25 At that time, Jesus continued speaking and said, “I praise You, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because You have hidden these things from the wise and prudent and have revealed them to babes;
26 Hey, Father! for such was Thy good pleasure.
27 All things have been delivered to Me by My Father, and no one knows the Son except the Father; and no one knows the Father except the Son, and to whom the Son wants to reveal it.
28 Come to Me, all you who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest;
29 Take My yoke upon you and learn from Me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls;
30 For My yoke is easy and My burden is light.
This passage is one of the most important in all four gospels. It is small, but contains many valuable truths. God grants us eyes to see and hearts to feel all their significance!
First, from this passage we learn that it is good to have a mind like a child who wants to learn everything. Our Lord says to His Father: “Thou hast hidden these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to babes.”
We should not even try to explain why some people accept and believe the Gospel and others do not. The omnipotence of God is a huge mystery; it cannot be comprehended. But still, we must always remember one thing: the Gospel is hidden from people “who are wise in their own eyes and understanding in themselves,” and is revealed to those who have humility, simplicity and a desire to learn. Let us remember the words of the Virgin Mary: “He filled those who were hungry with good things, and those who were rich he sent away empty” (Luke 1:53).
Beware of pride in any of its manifestations: pride in your intelligence, pride in wealth, prosperity, in your merits. Pride most quickly removes a person from heaven and prevents him from looking to Christ. As long as you think you are worth something, you will not receive salvation. Pray about this and cultivate humility in yourself; strive to evaluate yourself correctly and see your place before God. The beginning of the road to heaven is the realization that you are now on the road to hell and only the Holy Spirit can guide you on the true path. If you can say like Saul, “Lord! What will you have me do?” (Acts 9:6) means you have taken the first step towards saving Christianity. Most often our Lord repeated these very words: “...He who humbles himself will be exalted” (Luke 18:14).
Secondly, in these verses we see the greatness and power of our Lord Jesus Christ. The depth of meaning of His words is immeasurable: “All things have been delivered to Me by My Father, and no one knows the Son except the Father; and no one knows the Father except the Son, and to whom the Son wants to reveal it.” When we read them, we agree with the psalmist: “Your knowledge is marvelous to me; it is high, I cannot comprehend it!” (Ps. 139:6).
In the words of Christ we see a glimpse of the perfect union of the first and second hypostases of the Trinity, we see the immeasurable superiority of our Lord Jesus Christ over those who are called people. But still we must admit that the depth of meaning of this verse is incomprehensible to us. We can only admire the words of the Lord, like little children, and feel that not even half of everything has been told to us.
But despite this, let us extract one useful truth from these words: everything that in one way or another touches our soul is controlled by our Lord Jesus Christ, “all things are committed to Him.” He has the keys - we must go to Him to get to heaven. He is the door, so through Him we must enter. He is the shepherd, and we must obey His voice and follow Him if we do not want to perish in the desert. He is the physician, and we must come to Him if we want to be healed of the ulcer of sin. He is the bread of life, and we must feed on Him if we want to satisfy our souls. He is the light, and we must walk in Him if we do not want to wander in darkness. He is the source, and we must be washed in His blood if we are to be clean and ready to face the great day of retribution. Great are these truths! If you have Christ, you have everything (1 Cor. 3:22).
Finally, let us turn our attention to the breadth and completeness of the Gospel of Christ.
The last three verses of this chapter are very important. They give great hope to those sinners who tremblingly ask, “Will Christ reveal the love of His Father to men like me?” These verses deserve the closest consideration. For eighteen centuries they have been blessing the world and bringing goodness to many souls.
First of all, we should pay attention to whom Jesus is calling. He is not speaking to those who feel righteous and worthy, but to those who realize that they are “the laboring and the heavy laden.” In this we see the breadth of the Gospel, because so many people in this weary world fall into this category. All who feel a burden on their hearts, a burden of sin and sorrow, a burden of fear and regret, want to get rid of it. Christ calls such people to Himself, no matter who they are and no matter what their past.
Look how much mercy there is in the words of Christ: “I will give you rest... and you will find rest for your souls.” How much encouragement and consolation there are in these words! Anxiety is one of the distinctive features our world. Troubles, failures and disappointments await us at every step. But there is hope: the ark of refuge awaits the weary, just as it once awaited the dove sent by Noah. There is peace in Christ—rest for the conscience, peace for the heart, peace based on the forgiveness of sins, peace that comes from reconciliation with God.
Look at the simple demand Jesus makes to those who are weary and burdened: “Come to Me..., take My yoke upon you and learn from Me.” He does not set impossible conditions, does not say anything about the deeds that must be done in order to earn His forgiveness. He only asks us to come to Him as we are, with all our sins, and to submit, like little children, to His teaching. It’s as if he’s saying: “Don’t look to people for relief. Don't rely on help from elsewhere. Come to Me just as you are today.”
Notice also that there is comfort and hope in the description of Christ Himself. He says, “...For I am meek and lowly in heart.” The truth of these words has been repeatedly confirmed in the lives of believers. Mary and Martha in Bethany after the death of Lazarus, Peter after the fall, the disciples after the resurrection, Thomas in his unbelief - they all tasted the meekness and humility of Christ.
Finally, we can find encouragement in words that describe serving Christ. Jesus said, “...For My yoke is easy and My burden is light.” Of course, following Christ, we bear the cross, go through trials, enter into battles, but the consolation of the Gospel is weightier than the sorrows. Compared with serving this world, with the burden of Jewish rituals, with the yoke of human superstitions, serving Christ is in the highest mild. His yoke is a burden to us as feathers are to birds. His commandments are not hard, His ways are pleasant, they are the ways of peace (1 John 5:3; Prov. 3:17).
And now we must ask ourselves an important and serious question: “Have we responded to the call of Christ? Don’t we need forgiveness of sins, don’t we need healing of wounds of conscience?” Hear the voice of Christ, He addresses not only the Jews, but also you: “Come to Me.” This is the key to bliss, this is the secret of a happy heart. Everything depends on the response to the call of Christ.
We continue our review of the game Forge of Empires and in the fifth part we will talk about the guild expedition, underestimated by newcomers, mainly due to ignorance. Let's look at options for completing expeditions, tell you about the goodies, and tell you about the importance of the Temple of Relics and its benefits in the game.
For those who have discovered the strategy game FoE for the first time, I would recommend starting to study the intricacies and secrets of the strategy game from the first part of the guide. With experienced players who have not yet fully seen the light, we will continue to expand our review of the game and correct errors. You haven’t built the Temple of Relics yet, but you managed to build the most useless aircraft in the game in the city - the Colosseum? Remove it and don't embarrass yourself. Why? — in the next part of the review I will tell you about useful Great Buildings in great detail, don’t miss it.
Why is the Temple of Relics needed in Forge of Empires?
IN game process Many different Great buildings have been introduced, some are designed to speed up the extraction of resources and goods, others specialize in bonuses associated with helping other players, others increase the attack and defense of troops. At the Temple of Relics special place- This is an excellent motivator for completing weekly guild expeditions. It is designed to give luxurious gifts that promote rapid growth cities. IN game Forge of Empires The Temple of Relics should be placed almost in the first place, not the military “Zeus” and “Aachen” and certainly not the “Colosseum”. And here's why - study the list of awards found in the temple relics:
Ѻ Silver relics:
Ѻ + 20 Strategic points to the Ѻ scale
Ѻ + 25 products Ѻ of your era, one type Ѻ
Ѻ + 5 units Ѻ random, of your era Ѻ
Ѻ + 2 drawings of Great buildings Ѻ
Ѻ + Premium decor Ѻ
Ѻ Forge of Empires Golden Relics:
Ѻ + 100 Strategic points Ѻ to the Ѻ scale
Ѻ + 200 products Ѻ of the same type, your era Ѻ
Ѻ + 10 robbers Ѻ
Ѻ + Ritual fire Ѻ +8 to defense Ѻ
Ѻ + Tribe area Ѻ coins, +5 goods Ѻ
Ѻ + Medals Ѻ quantity depends on the era Ѻ
Ѻ Jade Relics:
Ѻ + Sacred sundial Ѻ
Ѻ + Fountain of Youth Ѻ
Ѻ + Era Boost Pack Ѻ
Ѻ + Upgrade kit Ѻ
Ѻ + Warehousing of buildings Ѻ
There is no need to explain why a golden, jade relic is useful in Forge of Empires with a hundred strategic points, two hundred goods, a bonus building, and why it is necessary to build the Temple of Relics as early as possible. Not to mention the most useful bonus buildings - the sacred sundial, the fountain of youth and sets, we talked about them in the second part of the review, dedicated to the construction and buildings of FoE, we will not repeat them.
Where can I get blueprints for the Temple of Relics? Due to the fact that there will be a catastrophic shortage of CO-sheks, even for studying new technologies, the main influx of drawings will come from chests opened on expeditions. You can also get blueprints for helping in the construction of temples of other players, look through the Great Buildings of friends and neighbors, don’t rush to invest everything in a row, look for temples at the end of the level. We will devote a separate topic to the secrets of earning strategic points (SP) and fishing for blueprints.
Walkthrough of the Forge of Empires expedition with negotiations.
To participate in expeditions you need to reach the Iron Age, at initial stage urban development you will have to go through stages purely through negotiations. For one simple reason - it is more efficient to produce a lot of goods, without wasting resources and time on constant production troops. With the help of additional tavern attempts - Using a guessing game you can pass 4 out of 4 levels. Try to go through as much as possible, along with drawings and resources in the EG you can get - troops, diamonds, strategic points, premium and bonus buildings. The most delicious, elite prizes are concentrated at the end of the 3rd and 4th levels.
I have 7 worlds: 1 main city, with a pumped-up military service and other elite Great Buildings - I go through the EG battles, 6 additional worlds of Forge of Empires are tailored for the passage of a guild expedition through negotiations - I get fountains and diamonds. Watch a video example of additional construction. worlds, from a segment of 1m50sec, look carefully, do not miss the explanations.
Build cities correctly and you will never have problems with goods or diamonds. Expedition negotiations are quite easy, just a little practice and you’ll get the hang of it. Of course, occasionally there is an “astral plug” at the end of the fourth level of the EG, when I have no luck in the “black” in negotiations - then I don’t get greedy, I buy another try for 10 diamonds, I’ll still get at least +200 from the world. Watch a visual example of the negotiation process.
Preparation and passage of the expedition through battles.
I began to effectively navigate the expedition through battles in Early Middle Ages, not right away of course. I started with negotiations, collected drawings for 5 Great Buildings - Zeus, Aachen Cathedral, Castel, Temple of Relics and Alcatraz, saved up packages of Strategic Points, went through the map of the continents to Colonial. I waited for the big seasonal event - I knocked out the “Den of Robbers”, in general - I didn’t foolishly go into battle, saber drawn, but I was preparing.
He demolished some of the industrial buildings, installed the above-mentioned aircraft, immediately pumped everything up to level 3, it’s better to level up the military uniformly (3 levels of each than 9 of one) - every percentage of strengthening the troops is cheaper. I didn’t build military buildings for the production of troops; they always fall out during expeditions anyway. Alcatraz, which produces robbers, is actually all that is needed in Forge of Empires to complete a guild expedition through battles—troops.
We will talk about the sequence and for what purpose of constructing Great Structures, how to obtain drawings, and how to earn strategic points and diamonds in the following parts of the Forge of Empires review.
Time is one of the fundamental concepts that people are still trying to comprehend and understand. Ideas about time changed with the development of science and technology, and along with the change in ideas, the instruments for measuring them also changed, that is, chronometers or, in other words, in simple language, watch. In this article we will talk about who, when and where invented the first watch various types, let's talk about the evolution and history of the invention of watches, we will also tell Interesting Facts about the watch.
Invention of the sundial
Budget sundial option
The change of seasons, the change of day and night prompted the first people to think about changing the surrounding reality, and a natural, periodic change. Society was developing, so there was a need to synchronize our actions in space and time, and for this we needed a time meter. Most likely, the first sundials had primarily a religious meaning and were used for rituals. Now it is difficult to establish exactly when the human mind saw the relationship between the length of the shadow from various objects and where the Sun is now.
The general principle of a sundial is that there is some elongated indicator that casts a shadow. This pointer acts as a clock hand. A dial is placed around the pointer, where various divisions are applied (the divisions, generally speaking, can be any), which correspond to certain units of time accepted in a particular culture. The Earth moves around the Sun, so the shadow changes its position, and also lengthens and shortens, which makes it possible to determine time, although very inaccurately.
The earliest known sundial is a shadow clock used in ancient Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy, which dates back to 1500 BC. Although later scientists announced a certain limestone clock, the age of which reached 3300 BC.
Oldest sundial from the Valley of the Kings of Egypt (c. 1500 BC)
Also, various sundials were later found in ancient Egyptian temples, tombs and memorials. Later, the usual vertically mounted obelisks showed a disadvantage, since their shadow extended beyond the boundaries of the plate with divisions. They were replaced by a sundial that casts a shadow on an inclined surface or steps.
Drawing of a sundial from Kantara, where the shadow falls on an inclined plane
There are finds of sundials in other countries. For example, there are sundials from China, which differ in their design.
Equatorial sundial. China. Forbidden City
Interesting fact. The division of the dial into 12 parts is inherited from the 12-digit number system of ancient Sumer. If you look at your palm with inside, then note that each finger (not counting the thumb) consists of three phalanges. We multiply 3 by 4 and we get the same 12. Later, this number system was developed by the Babylonians and from them it most likely passed on to ancient Egypt as a tradition. And now, thousands of years later, you and I see the same 12 parts on the dial.
Sundials were further developed in Ancient Greece, where they began to improve them ancient greek philosophers Anaximander and Anaximenes. It is from Ancient Greece that the second name for the sundial “gnomon” originates. Then, after the Middle Ages, scientists began improving the gnomon, who even separated the creation and adjustment of such sundials into a separate section and called it gnomonics. As a result, sundials were used right up to the end of the 18th century, since their creation was affordable and did not require any technological problems. Even now you can find similar sundials in cities, which have lost their practical meaning and have become ordinary attractions.
TO the main disadvantages of such watches It is worth mentioning that they can only be used in sunny weather. They also do not have sufficient accuracy.
Modern sundial
Modern sundials usually play the role of interesting monuments and landmarks. Here are some of them.
Currently, the sundial is just a fun historical artifact and a wide practical application Dont Have. But some craftsmen and inventors continue to improve them. For example, a French engineer invented a digital sundial. Their peculiarity is that they depict time digitally using shadows.
True, the step of such a watch is 20 minutes and the digital time option will be available only from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Invention of the water clock
It is impossible to say exactly when the water clock (the first name of the clepsydra) was invented, since, along with the sundial, they are one of the most ancient human inventions. It is safe to say that the ancient Babylonians and ancient Egyptians were familiar with water clocks. The approximate date of invention of watches is considered to be 1600 - 1400 BC, but some researchers claim that the first watches were known in China in 4000 BC.
Water clocks were known in Persia, Egypt, Babylon, India, China, Greece, Rome, and in the Middle Ages they reached the Islamic world and Korea.
The Greeks and Romans loved water clocks, so they did a lot to improve them. They developed new design water clock, thereby increasing the accuracy of time measurement. Later improvements took place in Byzantium, Syria and Mesopotamia, where increasingly new and accurate versions of water clocks were complemented by complex segmental and planetary gears, water wheels and even programmability. Interestingly, the Chinese developed their own advanced water clock, which included an escapement mechanism and a water wheel. The ideas of the Chinese spread to Korea and Japan.
Ancient Greek clepsydra water clock. They looked like a vessel with a hole at the bottom through which water flowed. Using this clock, time was determined by the amount of water flowing out. The numbering corresponds to 12 hours.
It is also interesting to look at the medieval Elephant clock by the inventor Al-Jazari, who was a Muslim engineer and inventor of various types of clocks. He built a clock that was interesting in its design and symbolism. When he finished his work, he described it like this:
“The elephant represents Indian and African culture, the two dragons represent ancient Chinese culture, the phoenix represents Persian culture, the work of water reflects ancient Greek culture, and the turban represents Islamic culture.”
Scheme of the “Elephant” clock
Reconstruction of the “Elephant” clock
Interesting fact. You may have seen the clepsydra watch on the TV show Ford Boyard. This clock hung outside each test room.
Clock from the Ford Boyard program
Early water clocks were calibrated using sundials. Although water clocks never reached modern levels of accuracy, they remained the most accurate and frequently used clock mechanism for their time for thousands of years until they were replaced in Europe more accurate watch with a pendulum mechanism.
The main disadvantage of a water clock is the liquid itself, which can condense, evaporate or freeze. Therefore, they were quickly replaced by hourglasses.
Modern water clock
Today, only a few modern water clocks exist. In 1979, French scientist Bernard Guitton began creating his time-flow clock, which represents modern approach when constructing ancient mechanisms. Gitton's design is based on gravity. Several siphons are powered by the same principle as the Pythagorean cup (a special vessel invented by Pythagoras that pours excess water from the vessel).
For example, once the water level in the minute or hour tubes has been reached, the overflow pipe begins to act as a siphon and thus drains the indicator tube. The actual keeping of time is done by a calibrated pendulum, which is powered by a stream of water coming from the watch's reservoir. There are other modern water clock designs, including the Royal Gorge Water Clock in Colorado, in mall Woodgrove Mall in Nanaimo in British Columbia, as well as the Hornsby water clock in Sydney, Australia.
Invention of the hourglass
An hourglass is a device used to measure time. It consists of two glass vessels connected vertically by a narrow neck, which allows you to regulate the flow of a certain substance (historically the first was sand) from the top of the flask to the bottom. Factors that influence the measured time interval include the amount of sand, sand coarseness, vessel size, and neck width. The hourglass can be reused indefinitely by flipping the containers over once the top one is empty.
The origin of the hourglass is not entirely clear. According to the American Institute of New York, the hourglass was invented in Alexandria around 150 BC.
In Europe, until the 8th century, hourglasses were known only in Ancient Greece, and in the 8th century, a Frankish monk named Luitprand created the first French hourglass. But only in the 14th century did the hourglass become common occurrence, the earliest evidence was the image in the 1338 fresco "Allegory of Good Government" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.
Depiction of a clock on the fresco “Allegory of Good Government”
The use of the sea hourglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The marine hourglass was very popular on board ships as it was the most reliable means of measuring time while at sea. Unlike the water clock, the movement of the ship during the voyage did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave more accurate measurements, since the water clock was prone to condensation inside it during temperature changes. Sailors discovered that the hourglass was able to help them determine longitude, the distance east or west of a certain point with reasonable accuracy.
Hourglasses have also found popularity on land. As the use of mechanical watches to mark the time of events such as church services has become more common, creating the need to keep track of time, the demand for timekeeping devices has increased. Hourglasses were essentially inexpensive since they did not require rare technology and their contents were not difficult to find, and as the production of these instruments became more common, their use became more practical.
Hourglass in the church
Hourglasses were commonly used in churches, homes, and workplaces to measure sermons, food preparation, and time spent taking breaks from work. As they were used for more everyday tasks, the hourglass model began to shrink. Small models were more practical and very popular as they increased the level of punctuality.
After 1500, the hourglass began to lose its popularity. This was due to the development of mechanical watches, which became more accurate, compact and cheaper and made it easier to measure time.
The hourglass, however, did not disappear completely. Although they have become relatively less useful as watch technology has advanced, the hourglass has remained desirable in its design. The oldest surviving hourglass is in the British Museum in London.
Modern hourglass
Like a sundial, an hourglass is often used as a tourist attraction:
The world's largest hourglass. Moscow.
This hourglass stands in honor of Hungary's accession to the European Union. They are able to keep time for a whole year.
But there are also miniature versions that are used as souvenirs and keychains. For example, children's hourglass toys are quite popular, which allow you to measure the time that needs to be spent brushing your teeth. They can be purchased on aliexpress at a fairly low price.
But in fact, hourglasses are still used in practice! Where, you ask? The answer is in clinics and hospitals. This watch is convenient to use to see patients. They are also convenient to use as a timer when preparing food in the kitchen. These watches sell for about a dollar on Aliexpress.
Well, a very interesting version of the hourglass, where magnetized shavings are used instead of sand. When sprinkled on the bottom of the watch, a pile is formed specific shape, which you can look at for relaxation (an effect similar to the spinning of a spinner). Buy such a watch, and people from Russia write that the delivery is excellent and the watch is packaged well.
The history of watches may have deeper roots than is commonly believed today, when attempts to invent watches are associated with the birth of civilization in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, which led to the emergence of its constant companions - religion and bureaucracy. This led to the need for people to organize their time more efficiently, which is why the first clocks appeared on the banks of the Nile. But the history of clocks probably dates back to when primitive people somehow tried to mark time, for example, determining the hours for a successful hunt. And some still claim that they are able to determine the time of day by observing flowers. Their daily opening indicates certain hours of the day, so the dandelion opens around 4:00, and the moon flower only opens at nightfall. But the main instruments, before the invention of the first clock, with the help of which a person assessed the passage of time, were the sun, moon and stars.
All clocks, regardless of their type, must have a regular or repeating process (action) by which equal intervals of time can be marked. The first examples of such processes that satisfied the necessary requirements were: natural phenomena, such as the movement of the sun across the sky, and artificially created actions, such as the uniform burning of a lit candle or pouring sand from one reservoir to another. In addition, the watch must have a means of tracking changes in time and thus be able to display the result obtained. Therefore, the history of clocks is the history of the search for ever more consistent actions or processes that regulate the pace of the clock.
History of the sundial
One of the first to try to formalize the division of their day into clock-like periods of time were the ancient Egyptians. In 3500 BC, the first kind of clock appeared in Egypt - obelisks. These were slender, tapering upward, four-sided structures, the falling shadow from which allowed the Egyptians to divide the day into two parts, clearly indicating noon. Such obelisks are considered to be the first sundials. They also showed the longest and shortest day of the year, and a little later, markings appeared around the obelisks, which made it possible to mark not only the time before and after noon, but also other periods of the day.
Further developments in the design of the first sundial led to the invention of a more portable version. These first clocks appeared around 1500 BC. This device divided the sunny day into 10 parts, plus two so-called “twilight” periods of time, in the morning and evening hours. The peculiarity of such clocks was that they had to be moved at noon from the direction of the east to the opposite direction of the west.
The first sundial underwent further changes and improvements, becoming more and more complex designs, up to the use of a hemispherical dial in the watch. This is how the famous Roman architect and mechanic, Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who lived in the first century BC, described the history of the appearance and design of 13 different types of first solar clocks, used in Greece, Asia Minor and Italy.
The history of sundials continued until the late Middle Ages, when window clocks became widespread, and in China the first sundials, equipped with a compass, began to appear for their correct installation relative to the cardinal points. Today, the history of the appearance of clocks using the movement of the sun is forever immortalized in one of the Egyptian obelisks that has survived to this day, a true witness to the history of clocks. It has a height of 34 meters and is located in Rome, on one of its squares.
Clepsydra and others
Clock first, independent of position celestial bodies, were called clepsydra by the Greeks, from the Greek words: klepto - to hide and hydor - water. Such water clocks were based on the process of gradual flow of water from a narrow hole, and the elapsed time was determined by its level. The first clocks appeared around 1500 BC, which is confirmed by one of the examples of water clocks found in the tomb of Amenhotep I. Later, around 325 BC, similar devices began to be used by the Greeks.
The first water clocks were ceramic vessels with a small hole near the bottom from which water could drip at a constant rate, slowly filling another marked vessel. As the water gradually reaches different levels and marked the time intervals. Water clocks had an undoubted advantage over their solar counterparts, since they could be used at night and such clocks did not depend on climatic conditions.
The history of the water clock has another variant used in some areas North Africa up until today. This clock is a metal bowl with a bottom hole, which is placed in a container filled with water and begins to sink slowly and evenly, thereby measuring the time intervals until complete flooding. And although the first water clocks were rather primitive devices, their further development and improvement led to interesting results. This is how water clocks appeared that could open and close doors, showing small figures of people or moving pointers around the dial. Other clocks made bells and gongs ring.
The history of watches has not preserved the names of the creators of the first water clock; only Ctesibius of Alexandria is mentioned, who 150 years BC. e. tried to apply mechanical principles based on the developments of Aristotle in clepsydras.
Hourglass
They work on the principle of a water clock and it’s good for us famous watches sand. When such first watches appeared, history is not known for certain. It is only clear that not before people learned to make glass - a necessary element for their production. There is speculation that the history of the hourglass began in the Senate ancient Rome, where they were used during speeches, marking equal periods of time for all speakers.
Liutprand, a monk who lived in the eighth century in Chartres, France, is considered to be the first inventor of the hourglass, although, as can be seen, this case does not take into account earlier evidence of the history of the clock. Such watches became widespread in Europe only in the 15th century, as evidenced by written references about hourglasses found in ship logs of the time. The first mentions of hourglasses also indicate the great popularity of their use on ships, since the movement of the ship could not in any way affect the operation of the hourglass.
The use of granular materials such as sand in watches greatly increased their accuracy and reliability compared to clepsydra (water clocks), which, among other things, contributed to the hourglass's immunity to temperature changes. Condensation did not form in them, as happened in water clocks. The history of the hourglass was not limited to the Middle Ages.
As demand for "time tracking" increased, inexpensive to produce and therefore very accessible hourglasses continued to be used in various fields and lived to see today. It is true that today hourglasses are made more for decorative purposes than for measuring time.
Mechanical watches
The Greek astronomer Andronikos supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the first century BC. This octagonal structure combined a sundial and a mechanical device, which consisted of a mechanized clepsydra (water clock) and wind indicators, hence the name of the tower. This entire complex structure, in addition to time indicators, was capable of displaying the seasons of the year and astrological dates. The Romans, around the same time, also used mechanized water clocks, but the complexity of such combined devices, the forerunners of mechanical clocks, did not give them an advantage over the simpler clocks of the time.
As mentioned earlier, attempts to combine water clocks (clepsydras) with some kind of mechanism were successfully carried out in China in the period from 200 to 1300, resulting in mechanized astronomical (astrological) clocks. One of the most complex clock towers was built by the Chinese Su Sen in 1088. But all these inventions could not be called mechanical watches, but rather a symbiosis of a water or sundial with a mechanism. However, all the previous developments and inventions led to the creation of the mechanical watches that we still use today.
The history of completely mechanical watches begins in the 10th century (according to other sources, earlier). In Europe, the use of a mechanical mechanism for measuring time begins in the 13th century. The first such clocks functioned mainly using a system of weights and counterweights. As a rule, clocks did not have the hands we are accustomed to (or only had an hour hand), but produced sound signals caused by striking a bell or gong after each passing hour or a shorter period of time. Thus, the first mechanical watches signaled the beginning of some event, such as a religious service.
The earliest inventors of clocks undoubtedly had some scientific inclinations, many of them being famous astronomers. But watch history also mentions jewelers, metalsmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters and joiners who contributed to the production and improvement of watches. Among the hundreds, if not thousands, of people who contributed to the development of mechanical clocks, three were outstanding: Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch scientist who was the first (1656) to use a pendulum to regulate the movement of a clock; Robert Hooke, an Englishman who invented the clock anchor in the 1670s; Peter Henlein, a simple mechanic from Germany, who at the turn of the 15th century developed and used crucibles, which made it possible to produce small watches (the invention was called “Nuremberg eggs”). In addition, Huygens and Hooke are credited with the invention of spiral springs and the balancing wheel for watches.
Loading...