“Celestial bodies” - A comet is a celestial body rotating in an independent orbit around the Sun, usually very elongated. When approaching the Sun, the rocket forms a coma and sometimes a tail of gas and dust. Since comets consist of ice and gases, under the influence of the “solar wind”... Most celestial bodies burn up before reaching the Earth.
“Structure of the Universe” - Milky Way. Space travel route. Outer space and everything that fills it. The Universe contains different galaxies. Planets. Composition of the Solar System. The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. Stars. Formation of students' knowledge about the Earth as a planet of the solar system. The solar system is part of a cluster of stars - the Milky Way galaxy.
"Venus" - Temperature on Venus. Poisonous rain Heat Volcanoes Brightness. The temperature on the planet's surface can reach 470°C. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. There are no daily temperature changes on Venus. The temperature at the equator of Venus is the same as at the poles. Why is Venus so bright? Find out the temperature of Venus.
“Bodies of the Solar System” - How the Universe came into being. Sun. Solar system. Orbit. Earth. The path of the planets. The closest star to us. Star. How many stars are there in the sky? Planets of the Solar System. Galaxies. The sun is like a celestial body. Mercury.
“Stars in the sky” - 6. Which planet is named after the Roman God of War. Let's look at the light again. They are called by our name, but they look like pots! Responsible editor of the atlas N. N. Sarvas. People have been trying to find out how many stars there are in the sky for a long time. The stars shine continuously. An average temperature star is yellow or orange in color.
“Why does the Sun shine during the day” - Stars. Surface temperature. Starry sky. Guess the riddle. Mastery of basic subject concepts. Moonless nights. Sun. Envelope. Why does the sun shine during the day? The stars twinkle in different colors. There are a lot of stars in the sky.
There are a total of 39 presentations in the topic
Existing hypotheses of the origin of the Universe
(1. Religious theories
2. Theories based on scientific factors
Classification of hypotheses for the origin of our world
Characteristic features of the most popular hypotheses
Cosmological eras
Creationism in Judaism
Creationism in Hinduism
Creationism in Buddhism
Creationism in Islam Kant's cosmological model
Emmanuel Kant argued,
that in having no beginning and end
ancient
And
exists
huge
Universe
infinite
number
opportunities thanks to which
light
Maybe
appear
biological product.
any
Coming soon
time, his hypothesis became a theory,
which by the beginning of the 20th century. was already considered
the only true one. Einstein's Model of the Universe (static Universe)
Universe
Einstein
had
finite dimensions, but at the same time it does not have
there were limits to what was possible only
case when space is curved, like
For example,
V
sphere.
So, the space in the model
Einstein
was
three-dimensional,
it
closed itself and was homogeneous, i.e.
it had no center or edges, and in it
The galaxies were evenly distributed. Expanding Universe Model (Universe
Friedman, non-stationary Universe)
In 1922, Soviet scientist A.A.
Friedman
developed
first
non-stationary model of the Universe. This
the theory does not contradict the general
theory of relativity, but if the Universe
expands, that was bound to happen
some event that led to the scattering
stars
And
galaxies.
reminded
explosion,
This
phenomenon
That's why
They called it the "Big Bang".
Very
scientists
And Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory is under construction
on the fact that matter and energy, from which
consists of everything that exists but the Universe, previously
were in a state characterized by
endless
temperature,
density
And
pressure. In this state there is no effect
one law of physics, and all that is currently
moment the Universe consists, was in
microscopically small particle, which in
some kind
moment
time
came
V
unstable condition, resulting in
The Big Bang occurred. Big bounce
Big Bang, considered
as a unique phenomenon, then
this theory is only one
link
from
chains
reactions,
V
as a result of which the Universe
constantly reproduces itself
myself. String theory and M-theory
According to M-theory, the physical world
consists of ten spatial and one
time dimension. In this world there are
spaces, so-called branes, one of
which is our Universe, consisting
from
three
spatial
World building levels:
1.Macroscopic level -
substance
2.Molecular level
3. Atomic level - protons,
neutrons and electrons
4. Subatomic level - electron
5. Subatomic level - quarks
6. String level
measurements. Big
explosion
-
cosmological
model,
describing the early development of the Universe, that is
the beginning of the expansion of the Universe, before which it
was in a singular state - a state
characterized by
endless
density
And
temperature of the substance. era
era
era
era
stars (6<η<14)
decay (15<η<39)
black holes (40<η<100)
eternal darkness (η>101)
* η as a decimal exponent of the age of the Universe in
years Current era, era
active birth of stars,
will end exactly at that moment
when the galaxies run out of everything
reserves of interstellar gas; V
this is the time they will finish their
path and low mass
stars - red dwarfs -
having completely exhausted their
combustion sources. Main objects
Universe - white and
brown dwarfs, and quite
some neutron stars and
black holes. Ordinary stars
no at all, they all got to
final stage of its
evolution: white dwarfs,
neutron stars, black
holes. All matter
represents the sea
elementary particles. AND
only in some corners
The universe continues
live neutron stars.
Come to the fore
black holes. This time is already without any energy sources.
The temperature is rapidly approaching
absolute zero. In the modern scientific world, the most recognized hypothesis remains
the emergence of the Universe, based on the Big Bang theory.
Collapsed stars. Composition of the Universe. The question of the real existence of black holes. Primitive black holes. Classification of dark matter. Difficulty. Region in space. Dark matter. History of ideas about black holes. Warm dark matter. Hot dark matter. Detection of black holes. Supermassive black holes. Black holes. Black holes and dark matter. Terrible experience. Cold dark matter.
“The first human spacewalks” - Preparation. Yuri Alekseevich. Laika is the first life in space. April 2, 2010 marks the 49th anniversary of the first human flight. The first experiments with sending dogs into space began in 1951. Career in the detachment after the flight. Cosmonautics Day. V.V. Tereshkova. In the cosmonaut corps. Flight on Vostok-6. Work to determine the reactions of a highly organized living being. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. Korolev and Gagarin.
“Life and Mind” - On the scale of the Universe, our Shakespeare will turn out to be a provincial poet, and Einstein will be a village wiseguy. If we are presented with everything new on a silver platter, we will lose the path of knowledge and the joy of discovery for a long time. There is a lot of evidence of hostile behavior of UFOs. Will a person then be able to preserve his inner core? After all, in the end the question is not who the aliens are, but who we are. What are all our great geographical discoveries worth compared to the upcoming expedition to Mars?
“Glushko” - Buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. The founder of the domestic rocket engine industry. Popular science and scientific works. He was the editor-in-chief of several editions of the Cosmonautics encyclopedia. Honorary citizen of 8 cities. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Appointed general designer. Arrested by the NKVD. Crater. Resolution of the Special Meeting. Glushko Valentin Petrovich.
“Giant Planets of the Solar System” - The Atmosphere of Neptune. Mimas. William Herschel. Inner small satellites. Temperature features of Jupiter. Flat ring shape. Satellites of Neptune. Phoebe. Satellites of Jupiter. What the giant planets have in common. Titanium. Prometheus and Pandora. Composition of the atmosphere of Uranus. Orbit and rotation of Uranus. Huygens and Cassini. Bands of Jupiter. Tethys. Brief description of Jupiter. Atmosphere of Saturn. Europe. Miranda. Neptune's internal warmth.
“50th anniversary of Gagarin’s flight” - The decision to sit somewhere away from the city in order to avoid the fuss. Preparation. Contenders for the first flight into space. Gagarin was picked up and the helicopter flew to the base at Engels airport. He was presented with a congratulatory telegram from the Soviet government. Gagarin gave interviews and was photographed. It was required that the astronaut be a member of the CPSU. Meeting on Earth. At 10:48, the radar of a nearby military airfield detected an unidentified target.
1 slide
2 slide
Universe The Universe is the entire existing material world, limitless in time and space and infinitely varied in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The part of the Universe covered by astronomical observations is called the Metagalaxy, or our Universe. The dimensions of the metagalaxy are very large: the radius of the cosmological horizon is 15-20 billion light years.
3 slide
The evolution of the structure of the Universe is associated with the emergence of clusters of galaxies, the separation and formation of stars and galaxies, and the formation of planets and their satellites. The Universe itself arose approximately 20 billion years ago from some dense and hot proto-matter. There is a point of view that from the very beginning protomatter began to expand at a gigantic speed. At the initial stage, this dense substance scattered in all directions and was a homogeneous seething mixture of unstable particles that constantly disintegrated upon collision. Cooling and interacting over millions of years, this entire mass of matter scattered in space was concentrated into large and small gas formations, which over the course of hundreds of millions of years, approaching and merging, turned into huge complexes. In these complexes, in turn, denser areas arose - stars and even entire galaxies subsequently formed there.
4 slide
The Origin of the Universe Whether the Universe is finite or infinite, what its geometry is - these and many other questions are related to the evolution of the Universe, in particular to the observed expansion. If the speed of the “expansion” of galaxies increases by 75 km/s for every million parsecs, then extrapolation to the past leads to an amazing result: approximately 10-20 billion years ago the entire Universe was concentrated in a very small area. Many scientists believe that at that time the density of the Universe was the same as that of an atomic nucleus: the Universe was one giant “nuclear drop”. For some reason, this “drop” became unstable and exploded. We are now observing the consequences of this explosion as systems of galaxies.
5 slide
Theories of the Origin of the Universe The Big Bang Theory Theory: “Endlessly pulsating Universe” Creationism Theory “Breaking of Vessels”
6 slide
The Big Bang Theory According to modern concepts, the Universe we now observe arose 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years ago from some initial singular state with gigantic temperature and density and has been continuously expanding and cooling since then. Recently, scientists have been able to determine that the expansion rate of the Universe, starting from a certain point in the past, is constantly increasing, which clarifies some concepts of the Big Bang theory.
7 slide
After the explosion, two types of matter were formed: substance and field. The first chemical elements are H, He, H2. H and He began to form condensations and stars formed from them. Heavier metals were formed in the interior of stars as a result of stellar nucleosynthesis. Elements heavier than Fe are formed during the explosion of novae and supernovae. At the site of the supernova remnant, new stars and their planetary systems are formed. More dense substances always form inner dwarf planets, less dense substances always form giant planets on the periphery of the system. As the Earth grew to its present mass, it warmed by decaying isotopes and by capturing kinetic energy from the collision of large debris. As a result of heating, Fe and Ni melted and sank into the center of the planet and formed the core. The remaining material formed the mantle (less hot). Cooled - the earth's crust.
8 slide
“Endlessly pulsating Universe” According to one of the alternative theories (the so-called “endlessly pulsating Universe”), the world has never arisen and will never disappear (or in another way it is born and dies an infinite number of times), but has periodicity, while the creation of the world is understood the starting point after which the world is built anew
Slide 9
Creationism Many creationists believe that there is no such fundamental contradiction between scientific and religious concepts as it seems at first glance. It is believed that many terms used in ancient religious texts should not be taken literally and that allowance must be made for the time and language used in antiquity and considered holistically. For example, the well-known biblical story about the 6 days of creation should be understood metaphorically, if only because, according to the same text, the Sun and Moon appeared only on the fourth day, which clearly indicates that at least all previous “days” ( and, possibly, subsequent ones) are not days in the generally accepted sense of the word and are not identical to days
10 slide
The theory of “breaking of vessels,” somewhat similar to the Big Bang theory in modern physics, was formulated by the medieval cabalist Isaac Luria. Creation did not begin with omnipotent God creating being out of nothing, but the process of creation is the result of a collapse and crisis in omnipotent God himself. And the purpose of creation is a way to correct it. In the Lurianic scenario, while God was working to create being, a catastrophe occurred. The divine rays that were the main components of creation were broken. As a result of this catastrophe, all the rays scattered and went into chaos. In this way, Lurianic Kabbalah differs from the biblical version of the creation of the world and is reminiscent of the “Big Bang” theory. Theory of “breaking blood vessels”
11 slide
In 1922-1924. Soviet mathematician A.A. Friedman proposed general equations to describe the entire Universe as it changes over time. Stellar systems cannot be located, on average, at constant distances from each other. They must either move away or come closer. This result is an inevitable consequence of the presence of gravitational forces, which dominate on a cosmic scale. Friedman's conclusion meant that the Universe must either expand or contract. This resulted in a revision of general ideas about the Universe. In 1929, the American astronomer E. Hubble (1889-1953), using astrophysical observations, discovered the expansion of the Universe, confirming the correctness of Friedman's conclusions.
12 slide
Further evolution of the Universe According to the Big Bang theory, further evolution depends on an experimentally measurable parameter - the average density of matter in the modern Universe. If the density does not exceed a certain (known from theory) critical value, the Universe will expand forever, but if the density is greater than the critical value, then the expansion process will someday stop and the reverse phase of compression will begin, returning to the original singular state. Modern experimental data regarding the average density are not yet reliable enough to make a clear choice between two options for the future of the Universe. There are a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot yet answer, but its main provisions are substantiated by reliable experimental data, and the modern level of theoretical physics makes it possible to quite reliably describe the evolution of such a system in time, with the exception of the very initial stage - about a hundredth of a second from “ the beginning of the world." It is important for the theory that this uncertainty at the initial stage actually turns out to be insignificant, since the state of the Universe formed after passing this stage and its subsequent evolution can be described quite reliably.
Universe The Universe is the entire existing material world, limitless in time and space and infinitely varied in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The part of the Universe covered by astronomical observations is called the Metagalaxy, or our Universe. The dimensions of the metagalaxy are very large: the radius of the cosmological horizon is billions of light years. The Universe is the entire existing material world, limitless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The part of the Universe covered by astronomical observations is called the Metagalaxy, or our Universe. The dimensions of the metagalaxy are very large: the radius of the cosmological horizon is billions of light years.
The evolution of the structure of the Universe is associated with the emergence of clusters of galaxies, the separation and formation of stars and galaxies, and the formation of planets and their satellites. The Universe itself arose approximately 20 billion years ago from some dense and hot proto-matter. There is a point of view that from the very beginning protomatter began to expand at a gigantic speed. At the initial stage, this dense substance scattered in all directions and was a homogeneous seething mixture of unstable particles that constantly disintegrated upon collision. Cooling and interacting over millions of years, this entire mass of matter scattered in space was concentrated into large and small gas formations, which over the course of hundreds of millions of years, approaching and merging, turned into huge complexes. In these complexes, in turn, denser areas arose - stars and even entire galaxies subsequently formed there. The evolution of the structure of the Universe is associated with the emergence of clusters of galaxies, the separation and formation of stars and galaxies, and the formation of planets and their satellites. The Universe itself arose approximately 20 billion years ago from some dense and hot proto-matter. There is a point of view that from the very beginning protomatter began to expand at a gigantic speed. At the initial stage, this dense substance scattered in all directions and was a homogeneous seething mixture of unstable particles that constantly disintegrated upon collision. Cooling and interacting over millions of years, this entire mass of matter scattered in space was concentrated into large and small gas formations, which over the course of hundreds of millions of years, approaching and merging, turned into huge complexes. In these complexes, in turn, denser areas arose - stars and even entire galaxies subsequently formed there.
The Origin of the Universe Whether the Universe is finite or infinite, what its geometry is - these and many other questions are related to the evolution of the Universe, in particular to the observed expansion. If the speed of the “expansion” of galaxies increases by 75 km/s for every million parsecs, then extrapolation to the past leads to an amazing result: approximately billions of years ago the entire Universe was concentrated in a very small area. Many scientists believe that at that time the density of the Universe was the same as that of an atomic nucleus: the Universe was one giant “nuclear drop”. For some reason, this “drop” became unstable and exploded. We are now observing the consequences of this explosion as systems of galaxies. Is the Universe finite or infinite, what is its geometry - these and many other questions are related to the evolution of the Universe, in particular to the observed expansion. If the speed of the “expansion” of galaxies increases by 75 km/s for every million parsecs, then extrapolation to the past leads to an amazing result: approximately billions of years ago the entire Universe was concentrated in a very small area. Many scientists believe that at that time the density of the Universe was the same as that of an atomic nucleus: the Universe was one giant “nuclear drop”. For some reason, this “drop” became unstable and exploded. We are now observing the consequences of this explosion as systems of galaxies.
The Big Bang Theory According to modern concepts, the Universe we now observe arose 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years ago from some initial singular state with gigantic temperature and density and has been continuously expanding and cooling since then. Recently, scientists have been able to determine that the expansion rate of the Universe, starting from a certain point in the past, is constantly increasing, which clarifies some concepts of the Big Bang theory. According to modern concepts, the Universe we now observe arose 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years ago from some initial singular state with gigantic temperature and density, and since then has been continuously expanding and cooling. Recently, scientists have been able to determine that the expansion rate of the Universe, starting from a certain point in the past, is constantly increasing, which clarifies some concepts of the Big Bang theory.
After the explosion, two types of matter were formed: substance and field. The first chemical elements are H, He, H2. H and He began to form condensations and stars formed from them. Heavier metals were formed in the interior of stars as a result of stellar nucleosynthesis. Elements heavier than Fe are formed during the explosion of novae and supernovae. At the site of the supernova remnant, new stars and their planetary systems are formed. More dense substances always form inner dwarf planets, less dense substances always form giant planets on the periphery of the system. As the Earth grew to its present mass, it warmed by decaying isotopes and by capturing kinetic energy from the collision of large debris. As a result of heating, Fe and Ni melted and sank into the center of the planet and formed the core. The remaining material formed the mantle (less hot). Cooled - the earth's crust.
Infinitely pulsating UniverseInfinitely pulsating Universe According to one of the alternative theories (the so-called “infinitely pulsating Universe”), the world has never arisen and will never disappear (or in another way it is born and dies an infinite number of times), but has periodicity, while the creation of the world is understood the starting point after which the world is built anew. According to one of the alternative theories (the so-called “endlessly pulsating Universe”), the world has never arisen and will never disappear (or, in another way, it is born and dies an infinite number of times), but has periodicity, and under creation world is understood as the starting point after which the world is built anew
Creationism Many creationists believe that there is no such fundamental contradiction between scientific and religious concepts as it seems at first glance. It is believed that many terms used in ancient religious texts should not be taken literally and that allowance must be made for the time and language used in antiquity and considered holistically. For example, the well-known biblical story about the 6 days of creation should be understood metaphorically, if only because, according to the same text, the Sun and Moon appeared only on the fourth day, which clearly indicates that at least all previous “days” ( and, possibly, subsequent ones) are not days in the generally accepted sense of the word and are not identical to days. Many creationists believe that there is no such fundamental contradiction between scientific and religious concepts as it seems at first glance. It is believed that many terms used in ancient religious texts should not be taken literally and that allowance must be made for the time and language used in antiquity and considered holistically. For example, the well-known biblical story about the 6 days of creation should be understood metaphorically, if only because, according to the same text, the Sun and Moon appeared only on the fourth day, which clearly indicates that at least all previous “days” ( and, possibly, subsequent ones) are not days in the generally accepted sense of the word and are not identical to days
The theory of “breaking of vessels,” somewhat similar to the Big Bang theory in modern physics, was formulated by the medieval cabalist Isaac Luria. The theory of “breaking of vessels,” somewhat similar to the Big Bang theory in modern physics, was formulated by the medieval cabalist Isaac Luria. Creation did not begin with the omnipotent God creating being out of nothing, but the process of creation is the result of a collapse and crisis in the omnipotent God himself. And the purpose of creation is a way to correct it. In the Lurianic scenario, while God was working to create being, a catastrophe occurred. The divine rays that were the main components of creation were broken. As a result of this catastrophe, all the rays scattered and went into chaos. In this way, Lurianic Kabbalah differs from the biblical version of the creation of the world and is reminiscent of the “Big Bang” theory. Vessel breaking theory
In Soviet mathematician A.A. Friedman proposed general equations to describe the entire Universe as it changes over time. Stellar systems cannot be located, on average, at constant distances from each other. They must either move away or come closer. This result is an inevitable consequence of the presence of gravitational forces, which dominate on a cosmic scale. Friedman's conclusion meant that the Universe must either expand or contract. This resulted in a revision of general ideas about the Universe. In 1929, the American astronomer E. Hubble (), using astrophysical observations, discovered the expansion of the Universe, confirming the correctness of Friedman's conclusions. In Soviet mathematician A.A. Friedman proposed general equations to describe the entire Universe as it changes over time. Stellar systems cannot be located, on average, at constant distances from each other. They must either move away or come closer. This result is an inevitable consequence of the presence of gravitational forces, which dominate on a cosmic scale. Friedman's conclusion meant that the Universe must either expand or contract. This resulted in a revision of general ideas about the Universe. In 1929, the American astronomer E. Hubble (), using astrophysical observations, discovered the expansion of the Universe, confirming the correctness of Friedman's conclusions.
Further evolution of the Universe According to the Big Bang theory, further evolution depends on the experimentally measurable parameter of the average density of matter in the modern Universe. If the density does not exceed a certain (known from theory) critical value, the Universe will expand forever, but if the density is greater than the critical value, then the expansion process will someday stop and the reverse phase of compression will begin, returning to the original singular state. Modern experimental data regarding the average density are not yet reliable enough to make a clear choice between two options for the future of the Universe. According to the Big Bang theory, further evolution depends on the experimentally measurable parameter of the average density of matter in the modern Universe. If the density does not exceed a certain (known from theory) critical value, the Universe will expand forever, but if the density is greater than the critical value, then the expansion process will someday stop and the reverse phase of compression will begin, returning to the original singular state. Modern experimental data regarding the average density are not yet reliable enough to make a clear choice between two options for the future of the Universe. There are a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot yet answer, but its main provisions are substantiated by reliable experimental data, and the modern level of theoretical physics makes it possible to quite reliably describe the evolution of such a system in time, with the exception of the very initial stage of the order of a hundredth of a second from the “beginning” peace." It is important for the theory that this uncertainty at the initial stage actually turns out to be insignificant, since the state of the Universe formed after passing this stage and its subsequent evolution can be described quite reliably. There are a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot yet answer, but its main provisions are substantiated by reliable experimental data, and the modern level of theoretical physics makes it possible to quite reliably describe the evolution of such a system in time, with the exception of the very initial stage of the order of a hundredth of a second from the “beginning” peace." It is important for the theory that this uncertainty at the initial stage actually turns out to be insignificant, since the state of the Universe formed after passing this stage and its subsequent evolution can be described quite reliably.
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