31-year-old Valery Spiridonov, confined to a wheelchair with an incurable illness, will become the first patient in the world to undergo a head transplant. Despite the risk, the Russian is ready to go under the surgeon’s knife to get a new, healthy body.
Wheelchair-bound Russian programmer Valery Spiridonov has announced that he will undergo a head transplant next year. The operation will be performed by Italian neurosurgeon Sergio Canavero. Despite the fact that Canavero has a controversial reputation in the scientific world, Spiridonov is ready to put his body and his own life in his hands. Neither the doctor nor his patient have yet disclosed the details of the operation. According to Spiridonov, Canavero will talk in more detail about the fantastic procedure in September. However, it is already known: the operation, which the entire scientific world is excitedly awaiting, will take place in December 2017.
Valery Spiridonov voluntarily agreed to become an experimental patient for Dr. Canavero - the first on whom the doctor will test his theories. He still has no other hope of finding a healthy body. Valery suffers from spinal muscular amyotrophy, also known as Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome. With this disease, the patient's muscles fail and he experiences difficulty breathing and swallowing. The disease is incurable and only progresses over the years.
Most patients with Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome die in the first years of life. Valery was among the lucky 10% who were lucky enough to live to adulthood. But his condition is worsening every day. Valery says that he dreams of getting a new body before the disease kills him. According to him, his family fully supports him. 
“I perfectly understand all the risks of such an operation. There are many of them,” says Valery. “We cannot even imagine exactly what could go wrong. But, I’m afraid, I will not live to see the day when such an operation is performed on someone something else."
It is assumed that the healthy body of a donor who will be diagnosed as brain dead will be used for the operation. According to Dr. Canavero, the operation will last 36 hours and will be performed in one of the most modern operating rooms in the world. The procedure will cost approximately $18.5 million. According to the doctor, all the methods and technologies necessary for such an intervention already exist.
During the operation, the spinal cord will be cut simultaneously for the donor and the patient. Spiridonov's head will then be aligned with the donor's body and connected with what Canavero calls the "magic ingredient" - an adhesive called polyethylene glycol, which will connect the patient's and donor's spinal cords. Then the surgeon will sew together the muscles and blood vessels, and put Valery into an artificial coma for four weeks: after all, if the patient is conscious, with one awkward movement he can nullify all efforts.
According to the plan, after four weeks of coma, Spiridonov will wake up, already able to move independently and speak in his former voice. Powerful immunosuppressants will help avoid rejection of the transplanted body.
Dr. Canavero's opponents argue that he underestimates the complexity of the upcoming operation, especially in terms of connecting the patient's spinal cord to the donor. They call the Italian doctor's plan "pure fantasy." However, if successful, thousands of terminally ill and paralyzed patients around the world will have hope of a cure.
At his press conference, Spiridonov also presented to the public a wheelchair with an autopilot of his own design. According to him, he wants to help people with disabilities around the world and hopes that his project will be a good addition to Dr. Canavero's plan. Valery is also trying to help Canavero raise money for the operation by selling souvenir mugs and T-shirts. 
The world's first head transplant was performed in 1970 by American transplantologist Robert White at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine clinic in Cleveland, connecting the head of one monkey to the body of another. After the operation, the monkey lived for eight days and died due to rejection of the new organ. For eight days she could not breathe or move on her own because the surgeon was unable to accurately connect the two parts of the spinal cord. 
In November at Harbin University Italian surgeon Sergio Canavero and a group of Chinese neurosurgeons performed an operation to transplant the head of a deceased person onto the dead body of another. Canavero said he was able to successfully repair the spine, nerves and blood vessels. However, his Chinese counterpart Ren Xiaoping a little later he stated that he did not consider this procedure an operation as such. In his opinion, this should be considered as a model of real surgical intervention.
The chief transplantologist of the Russian Ministry of Health, head of the Federal Scientific Center for Transplantology and Artificial Organs named after Academician V. I. Shumakov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences Sergei Gauthier told AiF.ru about whether it is realistic to transplant a human head.
“In principle, it is technically possible to do this. You can do this to preserve brain activity. But restoring the correct nervous regulation of the donor body with the help of this brain is very doubtful. It is necessary to properly restore the spinal cord pathways, which will be crossed by the surgeon, and subsequently must be fused, glued or stitched. No one has done this before, and there are no reasonable assumptions for this. I know that the Canavero group has its own view on these things and promises success. A very well-founded experimental confirmation of the possibilities for such an operation is needed. The first operation in China serves as a kind of teaching aid for further development of the technique. It’s unlikely that such developments are underway in our country; I don’t know about them. We have a lot of other problems that we need to solve besides sewing on the head,” the expert said.
The main goal of a head transplant operation is to enable an immobilized person to walk again, according to Dmitry Suslov, Deputy Chief Transplantologist of St. Petersburg, Head of the Experimental Surgery Laboratory of the Research Center of the First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I. P. Pavlov. “Suppose they sew up the vessels, the blood from the head to the torso will flow and flow out through them. This is not the function of the head. There will be no movement in the body that is sewn to this head. The issues of spinal cord regeneration are still open. No one has had successful experiments on animals. Because the first indicator that we were able to solve the issue of regeneration of nerve tissue of such a complex structure as the spinal cord would be the successful treatment of patients with spinal injuries. Which, unfortunately, is not the case yet,” he told AiF.ru.
The expert is confident that the Canavero group is making loud statements for PR purposes. “On this occasion, I can say this: it would be better if you (journalists - approx. AiF.ru) promoted them less. These people have already risen well from this. They're just making big statements. This is a way to attract attention and, accordingly, a lot of money,” Suslov said.
“In our country they are not working on head transplants; we are working on treating spinal injuries. Scientists are studying the spinal cord, but without such fanfare, they don’t shout: “We are transplanting a head!” Sergey Bryukhonenko back at the beginning of the 20th century, he revived the head of a dog, but nothing came of it. Many people also carried out similar experiments, but nothing came of it either. The issue of treating spinal injury is a Nobel Prize, if this problem can be solved,” the expert said.
In November 2017, foreign media were shocked by the news of the world's first human head transplant operation. A little later, the sensation quickly spread through Russian information channels. The operation was carried out by a group of Chinese specialists at Harbin University. The process was led by Dr. Ren Xiaoping. The manipulation lasted about 18 hours and, according to Xiaoping, was successful. The doctors connected the elements of the spine, blood vessels and nerves, but, of course, did not resuscitate the “patient”: at this stage of the development of science, this is impossible.
Sergio Canavero: populist or popularizer of science?
Sergio Canavero is a famous surgeon from Italy. After the operation took place in China, he began to actively promote the news in scientific circles and popularize it among the masses. According to Dr. Canavero, he has long been developing proprietary techniques that will later help him perform a human head transplant - so that the head fits into the body and finds a “second life.” Canavero enthusiastically told people about the achievements of his Chinese colleagues and the essence of the experiment they conducted. He assured the public that he would certainly become the first surgeon who would be destined to save a human life in this way. In numerous interviews, he said that he was writing a serious scientific work on the topic of surgery and transplantology. He promised to finish this scientific work soon and publish it for a wide audience.
Back in 2013, the Italian openly announced his desire to conduct a head transplant experiment. After the success of his Chinese colleagues, the doctor was inspired and spoke with confidence about the reality of such an operation in the near future. He constantly referred to research allegedly conducted by him and boldly gave optimistic forecasts for the near future.
This is interesting!
There were rumors that Canavero had already invented a unique gel that connects the smallest nerve cells of the spine.
The Italian’s main promise was that he was ready to perform such an operation, and it would take place in the near future. The scientific community was critical of such bold statements. Colleagues called Canavero a populist who simply wants to “promote himself” on an experimental operation carried out in China and earn cheap popularity from it. The culmination was Canavero's announcement that he was looking for a volunteer willing to experiment. A volunteer was found: Russian citizen, programmer Valery Spiridonov.
Valery Spiridonov and his story
After a head was transplanted from one dead body to another for the first time in China, Russian programmer Valery Spiridonov had hope that surgeons would continue their work. After Canavero’s statement about his desire to “transplant heads,” Valery immediately responded to such a proposal. The young man suffers from a serious illness and is confined to a wheelchair. Valery has Werdnig-Hoffmann syndrome, with complete atrophy of the back muscles. He can hardly move, and the disease progresses every year. It is not surprising that Valery, trusting the bold statements of a certified doctor, so easily believed in the reality of the “miracle”. Sergio Canavero personally met with the young man. This allowed the surgeon to see his determination. The doctor’s conversation with a potential patient made an impression on the world community, but the head transplant to the Russian programmer did not take place - neither in 2018 nor later. If you really look at things, such intervention is impossible in the near future, based on the following reasons:
It is difficult to find a donor body;
- world science has not yet “grown up” to such transplantations;
- it is difficult to imagine the psychological situation that the patient will have to go through.
They say that the operation could not take place because foreign specialists refused to operate on a patient from Russia. This is wrong. In many ways, the latest news related to Valery is incorrect - partly because of the populism that Canavero was engaged in. On the one hand, the programmer was “unlucky”, so the story has a sad ending: he is destined to spend the rest of his life in a wheelchair. But if you look at things realistically, carrying out such an operation is technically impossible either in 2018 or 2019. It may take decades to implement it into reality - and it is not a fact that such a practice will immediately become successful.
Is a head transplant possible: comments from Russian scientists
Sometimes Russian scientists are reproached for the fact that they lag behind their foreign colleagues in many respects. This is not entirely fair, because domestic transplantology is slightly inferior to foreign ones. Our specialists can transplant heads from one dead body to another no worse than the Chinese, but they do not consider this a “miraculous operation.” Canavero managed to make a sensation out of the experiment, reassuring many seriously ill patients, but he overdid it in his desire to become famous and popular. Experimental operations are one thing, real work when human life is in your hands is another. Russian surgeon Alexey Zhao believes that there is a huge gap of time between experimental and real surgical interventions. Of course, the Italian Canavero can be called a populist, but it was he who aroused people’s interest in the topic of treating patients who are completely immobilized. When separating the head from the body, surgeons have to deal with a complete rupture of the cervical spinal cord. There is no problem in sewing a head to another body. But even if the operation is successful, and the surgeon does everything anatomically correct, the body will not “obey” the other head. The limbs and shoulders will remain motionless, so the operation does not make any sense.
The surgeon can connect the large main vessels of the neck. The patient's kidneys and heart will work for some time, but there will be no connection between the central nervous system and the body, because its main element is the spinal cord, severed in the neck area. It is not yet possible to restore this gap and the function of the spinal cells. Even if a person survives the operation, he will not be able to control the processes of urination and take care of himself.
Axons are processes of nerve cells that sometimes reach a meter in length. These processes carry impulses from cells to vital organs. The structure of axons is so complex that it is impossible to restore them “manually”. It remains theoretically to assume that it is possible to create a unique material that could connect them. The gel that the Italian Canavero mentioned in his populist lectures does not yet exist. It will take decades to create such material, and no single specialist can do it alone.
A little history: Vladimir Demikhov and his two-headed dog
The Russian school of transplantology emerged in the late 40s of the last century. Biologist Vladimir Demikhov founded an experimental laboratory in which he and his followers were engaged in transplantology. They conducted experiments on animals. One of the adult dogs received not only the head of another puppy, but also part of his body. The puppy's torso was connected through the great arteries of the adult dog to its heart and lungs. After the operation, the two-headed dog lived for about two weeks. The puppy's head could eat, drink and react to the world around it. Subsequently, Demikhov created several more two-headed dogs. Unfortunately, all the animals lived no more than two weeks. At that time, transplantology was just beginning its development path. Scientists did not know that the body rejects all foreign bodies, producing immune cells. When scientists began to practice heart transplants, they began to develop immunosuppressants. These are drugs that the recipient must take constantly to prevent rejection of the donor's organ.
Fun fact!
A stuffed animal of one of Demikhov’s two-headed dogs is among the exhibits of the State Biological Museum named after K.A. Timiryazev in Moscow.
Sklifosovsky Institute: research continues
At the Sklifosovsky Institute in Moscow, Dr. Sergio Canavero is called a talented hoaxer who talked a lot about creating a unique substance for connecting spinal cell processes. The ambitious Italian never created anything. Director of the Research Institute named after. Sklifosovsky Anzor Khubutia claims that a group of Russian scientists is working at the institute - just to create such a composition. This group is led by the chief neurosurgeon of Moscow V.V. Krylov. He is developing a number of cellular technologies that in the future may help restore neural connections - including in cases of complete rupture of the cervical spinal cord. V.V. Krylov does not like to tell journalists about the results of his work, unlike the Italian surgeon. Moreover, it is too early to talk about the results, because the research is only at the beginning of its journey. The task of Russian scientists is to ensure that nerve tissues become comparable to each other. The main thing is to ensure the transition of the pathways from the brain to the spinal cord in order to establish a connection between the central nervous system and all organs. As a material, scientists take spinal cord stem cells, which can take on certain functions of the body. In the next 10 to 50 years, researchers want to find out whether stem cells can improve the nutrition of damaged neurons enough to completely restore them.
Is it possible to transplant the head of a living person onto another body and how did it end in the case of Valery Spiridonov? Valery's story, unfortunately, had no continuation. Probably, the research of Russian scientists will not allow us to put an end to it, and the dreams of the ambitious Italian surgeon will one day become a reality.
A group of researchers about the successful restoration of motor function in animals with a severed spinal cord. Among the authors of the publication is Sergio Canavero, the same Italian neurosurgeon who has been promising to transplant a human head onto a donor’s body for many years. About the history of this project and how to relate to Canavero’s promises, upon request N+1 says Pyotr Talantov, author of the just published book “0.05. Evidence-based medicine from magic to the search for immortality."
Head transplantation is a favorite plot point in science fiction films and science news sections. And it’s not just the incredible technical complexity of the transplant. On the one hand, the thought of living with someone else's body excites the imagination, affects the sense of identity and makes us think about who we are. On the other hand, it opens the door to immortality. If we ever learn to discard our bodies like worn-out clothes, we will no longer be afraid of old age and death.
All this dooms any news about a head transplant to heated discussion. For some time now, the main newsmaker in transplantology has been Sergio Canavero, who has been promising to write his name in the history of surgery with this operation for several years. If you take his word for it, all the necessary technologies have been created and the only thing is to assemble a team of experienced surgeons and find a lot of money. But the deadlines once named by Canavero have passed, and even the first potential patient managed to change his mind. Maybe it’s true, as the skeptics say (and they are the majority), we are still too far from planning such an operation seriously?
Any organ transplant operation requires solving several problems at once, each of which, if not eliminated, will lead to failure. In the case of a head transplant, protecting the brain from ischemia (decreased blood circulation) is critical - even a few minutes of ischemia will lead to irreversible changes in the brain and the death of the recipient’s personality. Apparently, this is why the first attempts to transplant a dog's head onto a donor body at the beginning of the 20th century were unsuccessful.
Restore blood supply
Attempts to maintain life in a head separated from the body were made by our compatriot Sergei Bryukhonenko. In the 1930s, while working at the Institute of Experimental Physiology and Therapy, he created one of the first artificial blood circulation devices, called an autojector. In a twenty minute film "Experiments to revitalize the body" a dog's head is shown separated from the body. She is attached to the device and remains alive - she reacts to tickling with a feather, blinks and licks her lips. The voiceover says that the head connected to the autojector remains in this state for many hours. However, later witnesses admitted that it was possible to maintain the dog’s heads in this state for only a few minutes. And the famous scene from the film is now considered a falsification.
Bryukhonenko's experiments inspired surgeon Vladimir Demikhov to even more daring experiments. He transplanted the upper torso - head and front legs - of puppies onto the body of larger dogs. Demikhov's method made it possible to perform the operation without ischemia threatening brain death. The animals survived for up to twenty-nine days, while moving, responding to stimuli and drinking water. But Demikhov remained in history not so much because of this strange experiment, but because he was the first in the world to transplant a heart, lungs and liver from one animal to another. Thanks to his developments, successful human-to-human heart transplantation became possible in 1967. The surgeon who performed it, Christian Barnard, repeatedly came to Demikhov’s laboratory and subsequently called him his teacher.
Scheme of dog head transplant using Vladimir Demikhov's technology
Vladimir Demikhov (right) during surgery
An animal after an operation to transplant the head of a living dog to another dog
Demikhov's dogs died from an immune process called transplant rejection. In the absence of effective immune suppression technologies, this outcome was inevitable. In head transplants, the rejection reaction can be directed both at the donor body and, more likely, at the recipient's head. Even now, despite immune-suppressing medications, acute rejection occurs in 10 to 30 percent of liver and kidney transplants. And if kidney rejection leaves the patient the chance to wait for a new donor organ on an artificial kidney, then head rejection certainly threatens death.
Suppress rejection
Methods of immune suppression that appeared in the mid-20th century contributed to the relative success of the experiments of the American neurosurgeon Robert White. He took on an even more difficult task: transplanting the isolated brain of one dog into the skull of another. Six operations were relatively successful: the nervous systems of the donor brain and the recipient body were not connected, but the brain was effectively supplied with blood - this was confirmed by sufficient electrical and metabolic activity, after the operation the animals lived for up to two days.
Subsequently, White transplanted monkey heads: within a few hours after the operation, they could chew, swallow food, bite and follow moving objects with their eyes. However, they did not live long: the blood supply was still not efficient enough. And although hyperacute rejection of the transplanted heads was prevented, White achieved this with such high doses of immune-suppressing substances that they themselves contributed to the death of the animals.
Over time, White planned to move on to operations on humans, trained on corpses in the morgue and dreamed of transplanting Stephen Hawking's head onto a donor body. Fortunately for the latter, he was not interested in this opportunity and outlived White by eight years.
A-B - four mice of different colors before a head transplant operation using the technology of surgeon Ren Xiaoping; C-D: white mouse with a black head and vice versa; E - black mouse with a gray head
A - vessels for blood transfusion; B - mice before surgery (from left to right: blood source, donor, recipient); C - mouse - source of blood and mouse-donor; D-E - mice after transplantation
Dr. Xiaoping Ren et al. / CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
Chinese surgeon Ren Xiaoping was able to achieve greater life expectancy for animals. He changed the operating protocol, ensuring that sufficient blood pressure was maintained in the recipient's head vessels throughout the operation. In 2015, he reported on hundreds of mouse head transplants, half of the animals survived more than 24 hours after surgery, with a maximum survival rate of up to six months.
Ren also suggested changing the level at which the head was separated from the body. He proposed making the incision high enough so that the brain stem with the centers for regulating breathing and blood circulation remains on the donor body, which as a result will be able to breathe independently and be supplied with blood without the help of life support machines.
Operation on a person
Around the same time, Sergio Canavero appeared on the scene. A previously little-known Italian neurosurgeon said that he could solve the main problem of a head transplant - restoring the integrity of the spinal cord. So far, all attempts to fuse the spinal cord after the incision have been unsuccessful. There are several directions in which research is going, but they are all at an early stage.
Attempts are being made to stimulate the regeneration of neurons using electrical impulses and to use stem cells. Interesting experiments with computer interfaces: one device reads brain signals and transmits it to another, located below the site of spinal cord damage, which deciphers them and transmits them to motor neurons. Although all of these technologies sound promising, none have yet achieved complete success, even in animal experiments. Moreover, we are not talking about results suitable for people: there are thousands of patients with damaged spinal cord in the world, and if there is an effective technique, there will definitely be someone to study it on long before head transplant operations.
Canavero called his technology GEMINI. It consists of a very precise and thin section of the spinal cord and the use of polyethylene glycol as a substance that “glues” ruptured neuronal membranes. Canavero said that all the technologies necessary for a successful head transplant have already been created and he will perform the operation on a person in the very near future. According to his estimates, it should have cost about 15 million euros, lasted more than 36 hours and involved 150 doctors.
Soon the first patient appeared. Canavero announced that no later than 2017, he will transplant the head of 33-year-old Russian IT specialist Valery Spiridonov, who suffers from spinal muscular atrophy, a rare hereditary disease accompanied by loss of motor neurons and a sharp decrease in muscle mass, onto a donor body.
Although Canavero claimed that the operation had a success rate of at least 90 percent, he did not have the minimum necessary evidence obtained from previous animal experiments. The only evidence at that time that GEMINI could, in principle, work was the publication of its Korean colleague Si Yun Kim. He reported that polyethylene glycol led to a partial restoration of motor function in mice with a severed spinal cord. At the same time, the attentive reader will find that although the experimental mice recovered slightly better, the difference with the control group was not statistically significant, that is, it could well be explained by chance.
Pros against
Despite Spiridonov's readiness and Canavero's enthusiasm, the possible operation raised many questions and sharp criticism from most professionals. The risk of death of the patient during the operation or shortly after it was extremely high: most animals died in the first days after transplantation. The risk of transplant rejection was also great; it could only be reduced by powerful lifelong immunosuppressive therapy, itself a source of fatal risk. The chances of gaining mobility were ephemeral and unconfirmed. But the risk of difficult-to-treat neuropathic pain was very real. Canavero also proposed to deal with this problem surgically - by destroying the part of the brain responsible for transmitting the emotional component of pain, which causes the suffering associated with it.
There would probably be other problems that we are not yet aware of. But even the above is enough to understand: the balance of potential benefits and harms is unlikely to be in favor of the operation. The conclusion remains the same even when considering patients facing imminent death.
Some skeptics recalled another transplant surgeon, Paolo Macchiarini, who worked first at Karolinska University and then at Kazan Federal University. He claimed that he had developed a technique for transplanting an artificial trachea containing stem cells - supposedly the organ takes root and does not cause an immune response in the patient’s body. Later it turned out that the technique had not been tested on animals, did not work in any case, and Macchiarini condemned several patients to severe surgery and the suffering associated with it without the slightest hope of improvement.
Another, perhaps the most important of the critics' arguments, was of an absolutely practical nature. The demand for donor organs significantly exceeds the supply. On average, 20 people die every day without waiting their turn. However, the situation is not getting better: the list of people waiting for transplantation is growing faster than the number of available organs. Is it reasonable to use a donated body to save (with a slim chance of success) one life, rather than using those organs to save and improve the lives of 10-15 patients?
Modest result
However, time passed, and conversations remained conversations. Funded by the Chinese government, Canavero works with Ren Xiaoping. The recent publication is the result of their collaboration. But we are no longer talking about a head transplant: the work is being carried out as part of a project to treat spinal cord injuries. Although Canavero sent out triumphant press releases in late 2017 about the successful head transplant, the operation was . Meanwhile, Valery Spiridonov lost interest in the idea of becoming the first volunteer for such an operation, got married and moved to live in Florida. According to foreign media reports, his beautiful wife gave birth to a healthy child.
Expert opinion
I would approach this work with caution. Almost two years ago, Canavero’s group published articles in which they said that it is now possible to perform a head transplant operation and there is a test subject - that Russian programmer. And only now the first article appears, which substantiates what supposedly could have been realized two years ago. In standard practice, it happens the other way around: first you describe the theoretical basis, then conduct experiments in vitro, Then in vivo, and only after that you start talking about the possibility of operations on humans.
The theoretical framework on which this study relies is insufficient. If you look at the list of references in the article, it is very small, and mostly the authors refer to themselves, to their research, and this is always alarming, as is the size of the article.
The magazine itself, let's say, is not the top one in the world. If this article were published with a reference list of 60-100 names in Cell or Lancet, I would have more confidence in her.
It is important that Canavero and his colleagues were the initiators of the idea of using polyethylene glycol - it supposedly prevents the formation of scar between nerve tissues and promotes recovery. But there is no independent confirmation of this.
And this statement itself is doubtful: nerves do not grow into each other not only because a scar is formed there, but also because they have, in principle, a low regenerative ability. If we consider that the same article itself states that no significant difference in scar formation could be detected, then the mechanism of action of polyethylene glycol becomes completely unclear.
Many groups are working on methods to restore the spinal cord. In particular, electrical stimulation produces interesting results; there is evidence that electrical stimulation below the level of damage leads to increased growth, moreover, there are cautious attempts to use this in humans. There is Martin Schwab's research group that is studying the capabilities of the Nogo-A family of proteins for spinal cord cross-linking. But these works last for decades. It doesn’t happen that you wrote a four-page article and you can already use it on a person.
I'm not saying that the Canavero group is cheating. But longer studies and evaluation on large groups of animals are needed. And it’s strange that they start with the spinal cord, and not with simpler models, such as nerves.
Alexey Kashcheev,
neurosurgeon, employee of the Scientific Center of Neurology
However, Canavero is unlikely to be satisfied with modest work on everyday medical problems. In recent interviews, he claimed that a head transplant was a thing of the past for him. Now Canavero is going to move on to the second stage of the project - transplanting the brain into a donor body and promises to perform this operation on humans in the next 3-5 years. I would like to believe that this time he will limit himself to corpses.
Peter Talantov
Pre-order the book “0.05. Evidence-based medicine from magic to the search for immortality" can be done on the publisher’s website, discount code - 005
The book is published by Corpus Publishing House with the support of the Evolution Educational Foundation.
Literature
Sergio Canavero. HEAVEN: The head anastomosis venture Project outline for the first human head transplantation with spinal linkage (GEMINI) // Surg Neurol Int. 2013; 4(Suppl 1): S335–S342.
Allen Furr, Mark A. Hardy, Juan P. Barrett, John H. Barkerd. Surgical, ethical, and psychosocial considerations in human head transplantation // Int J Surg. May 2017; 41: 190–195.
Nayan Lamba, Daniel Holsgrove, Marike L. Broekman. The history of head transplantation: a review // Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016; 158(12): 2239–2247.
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