1. What are the main parts of the human skeleton?
The human skeleton is divided into: the skeleton of the head (skull), the skeleton of the torso and the skeleton of the upper and lower extremities.
2. What is the structure and significance of the skull? Why are the bones of the skull connected motionlessly?
The skull is divided into a large brain and a smaller facial section. The bones of the medulla of the skull form the cavity in which the brain is located. The brain section of the skull is formed by the following bones: unpaired - frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid and paired - parietal and temporal; All of them are connected to each other motionlessly using seams. The bones of the facial part of the skull include 6 paired bones (maxillary, palatine, inferior turbinate, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic) and 3 unpaired bones (hyoid, lower jaw and vomer). All bones, except the lower jaw, are connected motionlessly.
The skull protects the brain and sensory organs from external damage, provides support for the facial muscles and the initial parts of the digestive and respiratory systems.
3. List the bones that form the brain section of the skull.
Bones of the brain part of the skull: paired parietal and temporal bones and unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
4. Name the only movable bone of the facial skull. What is its function?
The only movable bone of the skull is the lower jaw; together with the temporal bone, it forms the temporomandibular joint, in which the following movements are possible: lowering and raising the lower jaw, shifting it to the left and right, moving back and forth. All these possibilities are used in the act of chewing, and also contribute to articulate speech.
5. Name the parts of the spine and the number of vertebrae in each of them. What role do the curves of the spine play? Why do they appear in humans?
The human spine consists of 33-34 vertebrae. It distinguishes the following sections: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5) and coccygeal (4-5 vertebrae). In an adult, the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse into the sacrum and coccyx.
The human spine has 4 curves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral), which play the role of a shock absorber: thanks to them, shocks when walking, running, jumping are softened, which is very important for protecting internal organs and especially the brain from concussions.
In newborns, the spine is straight; curves form as the child learns to hold his head (cervical), sit down (thoracic), crawl and stand up (lumbar and sacral).
6. What parts does the limb skeleton consist of? What bones form the skeleton of the upper limb girdle; lower extremities? Draw a general diagram of the structure of a free human limb.
The skeleton of any limb consists of two parts: the limb girdle and the skeleton of the free limb. The bones of the limb girdle connect the free limbs to the skeleton of the torso. The upper limb girdle is formed by two shoulder blades and two clavicles. The skeleton of the free upper limb consists of three sections: the humerus, the bones of the forearm and the hand. The forearm is formed by the radius and ulna bones. The hand is formed by a large number of small bones. It distinguishes three sections: the wrist (8 bones), the metacarpus (5) and the phalanges of the fingers (14).
The lower limb girdle (pelvic girdle) is made up of two pelvic bones that connect to the sacrum. The skeleton of the free lower limb consists of the femur, leg bones and foot. The bones of the lower leg include the tibia and fibula. The bones of the foot are divided into the tarsus (8 bones), metatarsus (5) and phalanges (14).
7. Suggest what can explain the similar structure of the upper and lower extremities in humans.
This can be explained by the performance of similar functions by the upper and lower limbs in animals, for example, in primates. In the course of evolution, humans underwent a strict differentiation of function and a partial change in structure for upright walking, but the general structural plan remained similar. This can be proven by the ability of trained people to grasp objects with their feet.
8. What is a bony pelvis? Why does it have the shape of a bowl in humans?
The bony pelvis consists of three continuously connected bones: two pelvic bones and the sacrum. The bony pelvis houses important organs such as the bladder and rectum, and the uterus in women. The bowl-shaped shape of the bony pelvis is associated with upright posture. In humans, an expanding pelvis, an inwardly angled femur, a strong knee joint, and a “platform”-shaped foot all contribute to smooth walking on two legs.
9. Are there sex differences in the structure of the skeleton? If yes, which ones?
Men's bones are usually larger and more massive. The main differences lie in the structure of the pelvis; in women, the pelvic ring is wider and lower than in men, and up to a certain age, the pubic symphysis is more mobile. The position of the wings of the ilium in women is close to horizontal. The small pelvis has a cylindrical shape. This is explained by the ability of women to bear and give birth to children. The man's pelvis is narrow and high. The position of the wings of the ilium is approaching vertical. The entrance to the pelvis is in the form of a “card heart”.
There are also some differences in the structure of the bones of the skull and chest. Contrary to popular belief, the number of ribs is the same in men and women.
The skeleton, a photo of which will be presented below, is a collection of bone elements of the body. The word itself has ancient Greek roots. Translated, the term means “dried.” The skeleton is considered the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. It develops from mesenchyme. Next, let's take a closer look at the skeleton: structure, functions, etc.
Sexual characteristics
Before talking about what functions the skeleton performs, it is worth noting a number of distinctive features of this part of the body. In particular, some sexual characteristics of the structure are of interest. There are a total of 206 bones that make up the skeleton (the photo illustrates all its elements). Almost everything is connected into a single whole through joints, ligaments and other joints. The skeletal structure of men and women is generally the same. There are no fundamental differences between them. However, differences are found only in slightly modified forms or sizes of individual elements and the systems that they make up. The most obvious differences in the skeletal structure of men and women include, for example, the fact that the bones of the fingers and limbs of the former are somewhat longer and thicker than those of the latter. In this case, the tuberosities (areas of fixation of muscle fibers) are usually more pronounced in men. Women have a wider pelvis and a narrower chest. As for gender differences in the skull, they are also insignificant. In this regard, it is often quite difficult for specialists to determine who it belongs to: a woman or a man. At the same time, in the latter, the brow ridges and tubercle protrude more, the eye sockets are larger, and the paranasal sinuses are better defined. In the male skull, the bone elements are somewhat thicker than in the female. The anteroposterior (longitudinal) and vertical parameters of this part of the skeleton are greater in men. The capacity of the female skull is about 1300 cm 3 . For men, this figure is also higher - 1450 cm 3. This difference is due to the smaller overall size of the female body.
Head office
There are two zones in the skeleton. In particular, it contains the trunk and head sections. The latter, in turn, includes the facial and brain parts. The brain part contains 2 temporal, 2 parietal, frontal, occipital and partially. The facial part contains (paired) and lower. The teeth are fixed in their sockets.
Spine
In this section, there are coccygeal (4-5 pieces), sacral (5), lumbar (5), thoracic (12) and cervical (7) segments. The vertebral arches form the spinal canal. The pillar itself has four bends. Thanks to this, it is possible to carry out the indirect function of the skeleton associated with upright walking. Elastic plates are located between the vertebrae. They help improve the flexibility of the spine. The appearance of column bends is caused by the need to soften shocks during movement: running, walking, jumping. Thanks to this, the spinal cord and internal organs are not subject to shock. There is a channel running inside the spine. It surrounds the spinal cord.
Rib cage
It includes the sternum, 12 segments of the second section of the spine, as well as 12 pairs of ribs. The first 10 of them are connected to the sternum by cartilage, the last two do not have articulations with it. Thanks to the chest, it is possible to perform the protective function of the skeleton. In particular, it ensures the safety of the heart and organs of the bronchopulmonary and partially digestive systems. At the back, the costal plates have a movable articulation with the vertebrae, while at the front (except for the lower two pairs) they are connected to the sternum through flexible cartilage. Due to this, the chest can narrow or expand during breathing.
Upper limbs
This part contains the humerus, forearm (ulnar and radial elements), wrist, five metacarpal segments and digital phalanges. In general, there are three departments. These include the hand, forearm and shoulder. The latter is formed by a long bone. The hand is connected to the forearm and consists of small wrist elements, a metacarpus that forms the palm, and movable flexible fingers. The attachment of the upper limbs to the body is carried out through the clavicles and shoulder blades. They form
Lower limbs
In this part of the skeleton there are 2 pelvic bones. Each of them includes the ischial, pubic and iliac elements fused with each other. Also included in the girdle of the lower extremities is the thigh. It is formed by the corresponding bone of the same name. This element is considered the largest of all in the skeleton. Also in the leg there is a shin. This section includes two tibia bones - the tibia and the tibia. Covers the lower limb of the foot. It consists of several bones, the largest of which is the heel. Articulation with the body is carried out through the pelvic elements. In humans, these bones are more massive and wider than in animals. Joints act as connecting elements of the limbs.
Types of joints
There are only three of them. In the skeleton, bones can be connected movably, semi-movably or immobile. Articulation of the latter type is characteristic of cranial elements (except for the ribs and vertebrae that are semi-movably connected to the sternum. Ligaments and cartilages act as articulation elements. A movable connection is characteristic of joints. Each of them has a surface, a fluid present in the cavity, and a bag. As a rule, The joints are strengthened by ligaments. Due to them, the range of motion is limited. The joint fluid reduces the friction of the bone elements during movement.
What functions does the skeleton perform?
This part of the body has two tasks: biological and mechanical. In connection with solving the last problem, the following functions of the human skeleton are distinguished:
- Motor. This task is performed indirectly, since the skeletal elements serve to attach muscle fibers.
- Supportive function of the skeleton. Bone elements and their joints make up the skeleton. Organs and soft tissues are attached to it.
- Spring. Thanks to the presence of articular cartilage and a number of structural features (curves of the spine, arch of the foot), shock absorption is provided. As a result, tremors are eliminated and tremors are softened.
- Protective. The skeleton contains bone formations, which ensure the safety of important organs. In particular, the skull protects the brain, the sternum protects the heart, lungs and some other organs, and the spine protects the spinal structure.
Biological functions of the human skeleton:
Damage
If the body is in an incorrect position for a long period (for example, sitting for a long time with a bowed head at a table, uncomfortable posture, etc.), as well as against the background of a number of hereditary reasons (especially in combination with errors in nutrition, insufficient physical development), a violation may occur. holding function of the skeleton. In the early stages, this phenomenon can be eliminated fairly quickly. However, it is better to prevent it. To do this, experts recommend choosing a comfortable position when working, regularly engaging in sports, gymnastics, swimming and other activities.
Another fairly common pathological condition is foot deformity. Against the background of this phenomenon, a violation of the motor function of the skeleton occurs. can occur under the influence of diseases, be the result of injuries or prolonged overload of the foot during the growth of the body.
Under the influence of strong physical stress, a bone fracture can occur. This type of injury can be closed or open (with a wound). About 3/4 of all fractures occur in the arms and legs. The main sign of injury is severe pain. A fracture can provoke subsequent deformation of the bone and disruption of the functions of the section in which it is located. If a fracture is suspected, the victim must be provided with ambulance and hospitalized. Before any action is taken, the patient is referred for an X-ray examination. During the diagnosis, the location of the fracture, the presence and displacement of bone fragments are identified.
Everyone needs to know the human skeleton with the names of the bones. This is important not only for doctors, but also for ordinary people, because information about the body, its skeleton and muscles will help strengthen it, feel healthy, and at some point can help out in emergency situations.
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Types of bones in the adult body
The skeleton and muscles together make up the human locomotor system. The human skeleton is a whole complex of bones of different types and cartilage, interconnected by continuous joints, synarthrosis, symphyses. Bones are divided according to their composition into:
- tubular, forming the upper (shoulder, forearm) and lower (thigh, lower leg) limbs;
- spongy, foot (in particular, tarsus) and human hand (wrist);
- mixed - vertebrae, sacrum;
- flat, this includes the pelvic and cranial bones.
Important! Bone tissue, despite its increased strength, is capable of growing and regenerating. Metabolic processes occur in it, and blood is even formed in the red bone marrow. With age, bone tissue is rebuilt and becomes able to adapt to various loads.
Types of bones
How many bones are there in the human body?
The structure of the human skeleton undergoes many changes throughout life. At the initial stage of development, the fetus consists of fragile cartilaginous tissue, which over time is gradually replaced by bone tissue. A newborn baby has more than 270 small bones. With age, some of them can grow together, for example, the cranial and pelvic ones, as well as some vertebrae.
It is very difficult to say exactly how many bones are in the body of an adult. Sometimes people have extra ribs or bones in their feet. There may be growths on the fingers, a slightly smaller or larger number of vertebrae in any part of the spine. The structure of the human skeleton is purely individual. On average for an adult have from 200 to 208 bones.
Functions of the human skeleton
Each department performs its own highly specialized tasks, but the human skeleton as a whole has several common functions:
- Support. The axial skeleton is the support for all the soft tissues of the body and a system of levers for the muscles.
- Motor. Movable joints between bones allow a person to make millions of precise movements using muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
- Protective. The axial skeleton protects the brain and internal organs from injury and acts as a shock absorber during impacts.
- Metabolic. The composition of bone tissue includes a large amount of phosphorus and iron, which are involved in the exchange of minerals.
- Hematopoietic. The red marrow of the long bones is the place where hematopoiesis occurs - the formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (cells of the immune system).
If certain skeletal functions are impaired, diseases of varying severity may occur.
Functions of the human skeleton
Skeletal departments
The human skeleton is divided into two large sections: axial (central) and accessory (or skeleton of the limbs). Each department performs its own tasks. The axial skeleton protects the abdominal organs from damage. The skeleton of the upper limb connects the arm to the torso. Due to the increased mobility of the hand bones, it helps to perform many precise movements with the fingers. The functions of the skeleton of the lower extremities are to connect the legs to the body, move the body, and provide shock absorption when walking.
Axial skeleton. This section forms the basis of the body. It includes: the skeleton of the head and torso.
Skeleton of the head. The cranial bones are flat, motionlessly connected (with the exception of the movable lower jaw). They protect the brain and sense organs (hearing, vision and smell) from concussions. The skull is divided into the facial (visceral), cerebral and middle ear sections.
Skeleton of the torso. Bones of the chest. In appearance, this subsection resembles a compressed truncated cone or pyramid. The rib cage includes paired ribs (out of 12, only 7 are articulated with the sternum), vertebrae of the thoracic spine and the sternum - the unpaired breast bone.
Depending on the connection of the ribs with the sternum, true (upper 7 pairs), false (next 3 pairs), floating (last 2 pairs) are distinguished. The sternum itself is considered the central bone included in the axial skeleton.
It consists of a body, an upper part - the manubrium, and a lower part - the xiphoid process. The bones of the chest have high-strength connection with the vertebrae. Each vertebra has a special articular fossa designed for attachment to the ribs. This method of articulation is necessary to perform the main function of the body skeleton - protecting the human life-support organs: the lungs, part of the digestive system.
Important! The bones of the chest are subject to external influences and are prone to modification. Physical activity and proper sitting position at the table contribute to the proper development of the chest. A sedentary lifestyle and slouching lead to tightness of the chest organs and scoliosis. An improperly developed skeleton can lead to serious health problems.
Spine. The department is central axis and main support the entire human skeleton. The spinal column is formed from 32-34 individual vertebrae that protect the spinal canal with nerves. The first 7 vertebrae are called cervical, the next 12 are called thoracic, then there are lumbar (5), 5 fused, forming the sacrum, and the last 2-5, making up the coccyx.
The spine supports the back and torso, provides, through the spinal nerves, the motor activity of the entire body and connects the lower part of the body with the brain. The vertebrae are connected to each other semi-movably (in addition to the sacral ones). This connection is carried out through intervertebral discs. These cartilaginous formations soften shocks and shocks during any human movement and provide flexibility to the spine.
Limb skeleton
Skeleton of the upper limb. Skeleton of the upper limb represented by the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free limb. The shoulder girdle connects the arm to the body and includes two paired bones:
- The collarbone, which has an S-shaped bend. At one end it is attached to the sternum, and at the other it is connected to the scapula.
- A spatula. In appearance it is a triangle adjacent to the body from the back.
The skeleton of the free limb (arm) is more mobile, since the bones in it are connected by large joints (shoulder, wrist, elbow). Skeleton represented by three subdivisions:
- The shoulder, which consists of one long tubular bone - the humerus. One of its ends (epiphysis) is attached to the scapula, and the other, passing into the condyle, to the forearm bones.
- Forearm: (two bones) the ulna, located in line with the little finger and the radius - in line with the first finger. Both bones on the lower epiphyses form a radiocarpal articulation with the carpal bones.
- A hand that includes three parts: the bones of the wrist, metacarpus and digital phalanges. The wrist is represented by two rows of four spongy bones each. The first row (pisiform, triangular, lunate, scaphoid) is used for attachment to the forearm. In the second row there are the hamate, trapezium, capitate and trapezoid bones, facing towards the palm. The metacarpus consists of five tubular bones, with their proximal part they are motionlessly connected to the wrist. Finger bones. Each finger consists of three phalanges connected to each other, in addition to the thumb, which is opposed to the others, and has only two phalanges.
Skeleton of the lower limb. The skeleton of the leg, as well as the arm, consists of a limb girdle and its free part.
Limb skeleton
The girdle of the lower extremities is formed by the paired bones of the pelvis. They grow together from paired pubic, ilium and ischial bones. This occurs by the age of 15-17, when the cartilaginous connection is replaced by a fixed bone one. Such strong articulation is necessary to support the organs. Three bones to the left and right of the body axis form the acetabulum, which is necessary for the articulation of the pelvis with the head of the femur.
The bones of the free lower limb are divided into:
- Femoral. The proximal (upper) epiphysis connects to the pelvis, and the distal (lower) epiphysis connects to the tibia.
- The patella (or kneecap) covers, formed at the junction of the femur and tibia.
- The lower leg is represented by the tibia, located closer to the pelvis, and the fibula.
- Bones of the foot. The tarsus is represented by seven bones, making up 2 rows. One of the largest and well-developed bones is the heel bone. The metatarsus is the middle section of the foot; the number of bones included in it is equal to the number of toes. They are connected to the phalanges using joints. Fingers. Each finger consists of 3 phalanges, except the first, which has two.
Important! Throughout life, the foot is subject to changes; calluses and growths may form on it, and there is a possible risk of developing flat feet. This is often due to the wrong choice of shoes.
Sex differences
Structure of a woman and a man no fundamental differences. Only certain parts of some bones or their sizes undergo changes. Among the most obvious are narrower breasts and a wider pelvis in a woman, which is associated with labor. Men's bones, as a rule, are longer, more powerful than women's, and have more traces of muscle attachment. It is much more difficult to distinguish a female skull from a male one. The male skull is slightly thicker than the female, it has a more pronounced contour of the brow ridges and the occipital protuberance.
The musculoskeletal system performs the most important functions in the body. This is moving the body in space and maintaining its shape, protecting internal organs from mechanical damage, as well as maintaining them in a certain position. The importance of the skeleton for humans is also great. This is the basis without which support and movement are impossible.
Biology: skeleton and features of its structure
The basis of the musculoskeletal system is a set of bones - the skeleton. In humans, it consists of several parts: the skull, torso, belts and their free limbs. The structure of their components is determined by the vertical location of the organism in space. Let's take a closer look at them.
Methods of joining bones
Depending on the functions performed, bones are connected in different ways. A fixed connection is called a seam. All the bones of the skull are connected in this way. In a newborn baby, the skull consists of cartilaginous tissue, which is replaced with bone over time. This is necessary so that during birth the fetus can pass through the rather narrow female reproductive tract. Thanks to this structure, the skull is able to change its volume.
Using a semi-movable joint, the bones of the human spine are united. Between them there are cartilaginous layers capable of compression and stretching. Therefore, the mobility of the spine is limited. This structure has its advantages: cartilage tissue softens shocks during sudden movements.
The movable joints of bones are called joints. The main importance of the skeleton for humans is to ensure motor activity. They provide this function. Each joint consists of two heads covered with cartilage. Externally, this structure is additionally protected by the articular capsule, to which ligaments and muscles are attached. It also releases a special liquid into the cavity, which reduces the friction process.
The elbow joint can move only in one direction, the knee joint in two. This is the characteristic that forms the basis of their classification. Depending on the number of directions of movement, one-, two-, and three-axis joints are distinguished. An example of the latter is the hip.
Scull
The skeleton of the head is represented by motionlessly connected bones. And only the lower jaw is capable of movement, thanks to which we absorb food and talk.
Another meaning of the skeleton for humans is protection. The bones of the skull protect the brain from mechanical damage.
This part of the human skeleton consists of two parts: the facial and the brain. They, in turn, consist of paired and single bones. For example, the largest components of the facial region are the zygomatic and maxillary. In total, their total number is 15 bones. The brain section of the skull is connected to the spinal canal through a hole in the occipital part. As a result, the anatomical relationship between the brain and spinal cord becomes possible, which is a necessary condition for the normal functioning of the nervous regulation of the human body.
Skeleton of the torso
It is represented by the spine and chest. The skeleton of the torso serves as the basis to which belts and free limbs are attached.
Each vertebra consists of a body and processes, except for the first of them. It is called "Atlas" and consists simply of two arcs. The epistrophe is attached to it - the second in a row. This structure ensures rotation of the human head. In general, this part of the skeleton consists of 33-34 vertebrae, forming a canal in the cavity of which the spinal cord is located.
The structure of the chest fully lives up to its name. It protects internal organs from shock and deformation. It consists of a flat bone, the sternum, and 12 pairs of ribs, which are attached to the thoracic spine.
Skeleton belts
Why do they wear a belt? To hold clothes. Everyone will answer that way. Likewise the limb girdle, which provides important skeletal support. It is impossible to imagine a person without movement. The bones of the free limbs are attached to the bones of the belts.
Upper - collarbones and shoulder blades. These include the pelvic and sacral bones. The first form a semi-joint, called the sacrum, consisting of 5 bones fused into one.
Upper free limbs
Consist of 3 parts: shoulder, forearm and hand. They are connected movably, forming joints. The humerus is attached to the shoulder blade. The forearm is formed by two bones: the ulna and the radius. The hand, in turn, is divided into the wrist, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers.
Lower free limbs
This part includes the thigh, lower leg and foot. Their structure is similar to the upper limbs. The femur, the longest bone in the human body, is attached to it. The lower leg consists of the tibia and the foot - of the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers.
Skeleton and upright posture
We found out what the importance of the skeleton is for a person and his life. But there is another important aspect. All features of the human skeleton are associated with its horizontal position in space.
The table “The human skeleton and its structural features in connection with upright walking” clearly demonstrates this.
| Skeleton part | Structural features |
| Scull | The brain part is more developed than the facial part. |
| Rib cage | Flattened in the dorso-abdominal direction, expanded to the sides. |
| Spine | Forms several bends that soften shocks during movement and act as shock absorbers when walking. |
| Upper limbs | The thumb of the hand is opposed to the rest, which is associated with a person’s ability to work. |
| Lower limbs | The pelvic bones are expanded, forming a kind of bowl that helps keep the body in a horizontal position. The foot is arched, the structure of which makes it easier to push when walking, jumping and running. |
A decrease in the facial part of the skull is associated with an increase in the volume of the human brain. His development was influenced by the development of speech and abstract thinking.
Anthropology - the science of human origins, argues that man is the result of evolutionary processes. One of their driving factors is natural selection. Its essence lies in the fact that as a result, individuals capable of making the simplest tools and working with them survived. This is only possible if the hand has a special structure. The chest of animals is extended downward. It is quite difficult for such organisms to move on two legs.
Thus, the human skeleton has all the features necessary for spinning, providing the ability to change the position of individual parts and the entire body in space.
In the article you will get acquainted with the structure of the human skeleton and learn the names of the bones.
Human skeleton - structure with the name of the bones: diagram, photo from front, side, back, description
Everyone knows that the skeleton is the human skeletal system. The skeleton is a set of passive and movable bones. Without a skeleton, the human body simply cannot hold together: all its internal organs and soft tissues, muscles.
INTERESTING: The human adult body contains a total of about 200 bones. But in the body of a newborn, the number of bones is significantly greater - there are 270 of them! This is very simple to explain - over time, small bones form into large ones.
All the bones in the skeleton are connected by ligaments and joints (types of connective tissue). Surprisingly, at different stages of life a person experiences many transformations of his skeleton. The most amazing of them is the transformation of the cartilaginous skeleton into a bone one.
Main parts of the human skeleton, number, weight of bones
The skeleton is conventionally divided into two groups:
- Ostevoy
- Additional
Austral skeleton:
- Scull -"bone" of the head. It is in this bone that one of the most important internal organs of the human body is located - the brain.
- “container” of the most important internal organs, their “body” and protection. There are 12 vertebrae and the same number of pairs of ribs in the cage.
- Spine - This is the axis of the body in which the spinal cord passes.
Accessory skeleton:
- Upper limb belt(shoulder blades and collarbones)
- Upper limbs
- Lower limb belt
- Lower limbs
What tissue is the basis of the bones of the skeleton, what substance gives the human skeleton strength, what is the composition of the bones?
The skeleton is the hardest, most durable and strong foundation of the body. It has the most important functions, without which human life would be simply impossible. It provides support, the ability to move, and protects internal organs.
The skeleton is made up of bones, and the bone is made up of bone tissue. What is bone tissue? This is a type of connective tissue. Few people know that there are nerves and blood vessels inside the bone. Bone cells have a large number of processes surrounded by special “channels” containing fluid. It is through this fluid that the “breathing” of cells occurs.
This fluid is called “intercellular” and it consists of organic substances (protein) and inorganic (calcium and potassium salts). This composition allows the bones to be flexible and elastic at the same time.
INTERESTING: It is surprising that children's bones are more flexible, while the bones of adults are much stronger.
Anatomical skeleton of the human chest and pelvis: diagram, description
Study the detailed photo of the ribcage to see each bone and its name.
Human chest:
- Two sides
- Backside
- Front side
The chest consists of:
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Ribs
- sternum (breastbone)
- Upper and middle handle
- xiphoid process
Features of the structure of the chest:
- The first rib lies horizontally
- The ribs are connected to the sternum by cartilage
- The most important internal organs are “hidden” in the chest
INTERESTING: The chest helps a person breathe, helping with movements to reduce or increase the volume of air in the lungs. The chest of men is larger than that of women, but the chest of women is wider.
Anatomical skeleton of a human arm and hand: diagram, description
The human hand is made up of many bones.
The hand is divided into three parts:
- Shoulder
- Forearm
- Brush
It is important to know:
- The bony base of the shoulder is the humerus
- The bone base of the forearm is the ulna and radius
- The hand is made up of 27 individual bones
- Metacarpus contains 5 bones
- The skeleton of the fingers consists of 14 phalanges
Anatomical skeleton of the human shoulder and forearm: diagram, description
Here you can take a detailed look at the bones of the shoulder and forearm with names.
Anatomical skeleton of the neck, human skull: diagram, description
The pictures show in detail all the important human bones.
Anatomical skeleton of a leg, human foot: diagram, description
The human leg also has many bones.
Which bones in the human skeleton are connected movably by means of a joint and motionlessly?
It is important to know which bones in the human skeleton are movably connected by joints or motionless.
What is the role of the human skeleton, what ensures mobility, what is referred to as the mechanical function of the bones of the skeleton?
Functions:
- Musculoskeletal (body support and attachment of soft tissues, organs, body mobility).
- Movement (body transportation)
- Spring (softening the shock point)
- Protective (protection of internal organs from injury)
What are the structural features of the human skeleton associated with upright walking?
The human skeleton can be characterized by its upright position. The spine is kept straight, but has curves. While walking, it is able to “spring”, softening all shocks. Due to the fact that a person walks upright, his chest is expanded.
The hand is an organ of labor; the thumb is removed and developed so that it is convenient to grasp and hold an object. The belt has the shape of a bowl and is a support for the pelvic organs. The lower limbs are stronger than the arms and confidently hold the “heavy” body.
How long does it take for the human skeleton to grow?
The human skeleton goes through several active stages of formation:
- First “early”: from 0 to 7 years
- Second “teenage”: from 11 to 17 years old
- The third “final”: for women up to 25 years old, for men up to 30 years old.
Which bones are tubular in the human skeleton?
Long tubular:
- Femoral
- Tibial
- fibular
Short tube:
- Metatarsals
- Phalangeal
- Metacarpals
What is the longest, most massive, strong and small bone in the human skeleton?
- The longest bone is femoral
- Most bbig – tibial
- The strongest - femoral
- The smallest -"anvil" or "stirrup" (in the ear)
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