Burning diarrhea causes. Acute diarrhea (Acute diarrhea). Diseases due to impaired immunity

Diarrhea is a syndrome in which the patient has an increase in the frequency of bowel movements, the stool becomes liquid and frequent, sometimes accompanied by bloody discharge. U healthy people The frequency of stool is 1-2 times a day or once every two days. The volume of feces is about 300-400 grams per day.

When symptoms of diarrhea persist for up to 14 days, it is called acute diarrhea. And if diarrhea persists for more than two weeks, they already speak of the development of chronic diarrhea.

Causes

We can highlight the following most common reasons development of diarrhea:

Acute intestinal infections

• dysentery;
• salmonellosis;
• cholera.

Acute viral diseases

• rotavirus infection;
• enterovirus infection;
• adenovirus infection.

Intestinal diseases

• ulcerative colitis;
• irritable bowel syndrome;
• oncological diseases of the intestine;
• Crohn's disease.

Disruption of digestive processes with

• pancreatitis;
• celiac disease;
• lactose intolerance.

Endocrine diseases

• diabetes;
• thyrotoxicosis.

• giardiasis;
• amoebiasis.

Diarrhea after long-term use medicines:

• antibiotics;
• laxatives;
• drugs that reduce stomach acidity and contain magnesium;
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Travelers' diarrhea - develops with a sharp change in climate, diet, or water quality.

Of course, the main symptom that unites all these diseases is diarrhea. But every disease has its own characteristics development and additional symptoms. Next, let's take a closer look at the most common of them.

Features of diarrhea in various diseases

Acute intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, cholera)

They develop when consuming contaminated foods or water. Dysentery and salmonellosis develop quickly with increasing symptoms.

Loose stools can reach 20-30 bowel movements per day. At the same time, the patient experiences cramping pain in the abdomen. Signs of intoxication of the body develop. Body temperature rises to febrile levels (39-40 degrees), general weakness increases.

After bowel movement there are false urges to defecation accompanied by pain in the rectal area - tenesmus. As stool frequency increases, dehydration develops. This manifests itself in dry skin and mucous membranes. oral cavity, increased heart rate (tachycardia), decreased blood pressure. Severe general weakness appears.

The most severe intestinal infection is cholera. Cholera is one of the most dangerous infections. When it appears, a huge number of people get sick, and pandemics develop.

The disease is characterized by an acute, sudden onset. The patient develops uncontrollable vomiting, profuse liquid, watery stool. There is no abdominal pain during or after defecation. Due to the severity of diarrhea and vomiting, dehydration of the body soon develops, which is accompanied by the appearance of tachycardia, hypotension (low blood pressure), convulsive syndrome. The disease often occurs without fever. The patient requires emergency medical care and isolation.

Acute respiratory diseases

Diarrhea syndrome develops with adenovirus, rotavirus and enterovirus infections. With all these infections, symptoms characteristic of damage to the respiratory tract develop: the patient develops a runny nose, sore throat, and cough. Symptoms of intoxication appear - temperature rises to 38.5 degrees, increased fatigue, headache, body aches.

The lesion also develops gastrointestinal tract according to the type of acute gastroenteritis - there may be vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, loose stools. The patient’s symptoms of gastroenteritis go away on their own and the symptoms of damage to the upper respiratory tract come first.

Intestinal diseases

For intestinal diseases - ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, oncological diseases intestines, develops inflammatory process in the mucous membrane, erosions and ulcers occur on the mucous membrane. This leads to the release of fluid, electrolytes, and proteins into the intestinal lumen.

Appear constant pain in the stomach, there may be an increase in body temperature to 37.5-38.0 degrees. The stool is liquid with an admixture of blood, and the appearance of pus is also noted. Due to chronic blood loss, the patient develops anemia (decreased hemoglobin). When examining the intestines, signs of inflammation of the mucous membrane (hyperemia, swelling) can be detected.

There are no signs of irritable bowel syndrome organic damage intestines. Increase develops motor activity intestinal wall, motility increases. Food passes through the intestines at a higher speed and the liquid does not have time to be absorbed into the intestinal walls. This diagnosis is a diagnosis of exclusion, that is, it is made when no other diseases are detected. It often occurs in at a young age, is triggered by stress. In addition to diarrhea, there may be flatulence (bloating) and minor abdominal pain.

Digestive disorders

During exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis, the digestion process is disrupted due to insufficient amounts of pancreatic enzymes. The patient develops signs characteristic of pancreatitis - pain in the umbilical area or girdling pain, which can be extremely pronounced. Such pain is accompanied by vomiting, which does not bring relief to the patient. Liquid, copious stool appears, which is difficult to flush from the walls of the toilet, due to the increased fat content in the stool (steatorrhea). In chronic pancreatitis, diarrhea is also chronic. Intensification of symptoms is caused by non-compliance with the diet for pancreatitis, consumption of fatty, smoked, spicy, and alcohol-containing drinks. At ultrasound examination signs of inflammation of the pancreas are detected; a blood test can reveal an increase in amylase, the enzyme responsible for inflammation of the pancreas.

Celiac disease develops in the absence of the enzyme responsible for breaking down grains. Diarrhea is also chronic.

Lactose intolerance lacks the enzyme lactase, which is responsible for digesting cow's milk proteins. Diarrhea appears after eating dairy products.

Endocrinological diseases

With endocrinological diseases, fluid absorption and intestinal motility are impaired. There is an increase in the speed of food passage through the intestines and the liquid does not have time to be absorbed into the intestinal mucosa.

Traveler's diarrhea

Develops when changing diet, water in people traveling to other climatic zones. The frequency of bowel movements can reach ten times during the day, and moderate abdominal pain may occur. Most often it goes away within 5-7 days.

Diarrhea after consumption medicines

It differs in that when the drugs that cause diarrhea are discontinued, the symptoms go away on their own. You may need to take medications that restore intestinal microflora.

Treatment of diarrhea

Drug treatment of diarrhea is carried out in conjunction with diet (see below).

Sorbent drugs are prescribed - they promote rapid elimination harmful substances from the body.

*First aid for diarrhea is Enterosgel, a drug in the form of a soft paste with a neutral taste. Delicate structure this tool does not injure the internal lining of the stomach and intestines. The porous enterosorbent, like a sponge, absorbs and reliably holds bacteria and particles of harmful substances, ensuring their removal from the body naturally. The native microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract is not affected, since it is not adsorbed by this drug.

If dehydrated:

• rehydron - dilute the contents of the package in 1 liter of boiled water, consume 1 liter per day until symptoms are completely eliminated.

When increasing intestinal motility, antidiarrheal drugs are used:

• imodium,
• loperamide

Drugs antibacterial action(Normax, Enterofuril) are used strictly as prescribed by a doctor.

• bifiform,
• Linux,
• bifidumbacterin.

Treatment of diarrhea during pregnancy

For diarrhea during pregnancy, treatment should begin with following a diet and taking adsorbents (Smecta, Enterosgel) in normal dosages.

Possible if you have frequent loose stool and vomiting, start taking rehydron to avoid the development of dehydration. It is recommended to take restorative drugs intestinal microflora(bifiform, linex) in usual dosages.

Antibacterial drugs prescribed by a doctor.

Diet

Diet plays a big role in the treatment of diarrhea. In some cases (with lactose intolerance, celiac disease, pacreatitis), diarrhea can be eliminated only by following a diet.

All measures are aimed at reducing mechanical and chemical exposure on the intestinal mucosa. We recommend foods that are easily digested in the intestines.

Should be avoided

• salty, spicy, smoked;
• alcoholic beverages;
• conservation;
• sodas; caffeinated drinks;
• chocolate.

Puree soups are well digestible. To coat the mucous membrane, it is recommended to use jelly, rice water. It is better to exclude fresh yeast bread; you can eat bread in dried form (crackers).

If you have lactase deficiency, you must avoid dairy products.

For celiac disease, foods made from barley, oats, rye and wheat are excluded.

In medicine, the term diarrhea, or as it is called in everyday life, diarrhea, means frequent or single bowel movements with the release of liquid feces.

The causes of this disorder are so varied that almost everyone can suffer from it at least once. In medicine, there are 4 types of diarrhea, differing in the mechanism of development of this disease. Depending on the reasons, causing diarrhea, diarrhea can be acute or chronic.

Read about diarrhea during pregnancy.

Diarrhea (diarrhea) is called acute when bowel movements occur more than twice a day, the stool is liquid and it lasts no more than 2-3 weeks. At the same time, there is no recurrence of such phenomena in the medical history.

Causes of acute diarrhea

Exists great amount factors causing diarrhea. The main ones are the following:

• inflammatory processes in the intestines
• intestinal diseases
• , eating poor quality food
• taking medications
• travel (tourist diarrhea).

Infectious diarrhea

For acute infectious diarrhea The following symptoms are typical:

• general malaise
• fever
• lack of appetite
• vomit.

Vomiting usually occurs when foodborne diseases caused by staphylococci. For patients with salmonellosis and dysentery, its appearance is not typical.

The most common causative agents of acute diarrhea are and. They are contagious and are transmitted both from person to person and through household items and dirty products.

If blood appears in loose stools, this may indicate damage to the intestinal mucosa by pathogenic microbes such as Shigella, with enteropathogenic properties. The possibility of venereal disease of the rectum should be kept in mind.

Acute bloody diarrhea may be the first manifestation of and. In this case, there arise severe pain in the abdomen and a severe clinical condition.

Diarrhea from antibiotics

Diarrhea when taking antibiotics is caused by a disturbance in the bacterial flora of the intestines. As a rule, it does not worsen general condition person and stops after drug withdrawal. However, sometimes when antibacterial therapy may develop, which is characterized by sudden severe watery diarrhea with high fever, possibly blood in the stool.

Traveler's diarrhea

Most often, travelers' diarrhea is detected in people visiting countries with unfavorable epidemiological conditions.

The disease is caused by consuming food and water contaminated with feces. The causative agents are most often Escherichia coli, enteroviruses, and less often - Shigella, amoeba and Giardia.

The disease is not transmitted directly from one person to another. Sources of infection are meat, eggs, milk, culinary products, and water.

Traveler's diarrhea begins acutely. Symptoms such as:

• nausea
• vomit
• rumbling
• transfusion
• stomach ache
• diarrhea.

In the case of a viral infection, the disease is accompanied by headache and muscle pain.

As a treatment, a gentle diet is necessary with the exception, first of all, raw vegetables and fruits. Intestinal antiseptics should be taken. It is important to skillfully determine the dose of drugs so as not to cause irritable bowel syndrome.

As a preventive measure, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene, wash food thoroughly, do not buy food from hand, and do not drink raw water.

What to do if you have stomach pain and diarrhea?

If diarrhea is not accompanied by fever and a noticeable deterioration in condition, then it is often enough to change your diet, drink herbal astringent decoctions or take an antidiarrheal drug. Nutrition and will be described in the article later.

But it is important not to miss the onset of a serious illness, therefore, in case of diarrhea with high fever or the presence of blood in the stool, bacteriological examinations of stool and stool are necessary. This will determine whether the cause of diarrhea is dysentery, ulcerative colitis, or pseudomembranous colitis, which is a complication when taking antibacterial drugs.

Chronic form

Diarrhea is chronic if it lasts more than 3 weeks. They talk about chronic form and in case of too much stool, more than 300 g per day. Although if a person consumes a lot plant fibers, then such a mass may be normal.

With chronic diarrhea, the body constantly loses fluids, electrolytes and other nutrients. Therefore, at the same time, many people suffer from insufficient weight, deficiency of vitamins and microelements and related complications. It is very important to quickly find the cause of diarrhea and begin treatment. It is especially important to make a quick diagnosis in children, since chronic diarrhea in children can cause developmental delays.

Causes

The main causes of chronic diarrhea are not only diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, but also a number of other factors.

Diarrhea accompanies diseases such as diabetes, endocrine disorders, scleroderma. This is due to a violation motor function. Sometimes diarrhea is the first clearly visible sign of these diseases. Therefore it is important to put accurate diagnosis. For example, with hyperthyroidism, the main manifestation of the disease in the first stages may also be prolonged diarrhea, while the main signs of the disease (constant feeling of heat, irritability or weight loss with good appetite) may fade into the background and not be taken into account by the patient.

Surgical interventions

The cause of chronic diarrhea in patients who have undergone gastric or intestinal resection may be bacterial contamination small intestine and impairment of her motor function.

After removal of the pancreas, diarrhea occurs, as with chronic alcoholism and with frequent exacerbations chronic pancreatitis. This is due to a deficiency of all pancreatic enzymes.

Gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhea

Diarrhea accompanies Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Loose stools in such patients are usually profuse, foul-smelling, with floating fat. If you previously had or, then it is possible to assume Crohn's disease. These diseases may have extraintestinal manifestations such as arthritis or skin lesions.

Diarrhea can also be accompanied by diseases such as chronic gastritis stomach, diseases of the pancreas, hepatobiliary system, endocrine glands, and also when allergic reactions and hypo- and vitamin deficiencies. Inflammation of diverticula can also be the cause.

Tumors and diarrhea

Tumors of direct and colon may also present with diarrhea. The absence of other causes of this disorder in older patients and the presence of blood in the stool support this assumption.

In patients with carcinoid syndrome, the disease may be accompanied by episodes of profuse watery diarrhea. If the tumor is large enough and there are no liver metastases, this may be the only symptom diseases.

Survey

At chronic diarrhea it is necessary to conduct an examination to determine the degree of dehydration of the body and identify the connection with systemic diseases. Moreover, it is necessary both comprehensive diagnostics organs, both macro- and microscopic studies feces IN modern medicine There are clear diagnostic algorithms for acute and chronic diarrhea.

Functional diarrhea

There are also functional intestinal disorders, which are manifested by chronic diarrhea without organic and biochemical lesions. It is believed that heredity and psycho-emotional stress play a significant role in the occurrence of functional diarrhea.

The main signs to establish functional diarrhea:

• no diarrhea at night
• morning stool (usually after breakfast)
• strong uncontrollable urge to defecate.

So, the main distinguishing feature of this disorder is the clear dependence of the rhythm of bowel movements on the time of day. As a rule, this is repeated emptying in the morning or early afternoon. At the same time, during the first stool, feces may be more dense and voluminous, then its volume decreases and it becomes liquid. Often the act of defecation is accompanied by a feeling incomplete emptying intestines.

The diagnosis is made by excluding other causes of diarrhea. This type of diarrhea is typical for.

When should you see a doctor?

If diarrhea is not accompanied by a significant deterioration in the general condition of the body, then you can get by with home remedies. However, in some cases it is necessary to see a doctor:

• diarrhea in children under 12 years of age and elderly people over 75 years of age
• diarrhea during pregnancy
• diarrhea in people with weakened immune systems
• diarrhea as a side effect or drug intolerance
• fever
• bloody diarrhea
• complaints within three months after traveling abroad
• if diarrhea continues for more than three days.

Diet

For intestinal diseases accompanied by diarrhea, it is necessary to follow a diet that will help inhibit peristalsis and reduce the secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.

Peristalsis usually ensures that food entering the intestines moves forward and is digested as it goes. During the digestion process, more and more is removed from food more water, and the stool acquires a normal dense consistency. With diarrhea, the intestines are often “overactive”—they contract too much to quickly flush harmful bacteria, viruses, or toxins out of the body. At the same time, the food lump passes too quickly, the water does not have time to be absorbed, and too much water remains in the intestines. This is the reason watery diarrhea. In addition, there is no time to absorb nutrients from food.

To restore peristalsis, mechanically and chemically gentle food is first necessary. Meets these requirements. It is prescribed during periods of exacerbation.

When acute period ends, a diet is prescribed. This diet is similar to No. 4b, but all products are given in unground form. With this diet, baking foods in the oven is allowed. Additionally, ripe tomatoes, salad with sour cream, sweet berries and raw fruits are allowed.

How to get rid of diarrhea at home?

To restore peristalsis, you can take probiotics or medicinal charcoal. If there is a large loss of water, if not pharmaceuticals To retain fluid in the body, you can drink salted water.

Compliance simple rules will help normalize stool.

1. Proven remedies for diarrhea include finely pureed, peeled, raw apples. The pectin they contain binds water and toxins in the intestines.
2. Carrot soup: when carrots are cooked, the cellular structures are destroyed and ingredients appear that prevent intestinal bacteria on the intestinal mucosa. In addition, salt in soup and carrots contain important minerals. Can also help carrot juice and grated raw carrots.
3. Bananas are a particularly valuable home remedy for diarrhea - like apples, they contain pectin. In addition, they provide the body with minerals such as potassium and magnesium. Bananas must be thoroughly mashed before eating.
4. Black or green tea: when brewing for more than 3 minutes, a sufficient amount appears in the tea tannins which have a calming effect on the intestines.
5. Low-fat clear broth or decoction: returns energy and minerals to the body. You can cook a small amount of pasta, rice or potatoes in it until soft. You need to drink the broth in small sips.
6. Decoctions of herbs and dried berries: 2 to 3 teaspoons of dried blueberries, chamomile, blackberry leaves or dill seeds, pour a quarter liter of boiling water and bring to a boil. They help protect the intestinal mucosa from pathogens.
7. In addition, liquids even out the hydrobalance.
8. Still water and herbal teas. Chilled drinks are poorly tolerated by the intestines. The liquid should be at least, room temperature. But warm tea has a particularly beneficial effect on the stomach and intestines.

If you have diarrhea, it is very important to drink a lot

What should you not eat if you have diarrhea?

• raw vegetables (except carrots)
• products, causing gas formation eg onions, beans, leeks, cabbage
• fatty sausages, such as salami
• fats, full-fat dairy products
• fried foods
• foods containing acids, such as citrus fruits, vinegar
• alcohol.

Often after answering the question: “What do you eat when you have diarrhea?”, the question follows: “When can you eat normally?”

After eliminating the infection, you can gradually switch to your usual diet, as soon as the intestines no longer create any problems (diarrhea, nausea and vomiting).

For chronic diarrhea caused by nutritional diseases, the diet is followed in the long term. This applies, for example, to lactose or fructose intolerance.

Acute diarrhea– increased frequency of bowel movements for less than 3 weeks

Acute diarrhea Abnormally increased frequency or decreased consistency of stools for less than 3 weeks.
Osmotic diarrhea. Caused by consuming a solution that is poorly absorbed (carbohydrate malabsorption; absorption of mannitol, sorbitol, lactulose, disaccharidase deficiency: lactose intolerance, pancreatic insufficiency, diseases of the small intestinal mucosa: tropical sprue [gluten-sensitive enteropathy]; excessive consumption antacids with magnesium content).
Secretory diarrhea. Increased secretion or decreased absorption in small intestine. This may be a consequence of bacterial enterotoxins, infections in patients with AIDS (Cryptosporidium spp. and M. avium complex); hormonal secretagogues, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VEP), which is secreted by pancreatic tumors and causes “pancreatic cholera”; carcinoid; hypersecretion of gastrin (for example, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome); or laxatives. Characterized by large volume, watery stools without blood or white blood cells.
Exudative diarrhea. Inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory disease intestines and eosinophilic gastroenteritis; radiation enterocolitis; infection by invasive organisms, cytotoxins, ischemia or vasculitis. The intestinal lining becomes inflamed, causing mucus, blood and pus to leak into the intestinal lumen.
Impaired mobility. Normal discharge diarrhea (< 250 г/день) характеризуется маленькими по объему, частыми и сформированными испражнениями, ассоциированными со срочной необходимостью. Причины включают гипертиреоидизм, аноректальные заболевания, проктит или копростаз, синдром раздраженного кишечника.

Causes of acute diarrhea

Diagnosis of acute diarrhea

Treatment of acute diarrhea

Fluid recovery

Orally (clear liquids, oral rehydration solutions containing sodium and glucose).
Intravenously (normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution, especially if severe dehydration or persistent vomiting is present).

Absorbents

Absorbents (aluminum hydroxide). They do not change the course of the disease or reduce fluid loss, but they allow the patient to have greater control over the time of bowel movements. Medicines should be taken at least 1/2 hour before or 2 hours after consuming absorbents.

Antisecretory substances

Antisecretory substances such as bismuth subsalicylate. The usual dose is 30 ml every 30 minutes for up to 8 doses.

Antiperistaltic agents

Antiperistaltic agents, in particular anticholinergic agents and opiate derivatives. Do not use in patients with fever, systemic toxicity, or bloody diarrhea. Stop if no improvement; or if the patient deteriorates. However, antiperistaltic agents are otherwise safe in adult patients with diarrhea. Antiperistalsis agents have been used safely in children, but are not standard of care and should be used only after careful consideration.
Diphenoxylate with atropine. Exists in the form of tablets (2.5 mg diphenoxylate) and liquid (2.5 mg diphenoxylate/5 ml). The starting dose is two tablets 4/day (20 mg/day). For children, the dose is 0.1 mg/kg/dose 4/day. The dose is reduced to zero with the cessation of diarrhea. It is not indicated for diarrhea caused by pseudomembranous colitis or enterotoxin-producing or invasive microorganisms. Lomotil should not be used if ulcerative colitis or under 2 years of age. Lomotil is quite toxic with a narrow therapeutic interval in children.
Loperamide (Imodium). Available over the counter as 2 mg capsules and liquid (1 mg/5 ml). Increases intestinal absorption of electrolytes and water and reduces intestinal motility and secretion. The adult dose is 4 mg initially followed by 2 mg after each diarrheal stool, to a maximum of 16 mg in a single 24-hour period. In children, the dose is based on age, children 2-5 years old receive 1 mg 3 times a day, 6-8 years old 2 mg 2 times a day and 9-12 years old receive 2 mg 3 times a day on the first day of treatment. Next, 0.1 mg/kg is administered after each diarrheal stool, but not more than the total daily dose recommended for the first day of treatment. Loperamide is safe and reduces the number of failed stools and the duration of diarrhea in patients with Shigella dysentery treated with ciprofloxacin.

Antibiotics

Not necessary for most episodes of diarrhea. Once a sample is obtained for culture, empiric treatment is prudent to cover Shigella and Campylobacter in patients with severe diarrhea. systemic signs or heme-positive diarrhea. A 3-day course of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin 500 mg po bid or norfloxacin 400 mg po bid) is first-line therapy. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim P/S 1 tablet p/o k/day) is alternative treatment, but resistant microorganisms are common. If diarrhea is caused by consumption of seafood, infection with Vibrio Cholerae or Vibrio parahaemolyticus is possible and can be treated with a fluoroquinolone or doxycycline 100 mg po 2/day. Antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients infected with E. coli.

Everyone, sooner or later, has encountered an illness such as an upset stomach or acute diarrhea. This is no longer just a malaise, but rather serious intoxication of the body.

Unpleasant sensations, frequent trips to the toilet, pain - all these are signs that for some reason digestive system does not cope with its functions.

The main signs of acute diarrhea are frequent and painful trips to the toilet, loose stools, abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating.

Most often, the body's immune system copes with diarrhea on its own, but the course of the disease can be alleviated, and in some cases it is necessary to call on doctors for help.

Causes

Acute diarrhea is always a sudden and short-term condition. If stomach upset continues for more than 2 weeks, you should consult a doctor, as this may be a sign of a serious illness or a chronic illness.

Acute diarrhea is a protective reaction of the body, an attempt by the immune system to eliminate a potential threat. Bacteria and viruses provoke a response immune system– accelerated contraction of intestinal muscles.

To facilitate the removal of toxins, additional amounts of water and electrolytes begin to be released into the intestines.

This is why during acute diarrhea the stool becomes liquid and the urge to defecate becomes frequent and painful.

The immune system flushes everything out of the intestines harmful microorganisms, and with them beneficial bacteria and salts.

Diarrhea can be caused by:

• intestinal infection - viruses or bacteria;
• food poisoning – penetration of rotting bacteria or fungi into the body;
• allergy – individual intolerance to certain elements (for example, lactose);
• disruption of the gastrointestinal tract - insufficient production of enzymes, disruption of the functioning of the glands;
• chemical intoxication - poisoning with various poisons;
• drug treatment;
• stress.

Intestinal infection may pose a serious threat to human health and life. Accompanying symptoms of acute diarrhea are sharp pains, fever, vomiting, weakness, loss of appetite.

If diarrhea continues for more than a day and is accompanied by one or more of these symptoms, consult a doctor immediately. The intestinal infection is very contagious, so its treatment requires hospitalization.

Urgent help for diarrhea

In most cases, the body of an adult is able to cope with food poisoning or a mild viral infection on its own.

The main treatment for diarrhea is increased fluid intake, especially still mineral water.

With diarrhea, a large amount of salts and trace elements are washed out of the body, so first of all it is necessary to prevent dehydration and electrolyte starvation.

Water will help quickly remove bacteria and viruses from the body, and juices will help restore the supply of microelements.

If diarrhea continues for more than a few hours, you can add a couple of teaspoons to the water. table salt to restore salt balance.

Enterosorbents (activated carbon, Smecta, Enterosgel) will help relieve diarrhea. These drugs absorb toxic poisons and envelop the intestines, preventing the further spread of harmful substances.

Medicines are not absorbed in the intestines, are completely eliminated during bowel movements and have no side effects.

Activated carbon also absorbs viruses and bacteria and reliably protects the intestinal walls. Classic activated carbon is taken at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kilograms of weight, the stool after treatment will be black.

If you don't want to swallow a whole handful of tablets, you can use more modern drugs based on activated carbon or Smecta.

Enterosgel is available in the form of a gel, Smecta is a powder that must be diluted in water. All these drugs are absolutely safe for health; they can be taken for acute diarrhea in adults, children and pregnant women.

If diarrhea is accompanied by vomiting, then gastric lavage will help the patient. At home, a weak (0.1%) soda solution is suitable for this procedure.

Give the patient 1-2 liters of fluid to drink, the body will do the rest. If you have eaten something suspicious and feel the first signs of poisoning, it is better to immediately rinse your stomach before an acute condition occurs.

Diarrhea is a powerful body reaction that can cause significant harm to health. If traces of blood appear in the stool, consult a doctor immediately.

Closely monitor the patient for signs of dehydration: loss of consciousness, numbness of the extremities, dry mouth, bluish skin, constant thirst, clouding of consciousness, dizziness, scanty urine of rich color.

If signs of dehydration appear, call immediately. Ambulance" Losing 20% ​​of the body's water reserves is fatal.

If acute diarrhea is accompanied profuse vomiting and the patient cannot replenish the body’s water reserves, also call an ambulance: doctors will be able to restore the water-salt balance with the help of a dropper or hospitalize the patient for diagnosis.

When infectious diseases Acute diarrhea is treated with antibiotics under medical supervision.

Diet for diarrhea

After an attack of diarrhea, the first thing you need to do is restore the body. Drink at least 3-4 liters of fluid per day.

Strong tea with lemon has a good effect: it contains fixing substances that will help stop diarrhea.

A decoction of rose hips or blueberries stimulates the immune system and replenishes vitamin deficiencies. Lenten broths and jelly envelop the intestinal walls, soothe it, and promote the painless removal of residual toxins from the body.

Fermented milk products, especially kefir, help restore intestinal microflora and promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, which is especially important after an attack of diarrhea.

If acute diarrhea lasted more than a day, then special preparations will help restore salt reserves. Rehydron, for example, contains sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium chloride and other salts. The drug Gastrolit has a similar composition.

If it is not possible to purchase the medicine at the pharmacy, then you can prepare it yourself: add 1 tsp to boiled water. baking soda, 0.5 tsp. table salt and 5 tablespoons of sugar. The solution must be taken in small portions throughout the day.

During an exacerbation of diarrhea, a person’s appetite usually disappears. But after relief of the condition, not everything can be eaten.

The diet for acute diarrhea categorically excludes everything fried and fatty – these foods clog the intestines, complicate the absorption of microelements and prolong the general intoxication of the body.

Avoid dairy and spicy foods, which irritate the intestines and can cause pain or a new attack of diarrhea.

Eliminate all fixative foods: fruits, vegetables, White bread, pasta - in case of diarrhea, they reduce intestinal activity.

Seafood and mushrooms are poorly digested even by a healthy intestine, and are strictly contraindicated for a weak intestine.

Legumes (peas, lentils, beans), carbonated drinks lead to increased gas formation and bloating.

In acute diarrhea, the proper functioning of the mucous membrane is disrupted, so the intestines are not able to process sugar - avoid sweets. Salted, smoked and canned foods will also have to be left for a while.

At first, give preference to liquid and pureed food. The body requires easily digestible foods, which will quickly replenish the lack of nutrients.

Rice water is the most best dish for a patient with diarrhea. You can eat soups with a weak broth with the addition of cereals, stale bread to increase peristalsis, bananas, liquid porridge with water, and boiled eggs.

is a polyetiological syndrome that accompanies the course of a number of infectious and non-infectious diseases, characterized by frequent loose stools. With acute diarrhea, the stool becomes copious, watery or mushy; it may contain impurities of undigested food and mucus; its frequency is more than three times a day. To determine the causes of the disorder, complaints and anamnesis are collected, general analysis blood and feces, stool culture, as well as instrumental studies: colonoscopy and irrigoscopy. Treatment involves diet therapy, the prescription of antibacterial drugs, antidiarrheals, eubiotics, as well as rehydration therapy.

ICD-10

A09 Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of suspected infectious origin

General information

Causes

Acute diarrhea can develop under the influence of many etiofactors against the background of various pathological processes. The main causes of this condition are infectious agents, the action of toxins, medications, ischemic or inflammatory pathology intestines, as well as acute diseases pelvic organs. IN developed countries Acute diarrhea most often occurs against the background of a viral infection, the causative agents of which are rotaviruses and adenoviruses. In addition to viruses, the development of the syndrome can be provoked by strains of various bacteria that produce enterotoxins, for example, salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, and so on. In some cases, the cause of diarrhea is protozoan microorganisms (giardia, blastocysts and others) and intestinal helminths (causative agents of strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis and angiostrongylosis).

Acute diarrhea sometimes occurs while taking various medications, being side effect their effects on the body. The appearance of diarrhea may be associated with treatment with antibiotics, magnesium-containing agents, antiserotonin drugs, digitalis, anticoagulants and chenodeoxycholic acid. In addition, acute diarrhea occurs with an overdose and improper use of laxatives, while stool disorder can develop both immediately after taking a certain drug, and with an increase in its dosage.

The hypokinetic form of diarrhea is observed in cecal syndrome or scleroderma, when the transit of intestinal contents is disrupted. The result is bacterial overgrowth, accompanied by fat malabsorption and increased mucus production in the intestines. A symptom of hypokinetic acute diarrhea is loose, foul-smelling stool containing undigested fats.

Acute diarrhea is often accompanied by general nonspecific intestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. Also, with frequent, large stools, symptoms of dehydration may be observed in the form of dry skin, decreased blood pressure and tachycardia. In addition, there may be impurities in the stool that are characteristic of damage to a certain part of the intestine. For example, acute diarrhea caused by damage to the small intestine is accompanied by the presence of undigested food debris in the stool. The stool often has a greenish tint and sounds bad smell. During development pathological process in the large intestine may be observed bloody issues And increased amount mucus.

Diagnostics

An important factor that allows you to determine the nature of acute diarrhea is a complete collection of complaints and anamnesis. In this case, it is important to find out from the patient the frequency and consistency of stool, the presence of various impurities or blood in the stool. The severity of the pathological process is indicated by symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, dry skin and heat. These clinical manifestations require either an infectious disease doctor or a proctologist to quickly prescribe appropriate therapy. When talking with the patient, the specialist clarifies what medications he took in Lately, since this factor can also lead to the development of acute diarrhea. Diagnostic criterion acute diarrhea is the appearance of loose stools more than 3 times a day for a duration intestinal disorders no more than three weeks.

Used to diagnose acute diarrhea laboratory methods, such as a complete blood count and stool test. These studies make it possible to confirm the inflammatory genesis of the process. In particular, the coprogram determines the concentration of leukocytes and erythrocytes, which makes it possible to differentiate inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhea. If there are no signs of inflammation, stool culture is not performed. If a large number of leukocytes and red blood cells are detected in the stool, a microbiological examination of the stool is mandatory. This method allows you to identify pathogenic bacteria that caused the development of acute diarrhea. However, in some cases, microbiological examination of stool is inconclusive because other factors cause diarrhea.

Of the instrumental methods to determine the cause of acute diarrhea, colonoscopy is used. This study makes it possible to identify inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa, as well as the presence of ulcers and erosions of the intestinal wall. Intestinal endoscopy allows you to diagnose colitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis and other diseases that could cause acute diarrhea. Informative instrumental method The study is contrast radiography of the intestines (irrigoscopy). This technique makes it possible to determine the rate of passage through the intestines and suspect inflammatory changes in the mucosa.

Treatment of acute diarrhea

Regardless of the cause of stool disorder, all patients are prescribed a special diet, eubiotics, as well as astringents and adsorbents. The diarrhea diet is used to reduce intestinal motility and reduce the secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen. It is very important to exclude foods that can lead to irritation and damage to the mucous membrane.

If there is significant loss of fluid and electrolytes in the feces, rehydration therapy is performed. At mild degree For dehydration, oral therapy is prescribed - special salt-containing solutions. At severe forms diarrhea there is a significant loss of fluid and electrolytes. In such cases, parenteral rehydration is used, which involves intravenous administration balanced saline solutions. Antibacterial drugs are prescribed only in cases where diarrhea syndrome is caused by pathogenic bacteria. In this case, the duration of the course of antibiotic therapy can vary from several days to a month.

In the treatment of acute diarrhea, agents that inhibit intestinal motility play an important role. They reduce the secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen, thereby slowing down the contraction of smooth muscles. Loperamide is an effective antidiarrheal drug, but it is not recommended for use in cases of inflammatory diarrhea. It is also necessary to use eubiotics to restore normal intestinal flora.

Prognosis and prevention

To prevent acute diarrhea, it is necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene and properly store food products. In addition, meat, fish and eggs must be carefully heat treatment. With timely complex treatment The prognosis for this pathological condition is favorable.