Recording dental formula graphic-digital system 87654321 12345678 V IV III II III IV V permanent teeth 5 temporary teeth V
Dental formula recording WHO international two-digit system 1 2 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 4 3 6 5 5 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65 permanent teeth 85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75 8 7 temporary teeth
Recording a dental formula C – caries P – pulpitis Pt – periodontitis P – filling O – missing tooth K – crown R – root
Prevalence of caries in persons who have been found to have certain manifestations of caries X total quantity 100% examined
Intensity of dental caries Intensity of dental caries permanent teeth The KPUz index is the sum of carious, filled and extracted teeth. The KPUp index is the sum of surfaces affected by caries, filled, and extracted teeth. O C P S Pt 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 O C 2 P 3 P KPUz = KPUp =
Intensity of dental caries Intensity of caries in temporary teeth KPZ index - the sum of teeth affected by caries and filled. The CAT index is the sum of surfaces affected by caries and filled. Р С 2 С С 55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65 85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75 О О Рt 3 кпз = кпз =
Intensity of dental caries during the period of mixed dentition Index KPUz + kpz - the sum of permanent and temporary teeth affected by caries, filled, extracted permanent teeth. Index KPUp+kpp - the sum of the surfaces of permanent and temporary teeth affected by caries, filled, extracted permanent teeth.
Intensity of dental caries O C P S 2 16 55 54 53 12 11 21 22 63 64 65 26 46 85 84 83 42 41 31 32 73 74 75 36 O C 2 O C P S 2 6 V IV III 2 1 1 2 III IV V 6 O C 2 KPUz+kpz = KPUp+kpp =
Levels of caries intensity according to WHO for 12-year-old children KPU = 0 – 1, 1 very low level KPU = 1, 2 – 2, 6 low level KPU = 2, 7 – 4, 4 medium level KPU = 4, 5 – 6, 5 high level KPU = 6, 6 and above – very high level
Human teeth are bone formations in the mouth, playing a major role in the processes of food processing, the formation of speech skills and a smile.
Types of teeth and their number
Normally, an adult has 28-32 teeth, each of which has its own purpose. It is customary to divide all teeth into temporary (baby) and permanent (molar). Each of the teeth belongs to one of four groups, depending on its functions. Belonging to one or another group is determined based on the shape of the tooth, its internal structure and places in the dentition.
Note! Teeth are the only organs in human body, which cannot be restored. Improper care And bad habits lead to tooth decay.
According to the functions they perform, teeth are divided into four types:
- incisors– necessary for a person to easily separate pieces of food;
- fangs– designed for crushing separated pieces;
- premolars– help to compress food as much as possible;
- molars– needed for chopping pieces of food.
Note! The largest of all the teeth in the jaw are the molars.
The teeth form two arches above and below. Each of them contains 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 small molars (premolars) and 6 large molars. Out of 6 molars, the norm can be only 4, since not all people have wisdom teeth.
The condition and health of the jaw elements has a direct impact on the digestive process. Thanks to the availability healthy teeth normal nutrition is carried out, affecting the growth of the body and its normal development.
Note! There are no medications in the world that can affect the shape of teeth, since it is genetically determined.
Names and formulas of teeth
When making a diagnosis, the dentist is guided by certain patterns and numbering of teeth. The numbers and letters reflect the order in which they are located, which makes it easier for dentists to make a diagnosis and determine the tooth that needs to be treated.
Special designations that are used to indicate the location of teeth are called a dental formula. Today, several recording systems for this scheme are actively used. Dental formula is the final result of jaw sanitation. Temporary teeth in the formula are represented by Roman numerals, and permanent teeth by Arabic numerals.
There is a universal dental chart, which is usually called the alphanumeric method. In the generally accepted formula, each type of tooth is designated in capital letters without specifying quantity:
- I – incisors;
- C – fangs;
- P – premolars;
- M – molars.
When treating children, lowercase letters will be used instead of capital letters. Arabic numerals indicate the location of the tooth in the row.
According to the schematic drawing, the formula looks like:
If you decipher the recording, it turns out that the patient has two pairs of incisors, one pair of canines on upper jaw, two pairs of premolars and three pairs of molars. This formula works to maintain a permanent 32 tooth bite.
Reasons for creating a dental formula
Human teeth, despite their visual similarity, have certain differences. Each tooth is individual and designed to perform its function. Dental numbering allows for maximum optimization of inspection oral cavity patient.
Clear and concise markings help to accurately record information in the patient's chart. In this case, the use of the same numbering system is observed. This is necessary so that the new doctor can decipher the medical history and past treatments that were performed by another dentist. Different dentists cannot use an individual calculation system, as this will change the patient's hospital history.
Numbering of teeth at dentists
In addition to the dental formula, dentists use special numbering. It starts from the middle of the row and moves towards different sides to the end of the jaw. For example, doctors call molars “eights” or “sixes.”
The first number is assigned to the two front teeth, and the formations immediately behind them are given the second number. Both canines, which are located behind the incisors, are numbered “threes”. The teeth following them are written in the form of numbers 4 and 5. The last three molars in the row have further serial numbers: 6, 7 and 8.
This numbering greatly simplifies the designation of teeth for dentists. But in addition to the number, the dentist needs to know in which segment of the jaw a certain tooth is located. To clarify records about the condition of the patient’s teeth, the entire jaw is virtually divided into four zones.
Note! The order of counting teeth starts from the upper arch of the jaw, starting from the right edge, and is carried out clockwise.
On the upper arc, tens are visualized from the beginning of the row, and the next zone at the top left is called twenties. The bottom of the jaw is marked according to the same principle: the teeth on the left are called thirty, and those on the other side are called forty. When diagnosing the oral cavity, the number of the zone in which it is located is added to the number of the tooth being examined. So each tooth is assigned a number.
The World Health Organization has developed its own form for recording dental formulas. In it, each tooth is designated by a number, as is each segment of the jaw. The entry looks like this:
Table 1. Dental formula according to the WHO method
Note! In the WHO formula, for convenience, the numbers increase clockwise.
Video - Anatomy of teeth
Numbering in pediatric dentistry
Due to the nuances of the anatomy of the children's jaw, numbering in dentistry for children is carried out differently. A child’s milk teeth, which usually appear between 4 months and six months, erupt simultaneously with the formation of the roots of permanent teeth. Because of this, on x-ray Both permanent and temporary teeth will be visible. The constants already have their own numbers, so children's teeth are counted from the next tens.
Note! To count temporary teeth in children, there is a special formula in which the letter N indicates the number of teeth, and n indicates the child’s age. The formula is as follows: N = n – 4
Understanding the numbering of teeth and deciphering the formula of adult teeth will help the patient better understand their dentist. With the help of generally accepted values, the meaning of treatment becomes clear and the diagnosis recorded in the hospital record is clarified.
A distinctive feature of the dental formula is the method of filling it out, the types and numbering of temporary and permanent teeth.
A dental formula is a special diagram in which the order of arrangement is fixed; in it, individual teeth or their groups are written in numbers or letters with numbers.
Adult dental formula
Dental formula of baby teeth
Group dental formulas
The above systems refer to complete dental formulas, in which each tooth of each half of the jaws is recorded. The group dental formula reflects the number of teeth in each group in the halves of the jaw; they are used in anatomical studies. An example of a group dental formula in an adult:
It is deciphered as follows: on the upper and lower jaw, on the right and left sides, there are two incisors, one canine, two premolars and three molars (there may be two molars, due to the retention of the “wisdom tooth”).
An example of a group formula for children with primary malocclusion:
It stands for this: on the upper and lower jaw, on the right and left, there are two incisors, one canine and two molars. The number 0 means that there are no premolars in the primary dentition.
Recording is also possible group dental formula using letters and numbers. According to it, each tooth is designated by the initial letter of its Latin name, but unlike the full dental formula, in in this case the number indicates the number of teeth in the group. Teeth in the permanent dentition are indicated in capital letters(I - incisors, C - canines, P - premolars, M - molars), and milk - lowercase (i - incisors, c - canines, m - molars).
In adults:
These schemes are used when teeth are preserved. In situations where teeth are missing, he suggests restoring them with crowns or making them. Fixed artificial teeth are marked as present tooth symbol K-crown or I-artificial.
There are several schemes for determining the identity of a tooth.
Zsigmondy scheme denotes permanent dentition teeth Arabic numerals along the four quadrants of the jaws, starting from the midline of the face. Thus, the formula of permanent teeth will look like:
American scheme provides for sequential numbering of teeth clockwise, starting from the right upper tooth wisdom, and ends with the right lower tooth wisdom. Thus, the first right molar will be number 3, and the first left molar will be number 14.
FDI (International Dental Federation) and WHO scheme. According to this scheme, each tooth has a two-digit designation: the first digit indicates the quadrant number (starting from the right top side), and the second is the number of the tooth in each quadrant (starting from the midline).
| Right side | Left side |
| quadrant 1 | quadrant 2 |
| 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 | 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 |
| 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 | 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 |
| quadrant 4 | quadrant 3 |
Temporary teeth
| Right side | Left side |
| Quadrant 1 (5) | Quadrant 2(6) |
| 55 54 53 52 51 | 61 62 63 64 65 |
| 85 84 83 82 81 | 71 72 73 74 75 |
| quadrant 4(8) | quadrant 3(7) |
The numbering of teeth in each quadrant begins with the central incisor and ends with the third molar. Also, each quadrant of the upper and lower jaw has a digital designation, which increases clockwise. Temporary teeth are numbered in quadrants 5,6,7,8.
The results of the examination of the dentition are recorded in the formula starting with the last molar of the upper jaw on the right, and ending with the last molar of the lower jaw on the right, i.e. in the same direction as the examination of the dentition.
To record the results of an examination of the dentition and an individual tooth, there are notations:
« ABOUT" – missing tooth, " WITH" - caries, " P" - seal, " R" - pulpitis, " Pt" – periodontitis, " R" - root, " TO" – crown, " AND» – artificial tooth, « I, II, III» – degree of tooth mobility
1. What is percussion? Comparative percussion?
2. How is palpation performed?
3. Dental formula according to WHO.
4. Rules for recording the examination in the dental formula.
5. What is a card dental patient?
Literature
1. Propaedeutic dentistry: A textbook for medical universities/ edited by E.A. Bazikyan. – M: GEOTAR-Media, 2008. – P. 3
2. Therapeutic dentistry: Textbook for students of medical universities / ed. HER. Borovsky. – M: Medical news agency, 2006. – S.
3. Practical therapeutic dentistry: Tutorial/ A.I. Nikolaev, L.M. Tsepov. – 6th ed., revised. and additional – M.: MED press-inform, 2007. – S.
TOPIC No. 2
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH METHODS: X-ray, ultrasound, EDI, MYOGRAPHY, CT, MRI, THERMAL VISIOGRAPHY.
Target: study additional methods examination of a dental patient: radiography, thermometry, EDI.
Thermometry – The method is based on the reaction of the dental pulp to temperature stimuli: cold and heat. Thermometry can be carried out using cold or warm water, air. Gutta-percha heating pluggers can be used to determine the reaction to hot foods.
X-ray examination:
Thick fabrics absorb x-rays, soft ones - pro-
Species x-ray examination:
· targeted dental (intraoral) radiographs (Fig. 1);
Figure 1
· panoramic radiographs;
· orthopantomogram (Fig. 2);
Figure 2
· radiovisiorgaf (less dose, but less sensor resolution).
X-ray research methods allow you to determine:
· Condition of teeth: position, condition of hard tooth tissues, root canals, roots, degree of formation
Condition around the apical tissues
· State bone tissue
Condition of the temporomandibular joint
Sinus condition
· Presence of neoplasms, sequestration
Dental formula- a brief description written in the form of special notations dental systems mammals and other heterodonts quadrupeds.
When recording a dental formula, abbreviated names of the types of teeth of the heterodont dental system are used: I (lat. dentes incisivi) - incisors; C (lat. d. canini) - fangs; P (lat. d. premolares) - premolars, or small molars, or premolars; M (lat. d. molares) - molars, or major molars, or molars. The abbreviated name of the type of teeth is followed by an indication of the number of pairs of teeth in this group: in numerator- top and in denominator- lower jaw.
A sample of a dental formula (using the example person):
This entry means: two pairs of incisors (I), one pair of canines (C), two pairs of molars (P) and three pairs of molars (M).
In addition to these main types of teeth, representatives of some groups of mammals have types that are characteristic only of them. These are intermediate (lat. d. intercalares, in) teeth shrews, corresponding presumably to poorly differentiated incisors, premolars and, probably, canines, and large premolars (lat. d. praemolares prominantes, PmP) teeth bats located between premolars and molars.
The dental formula is widely used in systematics vertebrates when compiling characteristics of groups of very different rank from detachments to subfamilies and even childbirth, since it allows a compact presentation of the main characteristics of the dental system.
In practical dentistry Such designations are rarely used, and the teeth of human jaws are simply numbered from incisors to molars (from 1 to 8).
All teeth are divided into 4 sectors (counterclockwise):
The teeth of the upper jaw are on the right (respectively, the central incisor is 11, the second incisor is 12, the canine is 13, the first premolar is 14, the second premolar is 15, the first molar is 16, the second molar is 17, the third molar or wisdom tooth is −18).
Upper jaw teeth on the left (21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, similar to the right side).
Lower jaw teeth on the left (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38).
Lower jaw teeth on the right (41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48).
For children's teeth, a similar numbering is used from 51 to 85, or they are indicated in Latin numerals.
Examples of dental formulas of permanent teeth of some mammals
|
Latin name |
Squad |
Family |
Dental formula |
|
|
Koala |
Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss, 1817 |
Two-incisor marsupials |
Koalas |
|
|
Kutora |
Neomys fodiens Schreber, 1776 |
Insectivores |
Shrews |
|
|
Ushan |
Plecotus auritus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Chiroptera |
Leather |
|
|
White hare |
Lepus timidus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Lagomorpha |
Zaitsevy |
|
|
Wolf |
Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Predatory |
Doggystyle |
|
|
Cat |
Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Predatory |
Felines |
|
|
Horse |
Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Odd-toed ungulates |
Equine |
|
|
Boar |
Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 |
Artiodactyls |
Pork |
|
|
Elk |
Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758 |
Artiodactyls |
Deer |
|
|
Large cattle |
Bos taurus taurus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Artiodactyls |
Bovids |
|
|
Mouse |
Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Rodents |
Mouse |
|
|
Elephant |
Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Proboscis |
Elephantids |
|
Dog teeth: 1, 2, 3 - incisors,
4 - fangs,
5 - premolars,
6 - molars
Incisors (lat. Dentes incisivi) - teeth, whose function is to bite off food.
The incisors are relatively sharp and located in the anterior part jaws. U person in the upper and lower jaws there are two central and two lateral incisors, of which the two central ones in the upper jaw are larger. Together with fangs The incisors form the front teeth. In different species mammals incisors during evolution have undergone various transformations. U elephants, for example, the upper incisors form tusks. U rodents And lagomorphs incisors are of particular importance and are one of the main distinguishing features of these orders. U ruminants there are no incisors in the upper jaw, and the opposite obstacle for the incisors of the lower jaw is sky.
Fangs- cone-shaped teeth, which serve to tear and hold food.
U person and others mammals fangs are located between incisors And molars.
In addition to participating in digestive system, fangs are also used by animals for defense.
In poisonous snake fangs are hollow inside and are used for excretion poison from poisonous glands.
Premolar, small molar tooth - (lat. premolar, dentes premolares) - one of two teeth located in the dentition of adults on both sides of the jaws behind the canines in front of the large molars.
Molars, better known as molars- teeth that serve mainly for the primary mechanical processing of food.
Teeth, present in the vast majority of mammals, are solid structures that develop from special connective tissue (mesodermal) cells - odontoblasts and consist mainly of calcium phosphate (apatite), i.e. chemical composition is very similar to bones. However, calcium phosphate crystallizes and combines with other substances in different ways, so that the result is the formation of various dental tissues - dentin, enamel and cementum. The tooth is primarily made up of dentin. (Elephant tusks and, accordingly, ivory are solid dentin; the small amount of enamel that initially covers the end of the tusk is quickly worn away.) The cavity in the center of the tooth contains a soft “pulp” that feeds it. connective tissue , blood vessels and nerves. Typically, the outward surface of the tooth is at least partially covered with a thin but extremely hard layer of enamel (the hardest substance in the body), which is formed by special cells - ameloblasts (adamantoblasts). The teeth of sloths and armadillos are devoid of it; on the teeth of the sea otter (sea otter) and spotted hyena, which have to regularly chew hard shells of mollusks or bones, its layer, on the contrary, is very thick. The tooth is attached to the cell on the jaw using cement, which in terms of hardness occupies an intermediate position between enamel and dentin. It may also be present inside the tooth itself and on its chewing surface, such as in horses. Mammalian teeth are generally divided into four groups according to their function and location: incisors, canines, premolars (molars, false molars, or premolars), and molars (molars). The incisors are located in the front of the mouth (on the intermaxillary bones of the upper jaw and, like all teeth in the lower jaw, on the dentary bones). They have cutting edges and simple conical roots. They serve mainly to hold food and bite off parts of it. Fangs (who have them) are usually long rods pointed at the end. As a rule, there are four of them (2 upper and lower), and they are located behind the incisors: the upper ones are in the front part of the maxillary bones. Fangs are used primarily for inflicting penetrating wounds in attack and defense, holding and carrying food. Premolars are located between the canines and molars. Some primitive mammals have four of them on each side of the upper and lower jaw (16 in total), but most groups during evolution have lost some of their false root teeth, and in humans, for example, there are only 8. Molars, located in the back of the jaws, along with premolars are combined into a group of cheek teeth. Its elements can vary in size and shape depending on the feeding pattern of the species, but usually have a wide, ribbed or tuberous chewing surface for crushing and grinding food. In piscivorous mammals, such as toothed whales, all teeth are almost identical, approaching a simple cone in shape. They are used only for catching and holding prey, which is either swallowed whole or pre-torn into pieces, but not chewed. Some mammals, notably sloths, toothed whales and the platypus, develop only one set of teeth throughout their lives (in the platypus this is only present during the embryonic stage) and are called monophyodonts. However, most animals are diphyodont, i.e. they have two changes of teeth - the first, temporary, called milk teeth, and the permanent one, characteristic of adult animals. Their incisors, canines and premolars are completely replaced once in a lifetime, and molars grow without milk precursors, i.e. in fact, they are a late developing part of the first change of teeth. Marsupials occupy an intermediate position between monophyodonts and diphyodonts, since they retain all the milk teeth except the removable fourth premolar. (In many of them, the third cheek tooth corresponds to this, since one premolar was lost during evolution.) Since the teeth are homologous in different species of mammals, i.e. identical in evolutionary origin (with rare exceptions, for example, river dolphins have more than a hundred teeth), each of them occupies a strictly defined position relative to the others and can be designated by a serial number. As a result, the dental set characteristic of a species can be easily written down in the form of a formula. Since mammals are bilaterally symmetrical animals, this formula is compiled only for one side of the upper and lower jaws, remembering that to calculate the total number of teeth it is necessary to multiply the corresponding numbers by two. Expanded formula (I - incisors, C - canines, P - premolars and M - molars, upper and mandible- numerator and denominator of the fraction) for a primitive set of six incisors, two canines, eight false roots and six molars is as follows:
(*2 = 44, total number of teeth).
However, an abbreviated formula is usually used, where only total number of each type of teeth. For the above primitive dental set, it looks like this:
<=""
div="" pagespeed_url_hash="3521456244">For a domestic cow that has no upper incisors or canines, the entry takes the following form:
<=""
div="" pagespeed_url_hash="3451387543">and in humans it looks like this:
<=""
div="" pagespeed_url_hash="3495707974">Since all types of teeth are arranged in the same order - I, C, P, M - dental formulas are often further simplified by omitting these letters. Then for a person we get:
<="" div="" pagespeed_url_hash="3086021326">Some teeth that perform special functions during evolution can undergo very strong changes. For example, in the order of carnivores (Carnivora), i.e. in cats, dogs, etc., the fourth upper premolar (designated P4) and the first lower molar (M1) are larger than all other cheek teeth and equipped with sharp, blade-like cutting edges. These teeth, called carnassial teeth, are located opposite each other and act like scissors, cutting the meat into pieces that are more convenient for the animal to swallow. System P4/M1 - hallmark order Carnivora, although its function can also be performed by other teeth. For example, the milk set of Carnivora does not contain molars, and only premolars (dP3/dP4) are used as carnivores, and in some representatives of the extinct order Creodonta two pairs of molars served for the same purpose - M1+2/M2+3.
TYPES OF TEETH. GRABING
TYPES OF TEETH. CUTTING
TYPES OF TEETH. PLANTERS
TYPES OF TEETH. COMPRESSING
TYPES OF TEETH. CRUSHING
TYPES OF TEETH. GRINDING
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