your doctor about further use of the drug.
Contraindications for use
A contraindication to the use of the drug may be the presence in patients bronchial asthma, allergic diathesis, severe forms gastrointestinal diseases, which are accompanied by heartburn, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
The benzylpenicillin group includes drugs that are obtained by biosynthesis and are quickly destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach, so they are produced in powder form and injected into the body.
Benzylpenicillin (sodium salt)
Release form
Produced as a powder in bottles. 1 bottle contains 1 million units or 10 ml and 500 thousand units or 5 ml.
Indications for use
Used for pneumonia, pleurisy, endocarditis, sepsis, meningitis, biliary and urinary tract, sore throat, skin infections, diphtheria, anthrax, scarlet fever, gynecological and ENT diseases, syphilis, gonorrhea.
Mode of application
The drug in the form of a solution is administered intramuscularly and intravenously. With average severity of the disease, 4–6 million units per day for 4 administrations. At severe disease 10–20 million units per day.
Side effects
- Adverse reactions can manifest themselves in the form of urticaria, rash on the mucous membranes and skin, nephritis, edema, and cardiac arrhythmia.
- Contraindications for use
- Hypersensitivity to drugs of the penicillin group, as well as to patients suffering from epilepsy.
- The price of a 10 ml bottle is 60 rubles.
Retarpen (instructions for use)
Release form
Produced as a powder for injection in bottles of 6, 12 and 24 ml.
Indications for use
Used in the treatment of scarlet fever, skin diseases, acute tonsillitis and syphilis.
Mode of application
To maintain a positive therapeutic effect First, rapidly absorbed drugs of the penicillin group are prescribed and then treatment is continued, administering the drug to patients over weeks. For children: 1 injection of 12 ml with an interval of 1 week. For adults: 1 injection of 24 ml with an interval of 1 week.
Side effect
Possibility of an allergic reaction.
Contraindications for use
Hypersensitivity to penicillin antibiotics.
Price per bottle 24 ml 756 rub.
One of the substitutes for penicillin is Rifogal, which is available in ampoules and is used for injections. This is an antibiotic that is obtained from the fungus Streptomyces mediterranea. It is used in patients with hypersensitivity to penicillin and does not interact with other antibiotics. It is excreted from the body with bile and partially with urine.
Rifogal (instructions for use)
Release form
The drug is produced in ampoules. One ampoule for intramuscular administration contains 125 or 250 mg of rifamycin (sodium salt), and 1 ampoule for intravenous administration contains 500 mg.
Indications for use
The drug is used to treat tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, infections biliary tract, i.e. for diseases caused by staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci.
Mode of application
Rifogal can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly and into the lesion, i.e. locally. Adults and children over 6 years of age are administered 500 mg intramuscularly twice a day. Children under 6 years of age: 125 mg every 12 hours.
Side effect
The drug is well tolerated by patients, but with prolonged use allergic reactions may occur; in patients with liver disorders, signs of jaundice, as well as diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting.
Contraindications for use
Hypersensitivity to drugs of the rifamycin group, lactation, renal dysfunction, first period of pregnancy.
Preparation of solution for injection
And in conclusion I would like to say how dilute powder for injection. To do this, use a solution of novocaine, water for injection or saline solution NaCl (sodium chloride). For intramuscular injections Any of the solutions will do, but you need to make sure that it is not too hot.
Novocaine solution is used to dilute the powder, if you need to reduce painful sensations and burning at the site of benzylpenicillin injection into the body.
When administered intramuscularly, the drug can be diluted with water for injection and take 1.5 ml of water per 250 mg of powder in a bottle, and 3 ml of water per 500 mg.
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