Mumps (mumps) is a widespread viral disease that occurs with damage to the glandular organs (usually the salivary glands, especially the parotid glands, less often the pancreas, genitals, mammary glands, etc.), as well as the nervous system (meningitis, meningoencephalitis).
Causes of mumps
The source of mumps is a sick person who is contagious during the 9 days of illness. The route of transmission of infection is airborne droplets. The most affected population is school-age children. With age, the number of cases of mumps falls due to the increase in the number of immune individuals. Cases of the disease among children in the first year of life are extremely rare. The disease rarely occurs in patients over 40 years of age.
The incubation period is from 11 to 21 days.
Symptoms of mumps
In some patients, 1-2 days before the development of a typical picture of mumps, pre-morbid symptoms are observed in the form of fatigue, malaise, muscle pain, headache, chills, sleep disturbances and appetite.
With the development of inflammatory changes in the salivary gland, these phenomena become more pronounced, signs associated with damage to the salivary glands are noted - dry mouth, pain in the ear area, aggravated by chewing and talking.
In typical cases, fever reaches its maximum severity on the 1st-2nd day of illness and lasts 4-7 days.
A characteristic sign of mumps is damage to the salivary glands (in most patients, the parotid glands). The area of the enlarged gland is painful when touched. The pain is especially pronounced in certain points: in front of the earlobe, behind the earlobe and in the mastoid area.
With an enlarged salivary gland, damage to the skin above it is also noted (depending on the degree of enlargement). The skin becomes tense, shiny, and swelling can spread to the neck. The enlargement of the salivary gland increases rapidly and reaches its maximum within 3 days. At this level, the swelling lasts 2-3 days and then gradually (over 7-10 days) decreases.
Complications of mumps
With mumps, complications often manifest themselves in damage to the glandular organs and central nervous system. In children with diseases, one of the common complications is inflammation of the meninges (meningitis). The incidence of this complication exceeds 10%. Meningitis develops 3 times more often in men than in women. As a rule, signs of damage to the nervous system appear after inflammation of the salivary glands, but simultaneous damage to the salivary glands and nervous system is also possible (in 25-30% of patients). Meningitis often begins violently (usually on the 4-7th day of illness): chills appear, body temperature rises again (up to 39 ° C and above), severe headache, vomiting.
Orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) is more common in adults. Signs of orchitis are observed on the 5-7th day from the onset of mumps and are characterized by a new wave of fever (up to 39-40 ° C), the appearance of severe pain in the scrotum and testicle, sometimes spreading to the lower abdomen. The testicle enlarges, reaching the size of a goose egg. Fever lasts 3-7 days, testicular enlargement lasts 5-8 days. Then the pain goes away, and the testicle gradually decreases in size. Later (after 1-2 months), signs of testicular atrophy may appear, which are observed in 50% of patients who have had orchitis (if corticosteroid hormones were not prescribed at the beginning of the development of the complication).
Inflammation of the pancreas develops on the 4-7th day of illness. Sharp pain in the epigastric region, nausea, repeated vomiting, and fever appear.
Damage to the hearing organ sometimes leads to complete deafness. The first sign is the appearance of noise and ringing in the ears. Inflammation of the inner ear is indicated by dizziness, vomiting, and impaired coordination of movements. Typically, deafness is unilateral (on the side of the salivary gland affected). During the recovery period, hearing is not restored.
Joint inflammation develops in approximately 0.5% of patients, more often in adults, and more often in men than in women. They are observed in the first 1-2 weeks after damage to the salivary glands, although they may appear before the glands change. Large joints (wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee and ankle) are most often affected. The joints swell and become painful. The duration of arthritis is usually 1-2 weeks; in some patients, joint damage persists for up to 1-3 months.
It has now been established that the mumps virus in pregnant women can cause damage to the fetus. In particular, children experience a peculiar change in the heart - the so-called primary myocardial fibroelastosis. Other complications (prostatitis, oophoritis, mastitis, thyroiditis, bartonylitis, nephritis, myocarditis, thrombocytopenic purpura) are rare.
Diagnosis of mumps
- Virus isolation: traditional isolation of viruses from nasopharyngeal mucus biomaterial;
- Detection of antibodies to virus antigens: RSK, RTNHA (diagnostic titer 1:80 and higher). When assessing the results of the study, possible post-vaccination reactions are taken into account;
- Allergological method: staging an intradermal allergic reaction with a mumps diagnosticum; currently rarely used;
- Blood analysis;
- Analysis of urine.
Treatment of mumps
There is no specific treatment. An important goal of treatment is to prevent complications. Bed rest is required for at least 10 days. In men who do not comply with bed rest during the first week, orchitis develops approximately three times more often than in persons hospitalized in the first three days of the disease.
To prevent inflammation of the pancreas, in addition, it is necessary to follow a certain diet: avoid overeating, reduce the amount of white bread, pasta, fats, cabbage. The diet should be dairy-vegetable. For cereals, it is better to eat rice; brown bread and potatoes are allowed.
For orchitis, prednisolone is prescribed as early as possible for 5-7 days, starting with 40-60 mg and reducing the dose every day by 5 mg, or other corticosteroid hormones in equivalent doses.
For meningitis, the same course of treatment with corticosteroids is used. The course of mumps meningitis is favorably influenced by spinal puncture with the extraction of a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid.
For inflammation of the pancreas, a liquid gentle diet, atropine, papaverine, cold on the stomach are prescribed, for vomiting - aminazine, as well as drugs that inhibit enzymes, in particular contrical (trasylol), which is administered intramuscularly (slowly) in a glucose solution, on the first day 50 000 units, then 3 days at 25,000 units/day. and another 5 days at 15,000 units/day. Locally - warming compresses.
Prognosis and prevention
The prognosis for mumps is favorable, deaths are very rare (1 in 100,000 cases); however, the possibility of deafness and testicular atrophy with subsequent infertility should be considered.
Vaccination with mumps vaccine at 12 months of age. Revaccination at 6 years of age: use domestic or foreign drugs (including combined ones).
There are observations of cases of mumps among previously vaccinated children. The disease in these cases is relatively mild, involving only the salivary glands. Children of the first 10 years who had contact with the sick person are separated on the 21st day from the moment of isolation of the sick person.
Parotitis (or piggy ) is an acute viral disease that develops as a result of exposure to the human body paramyxovirus . When the disease occurs, severe symptoms of general intoxication of the body appear, one or more salivary glands enlarge. Often with mumps, other organs are affected, and damage to the central nervous system is also possible. This disease was first described by Hippocrates.
Causes of mumps
Symptoms of mumps appear in humans due to exposure to a virus from the paramyxovirus group. You can only get infected from a person who is sick manifesto or inapparent form of mumps. A person becomes infectious to others 1-2 days before the first clinical symptoms of mumps disease appear, as well as in the first five days of the disease. After the symptoms of the disease disappear, the person becomes non-infectious. Transmission of the virus in adults and children occurs through airborne droplets. However, to this day, experts do not exclude the possibility of transmission of the virus through contaminated objects. People are highly susceptible to infection. The virus enters the body through the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract.
Most often, the disease affects children, and males suffer from mumps about one and a half times more often. Mumps most often develops in children between 3 and 7 years of age. In general, about 90% of cases of the disease are diagnosed in children and adolescents who are under 15 years of age. Most often, the virus affects people in the spring – in March and April. The lowest number of cases of the disease is observed in August and September. The disease can be either sporadic or manifest as epidemic outbreaks. The overall incidence rate was reduced after the practice of mass immunization of the population with a live vaccine became common. After a person has had mumps, they develop a lifelong illness.
Symptoms
When infected with mumps, the duration ranges from 11 to 23 days, but most often it lasts 15-19 days. Some patients note that approximately 1-2 days before the onset of the first symptoms they experienced prodromal phenomena: slight chills, headache, muscle pain, dry mouth, and discomfort in the salivary glands.
As a rule, mumps in children and adults begins acutely. Initially, a person is worried about chills, his temperature rises significantly. As the disease develops, fever may persist for about 1 week. In this case, the patient suffers from headache, weakness,... To reduce such manifestations, symptomatic treatment is practiced. But sometimes the symptoms of mumps in children and adult patients appear at normal body temperature. The main symptoms of mumps are inflammation of the salivary glands. As a rule, the parotid glands are affected, however, sometimes the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands become inflamed. They are painful on palpation, as well as swelling.
In the presence of a pronounced enlargement of the parotid salivary gland, the contours of the face change: it becomes pear-shaped. On the affected side, the earlobe rises, the skin on the swelling becomes stretched and shiny, but its color does not change. Most often noted bilateral defeat, but it also happens unilateral defeats.
The patient experiences a feeling of discomfort. There is tension and pain in the area near the ear, which gets worse at night. If the tumor compresses the Eustachian tube, then noise and pain may appear in the ears. The so-called Filatov's symptom – severe pain when pressing behind the earlobe. This symptom is considered one of the earliest and most important signs of mumps.
Sometimes pain prevents the patient from chewing food. Hearing loss and dry mouth may occur. The pain subsides by the end of the first week of the disease. Also at this time, the swelling of the salivary glands gradually disappears.
Mumps in adult patients manifests itself with more pronounced symptoms. Sometimes patients are bothered by catarrhal and dyspeptic symptoms, and the acute period of the disease is more severe than in children. The swelling may spread to the neck and lasts longer - about two weeks. Such signs are easy to identify both visually and from photographs.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of mumps when typical symptoms appear is not difficult for a specialist. In other infectious diseases, the damage to the parotid salivary glands is secondary, and it is also purulent. But upon careful examination of the patient, the doctor can easily differentiate other diseases.
Laboratory methods are used to determine the presence of the virus in the body. The most informative is the isolation of the mumps virus from the blood. It is also found in other liquids - pharyngeal swabs, secretions of the parotid salivary gland, and urine.
Immunofluorescence methods are used to detect viruses in cell culture after 2-3 days. At the same time, standard methods determine the presence of the virus only after 6 days.
Treatment
Treatment for mumps can be done at home. Only those patients who have a severe course of the disease are subject to hospitalization. If a child or adult develops mumps, they are isolated at home for 10 days. Prevention of the disease involves quarantine for 21 days in those children's institutions where a case of the disease was recorded. The mumps virus cannot be killed with a specific drug. Both mumps and mumps are treated by relieving the main symptoms of the disease. For mumps in children and adults, painkillers and antipyretics are used. UHF therapy and ultraviolet irradiation help relieve symptoms of mumps. Dry heat is indicated on the area of the salivary glands. After eating, the patient must rinse his mouth every time. You can use warm water or soda solution. You can also periodically rinse your mouth with a decoction of chamomile and sage.
Due to the lack of special treatment, it should be understood that vaccination is the main method to avoid the disease. Therefore, children should be vaccinated in accordance with the general vaccination schedule.
It should be remembered that the causes of complications after mumps are, first of all, non-compliance with the rules of bed rest. It should be followed regardless of the severity of the symptoms of the disease.
As a rule, when chewing, patients with mumps feel pain and discomfort. Therefore, on days of illness you need to eat ground or semi-liquid food. The diet should include light foods, mainly of plant origin, as well as dairy products. You should not eat sour fruits, as they irritate the salivary glands.
If the patient develops complications, then hospitalization is required. The most dangerous complications are meningitis And testicular inflammation . Complicated mumps in boys is especially dangerous, as the consequences can be very serious.
If it develops as a complication orchitis , then at the first signs, other corticosteroids are prescribed for 5-7 days. Treatment with corticosteroids is also practiced for meningitis. In acute pancreatitis, it is important to follow a strict diet. Prescribed as well as drugs that inhibit enzymes.
The doctors
Medicines
Prevention
To prevent mumps in children and adults, the only effective method of prevention is vaccination. Mumps vaccination is given to children aged 12 to 15 months (according to the vaccination calendar). At 6 years of age, revaccination is carried out. It is inserted either into the outer surface of the shoulder or subcutaneously under the shoulder blade. If a child who has not previously had mumps has had contact with someone who has symptoms of mumps, they can be immediately vaccinated with the mumps vaccine. Mumps, as well as measles and rubella, are prevented by mandatory vaccination due to the high likelihood of complications. There are no direct contraindications to vaccination with the mumps vaccine.
A child who has received a mumps vaccine according to the vaccination schedule may become ill with this disease. However, mumps after vaccination occurs only in a mild form. In addition, the virus from such a person is not released into the environment, therefore, such a patient is not infectious to others.
To prevent infection with the virus during pregnancy, a woman must be tested for mumps at the planning stage. If antibodies are present in the body, this indicates that a woman who plans to become a mother has immunity to mumps. In the absence of such antibodies, it is necessary to vaccinate against mumps before pregnancy.
Complications
Another complication of mumps is orchitis . It is more often observed in adult patients. Symptoms of orchitis appear on the 5th-7th day of mumps: repeated fever, severe pain in the testicles and scrotum, and enlarged testicles are noted. Immediate treatment of this condition is required, otherwise it may develop testicular atrophy . The childhood disease mumps can cause not only mumps orchitis in adults, but also its further complication - priapism (prolonged erection of the penis, not associated with arousal).
But the situation is especially dangerous when mumps develops in boys during adolescence. Signs of mumps disease are sometimes manifested by the development of inflammation of the testicle or ovary. As a result, approximately every tenth boy who suffered from mumps in childhood develops it in adulthood.
In addition to these complications, mumps may develop spicy , the signs of which are observed on the 4-7th day of the disease. It also appears in some cases. A serious complication of the disease can be complete deafness. Mumps in pregnant women can cause fetal abnormalities. As a rule, such children have heart damage. If the disease develops in a woman or girl, damage to the ovaries and mammary glands may occur as complications.
Diet, nutrition for mumps
List of sources
- Pokrovsky V.I. Mumps: a guide for doctors. M., 2009;
- Agafonova A.P. Parotitis. Modern idea of the pathogen, clinical picture, diagnosis, prevention. Novosibirsk: JSC Medical-Biological Union, 2007;
- V.A. will post Children's droplet infections in adults. - St. Petersburg: Teza, 1997;
- Bolotovsky V. M., Mikheeva I. V., Lytkina I. N., Shakhanina I. L. Measles, rubella, mumps: a unified system for managing epidemic processes. Moscow: Borges; 2004.
In most cases, mumps in adults appears to be a viral infection. It is also popularly called “mumps,” which develops when paramyxoviruses penetrate the body. The disease has certain signs, based on which it is easy to identify.
In contact with
Concept of infection
“What is mumps?” - this question can often be heard from patients with this diagnosis. This concept defines an infection associated with a feverish state and external manifestations of enlargement of the cheeks and neck.
The reason for this is an increase in the volume of the salivary glands against the background of general intoxication of the body. Paramyxoviruses tend to affect either one of the salivary glands or several.
In some situations, the virus spreads its painful effects to nearby body structures. Mumps in adults can even affect cells of the central nervous system.
The described pathology is transmitted from sick individuals to healthy individuals. The transmission of the disease is facilitated by the transition to indirect or manifest forms. A person becomes contagious after 24 hours from the moment of his contact with a sick individual. From this it becomes clear that The incubation period of the disease is quite short.
The disease is active for transmission during the first five days from the moment it enters the body. Wherein there may be no symptomatic signs of the disease, which is doubly dangerous. The main routes for the spread of viral particles from a sick individual to a healthy one are:
- airborne;
- contaminated items.
According to statistics, representatives of the stronger sex suffer from the described disease more often than women. The disease is characterized by a certain seasonality, the maximum of which falls during the period spring months: March and April.
Adults are characterized by the presence of a large number of infectious antibodies in the blood, due to which we can conclude that the pathology has spread to a significant extent. We looked at what mumps is, and what are its types?
Types of pathology
Common mumps also called epidemic. In this case, the viral agent tends to penetrate the mucous membrane of the oropharynx and nose, from where it spreads through the bloodstream to all organs of the body . Mumps manifests itself in the following types of glands:
- pancreas;
- salivary;
- sexual.
Often the pathology affects the soft layer of the meninges. The disease in adults manifests itself in the form of swelling with a feeling of soreness in the salivary parotid gland. At the same time, the ear takes a protruding position, and its lobe rises slightly.
Important! The main sign of pathology is characteristic swelling in the salivary gland.
Sick complains of fever, since at the same time the temperature background of the body increases. Dealing with fever in this disease is very difficult, as it is consistently high for several days.
Symptoms of mumps
Besides, the patient experiences:
- loss of appetite;
- attacks of nausea and vomiting;
- painful sensations when touching the tongue;
- unpleasant feeling when chewing and swallowing;
- fatigue;
- decreased auditory perception;
- myalgia (muscle pain).
There are several forms of the disease.
Infectious
Infectious mumps is transmitted through an aerosol mechanism. When it occurs, a person’s salivary gland and nervous system become ill. After the described forts of the disease in humans post-infectious form of immunity is formed, characterized by a high percentage of durability and duration.
The main epidemiological signs are the widespread spread of infection and the periodic nature of increases in incidence. Epidemic outbreaks typically occur in any season of the year.
The described infection develops against the background of progression in the body:
- actinomycosis;
- syphilis.
Types of mumps
According to the nature of the disease, it can be:
- chronic;
- acute.
Recent studies have revealed an increased incidence of this disease in semi-closed and closed groups: dormitories, barracks.
In most cases, infectious mumps exhibits pronounced focality. Effective disease prevention is timely vaccination.
Nonspecific
Nonspecific parotitis is inflammation in the parotid salivary gland. The reason for its development is the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. They are carried:
- lymph;
- blood.
Sometimes this pathology occurs against the background of complications after an acute inflammatory process, or untreated inflammation in the parotid salivary glands in childhood.
Remains of staphylococci with streptococci are capable of activation and subsequent spread throughout the body.
The main reason for the appearance of the described form of the disease in the body is the congenital type of inability of the salivary gland tissues to cope with viral agents when immunity decreases.
Pathology is characteristic asymmetrical one-sided type of manifestation. If the symptoms of the disease are ignored and there is no proper treatment, complications are possible.
Advice! Suspicion of any form of pathology requires diagnostic confirmation and proper treatment.
Features of the manifestation of the disease
The symptoms of mumps are as follows:
- Inflammatory process. Parotid gland in mumps becomes inflamed and swollen, which lasts for at least five days.
- Damage to male testicles. The inflammatory process can also affect the male genital organs. A unilateral process of inflammation in the testicles appears ten days after the damage to the cells of the parotid gland. Sometimes testicular pathology leads to decreased fertility.
- Ovarian damage. Mumps is also characterized by damage to the female ovaries, although this observed extremely rarely.
- Deterioration in health. The infection described can cause migraines, excessive drowsiness, or loss of appetite in patients.
- Decline in hearing quality. Sometimes acute parotitis leads to decreased hearing functions. In this case, inflammation can be bilateral or unilateral.
- Growth of lymph nodes. Under the influence of paramyxovirus there is an increase in the size of lymph nodes, located in the groin area.
- Tongue pain. My tongue starts to hurt, which is felt not only during chewing, but also during conversations.
- Feeling of dryness in the mouth. Mumps disrupts the normal course of the salivary process, causing patients to complain of dry mouth.
- Cell damage. Acute mumps can provoke the development of an inflammatory process inside the pancreas. Against this background, a gag reflex and pain in the abdominal area begin.
- Increase in body temperature. The described pathology is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, which difficult to reduce. This may continue for several days.
- Painful manifestations in the chin. Normal palpation of the ear area with the chin leads to feeling of severe pain. This signals that an epidemic form of the disease is progressing in the body.
In the non-epidemic form of the disease, patients are persecuted purulent discharge from the lumen of the salivary gland. This symptom indicates an immediate visit to the doctor, as pus goes into the oral cavity.
There are known cases of manifestations of an erased form of the pathology, characterized by a weak nature of the manifestation of symptoms. Usually, the body temperature does not increase and there is no local pain. In this situation, it is also recommended to visit a doctor.
How to cure
Treatment of the described pathology is a prerequisite for preventing the disease from passing into the chronic stage with the development of numerous complications. After examining the body, the doctor diagnoses: “You have mumps.” Treatment must be carried out as prescribed by a doctor, following all his recommendations. It is not recommended to experiment with self-medication, as this can lead to dire consequences.
How to ease the pain
Therapy includes the use of special injections with the concomitant use of strong medications. Complications of mumps serve as the basis for the use of serious therapy. Recommended for patients bed rest and drinking plenty of fluids. In this case, you should rinse your mouth as often as possible.
To relieve pain, it is good to use:
- analgesic drugs;
- cold and hot compresses.
Taking gamma globulin in this situation is very effective. sick in rare cases hospitalized, most often he is at home. It is necessary to adhere to a certain diet rich in amino acids and vitamins. This has a beneficial effect on the immune system and speeds up the healing process.
Prevention of mumps involves isolating the body from infected people and strengthening immune properties. You should also eat rationally and exercise outdoors.
Mumps is an infectious disease that affects both children and adults. The mechanism of its appearance is associated with viruses that cause diseases such as mumps. Treatment of the disease is carried out by specialists and is differentiated for each patient according to the presence of complications. How to treat mumps if an adult gets sick?
Why does mumps occur?
The viruses that cause mumps come in several varieties. They are common in nature, but only affect the human body. The virus is concentrated in large quantities in the patient’s brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. It is excreted from the adult body through urine and salivary glands. The virus is quickly destroyed under the influence of unfavorable conditions:
- heating;
- irradiation;
- treatment with disinfecting solutions.
How does mumps paramyxovirus infection occur?
The source of danger is sick people in whom the virus already lives in their bodies.
The acute infectious period for mumps occurs from the first day of illness and persists for the first 5 days of the disease.
The danger of infection disappears along with the clinical symptoms. The most reliable way of transmitting the virus is through the air, through coughing and sneezing. A contact route of infection cannot be ruled out. The male body is more susceptible to the disease compared to the female body. The most dangerous time for infection is spring, and in the autumn months the peak incidence drops.
The infectious agent enters the human body through the respiratory tract or tonsils. Mumps pathogens, once in the bloodstream, are transported to the salivary glands. Total damage to the blood by mumps viruses makes it possible to establish the correct diagnosis on the first day of the disease.
The main depots for it are formed in the salivary glands and the brain. Particularly dangerous for the course of the disease is the presence of the virus in the patient’s brain. Pathogenic microorganisms affect testicles, pancreatic tissue, and breast milk.
When mumps develops, the symptoms of patients differ significantly from each other, and not only due to the presence of strong immunity. The human body produces antibodies that contribute to the development of the allergic process in the patient.
The main signals of the body affected by the mumps virus
It can take up to 23 days from the moment of infection before the clinical picture of the disease develops. In the early stages of the disease, the body responds to the introduction of the pathogen. An adult may experience:
When intense inflammation appears in the salivary gland, the symptoms of intoxication are so strong that it is difficult for the patient to open his mouth, chew food and talk. In adults, a complicated course of the disease may occur, with the occurrence of:
- Meningitis.
- Otitis.
- Myocarditis.
- Arthritis.
- Mastitis.
Doctors consider such diseases as complications:
- Diabetes.
- Infertility.
- Deafness.
Adults are characterized by complicated and uncomplicated course of the process. Mumps is severe when not only the salivary glands are affected, but also other organs. The doctor assesses the patient's condition based on the presence of intoxication and the duration of the fever.
Treatment of mild to severe mumps
Therapy for mumps with damage to the salivary glands is prescribed based on medical examination data and the general clinical picture. When a tumor-like formation appears above the salivary gland, spreading to the area of the auricle, the body temperature rises sharply to high numbers - 39-40°C.
How to treat the disease in such a case? There is no specific scheme for providing medical care in the treatment of the disease, unless the disease is mild, with a low fever. For hyperthermia, antipyretics are used to lower the temperature, the active ingredient of which is paracetamol. With a persistent increase in temperature, a lytic mixture with analgin, suprastin and no-shpa is used for intramuscular administration. If there is a concomitant pathology in an adult or small child, treatment is carried out in a hospital under the supervision of a doctor.
If complications occur, antibacterial therapy is prescribed. If you are allergic to the penicillin group of drugs, macrolides are used. The main thing is that antibiotics should be taken immediately if the doctor has diagnosed meningitis, arthritis or orchitis in an adult patient after mumps. Their early administration helps prevent purulent complications.
If suppuration of the salivary glands has occurred, treatment of mumps is only possible through surgery. The course of therapy lasts 10 days. Local treatment lasts simultaneously with general procedures and alleviates the course of the disease.
When older children are sick, they are given lozenges with an antibacterial effect. Patients tolerate warm drinks in the form of fruit drinks, tea with jam well. An effective method is to rinse the mouth with a solution of soda, rivanol, and calendula. You can tie a warm scarf around your neck.
Symptoms and treatment of damage to the sublingual glands in adult patients
A slightly different treatment regimen for lesions of the sublingual glands. Symptoms of the prodromal period are caused by the toxic effect of viruses on the entire body; at the same time, manifestations such as:
- Stool disorder.
- Sore throat when swallowing.
Antihistamines are used as symptomatic therapy. If a severe course does not appear from the first day of illness, medications are used to eliminate intoxication and asthenia. In patients with abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels in the form of tachycardia and increased blood pressure, treatment is supplemented with antihypertensive drugs and cardiac medications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances, prescribed by a doctor to treat the disease, eliminate joint and muscle pain.
Meningitis as a secondary disease in people who have had mumps
In adults, mumps does not always end well: the disease can cause inflammation of the meninges. With a sharp drop in immunity and the presence of purulent foci of inflammation in the salivary gland, meningitis is the most common complication of mumps. There is significant variability in the clinical picture of the disease in adults, depending on the immune status and general condition of the person affected by the disease. Meningitis develops acutely, and even if mumps is still ongoing, the disease affects the meninges with the development of the following symptoms:
- Heat.
- Rave.
- Hallucinations.
- Cramps.
How to treat such a complication that arose against the background of a disease such as mumps? Emergency therapy is prescribed with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics - III-IV generation cephalosporins, until the patient’s general condition is stabilized. Having studied the symptoms of the complication, the doctor applies effective therapy. Antiemetics and painkillers are prescribed for the treatment of mumps complicated by meningitis.
Dehydration that occurs due to refusal to drink and vomiting must be treated with intravenous administration of saline solutions and plasma. Treatment of complicated meningitis that occurs against the background of a severe form of a disease such as mumps involves surgical intervention. In the absence of a direct threat to the patient’s life, treatment is supplemented with immunomodulators, heart medications, and general restoratives.
Treatment of otitis and orchitis arising from mumps in adults
A very peculiar course of mumps is often observed, accompanied by pain in the ear from the affected gland. The doctor supplements the treatment of the disease with drugs that alleviate the inflammatory process in the ear. Paracetamol-based painkillers are used.
Mumps, complicated by otitis, requires the appointment of otipax drops and vasoconstrictors for instillation into both nasal passages. To eliminate the consequences of mumps, antiallergic drugs are used. The most active drugs in the fight against inflammation are antibiotics. For treatment, amoxicillin, augmentin, and cefuroxime are used in age-specific dosages. Complicated mumps is treated for at least 10 days.
Men who have had mumps may develop a complication of mumps such as orchitis. The mumps has not yet ended, and the symptoms of another disease are so vivid that the doctor makes a new diagnosis - orchitis. The temperature rises sharply against the background of mumps, the scrotum swells, and pain appears. Fever lasts up to 4 days. The doctor prescribes treatment for the complication, slightly adjusting the treatment for mumps. Antiseptics, aminoglycosides, local treatment, and physiotherapy are used.
Successful treatment of mumps and prevention of complications are possible if the disease is recognized in time and treated responsibly. It is best to immediately consult a doctor and make an accurate diagnosis.
Mumps, mumps, ear infections– an acute infectious disease accompanied by inflammation of the salivary (mainly parotid) glands, general intoxication, possible damage to other organs and the central nervous system.
Path of transmission.
Mumps pathogen– filtering virus, belong to paramyxoviruses. Source of infection is only human.
Mumps is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through airborne droplets when talking, sneezing, or coughing. Outside the human body, the mumps virus quickly dies, so mumps is usually not transmitted through people around the sick person or through things. However, infection can apparently occur through various objects salivated by a sick person (dishes, toys), if they pass to a healthy child within a very short time and come into contact with his mouth.
Mumps most often affects children aged 5 to 15 years. Adults can also get sick, but mostly young people (from 18 to 30 years old).
Incubation period– 11-30 days (usually 15-19 days).
Symptoms
The disease usually begins with general malaise, headache, and fever up to 38-39C.
Sometimes nosebleeds are observed, and in severe cases - vomiting and convulsions. After 2-3 days, swelling of the parotid salivary gland begins, usually on one side, and after 1-2 days on the other. At the same time, the patient’s face takes on a characteristic appearance (which is why the name “Mumps” came about). Sometimes the disease also affects other salivary glands, submandibular and sublingual. A characteristic sign of mumps is pain when chewing and opening the mouth. The greatest pain is observed when pressing behind the earlobe. The disease usually lasts 8-10 days. If other salivary glands are affected or if there is a complication, mumps may persist.
Complications.
Complications (more often in older children) include:
- Testicular inflammation in boys ,
- Inflammation of the ovaries in girls ,
- Defeats pancreas, thyroid, thymus glands,
- Inflammation cervical lymph nodes,
- Serous meningitis and meningoencephalitis.
In boys Testicular inflammation
occurs more often than inflammation of the ovaries in girls.
Usually, first one and then the second testicle are affected. The area of the inflamed testicle swells, the skin turns red and shiny, and the child is in pain. Parents should definitely examine the child’s testicles, since the child may not always be shy and not talk about it.
Treatment must be started immediately, otherwise it can lead to testicular atrophy, and subsequently to infertility. You cannot treat it yourself. Only by doctor's prescription. Before doctor's appointments, you can give your child painkillers from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: ibuprofen, paracetamol.
Warming compresses and ointments are prohibited. You can apply a bubble of cold water, but not for very long.
For acute pancreatitis girdle pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and bowel disorders (constipation, sometimes diarrhea) appear. The stool contains the remains of undigested food. The tongue is coated with a whitish coating. If not treated promptly, this can lead to juvenile diabetes mellitus in the future.
The most dangerous complication is Meningoencephalitis
- inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord.
Symptoms are manifested by a sharp disturbance in the condition, headaches, stiffness of the neck muscles, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, deterioration of hearing and vision. There may be loss of consciousness and convulsions. Emergency medical attention required. The child is transferred to a hospital where meningitis is treated.
TREATMENT OF MUMPS.
Diet.
Exclude: white bread, pasta, fried and fatty foods, sour fruits and vegetables.
You need to drink plenty of fluids in the form of compotes, juices, tea.
Food is preferably dairy-vegetable - dairy products, cereals, pureed soups, vegetable purees, etc.
Treatment is carried out under supervision and as prescribed by a doctor:
- Bed rest,
- Diet (liquid and semi-liquid food),
- Vitamins,
- Oral care - rinsing with a solution of boric acid, a solution of rivanol 1:1000, etc.,
- Heat to the affected glands (heating pads, dry heat, compresses, “blue light”, etc.).
Treatment for complications carried out according to the given disease (meningitis, etc.).
- With orchitis prescribe: anti-inflammatory drugs, prednisolone or other corticosteroids.
- For meningitis carry out dehydration therapy (diuretics), corticosteroids, effective spinal tap.
- For pancreatitis appoint papaverine, no-shpa, to reduce swelling -- mannitol, sodium thiosulfate, anti-enzyme drugs - kontrikal, gordoks and etc.
At the end of the disease, no special disinfection is required; you just need to thoroughly ventilate the room, carry out wet cleaning, and clean the furniture.
Contagious period.
The patient is contagious from the last days of the incubation period until the end of the disease. A sick child is usually not allowed into a child care facility for 21 days from the date of illness. After contracting mumps, a persistent immunity remains - immunity.
Children under 12 years of age who have not had mumps and who have had contact with a sick person are prohibited from visiting child care facilities from the 11th to the 25th day from the date of contact. If there are several cases of mumps in a child care institution (nursery, kindergarten), patients must be treated in the institution itself, and the child care institution is considered infected (new children are not accepted, children are not sent home, etc.) until the epidemic outbreak ceases, that is until no new mumps appears for 3 weeks. For children who have had mumps, as well as for children over 12 years of age and adults who have had contact with the patient, separation does not apply.
Prevention.
Conducting mass immunization of children. The mumps vaccine is given once to a child aged 12-18 months.
At the same time, stable immunity develops.
Mumps is an acute infection caused by paramyxovirus, characterized by damage to special glands of the body (salivary, seminal, pancreas), as well as the nervous system. Another name for this disease is mumps or mumps. This is due to the fact that the salivary glands located in front of the ears swell and form a characteristic swelling. Mumps is quite common in adults, although it is considered a childhood disease.
How does infection occur?
The source of infection can only be a sick person who is capable of infecting other people 12-24 hours before the first symptoms appear and over the next 9 days.
The airborne route is the main mechanism of infection transmission, it is realized through saliva. You can also get sick from contact with household items contaminated with the virus (towels, dishes, toothbrush).
Symptoms of mumps
There are several signs that clearly characterize mumps; symptoms in adults depend on the organ affected and the severity of the disease.
Typical picture:
- Temperature rises to 38-40 degrees, lasting up to 7 days. The maximum fever occurs on the second day.
- Enlargement of one salivary gland, the parotid. On the other hand, the gland swells in every second patient. The glands themselves are very painful when touched, have a doughy consistency, and are greatly enlarged in size, which leads to protruding ears. Swelling can occur in the neck and cheek, rarely in the throat and under the collarbone.
- In men, the testicles are affected (orchitis). This occurs 5-6 days after the onset of the disease. Signs of mumps in adults with damage to the testicles are manifested by a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, pain in the testicles, which becomes stronger when urinating, and walking quickly. Often only the right testicle is involved in the inflammatory process. In women, the virus affects the ovaries, causing pain in the iliac region.
- Symptoms of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) are manifested by abdominal pain radiating to the back or under the rib on the right, vomiting, attacks of nausea, and repeated rise in temperature.
- On the part of the nervous system, headache and increased sensitivity to sound and light are noted.
Treatment of mumps in adults
If you notice the above symptoms, you should call a doctor at home. He will determine the form of the disease and prescribe drug therapy and regimen. In mild to moderate forms, the disease can be treated at home. Mumps in adults in severe form requires registration in the infectious diseases department of the hospital.
- Bed rest.
- A dairy-vegetable diet with thorough rinsing of the mouth after eating.
- Apply dry heat to the affected gland.
- Interferons as antiviral therapy - amiksin, viferon, cycloferon, neovir.
- If orchitis develops, treatment with glucocorticoids is mandatory (prednisolone at a dose of 60-80 mg/day for a week), fixation of the testicle with a special bandage;
- When the virus affects the pancreas with the development of insufficiency of its function, enzymes (Creon, Pancreatin), antispasmodics and protease inhibitors (Gordox, Trasylol) are prescribed.
- In case of damage to the nervous system, medications according to indications.
Prevention measures and immunity
For all patients with diagnosed mumps, the following preventive measures are provided:
- isolation until the 9th day of illness;
- separation for 21 days of adults and children not vaccinated against this infection.
After the disease, lifelong immunity to infection is formed.
Why is mumps dangerous in adults? Treatment of the disease and its consequences
Mumps (or mumps) in adults is not as common as in pediatric patients. However, this infectious disease affects adults more and more often due to a decrease in the protective functions of the body in older patients. The rhythm of life has accelerated significantly in recent years, people's eating and sleeping patterns have been disrupted, which has led the population to a deterioration in the protective properties of the immune system.
Mumps is much less common in adults than in children, but can have serious consequences.
For doctors, treating mumps in adults, as a rule, becomes a more difficult task than treating the same disease in children. After all, it is in adults that the disease often occurs in various forms and gives dangerous complications.
What is mumps
An acute infectious disease caused by paramyxovirus and characterized by predominant damage to a number of glands (salivary, genital and pancreas), as well as the nervous system - this is mumps, which is also called “mumps” and “mumps”.
Mumps is transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets.
The reservoir and distributor of the infectious agent can be an infected person, who becomes dangerous even before the initial symptoms appear and remains so for another 9 days.
Important! The future patient becomes a carrier of infection approximately two days before the first signs of the disease appear.
Most often, the disease develops according to the following scheme:
- The viral agent, once on the mucous membrane of the nose and oropharynx, begins to spread through the bloodstream throughout the human body. The salivary, genital and pancreas glands, as well as the pia mater, are mainly affected.
- The incubation period for mumps can last from ten days to a month. The main symptom of mumps is swelling and pain in the salivary glands, mainly the parotid glands, while the earlobe may rise slightly and the ear itself may protrude.
Important! Swelling of the salivary glands is the main symptom of the disease in all forms of mumps.
- Body temperature rises to high numbers, up to 40°C, and at this level it stays for several days; it can be very difficult to “bring down” it with mumps. Loss of appetite, patients have severe and frequent headaches, possible nausea with vomiting, sore tongue, pain when swallowing and chewing, fatigue, general weakness, hearing loss, myalgia (muscle pain), decreased salivation, pain in the chin area and ears when trying touch them.
Note! If mumps develops in an adult patient during the postoperative period, then its symptoms become noticeable on the fifth day after the operation.
If the patient’s illness occurs with classic symptoms, then no special examination methods need to be used. In atypical cases of mumps, laboratory diagnostics can be performed: urine and blood tests, oropharyngeal lavages, saliva testing and puncture to take cerebrospinal fluid for analysis. Based on the data obtained, the specialist diagnoses the patient and prescribes treatment.
- As a rule, after about a week from the onset of symptoms of the disease, the temperature drops, swelling subsides, and headaches subside. In about ten days, in the absence of complications, all signs of mumps completely disappear.
Types of disease
Mumps occurs in adults in several forms. Therefore, in order to diagnose it, it will be very important to determine its type, because the tactics of treating the disease will depend on this.
The symptoms of mumps in adults have their own characteristics for each form of the disease, therefore, diagnosing them is usually not difficult:
- Epidemic parotitis is a disease that most often develops in children, but also affects adults. With this type of mumps, inflammation develops mainly from one parotid gland (but sometimes spreads to both). Swelling in the area of the ear and chin is a manifest symptom of this disease. The remaining symptoms have already been described above.
- Non-epidemic mumps is a much more dangerous form of the disease. It can develop due to the presence of salivary stones in the patient, as well as due to injuries to the salivary gland, or in the case of penetration of a bacterial component from the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, or pharynx. This type of mumps in adult patients most often manifests itself as a complication of various infectious diseases. (In the photo below - salivary stone disease):
In turn, this form of mumps is further divided into the following varieties:
- Catarrhal– is expressed in exfoliation of the tissues of the glandular ducts and the accumulation of thick liquid contents in the gland.
- Purulent– development of purulent melting of individual areas of the affected salivary gland. Symptoms of the disease with the development of a purulent form of mumps appear later than with the classic course of mumps.
- Gangrenous- either partial or complete death of salivary gland tissue.
Complications
It was previously mentioned that mumps, which develops in a patient at an older age, can provoke severe complications:
- Meningitis;
- Meningoencephalitis;
- Encephalomyelitis;
- Pancreatitis with subsequent development of diabetes mellitus;
- Deafness;
- Oophoritis in women;
- Orchitis in men, leading to infertility without treatment.
If a patient develops symptoms of orchitis and/or meningitis, he is prescribed a course of treatment with corticosteroid drugs - most often Prednisolone. The course duration is on average one week.
Prednisolone is the best drug for orchitis or meningitis Important! It is strictly forbidden to self-medicate mumps in adult patients, since this disease is dangerous due to a variety of severe complications.
Only a specialist will be able to monitor the progression of this disease and prevent adverse consequences.
Treatment
At least ten days of bed rest when treating mumps is a mandatory measure.
Antibiotics are not prescribed in the absence of bacterial complications, since they are ineffective against viruses.
It is also important to maintain a drinking regime, and it is also necessary to provide the patient with rest.
There is no specific treatment aimed directly at eliminating paramyxovirus from the body.
If the doctor does not insist on hospitalization, and no complications have arisen, then mumps can be treated at home. It should be aimed mainly at preventing the development of complications.
When treating mumps, the following scheme is used:
- A diet excluding fatty, fried, spicy foods, as well as pickles and pickled foods. In addition, you should limit your consumption of white flour bread and pasta. The patient's food should be ground in a meat grinder or blender, preferably to the consistency of sour cream;
- Drinking regime. The patient is recommended to drink plenty of fluids - fruit drinks from berries and fruits, weak tea, rosehip decoction;
- After each meal, rinsing with a heated solution of baking soda in water (one teaspoon of soda per glass of water), as well as herbal decoctions - sage or chamomile, is recommended.
As for medications, they are mainly prescribed symptomatically:
- Antihistamines, such as Claritin and Suprastin.
- Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drugs - Paracetamol, Nise, Panadol.
- Vitamin complexes – “Revit”, “Complivit”.
- Alcohol and oil compresses applied to the skin in the projection of the inflamed glands.
- Physiotherapy – UHF, KUF.
Important! Warming the affected area with a heating pad or wet lotions is strictly prohibited!
If you follow all the instructions of your doctor, you will almost certainly be able to avoid complications or endure them in a mild form.
Prevention
To protect family members of the sick person, the so-called “mask regime” is introduced in the apartment. When you are in a patient’s room, you must use a medical mask, and when leaving the room, throw it in the trash (the virus is unstable in the external environment, so no special precautions are required when disposing of masks).
They are not needed when processing the patient’s dishes - it is enough to simply wash them with soap.
- Since the mid-60s of the last century to this day, the only measure of direct prevention of mumps is vaccination.
However, there is a strong opinion that vaccination “does not work” in adults, so you need to start getting vaccinated against mumps from childhood.
Epidemic parotitis (synonyms: mumps, behind the ears; mumps - English) Parotitis epidemica (from Greek para - around, otos - ear) - acute viral disease; characterized by fever, general intoxication, enlargement of one or more salivary glands, and often damage to other organs and the central nervous system. The virus was first isolated in 1934.
Taxonomy. The RNA virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Paramyxovirus.
Morphology, antigenic structure. The morphology and structural organization of antigens is similar to other paramyxoviruses. Virions are polymorphic, round virions have a diameter of 120-300 nm. The virus contains RNA and has hemagglutinating, neuraminidase and hemolytic activity. The antigenic structure of the virus is stable. It contains antigens that can cause the formation of neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies.
Cultivation. The virus agglutinates red blood cells of chickens, ducks, guinea pigs, dogs, etc. In laboratory conditions, the virus is cultivated on 7-8-day chicken embryos and cell cultures. The proliferation of viruses in cell cultures is evidenced by the formation of giant multinucleated cells - symplasts, the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions, and the ability of affected cells to hemadsorption. Primary trypsinized cultures of kidney cells from guinea pigs, monkeys, Syrian hamsters, and chicken embryo fibroblasts are sensitive to the virus. Laboratory animals are insensitive to the mumps virus; only monkeys can reproduce a disease similar to human mumps.
Resistance. The virus is unstable, inactivated by heat, ultraviolet irradiation, contact with fat solvents, 2% formalin solution, 1% Lysol solution, alcohol, at a temperature of 50 0 C.
Animal susceptibility. Under natural conditions, the mumps virus does not cause disease in animals. The experiment succeeds in reproducing a disease similar in clinical manifestations to human mumps, only in monkeys.
Epidemiology. Mumps is widespread throughout the world. Source of infection are patients with clinically pronounced and erased forms of infection. The patient becomes infectious 1-2 days before the onset of clinical symptoms and in the first 5 days of illness. After the symptoms of the disease disappear, the patient is not contagious. The virus is released from the patient's body in saliva. Transmission mechanism- airborne, although the possibility of transmission through contaminated objects (for example, toys) cannot be completely excluded. Susceptibility to infection is high (approaching 100%). Children get sick more often. Males suffer from mumps 1.5 times more often than women. The incidence is characterized by pronounced seasonality (seasonality index 10). The maximum incidence occurs in March-April, the minimum in August-September. After 1-2 years, periodic increases in incidence are observed. It occurs in the form of sporadic diseases and epidemic outbreaks. In 80-90% of the adult population, anti-mumps antibodies can be detected in the blood, which indicates the widespread distribution of this infection (in 25% of those infected, the infection proceeds inappropriately). After the introduction of immunization with live vaccine, the incidence of mumps decreased significantly.
Pathogenesis.Entrance gates of infection serves as the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract (possibly the tonsils). The pathogen penetrates the salivary glands not through the parotid (stenon) duct, but through the hematogenous route. Viremia is an important part of the pathogenesis of mumps, which is proven by the possibility of isolating the virus from the blood already in the early stages of the disease. The virus spreads throughout the body and finds favorable conditions for reproduction (reproduction) in the glandular organs, as well as in the nervous system. Damage to the nervous system and other glandular organs can occur not only after damage to the salivary glands, but also simultaneously, earlier, and even without affecting them (very rarely). It was possible to isolate the mumps virus not only from the blood and salivary glands, but also from testicular tissue, from the pancreas, and from the milk of a woman with mumps. With mumps, the body produces specific antibodies (neutralizing, complement-fixing, etc.), which are detectable for several years, and an allergic restructuring of the body develops, which persists for a very long time (possibly throughout life).
Incubation period lasts from 11 to 23 days (usually 15-19 days). In some patients, 1-2 days before the development of the typical picture of the disease, prodromal phenomena are observed in the form of fatigue, malaise, muscle pain, headache, chills, sleep disturbances and appetite. With the development of inflammatory changes in the salivary gland, all symptoms of intoxication become more pronounced, signs associated with damage to the salivary glands are noted - dry mouth, pain in the ear area, aggravated by chewing and talking.
Parotitis can occur in various clinical forms.
A. Manifest forms:
Uncomplicated: damage to the salivary glands only, one or more.
Complicated: damage to the salivary glands and other organs (meningitis, meningoencephalitis, pancreatitis, orchitis, mastitis, myocarditis, arthritis, nephritis).
B. Inapparent form of infection.
B. Residual phenomena of mumps: testicular atrophy; infertility; diabetes; deafness; dysfunction of the central nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis), myocardium, joints, kidneys.
According to severity: lungs (including erased and atypical); medium-heavy; heavy.
In typical cases, fever reaches its maximum severity on the 1st-2nd day of illness and lasts 4-7 days; the decrease in temperature often occurs lytically. A characteristic symptom of the disease is damage to the salivary glands (in most patients, parotid glands). The area of the enlarged gland is painful on palpation. The enlargement of the salivary gland progresses rapidly and reaches its maximum within 3 days. At this level, the swelling lasts 2-3 days and then gradually (over 7-10 days) decreases.
Complications. With mumps, complications most often manifest themselves in damage to the glandular organs and the central nervous system. One of the most common complications in childhood illnesses is serous meningitis. As a rule, symptoms of damage to the nervous system appear after inflammation of the salivary glands, but simultaneous damage to the salivary glands and nervous system is also possible (in 25-30%). Some patients, in addition to meningeal symptoms, develop signs encephalitis(meningoencephalitis) or encephalomyelitis. Patients experience impaired consciousness, lethargy, drowsiness, uneven tendon and periosteal reflexes, paresis of the facial nerve, etc.
Orchitis are more often observed in adults. Their frequency depends on the severity of the disease (in moderate and severe forms of orchitis occurs in approximately half of the patients). Signs of orchitis are observed on the 5-7th day from the onset of the disease and are characterized by a new wave of fever (up to 39-40 ° C), the appearance of severe pain in the scrotum and testicle, sometimes radiating to the lower abdomen. The testicle enlarges, reaching the size of a goose egg. Fever lasts 3-7 days, testicular enlargement lasts 5-8 days. Then the pain goes away, and the testicle gradually decreases in size. Later (after 1-2 months), signs of testicular atrophy may appear, which are observed in 50% of patients who have had orchitis (if corticosteroids were not prescribed at the beginning of the development of the complication).
Acute pancreatitis develops on the 4-7th day of illness. Sharp pain in the epigastric region, nausea, repeated vomiting, fever appear; upon examination, some patients experience abdominal muscle tension and symptoms of peritoneal irritation.
Damage to the hearing organ sometimes leads to complete deafness. The first sign is the appearance of noise and ringing in the ears. Labyrinthitis is indicated by dizziness, vomiting, and lack of coordination of movements. Typically, deafness is unilateral (on the side of the salivary gland affected). During the period of convalescence, hearing is not restored.
Arthritis develop in approximately 0.5% of cases, more often in adults, and in men more often than in women. They are observed for the first time 1-2 weeks after damage to the salivary glands, although they may appear before the glands change. Large joints (wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee and ankle) are most often affected. The joints become swollen, painful, and serous effusion may appear in them. The duration of arthritis is usually 1-2 weeks; in some patients, symptoms of arthritis persist for up to 1-3 months.
It has now been established that the mumps virus in pregnant women can cause damage to the fetus. In particular, children experience a peculiar change in the heart - the so-called primary myocardial fibroelastosis. Other complications (prostatitis, mastitis, thyroiditis, bartonylitis, nephritis, myocarditis) are rare.
Immunity. After an illness, stable, lifelong immunity is formed. Children in the first 6 months of life have passive natural immunity and do not get mumps.
Laboratory diagnostics. As the test material, you can use saliva, nasopharyngeal secretions, urine, and in case of damage to the central nervous system - cerebrospinal fluid.
Express diagnostic method - RIF. The virus is isolated in cell cultures or in chicken embryos. Identification of the isolated virus is carried out using RIF, RN, hemadsorption inhibition, RTGA, RSK. For serodiagnosis, RTGA, RSK, and ELISA are used.
Immunofluorescent methods make it possible to detect viruses on cell culture within 2-3 days (with the standard research method - only after 6 days). The immunofluorescence method allows you to detect the viral antigen directly in the cells of the nasopharynx, which makes it possible to obtain the answer most quickly. Serological methods make it possible to detect an increase in antibody titer only 1-3 weeks after the onset of the disease, for which various methods are used. The most informative is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; later results are obtained using simpler reactions (RSC and RTGA). Paired sera are examined; the first is taken at the beginning of the disease, the second - after 2-4 weeks. An increase in titer of 4 times or more is considered diagnostic. An intradermal test with an antigen (allergen) can be used. The transition of a negative test to a positive one is considered diagnostic. If the skin test is positive already in the first days of the illness, this indicates that the person previously suffered from mumps.
Ltreatment. Treatment of mumps is symptomatic.
Forecast favorable, deaths are very rare (1 in 100,000 cases); however, the possibility of deafness and testicular atrophy with subsequent azospermia should be considered.
Prevention and measures in the outbreak. People with mumps can be treated at home. Patients with severe complicated forms are hospitalized, as well as for epidemiological indications. Patients are isolated at home for 9 days. In children's institutions where a case of mumps is detected, quarantine is established for 21 days. Disinfection is not carried out in areas of mumps.
For specific prevention use live mumps vaccine from the attenuated strain Leningrad-3 (L-3), developed by A.A. Smorodintsev. The vaccine is administered parenterally (single dose, subcutaneously or intradermally) to children aged 18 months. Children who have been in contact with a person with mumps, who have not been sick and have not been vaccinated before, can be immediately vaccinated with the mumps vaccine (in the absence of clinical contraindications).
Specific goals:
Familiarize yourself with the biological properties and classification of paramyxoviruses
Describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis of parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
To study methods of microbiological diagnosis of diseases caused by parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
Get acquainted with methods of preventing diseases caused by parainfluenza and mumps viruses
Be able to:
Differentiate between parainfluenza and mumps viruses
Collect material for research from patients with diseases caused by parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
Isolate and identify parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
Interpret the results of microbiological studies of cell cultures in normal conditions and with CPD of parainfluenza viruses.
Interpret the results of a serological study of the serum of patients with diseases caused by parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
Theoretical questions:
The structure of parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
Routes of infection and pathogenesis of parainfluenza and mumps. Clinic elements.
Features of immunity.
Laboratory diagnosis of parainfluenza and mumps.
Specific therapy and prevention of parainfluenza and mumps.
Practical tasks performed in class:
Microscopy of micropreparations from cell cultures in normal conditions and with CPD of parainfluenza and mumps viruses.
Sketching demonstration microslides into the protocol.
Drawing up the protocol.
Literature:
Pyatkin K.D., Krivoshein Yu.S. Microbiology with virology and immunology. – Kiev: Vishcha School, 1992. – 431 p.
Vorobyov A.V., Bikov A.S., Pashkov E.P., Rybakova A.M. Microbiology. – M.: Medicine, 1998. – 336 p.
Medical microbiology /Ed. IN AND. Pokrovsky. – M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2001. – 768 p.
Medical microbiology, immunology and virology / Textbook for medical universities, St. Petersburg “Special literature”, 1998. – 592 p.
Timakov V.D., Levashev V.S., Borisov L.B. Microbiology / Textbook. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Medicine, 1983, - 512 p.
Lecture notes.
Additional literature:
Titov M.V. Infectious illnesses. - K., 1995. – 321 p.
Shuvalova E.P. Infectious diseases. - M.: Medicine, 1990. - 559 p.
BME.- T. 1, 2, 7.
Gaidash I.S., Flegontova V.V. Medical virology. – Lugansk, 2002. – 357 p.
Brief guidelines for the practical lesson:
At the beginning of the lesson, students' level of knowledge on the topic is checked.
Independent work consists of studying methods for microbiological diagnosis of diseases caused by paramyxoviruses. Students study the classification scheme for paramyxoviruses and become familiar with methods for identifying viruses. Next, students learn to interpret the results of a serological study of serum from patients with parainfluenza and mumps. Then students sketch microscopic specimens and give the necessary explanations. Independent work also includes microscopy of demonstration preparations, sketching them, and filling out a protocol.
At the end of the lesson, a test control and analysis of the final results of each student’s independent work are carried out.
What is mumps famous for? It is mostly known among the people under the simple name - mumps (another ancient name is the ear muff). Mothers whose families have boys are more afraid of the disease, not so much for its manifestations, but for possible serious complications. The infection is almost always tolerated favorably, but only if there are no serious consequences.
What is mumps? Where does the infection come from, why is it dangerous? Is this disease curable and how to deal with it? How can one determine that a person is infected if there are no manifestations of the disease? What can help a patient avoid complications?
General information
The first cases of mumps were described back in the 5th century BC. e. Hippocrates. But it was only in the 20th century that it was possible to summarize all the information about the disease and reveal its true viral nature. In the middle of the last century, a vaccine was first used, but more successful variants against mumps were synthesized a little later.
The name - mumps (parotitis epidemica) is not entirely correct, because there have not been cases of mass infection for a long time. Despite this, the incidence of mumps is growing every year, which has led to the need to monitor the circulation of the virus in nature.
What is special about the virus?
- It is unstable in the environment, mumps can be easily neutralized using ultraviolet irradiation, boiling and treatment with disinfectants.
- The virus persists for a long time on objects at low temperatures down to minus 70 ºC.
- The period of active reproduction of the microorganism is the end of winter and the beginning of spring.
- Despite the fact that immunity after an acute illness is considered lifelong, there are cases of re-infection with all the ensuing consequences.
- A typical manifestation of infectious mumps is an enlargement of the parotid salivary glands on one or both sides. But often the disease is asymptomatic, which contributes to the rapid spread of the virus among people.
- The infection is often recorded in children from 3 years to 15 years old, but adults also often get sick.
- Boys get mumps almost one and a half times more often than girls.
This disease is typical for childhood, but its manifestations often resemble the course of the most severe adult diseases.
What is mumps
Mumps is an acute infectious viral disease that develops more often in childhood, the characteristic feature of which is inflammation of the salivary glands. The favorite habitat of the virus is the glandular organs and nervous system, that is, in other words, manifestations such as pancreatitis and meningitis are natural processes due to the characteristics of the microorganism.
In nature, the virus circulates only among people, so the source of infection can be a sick person.
The main route of transmission is airborne; in addition to saliva, the virus can be transmitted through contaminated objects through urine. Mumps in newborns occurs through a vertical route of infection or intrauterine infection from a sick mother. But if a woman has had this viral infection before pregnancy, the baby is given antibodies that protect him for six months.
This is one of the most common viral infections that is widespread throughout the world; there is no region or country where there are completely no cases of infection.
Classification of mumps
According to the course of the disease, the infection is divided into the following degrees:
- light;
- average;
- heavy.
The disease can occur with or without complications. There are cases of asymptomatic infection, when there are no typical classical clinical manifestations; this form of infection is called inapparent.
In the literature you can find another seemingly illogical term - non-infectious mumps, which has nothing to do with a viral disease. It occurs in case of injury or prolonged hypothermia with subsequent inflammation of the parotid salivary glands of one or two.
How does the mumps virus behave in the human body?
Once on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, the virus gradually accumulates here, after which it penetrates into the bloodstream. It is carried through the bloodstream to the glandular organs. The parotid salivary glands are the first place of accumulation where mumps settles and begins to actively multiply. Here, as a rule, at the first stage of infection development there is a maximum accumulation of cells.
Part of the microorganism enters other glandular organs and nervous tissue, but their inflammation does not always develop and not immediately. More often, stage-by-stage damage occurs immediately to the salivary glands, then the pancreas, testicles, nervous tissue, and so on. This is due to the multiplication of the virus in the salivary glands and their additional entry into the blood from there.
Symptoms of mumps
The severity of the disease and organ involvement depends on the person's immunity at the time. If the mumps virus enters an absolutely healthy body, it faces only a mild or asymptomatic course of the disease. The situation will be complicated by a recent infection and lack of vaccination.
The first symptoms of infectious mumps
The incubation period for mumps is, according to various sources, from 11 days to just over three weeks (23 days is the maximum). The peculiarity of the disease is that there is no prodromal period or it lasts only 1–3 days.
The classic version of acute mumps occurs with the following symptoms.
This is the first line of attack of the mumps virus or visible symptoms that develop in most cases and contribute to the correct diagnosis. Inflammation of the glands gradually decreases and by the end of the first, middle of the second week, during the normal course of the disease, it no longer bothers the person. In the case of a mild course (including asymptomatic), all of the above symptoms will not occur, and mumps in its manifestations resembles only a mild acute viral infection.
Late symptoms of complicated mumps
As the number of viral cells in the blood increases, the likelihood of other glands becoming involved in inflammation increases. Alternately, with severe and complicated mumps, infection of important organs occurs, which can affect the functions of the human body in the future.
Severe mumps in children is accompanied by:
What happens to other organs?
Long-term consequences of mumps
The basis of gland damage is not only inflammation of the organ tissue itself, but also thickening of its secretion, what the gland produces. Additionally, the excretory ducts become inflamed, which complicates the process of secretion. This affects surrounding systems. Therefore, one of the dangerous aspects associated with mumps is damage to neighboring organs and severe complications in the future.
What problems arise long after mumps?
The disease is acute with complications; chronic mumps is discussed more often with other causes of damage to the parotid salivary glands (non-infectious nature or other viral infections).
Diagnosis of viral mumps
It would seem that absolutely every doctor can diagnose mumps. After the incubation period it does not present any difficulties. Enlarged parotid glands are already half of an accurate diagnosis. But it's not that simple. Inflammation of the salivary glands can be a sign of other diseases, and mild or asymptomatic mumps will interfere with correct and timely diagnosis.
What helps make a diagnosis?
Additionally, the affected organs are examined using special instrumental methods.
Treatment of mumps
The main rule of treatment is to isolate the person from others and stay at home. This will help avoid additional infection. Hospitalization is carried out only in the case of severe forms of infectious mumps or when complications occur.
In the treatment of mumps, the main thing is to follow several rules.
Prevention of viral mumps
In addition to the standard rules for temporary isolation of the patient for 9 days, all children are vaccinated against mumps as a preventive measure. This is an active prevention of diseases caused by the virus.
The vaccine used is a live, weakened one, which is administered subcutaneously under the shoulder blade or into the outer part of the shoulder in a single dose of 0.5 ml.
When is the mumps vaccine given? Under normal conditions, children are vaccinated at 12 months. The vaccine includes antibodies against measles and rubella. Revaccination is prescribed at 6 years of age, which promotes the production of protective cells against mumps by almost 100%. In case of violation of the schedule or refusal of vaccination in childhood, vaccination is given to everyone who wants it, and revaccination with a monovaccine should be carried out no less than 4 years later.
What vaccines are there for mumps?
- Mono-vaccines - “Imovax Oreion”, “Mumps cultural live vaccine”.
- Divaccine - “Mumps-measles cultural live vaccine.”
- Three-component vaccines - MMR, Priorix, Ervevax, Trimovax.
Infectious mumps is caused by only one viral pathogen, which is common in all countries. The mild course of mumps is sometimes deceptive, and the consequences are terrifying and irreparable. Timely detection of mumps and treatment under medical supervision helps reduce the likelihood of such complications, and early vaccination will help avoid the disease altogether.
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