Cruel experiments on people were carried out not only in Nazi concentration camps. Succumbing to the excitement of the researcher, other scientists did things that Himmler’s associates could not even imagine. However, the data obtained were often large scientific interest.
Human experimentation and research ethics evolve over time. Often the victims of human experimentation were prisoners, slaves, or even family members. In some cases, doctors performed experiments on themselves when they did not want to risk the lives of others. In this article you can learn about the 10 most cruel and unethical experiments on people.
Stanford prison experiment.
The experiment is psychological research human reactions to restriction of freedom, to the conditions of prison life and to the influence of imposed social role on behavior. The experiment was conducted in 1971 by American psychologist Philip Zimbardo on the territory of Stanford University. Student volunteers played the roles of guards and prisoners and lived in a mock prison set up in the basement of the psychology department.
The prisoners and guards quickly adapted to their roles, and, contrary to expectations, real dangerous situations. Every third guard was found to have sadistic tendencies, and the prisoners were severely traumatized, and two were prematurely excluded from the experiment. The experiment was completed ahead of time.
“Monstrous” research.
In 1939, Wendell Johnson and his graduate student Mary Tudor from the University of Iowa conducted a shocking study involving 22 orphans from Davenport, Iowa. The children were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimenters told half of the children about how clearly and correctly they spoke.
The second half of the children were in for unpleasant moments: Mary Tudor, sparing no epithets, sarcastically ridiculed the slightest flaw in their speech, eventually calling them all pathetic stutterers. As a result of the experiment, many children who had never experienced problems with speech in their lives and, by the will of fate, ended up in the “negative” group, developed all the symptoms of stuttering, which persisted throughout their lives.
The experiment, later called “monstrous,” was hidden from the public for a long time for fear of harming Johnson’s reputation: similar experiments were later carried out on concentration camp prisoners in Nazi Germany. In 2001, the University of Iowa issued a formal apology to all those affected by the study.
Project 4.1
Project 4.1 is a secret medical study by the United States government on the inhabitants of the Marshall Islands, those who were exposed to radiation after the nuclear test at Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954. Americans did not expect such an effect from radioactive contamination: miscarriages and stillbirths among women doubled in the first five years. years after the ordeal, and many of those who survived soon developed cancer.
The US Department of Energy commented on the experiments: "...research on the effects of radiation on humans could be conducted in parallel with the treatment of radiation victims" and "... the population of the Marshall Islands was used as guinea pigs in the experiment."
Project MKULTRA.
Project MKULTRA is the code name of a secret program of the American CIA, which aimed to search and study means of manipulating consciousness, for example, for recruiting agents or for extracting information during interrogations, in particular, through the use of psychotropic chemicals (affecting human consciousness). The program has existed since the early 1950s and, according to at least, until the end of the 1960s, and in a number of indirect signs continued later. The CIA deliberately destroyed key files of the MKULTRA program in 1973, which significantly hampered the US Congress' investigation into its activities in 1975.
Participants in the experiments were continuously injected with chemicals or electrical shocks into a comatose state over several months and were forced to listen to tape-recorded sounds or simple repeated commands. The purpose of these experiments was to develop methods for erasing memory and completely remaking personality.
The experiments were usually carried out on people who came to the Allan Memorial Institute with minor problems such as anxiety neuroses or postpartum depression. Subsequently, the political scandal caused by the results of the MK-ULTRA parliamentary investigation influenced the adoption of significantly more strict laws, ensuring the receipt of " informed consent"in any experiments on people.
Project "Aversia".
In the South African army, from 1970 to 1989, a secret program was carried out to cleanse the army ranks of military personnel of non-traditional sexual orientation. All means were used: from electric shock treatment to chemical castration. The exact number of victims is unknown, however, according to army doctors, during the “purges” about 1,000 military personnel were subjected to various prohibited experiments on human nature. Army psychiatrists, on instructions from the command, were doing their best to “eradicate” homosexuals: those who did not respond to “treatment” were sent to shock therapy and forced to take hormonal drugs and even underwent gender reassignment surgery. In most cases, the “patients” were young white males between the ages of 16 and 24.
This “research” was led by Dr. Aubrey Levin, who is now a professor of psychiatry at the University of Calgary (Canada). Engaged in private practice.
North Korean experiments.
There have been many reports in the press about experiments on people in North Korea. These allegations of human rights abuses are denied by the North Korean government, which maintains that all prisoners in North Korea are treated humanely.
One former North Korean prisoner told how 50 healthy women forced to eat poisoned cabbage leaves, despite the cries of pain from those who had already eaten. After twenty minutes of vomiting blood and anal bleeding, all 50 women died. Refusal would mean reprisals against the families of prisoners.
Kwon Hyuk, the former head of the security prison, described a laboratory equipped with poisonous gas and instruments for experimenting on blood. Experiments were carried out in laboratories on people, usually entire families. After passing medical examinations, the chambers were sealed and poisonous gas was released into the chamber while "scientists" watched from above through the glass. Kwon Hyuk claims to have watched a family of 2 parents, a son and a daughter die from asphyxiating gas. Parents tried to the last to save their children, using artificial respiration mouth to mouth.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
The Tuskegee Study was a medical experiment that lasted from 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama. The study was conducted under the auspices of the Service public health USA and had the goal of studying all stages of syphilis in blacks. It was very controversial from an ethical point of view. By 1947, penicillin had become standard method treatment for syphilis, but patients were not informed about this. Instead, scientists continued their research, hiding information about penicillin from patients. In addition, the researchers ensured that study participants did not have access to syphilis treatment at other hospitals. The study continued until 1972, when leaks to the press led to its termination. As a result, many people suffered, many died from syphilis, infecting their wives and children born with congenital syphilis. This experiment has been called perhaps the most disgraceful biomedical research in American history.
Unit 731.
"Detachment 731" - a special detachment of Japanese armed forces, was engaged in research in the field of biological weapons in order to prepare for bacteriological warfare, experiments were carried out on living people (prisoners of war, kidnapped). Experiments were also conducted to determine the amount of time that a person can live under the influence of various factors(boiling water, drying, food deprivation, water deprivation, freezing, electric shock, vivisection of people, etc.). The victims were included in the detachment along with family members (including wives and children).
According to the recollections of the employees of Unit 731, during its existence, about three thousand people died within the walls of the laboratories. According to other sources, 10,000 people died, among them Red Army soldier Demchenko, Russian woman Maria Ivanova (killed on June 12, 1945 during an experiment in a gas chamber at the age of 35) and her daughter (at the age of four killed during an experiment along with mother.
Toxicological laboratory of the USSR state security agencies.
The toxicological laboratory of the NKVD-NKGB-MGB-KGB is a special secret research unit within the structure of the state security agencies of the USSR, engaged in research in the field of toxic substances and poisons.
In a number of publications devoted to the secret operations of the Soviet state security agencies, this laboratory is also called “Laboratory 1”, “Laboratory 12” and “Camera”. It is alleged that its employees were involved in the development and testing of toxic substances and poisons, as well as methods for their practical application. The effects of various poisons on humans and methods of their use were tested in the laboratory on prisoners sentenced to capital punishment.
Nazi experiments on people.
Nazi experiments on humans were a series of medical experiments carried out on large number prisoners in Nazi Germany at concentration camps during World War II.
Experiments on twin children concentration camps were started to discover the similarities and differences in the genetics of twins. The main figure in these experiments was Joseph Mengele, who experimented on more than 1,500 pairs of twins, of which only about 200 survived. Mengele conducted his experiments on twins in the Auschwitz concentration camp. The twins were classified according to their age and gender and housed in special barracks. The experiments included injections of various chemicals into the eyes of twins to see if it is possible to change eye color. Attempts have also been made to "sew" twins together to artificially create conjoined twins. Experiments with attempts to change eye color often ended severe pain, eye infection and temporary or permanent blindness.
Mengele also used the method of infecting one of the twins with infections and then dissecting both experimental subjects in order to examine and compare the affected organs.
In 1941, the Luftwaffe conducted a series of experiments to study hypothermia. In one experiment, a person was placed in a tank filled with cold water with ice. In another case, prisoners were kept naked outside for several hours in very cold temperatures. Experiments were carried out to discover in various ways save a person suffering from hypothermia.
From July 1942 to September 1943, experiments were carried out to study the effectiveness of sulfonamide - a synthetic antimicrobial agent. People were wounded and infected with bacteria such as streptococcus, tetanus or anaerobic gangrene. Blood circulation was stopped using tourniquets applied on both sides of the wound. Wood shavings or glass were also placed into the wound. The infection was treated with sulfonamide and other medications to determine their effectiveness.
Nowadays, there is an ethical code that limits the researcher’s capabilities and forces him to stay within ethical boundaries. Before World War II, this code did not exist, so researchers conducted various, sometimes terrible, experiments on people.
Auschwitz and others
During World War II, the Nazis carried out monstrous experiments on prisoners. To do this, they selected about one and a half thousand pairs of twins, some of which were sewn together in an attempt to create Siamese twins. Others had various substances injected into their eyes in an attempt to change their color. In other camps, prisoners were infected with various bacteria and infections and drugs were tested on them, which did not always help. They tried to treat others with ice water - they forced them to sit in it for several hours.
Stanford prison experiment
In 1971, in the Stanford Prison Experiment, the psychology department led by Philip Zimbardo studied social processes in groups. To do this, they created conditions as close as possible to prison ones: they equipped cells in the basement of the university, and divided the participants into guards and prisoners. The beginning of the experiment gave no cause for concern. Participants in the experiment perceived it as a game and only formally fulfilled the conditions. But after a few weeks, both groups of subjects became so accustomed to their roles that they began to behave inappropriately. The guards began to abuse the prisoners, and the prisoners suffered real psychological trauma, perceiving the experience as real life. As a result, scientists had to stop the experiment early.
Cotton's experiments
Psychiatrist Henry Cotton believed that the cause of madness was infection. In 1907 he headed mental asylum Trenton and began to practice the so-called “surgical bacteriology”. He believed that the source mental illness is in various organs and teeth, so he removed them from his patients. However, he did not limit himself to patients. He removed several teeth for himself, his wife and sons, and also removed a piece of the large intestine from one of the children. As a result of his experiments, 49 people died. Cotton argued that this was due to the fact that the patients were in the final stages of psychosis. After his death, these operations were no longer performed.
Mary Tudor Experiment
Back in 1939, a graduate student at the University of Iowa conducted an experiment on the orphans of the Davenport orphanage. She wanted to find out how evaluative judgments affected children's verbal fluency. To do this, she divided healthy orphans into 2 groups. She taught classes in both, but she praised, encouraged, and gave positive marks to the children from the first, while she mocked and criticized the children from the second. As a result, she found out that value judgments do influence children’s speech, but at the cost of this was terrible psychological trauma, from which many children never recovered. They developed speech disorders, methods for correcting which did not exist at that time. In 2001, the university publicly apologized for the experiment.
Vaccination
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a biological laboratory in the Philippine Science Bureau. Its leader, Richard Strong, experimented with vaccines. While trying to find a vaccine against cholera, he accidentally injected prisoners in a Manila prison with the virus. bubonic plague. As a result, 13 people died. For several years nothing was heard about him, but then he returned to science and began experimenting again, trying to find a vaccine, this time for the beriberi disease. Some of the people who were tested died, the rest received several packs of cigarettes as a reward for their suffering.
Syphilis in Guatemala
In 1946, the US government allocated money to scientists to study syphilis. Scientists decided to go on their own the simple way and deliberately infected soldiers, prisoners and the mentally ill by paying prostitutes for it. Scientists were trying to find out whether penicillin would help an already infected person. As a result, 1,300 people were infected, of which 83 died. This experiment became known only in 2010. After this, US President Barack Obama personally apologized to the Guatemalans and their president.
Shock therapy
In the 1940s, psychiatrist Lauretta Bender studied children's cognitive abilities. She created a Gestalt test named after her last name. But this seemed not enough to her, and she came up with the disease “childhood schizophrenia,” which she tried to treat with shock therapy. But this was not enough for her. She injected children with LSD and psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug, in adult dosages. Subsequently, she assured that she managed to cure almost all the children. And only a few of them relapsed.
Unit 731
Members of a special unit of the Japanese armed forces conducted experiments with chemical and biological weapons. In addition, military doctors also experimented on people: they amputated their organs and limbs, swapped them, raped them and infected them with various diseases, including sexual ones, and opened them without anesthesia in order to look at the consequences. In the end, no one was punished.
We can all agree that the Nazis did terrible things during World War II. The Holocaust was perhaps their most famous crime. But terrible and inhuman things happened in the concentration camps that most people did not know about. Prisoners of the camps were used as test subjects in a variety of experiments, which were very painful and usually resulted in death.
Experiments with blood clotting
Dr. Sigmund Rascher conducted blood clotting experiments on prisoners in the Dachau concentration camp. He created a drug, Polygal, which included beets and apple pectin. He believed that these tablets could help stop bleeding from battle wounds or during surgical operations.
Each test subject was given a tablet of this drug and shot in the neck or chest to test its effectiveness. Then the prisoners' limbs were amputated without anesthesia. Dr. Rusher created a company to produce these pills, which also employed prisoners.
Experiments with sulfa drugs 
In the Ravensbrück concentration camp, the effectiveness of sulfonamides (or sulfonamide drugs) was tested on prisoners. Subjects were given incisions on the outside of their calves. Doctors then rubbed a mixture of bacteria into open wounds and sewed them up. To simulate combat situations, glass shards were also inserted into the wounds.
However, this method turned out to be too soft compared to the conditions at the fronts. To simulate gunshot wounds blood vessels bandaged on both sides to stop blood circulation. The prisoners were then given sulfa drugs. Despite the advances made in the scientific and pharmaceutical fields due to these experiments, prisoners suffered terrible pain, which led to severe injury or even death.
Freezing and hypothermia experiments 
The German armies were ill-prepared for the cold they faced on Eastern Front and from which thousands of soldiers died. As a result, Dr. Sigmund Rascher conducted experiments in Birkenau, Auschwitz and Dachau to find out two things: the time required for body temperature to drop and death, and methods for reviving frozen people.
Naked prisoners were either placed in a barrel of ice water or forced outside in sub-zero temperatures. Most of the victims died. Those who had just lost consciousness were subjected to painful revival procedures. To revive the test subjects, they were placed under lamps. sunlight, who burned their skin, forced them to copulate with women, injected boiling water inside them or placed them in baths with warm water(which turned out to be the most effective method).
Experiments with incendiary bombs 
During three months in 1943 and 1944, Buchenwald prisoners were tested for effectiveness pharmaceuticals from phosphorus burns caused by incendiary bombs. The test subjects were specially burned with the phosphorus composition from these bombs, which was very painful procedure. Prisoners received serious injuries during these experiments.
Experiments with sea water
Experiments were carried out on prisoners at Dachau to find ways to turn sea water into drinking water. The subjects were divided into four groups, whose members did without water, drank sea water, drank seawater treated according to the Burke method, and drank seawater without salt.
Subjects were given food and drink assigned to their group. Prisoners who received seawater of one kind or another eventually began to suffer from severe diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations, went crazy and eventually died.
In addition, subjects underwent liver needle biopsies or lumbar punctures to collect data. These procedures were painful and in most cases resulted in death.
Experiments with poisons 
At Buchenwald, experiments were conducted on the effects of poisons on people. In 1943, prisoners were secretly injected with poisons.
Some died themselves from poisoned food. Others were killed for the sake of dissection. A year later, prisoners were shot with bullets filled with poison to speed up the collection of data. These test subjects experienced terrible torture.
Experiments with sterilization 
As part of the extermination of all non-Aryans, Nazi doctors conducted mass sterilization experiments on prisoners of various concentration camps in search of the least labor-intensive and cheapest method of sterilization.
In one series of experiments for blocking fallopian tubes V reproductive organs women were injected with a chemical irritant. Some women have died after this procedure. Other women were killed for autopsies.
In a number of other experiments, prisoners were exposed to strong X-rays, which resulted in severe burns on the abdomen, groin and buttocks. They were also left with incurable ulcers. Some test subjects died.
Experiments on bone, muscle and nerve regeneration and bone transplantation 
For about a year, experiments were carried out on prisoners in Ravensbrück to regenerate bones, muscles and nerves. Nerve surgeries involved removing segments of nerves from the lower extremities.
Experiments with bones included breaking and setting bones in several places on lower limbs. The fractures were not allowed to heal properly because doctors needed to study the healing process and also test various methods healing.
Doctors also removed many fragments of the tibia from test subjects to study bone tissue regeneration. Bone transplants included transplanting fragments of the left tibia onto the right and vice versa. These experiments caused unbearable pain to the prisoners and caused them severe injuries.
Experiments with typhus 
From the end of 1941 to the beginning of 1945, doctors carried out experiments on prisoners of Buchenwald and Natzweiler in the interests of the German armed forces. They tested vaccines against typhus and other diseases.
Approximately 75% of test subjects received trial vaccines against typhus or other chemical substances. They were injected with the virus. As a result, more than 90% of them died.
The remaining 25% of experimental subjects were injected with the virus without any prior protection. Most of them did not survive. Doctors also conducted experiments related to yellow fever, smallpox, typhoid and other diseases. Hundreds of prisoners died and many more suffered as a result. unbearable pain.
Twin experiments and genetic experiments 
The goal of the Holocaust was the elimination of all people of non-Aryan origin. Jews, blacks, Hispanics, homosexuals and other people who did not meet certain requirements were to be exterminated so that only the "superior" Aryan race remained. Genetic experiments were carried out to provide the Nazi Party scientific evidence superiority of the Aryans.
Dr. Josef Mengele (also known as the "Angel of Death") was greatly interested in twins. He separated them from the rest of the prisoners upon their arrival at Auschwitz. Every day the twins had to donate blood. The actual purpose of this procedure is unknown.
Experiments with twins were extensive. They had to be carefully examined and every inch of their body measured. Comparisons were then made to determine hereditary traits. Sometimes doctors performed massive blood transfusions from one twin to the other.
Since people of Aryan origin mostly had Blue eyes, to create them, experiments were carried out with chemical drops or injections into the iris of the eye. These procedures were very painful and led to infections and even blindness.
Injections and lumbar punctures were done without anesthesia. One twin was specifically infected with the disease, and the other was not. If one twin died, the other twin was killed and studied for comparison.
Amputations and organ removals were also performed without anesthesia. Most twins who ended up in concentration camps died in one way or another, and their autopsies were the last experiments.
Experiments with high altitudes 
From March to August 1942, prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp were used as test subjects in experiments to test human endurance at high altitudes. The results of these experiments were supposed to help the German air force.
The test subjects were placed in a low-pressure chamber in which atmospheric conditions were created at altitudes of up to 21,000 meters. Most of the test subjects died, and the survivors suffered from various injuries from being at high altitudes.
Experiments with malaria 
For more than three years, more than 1,000 Dachau prisoners were used in a series of experiments related to the search for a cure for malaria. Healthy prisoners became infected with mosquitoes or extracts from these mosquitoes.
Prisoners who fell ill with malaria were then treated various drugs to test their effectiveness. Many prisoners died. The surviving prisoners suffered greatly and basically became disabled for the rest of their lives.
We can all agree that the Nazis did terrible things during World War II. The Holocaust was perhaps their most famous crime. But terrible and inhuman things happened in the concentration camps that most people did not know about. Prisoners of the camps were used as test subjects in a variety of experiments, which were very painful and usually resulted in death.Experiments with blood clotting
Dr. Sigmund Rascher conducted blood clotting experiments on prisoners in the Dachau concentration camp. He created a drug, Polygal, which included beets and apple pectin. He believed that these tablets could help stop bleeding from battle wounds or during surgery.
Each test subject was given a tablet of this drug and shot in the neck or chest to test its effectiveness. Then the prisoners' limbs were amputated without anesthesia. Dr. Rusher created a company to produce these pills, which also employed prisoners.
Experiments with sulfa drugs
In the Ravensbrück concentration camp, the effectiveness of sulfonamides (or sulfonamide drugs) was tested on prisoners. Subjects were given incisions on the outside of their calves. Doctors then rubbed a mixture of bacteria into the open wounds and stitched them up. To simulate combat situations, glass shards were also inserted into the wounds.
However, this method turned out to be too soft compared to the conditions at the fronts. To simulate gunshot wounds, blood vessels were ligated on both sides to stop blood circulation. The prisoners were then given sulfa drugs. Despite the advances made in the scientific and pharmaceutical fields due to these experiments, prisoners suffered terrible pain, which led to severe injury or even death.
Freezing and hypothermia experiments
The German armies were ill-prepared for the cold they faced on the Eastern Front, from which thousands of soldiers died. As a result, Dr. Sigmund Rascher conducted experiments in Birkenau, Auschwitz and Dachau to find out two things: the time required for body temperature to drop and death, and methods for reviving frozen people.
Naked prisoners were either placed in a barrel of ice water or forced outside in sub-zero temperatures. Most of the victims died. Those who had just lost consciousness were subjected to painful revival procedures. To revive the subjects, they were placed under sunlight lamps that burned their skin, forced to copulate with women, injected with boiling water, or placed in baths of warm water (which turned out to be the most effective method).
Experiments with incendiary bombs
For three months in 1943 and 1944, Buchenwald prisoners were tested on the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals against phosphorus burns caused by incendiary bombs. The test subjects were specially burned with the phosphorus composition from these bombs, which was a very painful procedure. Prisoners suffered serious injuries during these experiments.
Experiments with sea water
Experiments were carried out on prisoners at Dachau to find ways to turn sea water into drinking water. The subjects were divided into four groups, the members of which went without water, drank sea water, drank sea water treated according to the Burke method, and drank sea water without salt.
Subjects were given food and drink assigned to their group. Prisoners who received seawater of one kind or another eventually began to suffer from severe diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations, went crazy and eventually died.
In addition, subjects underwent liver needle biopsies or lumbar punctures to collect data. These procedures were painful and in most cases resulted in death.
Experiments with poisons
At Buchenwald, experiments were conducted on the effects of poisons on people. In 1943, prisoners were secretly injected with poisons.
Some died themselves from poisoned food. Others were killed for the sake of dissection. A year later, prisoners were shot with bullets filled with poison to speed up the collection of data. These test subjects experienced terrible torture.
Experiments with sterilization
As part of the extermination of all non-Aryans, Nazi doctors conducted mass sterilization experiments on prisoners of various concentration camps in search of the least labor-intensive and cheapest method of sterilization.
In one series of experiments, a chemical irritant was injected into women's reproductive organs to block the fallopian tubes. Some women have died after this procedure. Other women were killed for autopsies.
In a number of other experiments, prisoners were exposed to strong X-rays, which resulted in severe burns on the abdomen, groin and buttocks. They were also left with incurable ulcers. Some test subjects died.
Experiments on bone, muscle and nerve regeneration and bone transplantation
For about a year, experiments were carried out on prisoners in Ravensbrück to regenerate bones, muscles and nerves. Nerve surgeries involved removing segments of nerves from the lower extremities.
Experiments with bones involved breaking and setting bones in several places on the lower limbs. The fractures were not allowed to heal properly because doctors needed to study the healing process as well as test different healing methods.
Doctors also removed many fragments of the tibia from test subjects to study bone tissue regeneration. Bone transplants included transplanting fragments of the left tibia onto the right and vice versa. These experiments caused unbearable pain and severe injuries to the prisoners.
Experiments with typhus
From the end of 1941 to the beginning of 1945, doctors carried out experiments on prisoners of Buchenwald and Natzweiler in the interests of the German armed forces. They tested vaccines against typhus and other diseases.
Approximately 75% of test subjects were injected with trial typhus vaccines or other chemicals. They were injected with the virus. As a result, more than 90% of them died.
The remaining 25% of experimental subjects were injected with the virus without any prior protection. Most of them did not survive. Doctors also conducted experiments related to yellow fever, smallpox, typhoid, and other diseases. Hundreds of prisoners died, and many more suffered unbearable pain as a result.
Twin experiments and genetic experiments
The goal of the Holocaust was the elimination of all people of non-Aryan origin. Jews, blacks, Hispanics, homosexuals and other people who did not meet certain requirements were to be exterminated so that only the "superior" Aryan race remained. Genetic experiments were carried out to provide the Nazi Party with scientific evidence of Aryan superiority.
Dr. Josef Mengele (also known as the "Angel of Death") was greatly interested in twins. He separated them from the rest of the prisoners upon their arrival at Auschwitz. Every day the twins had to donate blood. The actual purpose of this procedure is unknown.
Experiments with twins were extensive. They had to be carefully examined and every inch of their body measured. Comparisons were then made to determine hereditary traits. Sometimes doctors performed massive blood transfusions from one twin to the other.
Since people of Aryan origin mostly had blue eyes, experiments were done with chemical drops or injections into the iris to create them. These procedures were very painful and led to infections and even blindness.
Injections and lumbar punctures were done without anesthesia. One twin was specifically infected with the disease, and the other was not. If one twin died, the other twin was killed and studied for comparison.
Amputations and organ removals were also performed without anesthesia. Most twins who ended up in concentration camps died in one way or another, and their autopsies were the last experiments.
Experiments with high altitudes
From March to August 1942, prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp were used as test subjects in experiments to test human endurance at high altitudes. The results of these experiments were supposed to help the German air force.
The test subjects were placed in a low-pressure chamber in which atmospheric conditions were created at altitudes of up to 21,000 meters. Most of the test subjects died, and the survivors suffered from various injuries from being at high altitudes.
Experiments with malaria
For more than three years, more than 1,000 Dachau prisoners were used in a series of experiments related to the search for a cure for malaria. Healthy prisoners became infected with mosquitoes or extracts from these mosquitoes.
Prisoners who fell ill with malaria were then treated with various drugs to test their effectiveness. Many prisoners died. The surviving prisoners suffered greatly and basically became disabled for the rest of their lives.
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Ethics scientific research was updated after the end of World War II. In 1947, the Nuremberg Code was developed and adopted, which continues to protect the well-being of research participants. However, previously scientists did not hesitate to experiment on prisoners, slaves, and even members of their own families, violating all human rights. This list contains the most shocking and unethical cases.
10. Stanford Prison Experiment
In 1971, a team of Stanford University scientists led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo conducted a study of human reactions to restrictions on freedom in prison conditions. As part of the experiment, volunteers had to play the roles of guards and prisoners in the basement of the Faculty of Psychology building, equipped as a prison. The volunteers quickly got used to their duties, however, contrary to the predictions of scientists, terrible and dangerous incidents began to occur during the experiment. A third of the “guards” showed pronounced sadistic tendencies, while many “prisoners” were psychologically traumatized. Two of them had to be excluded from the experiment ahead of time. Zimbardo, concerned about the antisocial behavior of the subjects, was forced to stop the study early.
9. Monstrous experiment
In 1939, a graduate student at the University of Iowa, Mary Tudor, under the guidance of psychologist Wendell Johnson, performed an equally shocking experiment on the orphans of the Davenport orphanage. The experiment was devoted to studying the influence of value judgments on children's speech fluency. The subjects were divided into two groups. During the training of one of them, Tudor gave positive assessments and praised her in every possible way. She subjected the speech of children from the second group to severe criticism and ridicule. The experiment ended disastrously, which is why it later got its name. Many healthy children did not recover from the injury and suffered from speech problems throughout their lives. A public apology for the Monstrous Experiment was made by the University of Iowa only in 2001.
8. Project 4.1
The medical study, known as Project 4.1, was carried out by US scientists on residents of the Marshall Islands who became victims of radioactive contamination after the explosion of the American thermonuclear device Castle Bravo in the spring of 1954. In the first 5 years after the disaster on Rongelap Atoll, the number of miscarriages and stillbirths doubled, and developmental disorders appeared in surviving children. Over the next decade, many of them developed cancer. thyroid gland. By 1974, a third had developed neoplasms. As experts later concluded, the goal medical program The local residents of the Marshall Islands were helped by using them as guinea pigs in a “radioactive experiment.”
7. Project MK-ULTRA
The secret CIA program MK-ULTRA to research means of mind manipulation was launched in the 1950s. The essence of the project was to study the influence of various psychotropic substances on human consciousness. The participants in the experiment were doctors, military personnel, prisoners and other representatives of the US population. The subjects, as a rule, did not know that they were being injected with drugs. One of the CIA's secret operations was called "Midnight Climax". In several brothels in San Francisco, male test subjects were selected, injected with LSD into their bloodstreams, and then filmed for study. The project lasted at least until the 1960s. In 1973, the CIA destroyed most of the MK-ULTRA program documents, causing significant difficulties in the subsequent US Congressional investigation into the matter.
6. Project "Aversia"
From the 70s to the 80s of the 20th century, an experiment was conducted in the South African army aimed at changing the gender of soldiers with non-traditional sexual orientation. During the top-secret Operation Aversia, about 900 people were injured. Suspected homosexuals were identified by army doctors with the assistance of priests. In a military psychiatric ward, subjects were subjected to hormone therapy and electric shock. If soldiers could not be “cured” in this way, they faced forced chemical castration or sex reassignment surgery. The "aversion" was led by psychiatrist Aubrey Levin. In the 90s, he immigrated to Canada, not wanting to stand trial for the atrocities he committed.
5. Experiments on people in North Korea
North Korea has repeatedly been accused of conducting research on prisoners that violates human rights, however, the country's government denies all accusations, saying that the state treats them humanely. However, one of the former prisoners told the shocking truth. Before the eyes of the prisoner, a terrible, if not terrifying, experience appeared: 50 women, under the threat of reprisals against their families, were forced to eat poisoned cabbage leaves and died, suffering from bloody vomiting and rectal bleeding to the accompaniment of the screams of other victims of the experiment. There are eyewitness accounts of special laboratories equipped for experiments. Entire families became their targets. After standard medical examination the chambers were sealed and filled with asphyxiating gas, and the “researchers” watched through the glass from above as parents tried to save their children, giving them artificial respiration as long as they had strength left.
4. Toxicological laboratory of the USSR special services
A top-secret scientific unit, also known as the "Chamber", under the leadership of Colonel Mayranovsky, was engaged in experiments in the field of toxic substances and poisons such as ricin, digitoxin and mustard gas. Experiments were carried out, as a rule, on prisoners sentenced to capital punishment. Poisons were served to subjects under the guise of medicine along with food. The main goal of scientists was to find an odorless and tasteless toxin that would not leave traces after the death of the victim. Ultimately, scientists were able to discover the poison they were looking for. According to eyewitness accounts, after taking C-2, the test subject weakened, became quiet, as if he was shrinking, and died within 15 minutes.
3. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
The infamous experiment began in 1932 in the Alabama town of Tuskegee. For 40 years, scientists literally refused to treat patients with syphilis in order to study all stages of the disease. The victims of the experiment were 600 poor African-American sharecroppers. The patients were not informed about their illness. Instead of a diagnosis, doctors told people that they had " bad blood", and offered free food and treatment in exchange for participation in the program. During the experiment, 28 men died from syphilis, 100 from subsequent complications, 40 infected their wives, 19 children received a congenital disease.
2. "Unit 731"
Employees special squad Japanese armed forces under the leadership of Shiro Ishii were engaged in experiments in the field of chemical and biological weapons. In addition, they are responsible for the most horrific experiments on people that history knows. The detachment's military doctors opened up living test subjects, amputated the limbs of prisoners and sewed them to other parts of the body, and deliberately infected men and women venereal diseases through rape in order to subsequently study the consequences. The list of Unit 731 atrocities is enormous, but many of its employees were never punished for their actions.
1. Nazi experiments on people
Medical experiments carried out by the Nazis during World War II claimed a huge number of lives. In concentration camps, scientists carried out the most sophisticated and inhumane experiments. At Auschwitz, Dr. Josef Mengele conducted studies of more than 1,500 pairs of twins. Various chemicals were injected into test subjects' eyes to see if their color would change, and in an attempt to create conjoined twins, test subjects were stitched together. Meanwhile, the Luftwaffe tried to find a way to treat hypothermia by forcing prisoners to lie in icy water for several hours, and at the Ravensbrück camp, researchers deliberately wounded prisoners and infected them with infections in order to test sulfonamides and other drugs.
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