Serological blood test. Serological tests Serological blood test explanation

Serology is a science that studies human blood serum and its properties. In modern medicine, this is the name given to one of the branches of immunology, which focuses on the interaction of antibodies and antigens in the patient’s blood serum. Serological reactions themselves, according to their mechanism of action, can be of two types:

Two-component or direct reaction. This includes the reaction of agglutination and passive hemagglutination.
Three-component or indirect reaction. In this case, we are talking about a reaction of neutralization or inhibition of hemagglutination.

When they are combined, bacteriolysis, compliment binding reaction, etc. can occur. Serological tests are widely used in both diagnostic and scientific practice.

Determination of blood group, blood and plasma transfusions, determination of protein specificity, monitoring the effectiveness of vaccination and identifying the agent of infection - all this became possible only thanks to serological reactions.

Also, the tasks of serology include the production of various diagnostic and therapeutic sera with constant monitoring of their effect on the patient’s body.

Types of serological tests

The formation of immune complexes or the combination of antibodies with antigens is called a serological reaction and can be used in the diagnosis of diseases in two ways:

Introduction of a precisely known antigen of the pathogen into the human blood serum and, based on the chemical reaction that occurs, determination of antibodies for the pathological cells contained in the body.
Adding certain antibodies to the patient's blood serum in order to identify the antigen corresponding to a specific microorganism or virus that caused a pathological process in the body.

A serological blood test is indicated for patients in certain cases. It is used when difficulties arise in the differential diagnosis of an infectious disease, when only identifying a specific pathogen will make it possible to make a correct diagnosis for the patient. This method is also of great benefit when prescribing drug treatment, since the causative agents of various diseases differ sharply in their susceptibility to modern antibiotics, sulfonamides and other drugs.

Enzyme immunoassay blood test

One of the main types of serological testing is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test. It is carried out to control the qualitative or quantitative content of antigens and antibodies in the patient’s blood serum. In addition, this method makes it possible to determine the amount of hormones, immunological complexes and other biological substances in serum.

As mentioned above, when antigens enter organs and tissues, the immune system blocks their effect on the body using its own special proteins - antibodies or immunoglobulins. Under their influence, the formation of an antigen-antibody complex occurs.

It is its quantitative and qualitative analysis that is the basis of the enzyme immunoassay method.

The main biological material of this laboratory method is the patient’s blood, although studies of cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and pulmonary puncture are also of great value in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.

An enzyme immunoassay as a component of a serological analysis focuses on the study of immune molecules in the blood or immunoglobulins. Their specific ability to detect and destroy certain pathogens of infectious diseases, cooperating with a specific antigen, is widely used to conduct this research.

Of the five types of immunoglobulins known in the medical world, control of the presence of immunoglobulins A, M, and G in the blood serum has gained wide clinical effect. Immunoglobulin A is especially important, which, due to its presence on the surface of the mucous membranes, prevents the penetration of a foreign agent into the body. It is also important that the opportunity Determining the type of immunoglobulin in this study allows not only to make the correct diagnosis, but also to predict the course of the disease with a high percentage of probability.

The HIV test (form 50) is designed to detect the presence of antibodies that have formed in the body of the infected person - a response to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus:

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantages of enzyme immunoassay blood tests include:

The ability to detect the presence of pathology in the patient’s body at an early stage.
Constant monitoring of the development of the disease.
Speed and accuracy of the results obtained.
Lack of necessary preparation of the patient for the study and financial accessibility of the method.

The disadvantages of this method of laboratory diagnostics include the false negative analysis obtained in rare cases, which entails the need for periodic control testing.

Enzyme immunoassay blood tests are widely used in the diagnosis of viral diseases, urogenital infections, pathology of the endocrine system, oncology, allergology and many other diseases. This method is also in demand when conducting anonymous research for the presence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis C. This is especially important in the presence of a clearly unfavorable epidemiological situation with these diseases in the country and in the world.

Today, serological or enzyme immunoassay is a powerful and important method for diagnosing many serious diseases, including social ones.

I would like to hope that our doctors will continue to widely use and improve this laboratory diagnostic method, which is so necessary for a wide range of patients.

Interpretation of serological analysis

A serological blood test allows a patient to detect the presence of a disease caused by an infection entering the body. After it is carried out, laboratory doctors decipher the data obtained, which allows clinicians to more fully judge the pathological process. Omitting all professional terminology, we can say that the absence of the tested antibodies in the blood is a positive result and denies the presence of an infectious disease. But these are isolated cases. Usually, in the presence of appropriate symptoms, a serological blood test is the last evidence of the presence of a serious pathology.

Serological studies are aimed at identifying antigens and antibodies that will accurately indicate the presence or absence of the disease. Based on the level of protein compounds, one can determine the phase of the disease, its course, and the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. With the help of serology, hormonal disorders and autoimmune diseases are detected, in which the body’s own cells are perceived as foreign.

To combat pathogenic agents, the body secretes certain proteins - for each pathogen there is a specific type. Protein compounds and foreign material fit together like a key to a lock; when they combine, a complex is formed, which precipitates in a test tube. As a result, sediment, flakes appear in the homogeneous serum, or it becomes cloudy.

Important!

With the help of serological studies, blood type and Rh factor are determined, paternity is confirmed, and the source of infectious diseases during epidemics is identified.

Types of immunoglobulins in the study

During the serodiagnosis of infectious diseases, the level of immunoglobulins M, A, G is of greatest importance.

Indications for implementation

Studies are carried out on pregnant women to determine the Rh conflict between the mother and the fetus, to identify TORCH infections - a group of diseases that pose a particular danger to the fetus:

T – toxoplasmosis.
O – other diseases: mumps, syphilis, hepatitis A, B, measles, enterovirus, papillomavirus diseases, chlamydia, etc.
R – rubella.
C – cytomegalovirus infection.
H – herpes virus infection.

All newborns are required to undergo testing to determine congenital diseases. General indications for analysis in adults and children:

Serological diagnostics may be prescribed before and after surgical treatment to assess the amount of certain types of antibodies.

Pros and cons of serological studies

With the help of serodiagnosis, geographic screening and mass diagnostics are carried out for preventive purposes to prevent epidemics. Other advantages:

high reliability;
quick interpretation of results – within 1 day;
a large list of detected diseases;
safety of analysis;
the ability to monitor the effectiveness of treatment by the titer of Ag, At.

The disadvantage of the method is that when carrying out it is necessary to take into account the incubation period of the disease. Some infectious diseases have a “serological window” period - the virus is in the body, but antibodies have not yet entered the blood. The herpes virus can be detected after 2 weeks, HIV - after 1, 3, 6 months after infection.

Important!

According to statistics, erroneous results account for 4% of the total number of tests performed. More often this is due to non-compliance with the rules of preparation for analysis, violation of the rules of diagnostics.

Preparing for the study

Most often, the biological material is blood, less often saliva, feces, urine, tissue sections, alveolar washings, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid. Serological studies include many methods for identifying pathogens, and certain preparation rules depend on this. General recommendations before serological tests:

last meal 9-12 hours before;
24 hours in advance, limit the consumption of fatty, fried, salty, spicy foods, and alcoholic beverages;
on the day of donating blood, you cannot eat, you are allowed to drink regular still water;
if possible, do not smoke 10 hours before the test;
stop taking any medications, including vitamins. If medications are prescribed on an ongoing basis and cannot be stopped, notify your doctor;
24 hours in advance, avoid stress and avoid physical activity.

It is advisable that before donation the person is in a calm state, since with any emotional manifestations, hormonal substances and proteins (cortisol, adrenaline, norepinephrine, etc.) are released into the blood. If instrumental diagnostic methods are prescribed, then first of all they donate blood so that subsequent examinations do not affect the result of the analysis.

Serological research methods

There are many diagnostic methods, as well as the diseases they detect. The most significant:

Agglutination.
Precipitation
Hemagglutination.
Inhibition of hemagglutination.
Indirect Coombs reaction.
Coagglutination.
Precipitation.
Double radial immunodiffusion.
Complement fixation reaction (CFR).
Immunofluorescence (RIF).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent method (ELISA).
Neutralization.

Most often, laboratories use ELISA, RIF, RSK, and agglutination reactions.

Immunofluorescence method (RIF)

To conduct the study, the patient's biological material and luminescent liquid are required. The second component contains antibodies to the putative causative agent of the disease, which are labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.

Types of RIF:

Direct – patient material is mixed with labeled antibodies; if it is a tissue section, its surface is treated. If the pathogen is present, a luminous complex is formed.
Indirect - carried out in 2 stages. At first, unlabeled (first) antibodies are added to the serum or other material. At the second stage, labeled (second) antibodies are introduced against the first.

The resulting complexes are examined under a fluorescent optical microscope manually or automatically using a microarray cytometer. Due to the fluorescent substance, the complexes, when darkened, emit a green glow, the brightness of which is marked with pluses from 1 to 4. The fewer pluses, the fewer complexes with the causative agent of the disease.

Immunoenzyme method

Like RIF, it is based on the labeling of foreign material or protein immune components. The marking substances are various enzymes that have high specificity, moderate catalytic activity, and stability in the formation of complexes. ELISA methods: homogeneous, heterogeneous. In the first, all reactions occur in a liquid solution. In the second, reactions are carried out with the participation of a solid support.

The essence of ELISA is the formation of complexes of human immune proteins with foreign antigens, first in a liquid solution, then in the solid phase. It means the attachment of antigens and antibodies to the walls of the wells of a polystyrene microplate. That is, after mixing the patient’s material with antibodies against the pathogen, the mixture is transferred to the surface with wells where antibodies and antigens are attached. Next, the composition of the material is studied.

Compliment binding reaction

For the study you need: blood or other material from the patient, serum with antibodies, compliment. First, blood and serum are mixed to form a complex. Then a compliment is added, which is associated with the complex. If no connection between antigen and antibody is formed, then complement remains in a free, unbound state. To determine its state in the test liquid, add a hemolytic mixture (sheep red blood cells with hemolytic serum). If complement is free, it combines with the hemolytic mixture - the reaction is negative, the pathogen is not detected.

Reactions associated with agglutination

The simplest serological reactions are with the use of antibacterial serum. The patient's blood to be tested is mixed at room temperature with various serums of a certain concentration. The result is assessed by the serum concentration at which agglutination occurred. Using agglutination, blood type and Rh factors are determined.

Important!

A common method of serological diagnosis is reactions based on the phenomenon of precipitation: immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, etc.

What diseases does the analysis detect?

To identify a disease using serological methods, assumptions about the pathogen are necessary based on the clinical picture and complaints. Since each pathogen has its own antibodies, it is impossible to conduct an analysis that immediately identifies all pathogenic agents that may be in the body if there is no preliminary diagnosis. For example, if a person is given a preliminary diagnosis of viral hepatitis, then serum with antibodies against hepatitis is used during the study. Detected diseases, pathogens:

viral hepatitis;
rubella;
syphilis;
mumps;
whooping cough;
measles;
autoimmune diseases;
herpes;
Epstein-Barr virus, tick-borne encephalitis, chickenpox;
chlamydia;
Giardia;
cytomegalovirus;
parvovirus;
toxoplasma;
Helicobacter;
legionella;
mycoplasma;
ureaplasma;
Giardia;
helminths;
Borrelia, etc.

The study identifies any disease in which foreign antigens are released into the blood.

Decoding the results

Test results are deciphered within 2 to 24 hours. If pathogen antigens are detected in the patient's material, the result is positive; if, when antibodies against a specific pathogen are added to the blood, an antibody-antigen complex is not formed, the result is negative. After identifying a foreign protein, the number of antibodies that have bound to the antigens is determined to determine the course and severity of the disease; this is noted in the analysis forms with pluses from 1 to 4.

When diagnosing, false results are possible if the study was carried out during the “serological window” of the disease or the rules for preparing for the delivery and performing the study were violated. If the result is positive, a repeat test is prescribed. If syphilis, HIV, or hepatitis is suspected, a positive result can be obtained no less than 2 weeks after contact with the infected person.

After making a diagnosis and prescribing treatment, a test is taken again 2-3 weeks later to determine the titer (amount) of antibodies. If it increases, the disease progresses, the number of pathogens in the body increases, and therapy requires correction. Serological diagnosis for allergic reactions is aimed at determining immunoglobulins E, which will be attached to the formed elements in a blood test.

Important!

In parallel with the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis, brucellosis, and tularemia, skin allergy tests are carried out.

Assessment of immune status

To determine the immune status, specific and nonspecific immunity as a whole are taken into account. Using serological methods, the level of all immunoglobulins, activity, level of T, B-lymphocytes, including their subcastes, are determined. Status assessment is carried out in 2 stages. On the first (clinical) form, they note: how often a person suffers from infectious diseases, whether they are accompanied by complications, how long they can be treated with medication, and whether there are chronic diseases.

The second stage includes 2 types of tests. The first includes determining the number of all immunoglobulins, T, B-lymphocytes. If deviations of the immune system from the norm are detected, they proceed to the second (deep) test to determine the cause of the violation of the body's defenses. All subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes are determined. The second test is a labor-intensive process and can take up to 10 days to complete.

With the help of serological studies, a huge number of diseases are identified in which foreign components are released into the blood. There are many methods of serodiagnosis, all of them are highly effective. Studying the level of immunoglobulins helps to assess the body's susceptibility to certain infections for vaccination and other preventive measures.

Serology is a branch of immunobiology that studies the relationship of antigens and antibodies in the serum (serum) of the blood of animals and humans. A serological blood test is a modern analysis method performed to recognize infectious diseases and disorders of the body’s immune system. Serological analysis makes it possible to determine the cause of the disease. Using serum reactions, they determine, test components for compatibility before, and monitor the effectiveness of vaccines. The task of serology is the development and production of diagnostic and therapeutic sera.

The following reactions are used in serology:

gluing (agglutination);
precipitation (precipitation);
destruction (neutralization);
detection of activated proteins (complement fixation);
use of labeled antigens or .

Types of studies

Many people are interested in the question: serological blood test - what is it? This is the diagnosis of diseases using serological reactions (seroreaction), in other words, the process of interaction of antigens and antibodies. There are two types of serum studies or two ways to diagnose a disease using seroreaction: In the first case, an antigen of a known pathogenic factor is added to the serum and the antibody titer is determined. That is, the degree of readiness of the body to fight the factor causing the disease.

In the second case, antibodies are added to the serum to detect the antigen of the pathogenic factor. That is, whether the pathogenic factor has penetrated the patient’s blood. A serological blood test is used in cases where it is necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis of the disease. Only when the cause of the pathology is established will the doctor be able to prescribe the appropriate course of treatment. Because there are specific drugs against each pathogen.

If, when diagnosing a disease, the goal is to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of antibodies and antigens, an ELISA is required. Using this analysis, the concentration level of hormones, immunogenetic combinations or other biologically active components of blood serum, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and pulmonary puncture is determined. All studies are carried out in vitro, that is, outside the body, in a test tube.

It is known that in response to the introduction of foreign protein-containing agents into the body, immunoglobulins are mobilized. Neutralization of foreign proteins occurs through the formation of a chemical compound with protein-containing antibodies of the body. Detection of such complex compounds and determination of their quantity is the task of enzyme immunoassay.

Antibodies are molecules of immunoglobulin proteins. The raison d'être of antibodies is to neutralize pathogenic antigens by synthesizing two biologically active protein molecules into one inactivated one.

Medical science has discovered five types of serum immunoglobulins. When conducting a serological blood test, three types are monitored. The control over immunoglobulin A is most in demand. It is located on the surface of the mucous membranes and is responsible for blocking an agent foreign to the body.

Serological analysis for whooping cough is carried out along with molecular genetic and bacteriological research methods. It depends on the stage of the disease.

Advantages and disadvantages
The strengths of enzyme immunoassay are the diagnosis of pathologies in the early stages, constant monitoring of the development of the disease and the dynamics of treatment results. The waiting time for the test result is short, the reliability is high, the cost of serological analysis is low, and there is no need for preliminary preparation of the patient for the procedure.

The weak point of the enzyme immunoassay is the need for frequent controls to avoid obtaining a false negative result.

Enzyme immunoassay has been successfully used for various etiologies, infections of viral origin, genital infections, and disorders of the internal secretion organs.

Diagnostic measures using enzyme immunoassay methods are especially effective in regions unfavorable for certain infections, when decisive measures are required to combat epidemics.

Advantages and disadvantages are inherent in all research methods. But blood ELISA has more strong points than weak ones.

Decoding
It is carried out by laboratory doctors and comes down to detecting either a positive result or its absence. For example, when carrying out a precipitation reaction, either there is a precipitate or there is not. The test results help clinicians make and clarify the diagnosis of the disease, prescribe treatment and monitor the patient’s condition during the disease and recovery process.

Serological studies confirm or refute a preliminary diagnosis based on symptoms. If the diagnosis is confirmed, the studies are repeated to study the dynamics of the antibody titer, which makes it possible to judge the development or reduction of the disease.

For a healthy person, the complete absence of antibodies is normal. And, if any are found, additional research is needed.

Serological blood test is one of the laboratory research methods carried out for the rapid detection of viruses, infections and microbes in the human body.

Serological analysis allows you to identify diseases associated with decreased immunity, as well as life-threatening illnesses such as HIV.

Often, a serological blood test is used to determine the level of specific proteins, and also, if necessary, to find out the patient’s blood type.

Serology is a research activity that studies human blood plasma and its immunobiological qualities.

In the field of medicine, serology refers to a certain section of immunology, where all attention is paid to the study of the reaction of antibodies and antigens in the patient’s blood plasma.

In this case, the serological reaction is divided according to the principle of action into two types:

direct interaction (two-component) – an agglutination reaction is assumed; passive hemagglutination and precipitation;
indirect (three-component) - supposed to be a haemagglutination reaction (hemagglutination reaction), based on the suppression of antigens by antibodies; neutralization reaction - the ability of antibodies to bind microbial pathogens.

As mentioned above, a serological blood test makes it possible to diagnose viral infectious diseases and determine the stage of the current inflammation process, and allows one to assess the degree of mutual action of blood plasma antibodies and antigens.

This research method is used in the following cases:

if necessary, determine the number of antibodies that act on the provocateur of the disease. During the analysis, a known pathogenic agent is added to the blood plasma, then the result of the reaction is assessed;
the opposite effect - the development of infection is detected by adding antibodies to the plasma, due to which it is possible to identify the antigens found in it and their correspondence to a specific pathogenic microorganism;
if necessary, establish the blood type.

The serological method of examining blood is indispensable in cases of suspected infection in the genital tract or in identifying various types of sexually transmitted diseases.

The result of the analysis allows us to obtain information about the presence of antibodies in the blood to a certain group of pathogenic microorganisms.

These are liver diseases, herpes, rubella, a virus that attacks the cells of the human immune system. Depending on the results of the analysis, the attending physician makes a conclusion and prescribes either additional studies or a course of treatment for the patient.

Blood for serological examination is taken from the patient's antecubital vein. The procedure does not require special preparation on the part of the patient, except that the test will need to be taken on an empty stomach.

The day before the test, fruits and vegetables that have a coloring effect are excluded from the patient’s diet.

Repeated serological blood testing may be necessary if necessary to confirm the results of the study.

Features of testing for HIV, hepatitis and syphilis

Suspecting the presence of the causative agent of syphilis in the blood, antibodies are determined that are responsible for the reaction to the entry of a pathogenic spiral-shaped microorganism, Treponema pallidum, into the body.

Plasma is used to assess the condition of the blood. Confirmation that the body has actually been infected can be obtained only after 1.5 - 2 months from the moment of the attack.

In specific situations, for example, in women during pregnancy, a serological method for testing plasma for syphilis may have a positive but false result.

Such points are taken into account by the doctor when diagnosing the disease.

As for donating blood for hepatitis testing, the following situations may serve as a reason for this:

incomprehensible periodic loss of strength;
lack of appetite, feeling of nausea;
unnatural color of urine and feces;
light yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes.

Diagnosis of different types of hepatitis must be performed during pregnancy and during a professional medical examination.

A timely serological test allows you to confirm or refute the presence of the disease, and if the result is positive, determine the stage of its development.

Testing people for HIV is done to identify a virus that kills human immunity.

If viruses or antibodies are detected in the test plasma, then the test performed is positive.

But a test for the immunodeficiency virus, regardless of the results, cannot indicate that a person really is or is not a carrier of AIDS.

This fact is explained by the fact that the presence of HIV is not always regarded as a standard for an existing disease.

If less than thirty days have passed since the possible infection, then the interpretation of the results cannot be reliable. In this regard, the attending physician prescribes a repeat examination for the patient.

Explanations of serological test indicators

A serological blood test is prescribed to patients if for some reason it is impossible to perform a differential diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Using serological analysis of blood plasma, specialists are able to determine the type of infection provocateur and diagnose the disease.

An additional advantage of using a serological examination technique is the ability to select the optimal treatment option for the patient.

This fact remains relevant, since almost all pathogens of infectious diseases have different sensitivity to the effects of antibiotics and other drugs.

Deciphering the results of a serological blood test allows you to see what disease a person has been exposed to as a result of an infection entering the body.

In addition, deciphering the indicators of a serological study allows an experienced doctor to fully examine the detected pathology.

In the absence of antibodies in the blood, the development of infection in the body does not occur; accordingly, deciphering the test result shows that the test is positive and thereby denies the presence of a dangerous latent infection in a person.

Despite this, the final diagnosis is made only after repeated analysis.

As a rule, if there is a suspicion of the presence of any infectious disease in the body, a serological test acts as reliable evidence of the presence of a life-threatening pathology in a person.

Therefore, the research process must be repeated. The specialist determines the presence of infectious micropathogens in the body, then, based on the volume of antibodies, determines the stage of development of inflammation.

If the decoding of the result of the serological analysis shows the content of antibodies in the blood “0”, then it is worth noting that this indicator is considered normal.

But in the event of the slightest increase in the level of antibodies in the blood, it will be possible to talk about the initial stage of the development of pathology in the human body.

But again, re-analysis or additional examinations may be necessary to obtain more reliable data.

Serological reactions are based on the ability of antigens and antibodies to interact, forming immune protective complexes in the blood during illness. A blood test, therefore, by the nature of the chemical serological reaction when adding either an antigen or antibody, helps determine the presence of infection in the body.

What is a serological blood test?

A serological blood test is a method of laboratory blood testing that is used to diagnose infectious diseases and determine the stage of development of the infectious process. The results are based on varying degrees of interaction between antigens and antibodies, which helps to identify a serological chemical reaction.

A serological blood test is used in the following situations:

determination of the amount of antibodies against infectious pathogens in the body; with this analysis, the antigen of the pathogen is initially added to the blood serum, and then the chemical reaction that occurs is assessed;
the opposite situation is when the infection is determined by the antigens contained; then antibodies are added to the blood to identify the antigen;
This test is also used to determine the patient’s blood group.

If there are abnormalities in the process of blood clotting, especially if there is hypercoagulation, this can lead to bad consequences such as heart attack, stroke or thrombosis.

Preparing for a serological blood test to diagnose infections

A blood test for serological reactions is performed on an empty stomach. Blood serum is used for research. During the study, the interaction of antibodies and antigens is determined.

Indications for serological blood tests to diagnose infections

This laboratory research method is used to determine infectious diseases, such as:

giardiasis;
amoebiasis;
toxoplasmosis;
cysticercosis;
opisthorchiasis;
toxocariasis;
trichinosis;
echinococcosis.

Serological analysis is also prescribed in the following situations:

with liver disease;
for autoimmune diseases;
with varicose veins;
for cardiovascular pathology;
with abnormalities in blood clotting;
when examining pregnant women;
examination before and after surgery;
to determine how effective treatment is;
again after completing the course of treatment.

This analysis is mainly used in venereology and urology.

Serological blood test to diagnose infections is normal

The standard result of an analysis for serological reactions is the absence of antibodies to pathogens, which indicates the absence of infections in the body. However, as a rule, this does not happen, since there are already grounds for prescribing this serological test.

It is always carried out twice to determine the dynamics of the disease, since a single determination of the interaction of antibodies or antigens does not reflect the pattern of infection. The infection indicator is an increase in the number of connections between antibodies (immunoglobulins) and antigens in the next study.

Serological blood test for diagnosing infections - elevated

An increased number of antibody and antigen complexes in the body indicates the presence of an infectious disease in the body. As blood levels increase, specific chemical reactions are carried out that help determine the disease and its stage.

Serological blood test for diagnosing infections - reduced

The result cannot be reduced, since “zero” is an indicator of the norm.

What can influence the result?

When taking any analysis, the main thing is to follow the rules of preparation for it. And make sure that the blood collection takes place under sanitary conditions, so that nothing foreign gets into the blood being tested. And it is important to take the test on an empty stomach. The previous day, do not overload the body with fatty foods, alcohol and sugary drinks. Eliminate stress and physical activity.