Sergei Fedorovich sneaked up on his knees for a long time, but they did not smell or hear his approach. He crept up to them from under the mountain very close, and, observing one deer through binoculars, he noticed that she had strayed from the herd and disappeared into the bushes where a mountain stream ran. (Prishvin M.)

Assignment: do a test work.

1. Write out words with unchangeable prefixes from the sentences:

The bird cherry blossomed and tied knots for berries. On distant rivers, water lilies are already spread out on the surface of the water, as if on a table, wide leaves- green saucers. (E. Kokovin)

2. Write out from the text the words in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by the rule: “In prefixes with –Z and –S, Z is written before voiced consonants, and S is written before voiceless consonants”:

Fireweed always grows in forest fires and clearings. Not long ago, fireweed was considered weed grass. It was only good for cheap tea. Foresters mercilessly pulled out all the fireweed that grew next to the young pines. They did this because they believed that fireweed drowned out the shoots of pine trees, robbing them of light and moisture. (K. Paustovsky)

3. Write out a word from the text in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by the rule: “At the end of the prefix the letter Z is written, denoting a voiced consonant sound, if the prefix is ​​followed by a voiced consonant”:

A long-nosed snipe took off over the swampy lowland, and from there, like an arrow, down. It rushes towards the ground, its tail spread out like a fan. The feathers in his tail are stiff, the wind vibrates them, as if playing on strings. (G. Skrebitsky)

4. Write out a word from the text in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by the rule: “At the end of the prefix the letter C is written, denoting a voiceless consonant, if the prefix is ​​followed by a voiceless consonant”:

It seemed that shaggy winter had made its home on ships. Lumps of snow flew off the rigging and crashed on the decks with a rustling sound. The icicles sparkled and rang. Prickly ice roses bloomed on the portholes. Layered smoke from the galleys remained in the rigging all day until sunset, when it turned purple, like the smoke of a night battle, and gradually turned into a black haze. (K. Paustovsky)

5. From the sentences, write down a word with an unchangeable prefix, in which, when pronounced, the final paired consonant in deafness/voiceness is likened to the subsequent sound (voicing):

A small badger crawled out of the thicket. He pressed his paw and looked at me carefully. Then he snorted in disgust and took a step towards the potatoes. It fried and hissed, splashing boiling lard. I wanted to shout to the animal that it would get burned, but I was too late - the badger jumped to the frying pan and stuck his nose into it... (K. Paustovsky)

6. Write out a word from the text in which the spelling of the prefix depends on its lexical meaning:

Vasily left, and Katerina Petrovna sat, confused, with money in her hands. Then she put on her glasses and re-read a few words on the postal order. The words were all the same: there is so much to do that there is no time, let alone to come, or even to write a real letter. (K. Paustovsky)

7. Write out from the sentence the words in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the deafness/voice of the sound indicated by the letter following the prefix:

We were returning from the infantry division headquarters, located inside a concrete pipe under a railway embankment; A small river once flowed there, it was covered with a boardwalk, staff tables with maps, diagrams, telephones were placed on top, and from this pipe they controlled the long and difficult battle for the southern outskirts of Stalingrad. (E. Krieger)

8. Write out words with unchangeable prefixes from the sentence:

Bird whistles and clicking greet the morning in the forest and coastal bushes. (E. Kokovin)

9. Write out from the sentence the words in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the deafness/voice of the sound indicated by the letter following the prefix:

On one of these sultry June days, having returned from the river and having had lunch without any appetite, the guys, out of habit, climbed into the attic. It was hot here too - during the day the iron roof gets so hot that you can’t step on it with your bare foot - but no one interfered. In the attic, plans for raids on other people's gardens were developed, and boyish secrets were confided to each other. (V.F. Kozlov)

10. Write out words from the text in which the spelling of the prefix depends on its lexical meaning:

The train had left the front-line zone overnight and was now, rhythmically knocking, moving further and further to the northeast. Not yet understanding what woke him, the colonel sat up, leaning on his elbow, and listened anxiously. Dawn was just breaking through the glass of the carriage window, sprinkled with drops of rain. (F. Knorre)

E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University

§ 2. Spelling of prefixes

Console, prefix (from lat. praefixus“attached in front”) is the part of the word before the root. In Russian words, there can be from 1 to 3 prefixes before the root: tremble, join, open. Most Russian prefixes coincide in form and partly in meaning with prepositions (bezdorozhny - without a road, verbal - from the verb, from below, from under the forehead - from under the forehead), particles (not appearing - not to appear). Among the prefixes of the Russian language there are a number of borrowed ones: A in the meaning of “not”, anti - “against”, archi - “very”, counter - “against”, pan - “all”, sub - “under”, trans - “through” and etc.

2.1. Spelling of immutable prefixes
Most prefixes in Russian are unchangeable, i.e. Regardless of the sound in one position or another, they are written uniformly. The spelling of such prefixes should be remembered. For a list of unchangeable prefixes, see the table:

	called out, stop, sediment, go numb
	get there, get there, guess
	belief, courtyard, cut, rely
	boil, gap, trick, grow
	In a special meaning: (meaning of kinship) great-grandmother, proto-language
	attack, cover, overtake
	wonder, prisoner, pick up, hammer
OVER- (NADO-)	bite, crack, inscribe, tear
UNDER- (UNDER-)	melt, sharpen, suggest, wait
OT- (OTO-)	give away, rest, move aside, open
OB-(OBO-)	trim, grind, wipe, go around
V- (VO-)	to your heart's content, to sew in, to cling to, to involve
PRE-	chairman, predecessor, predetermine
RE-	humus, overflow, distortion
C- (CO-)	move get lost save give up make friends do bend over	There is no prefix in the words: Here, local, building, health, no way and cognates.

2.2. Spelling of prefixes in ...z - ...s
In the Russian language there are prefixes in which letters alternate Z And WITH :
WITHOUT- / BES- , RAZ- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS- (VZ- / VS-), IZ- / IS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH- (THROUGH- / THRASS-)

In..click; walking along; ..do; burn..burn.

The choice of consonant is carried out according to the following rule:

2.3. Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-

Words starting with pre- And at-, have in Russian different origins.
Some came from Latin. In such words the Latin prefix prae- became part of the Russian root (president, presidium, presumption, predicate, bonus, claim, applicant, prefect, precedent, preparation, presentation). The Russian language also borrowed Latin words with a root beginning with pri (priority, privilege, private).
Others are of Old Slavonic origin. They are characterized by the Slavic prefix pre-, which is often included in the modern root (obstacle, repose, advantage, beautiful). In the language, these words retain their bookish character.
Finally, many words with pre- And at- are actually of Russian origin.

It is clear that it is impossible to draw up a clear rule for all cases. Therefore, the spelling rule proposed below is suitable mainly for words in which the meaning of the prefix is ​​clearly guessed.

Let's remember some cases:

give shape, shine disregard bride's dowry chapel of the temple radio susceptible gatekeeper close the window arrive at the train arrival hold the door open with a stick lean your head to your shoulder bow at the door look after the orphan get down to business impregnable bastion visiting doctor make an effort downplay (reduce a little) put a chair stick to inapplicable technique tolerate difficulties pester with questions to be present at the meeting

betray a friend, dreams bury old legend limit of patience successor manager the continuity of generations misconception, vicissitudes of fate bring ideas to life be on vacation residence bicker over trifles bow your head in respect, adamant person, old age, bow to talent despise cowards break the law criminal has enduring significance immutable law downplay (reduce significantly) repose (die) stumbling block an indispensable condition undergo hardships, changes unceasing, unceasing

2.4. Spelling of vowels in the prefixes NE- and NI- in
indefinite and negative pronouns,
pronominal negative adverbs.

Note.The rule applies to words of other parts of speech if they are formed from negative pronouns and adverbs: idleness, insignificant, worthless, worthless, draw.

2.5. Spelling of consonants at the junction of prefix and root.

Pere + skaz = retelling (-s-)
ras + skaz = story (-ss-)
race + quarrel = quarrel (-ss-)

Remember:calculation (calc + even), but: calculate (calc + count);
uncountable (bes + s + even).

In words to tear apart, to tear apart, to ruin one 3 is written.

In the Russian language exam, students may encounter different formulations of task 4, related to the spelling of the prefixes PRE- and PRI-. Let's consider possible options:

1. From the sentences (numbers are indicated), write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “approximation”.

2. From the sentences (numbers are indicated), write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “attachment”.

3. From the sentences (numbers are indicated), write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “incompleteness of action.”

4. From the sentences (numbers are indicated), write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “location nearby.”

5. From the sentences (numbers are indicated), write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning, close to the meaning of the prefix PERE-.

Let us recall the corresponding rule.

Prefixes PRE- and PRI-

(summary table)

Meaning

prefixes PRE-

Examples

Meaning

prefixes PRI-

Examples

High degree of quality or action (= very, very, very, too)

wise

elderly

very funny

most unpleasant

very pretty

most important

dangerous

present

surpass

prevail

exceed

get fed up

exaggerate

excellent

nice

perfect

Accession

(the meaning of connecting something with something);

approximation

(the meaning of movement towards a goal);

addition

(the meaning of increasing the size of something, adding something to what already exists)

join

attach

join

rush

glue

weld

come

cling

accept

screw

gallop up

limp

sprinkle

draw

adjust

drag in

attach

Exceptions: free

deplorable

comely

bizarre

fastidious

Similarity with the meaning of the prefix re-

(however, please note that direct replacement

most often it is impossible to do)

block

overcome

bicker

continuously

block

Incomplete action

(= a little bit)

open slightly

shut up

sit down

bend down

extinguish

stand up

suspend

Being close

anything (near, close)

Baltics

lakeside

school

seaside

roadside

coastal

station

Priamursky

gatekeeper

Bringing action

to the end or performing an action in someone's interests

get used to

come up with

tame

cook

hide

shelter

It is very important to consider the following:

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spellings of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning:

DESPITE (hate) – DESPITE (give shelter)

BEND (knees) – BEND (branch)

TO UNDERBE (difficulties, misfortunes) – TO BE ENDURED (to circumstances)

TRANSITORY (moment) – COMING (postman)

STAY (be) – ARRIVE (approach)

PICK (door) – bicker (quarrel) and many others.

2. There are words in which the spelling of the vowel cannot be explained by the rule stated in the table. These are Russian words in which the prefix is ​​no longer singled out (for example, NATURE, REASON, CLAIM, DEVICE, PRELESTCHAT, PREPONA, PREPOSVOVITI), as well as borrowings (PRESIDIUM, PREAMBLE, PREPARATION, PRIVILEGE, PRIMITIVE, PRIVATE, PRIORITY). In these cases, it is necessary to use a spelling dictionary.

I suggest you practice.

Task 1. Insert the missing letters into the words.

Pr...press, pr...rich, pr...respected, pr...attractive, pr...open, pr...amusing, pr...grown, pr...wonderful, pr. ..exalted, pr...silence, pr...poor, pr...cut, pr...climb, pr...oven, pr...form, pr...satiation, pr... pinch, sweep, pr...rub, pr...put, pr...sharp, pr...plump, pr...tasty, pr...cook, pr...clicking, pr...risen, pr...being,pr...flight, pr...provide, pr...appropriate, pr...application, pr...spread, pr...fallen, pr...fect, pr...dpr... accepted, pr...delivery, pr...chairman, pr...creator, pr...sent, pr...sign, pr...rise, pr...neglect, pr...imagine, pr...ludia, successor, pr...omen, pr...closing, pr...taste, pr...ascending, pr...delivery, pr...entry, pr. ..crashed, pr...supposed, pr...jerky, pr...dstart, pr...raise, pr...wash,pr...haymaking, pr...creative, pr...deliver, pr...send, pr...see, pr...similar, pr...bite, pr...extinguish, pr. ..boring, pr...will, pr...strange, pr...disposition, pr...educator, pr...howl, pr...detail-thematic, pr...bent, pr. ..earthy, pr...valued, pr...pre-Olympic, pr...bring, pr...mial.

Task 2. Insert the missing letters into the phrases.

Excellent...excellent result, honor...increase the speed, honor...the tribute to deep antiquity, protect the road,...defy the law, honor...the evil of fate,...stop screaming.

Task 3. Insert the missing letters and read the story to the kids - sisters and brothers.

One... red evening, Vasilisa, the... wise... dreamed of a... wonderful dream. All...funny and all...pretty little bunnies were jumping and jumping across the clearing. Suddenly the sun was covered by a huge cloud. This flew...flying the evil, evil...evil Serpent Gorynych. He... landed, sat down on the grass and... thought. Kashchei ordered him to find Vasilisa wisely, to frighten him, to bring him to him. But insurmountable obstacles arose on the way of the Serpent Gorynych .

Answers:

Exercise 1

press, very rich, highly respected, attractive, slightly open, most wonderful, grown, very wonderful, exalted, become silent, become poor, cut down, crawled, bake, transform, satiation, pinch, sweep, rub in, attach, sharp, swollen, delicious, weld, snapping, surpassed, arrival,pre-flight, provide, opportunist, application, foreshadow, fit, prefect, undertaken, etc.edelivery, chairman, pretender, foreshadowed, foreshadow, surpass, neglect, transform, prelude, receptionist, omen, reptile, smack, etc.eascending, betrayal, crime, discontinued, intended, intermittent, pre-launch, exceed, overthink,pre-hay, feigned, bearer, send, despise, reverend, bite, extinguish, boring, freedom, strange, predisposition, transformer, scion, subject-thematic, bowed, squat, ask the price, pre-Olympic, present, premium.

Task 2

Excellent result, exceed the speed limit, ancient legends, block the road, break the law, vicissitudes of fate, stop shouting.

Task 3

On a beautiful evening, Vasilisa the Wise had a bizarre dream. The most amusing and very pretty little bunnies were skipping across the clearing. Suddenly the sun was covered by a huge cloud. It was the evil, despicable Serpent Gorynych who arrived. He landed, sat down on the grass and became thoughtful. Kashchei ordered him to find the wise Vasilisa, intimidate him, and bring him to him. But insurmountable obstacles arose on the way of the Serpent Gorynych.

Literature

Rosenthal D.E. Russian language: a guide for applicants to universities. M., 2000.

Russian language lesson in 6th grade

1) infield 2) cling 3) subdued 4) hide

In which word the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “ highest degree quality"?

1) transform 2) terrible 3) transform 4) successor

4. In which word does the spelling of the consonant at the end of the prefix depend on the voicedness/voicelessness of the next consonant?

5. In which word is the spelling of the prefix determined by its proximity to the prefix “re-”? 1) interrupt 2) wonderful 3) calmly 4) wise

6. In which word is the spelling of the prefix determined by its meaning – “attachment”? 1) danced 2) became thoughtful 3) roadside 4) stuck

In which word is the spelling of the prefix determined by the rule: “In prefixes with –З and –С, Z is written before voiced consonants, and S is written before voiceless consonants”?

1) collection 2) here 3) break 4) intractable

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “incompleteness of action.”

Verochka understands his condition. And she doesn’t like that Gosha talks down to her. Verochka’s face becomes thoughtful. She tilts her head to the side and narrows her eyes. Before, about three years ago, with such an expression Verochka rushed to fight (and fought worse than the boys). Now she doesn't fight.

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the voicelessness of the subsequent consonant.

Mom often invaded my relationship with toys.

-Do you like to punish? - she asked half-jokingly. And she added half-seriously: “You can’t do that to dumb people.” They cannot respond to either good or evil.

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “approximation”.

Mom and father went on business trips very often: together they designed factories that were built somewhere very far from our city. I stayed with my grandmother - my mother's mother.

In dysfunctional families, parents, having left home, do not send letters at all; in prosperous families, they write about once or twice a week - my grandmother and I received letters every day.

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by the rule: “In prefixes ending in -Z and -S, Z is written before vowels and voiced consonants, and S is written before voiceless consonants.”

This one will not burn in fire and will not drown in water! This is what love can bring!

And I don’t like it at all that everyone at home praises me. Is it difficult to answer a three?

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “attachment”

I washed it, stuffed it with new cotton wool, carefully sewed it up and even lightly ironed it; in place of the lost eye I attached a black bandage, like a pirate’s. And later, with the help of a friend from the studio, the bear dressed himself in a leather biker jacket with small studs.

From now on, the bear sits in my garage in a very visible place, and sometimes I install it on the fork of a motorcycle, and we ride around the city or in motorcycle convoys. Our colleagues from the club laughed at first, but then they got used to it, and the toy even became our talisman in some way.

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the voicelessness of the subsequent consonant.

What does he care about Elena Frantsevna, he forgot to think about her. His friend betrayed him. Calmly, casually and publicly, in broad daylight, for the sake of a penny gain, he was betrayed by a man for whom he, without hesitation, would go through fire and water.

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “location near something.”

I heard Naila’s voice and imagined her: her hair should be dark, her eyes should have coals in the middle, her lips should be slightly swollen, with barely noticeable cracks from water and wind. Along with her voice, her breath reached me, similar to the rustling of leaves when the wind smells. When her voice fell silent, I was afraid that it would not sound again - it would soar and fly away like a bird. I wanted it to sound forever and no one but me would hear it.

She sat on the coastal sand, her legs crossed and her chin resting on her knees.

Find a word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning close to the meaning of the prefix re-

Listen,” Lina interrupted him, bending over her hat. “Another day and he would be ready.”

Yes, he said. – But everyone has some kind of natural limit.

Task 5.

“One and two N in suffixes of adjectives, participles and adverbs”

Theory

Adjectives.

NN is written in adjectives formed:

From nouns with a stem on n: sleep - with NN th, autumn - autumn NN th, length - length NN th, window - eye NN th;

Using suffixes -he N- And -enn-: lectures he N th, station he N th, morning enne th, time enne th, letters enne th.

With one n adjectives formed from nouns using suffixes are written -an-(-yan-) And -in-: leather en th, sand en th, hemp yang th, clay yang th, silver yang th, goose in th, swan in th.

Exceptions: -young, pork, rosy, green, blue(formed without the help of the suffix -n); -wind en th(same-root words with prefixes are written with two n: without wind enne th, under wind enne th); -tins Jann th, tree Jann th, glass Jann th.

Answers please: Test 1 “Spelling of prefixes”
1. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the subsequent
consonant.
1) hopeless
2) slow down
3) pick up
4) bad luck
2. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the stress.
1) elect
2) right
3) unbending
4) no one
3. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the lexical
meanings.
1) interrupt
2) worn out
3) take a bite
4) throw
4. Indicate the word with a traditional (unchangeable) prefix.
1) voiceless
2) wise
3) intractable
4) overcome
5. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning -
"incompleteness of action."
1) open slightly
2) seaside
3) block
4) assign6. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning -
"spatial proximity".
1) close (door)
2) teach
3) school
4) add
7. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning -
“an action completed to completion.”
1) sit down
2) enormous
3) crush
4) come up with
8. Indicate a word in which the spelling of the prefix does not depend on the subsequent
consonant.
1) travel around
2) blossoming
3) unmade
4) unclench
9. Indicate the word in which the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by the meaning -
"distant degree of relationship."
1) involvement
2) great-grandfather
3) take a break
4) none
10. Indicate the word in which the spelling of a voiced consonant at the end of the prefix
depends on the voicing of the subsequent consonant.
1) price
2) lakeside3) find
4) reckless
Test 2 “Spelling of prefixes. Merged, hyphenated, separate writing»
1. In which word is the spelling of the prefix determined by its meaning - “attachment”?
1) got used to it
2) put
3) powdered
4) took a closer look
2. In which word the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning
"incomplete action"?
1) attached
2) ducked
3) accept
4) came running
3. In which word the spelling of the prefix depends on
deafness/voice of the sound indicated next after the prefix
letter?
1) shrank
2) discarded
3) avoided
4) confirm
4. In which word the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning -
"incomplete action"?
1) freeze
2) open slightly
3) come running
4) roadside
5. In which word does the spelling of the prefix depend on the deafness/voicing of the sound?
1) team
2) dissuade
3) expel
4) tighten
6. In which word is the spelling of the prefix determined by its meaning - “closeness”?
1) powder 2) comb your hair
3) homestead 4) threatened
7. In which word the spelling of the prefix is ​​determined by its meaning - “incomplete
action"?
1) tide
2) suburban
3) came up with
4) accept
8. In which word does the spelling of the prefix depend on the deafness/voice of the sound?
denoted by the letter following the prefix?
1) you'll do
2) give
3) climbed up
4) take a bite
9. In which word is the spelling of the prefix determined by its meaning - “proximity”?
1) preen 2) shame
3) station 4) get used to it
10. In which word does the spelling of the prefix depend on the deafness/voice of the sound?
denoted by the letter following the prefix?
1) behind 2) guessed right
3) story 4) bribe