Why are airplanes needed?

He's in the vast ocean The cloud touches the wing. Will unfold over the meadows - Shines silver.

Aircraft - These are aircraft for flight using engines and wings. These are necessary cars: they carry people, deliver heavy loads. All planes together are called aviation.

Airplanes are air transport. They are built to transport passengers and cargo. Military aircraft are needed for protection

country and its citizens.

Man has always dreamed of rising into the sky and flying like a bird.

People invented aircraft, which gradually became more complex, reliable and convenient. How did it all begin?

In France in 1783 brothers Joseph and Etienne MONTGOLFIER launched the first hot air balloon filled with hot smoke. The passengers were a sheep, a rooster and a duck. The flight lasted 8 minutes.

And the first people to fly were two Frenchmen: François Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d ’ Arlen. On November 21, 1783, they flew over Paris for 25 minutes in a hot air balloon.

In Russia over problems

Naval officer A.F. Mozhaisky worked long and hard for human flight.

In Krasnoe Selo, near St. Petersburg, a wooden sloping flooring was built, along which, like on a runway, the plane was supposed to accelerate.

Nearby stood a wooden barn, where Mozhaisky and his mechanic assembled and adjusted the aircraft.

Alexander Fedorovich

Mozhaisky

And then came a fine July morning in 1882. On the take-off platform there is a never-before-seen apparatus, with wide, rectangular-shaped wings.

The plane took off and ran along the inclined flooring, picking up speed. So he took off from the launch pad and hung in the air for a moment, but then he leaned to one side and fell to the ground, breaking his wing...

And yet, despite the failure, it was a victory. A person's victory over himself.

And in Russia aviation thought continued to develop.

At its head was Professor Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky.

Zhukovsky, with his tireless research, proved that flights of heavier-than-air vehicles are not only possible, but also inevitable, because the entire path of technological development leads to this.

Nikolai Egorovich

Zhukovsky

Thanks to wings the plane stays in the air. How does this happen?

Engine gives the winged car greater speed. The higher it is, the stronger the oncoming air flow. The flow seems to dive under the wing, pressing on it from below. This creates a lifting force that lifts the plane off the ground and keeps it in the air.

The rear of the aircraft is equipped empennage , which gives the car stability. Both the wing and tail are attached to body airplane - fuselage . It contains the cockpit, aircraft control mechanisms, a passenger compartment, and cargo compartments.

According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into civilian And military .

CIVIL AIRCRAFT

TRANSPORT

AIRCRAFT passenger, cargo-passenger, cargo

EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING

AIRCRAFT

TOURIST

AIRCRAFT

SPORTS

AIRCRAFT

AGRICULTURAL

AIRCRAFT

did you talk today?

Subject: Why are airplanes built?

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

Introduce children to the purpose and structure of aircraft;

Give historical information about the first aircraft.

Educational:

Develop the ability to compare and describe vehicles.

Develop students' thinking and imagination.

Educational:

Foster curiosity and interest in reading additional literature about air vehicles and their history.

Equipment. Textbook "The World Around Us", first grade. A.A. Pleshakov. Models of airplanes and helicopters. Drawings of fabulous aircraft, colored pencils.

Demo material:computer, interactive whiteboard.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

The bell rang for class. Good afternoon, children.

May this day bring us the joy of communication.

Fill your heart with noble feelings.

Today, what date? What day of the week? What is the name of the subject we are studying?

II. Repetition of learned material

1. The Wise Turtle wants to check how well we know the world around us, and has prepared tasks. Now, I’m reading the sentence, if you agree with what is said, clap, if not, stomp.

The earth is saucer shaped (No)

Saturday will come after Thursday (No) And when will Saturday come? (After Friday)

Summer will come after autumn (No) And when? (After spring)

Woodpecker, tit, owl are migratory birds. (No)

The Sun is the star farthest from Earth. (No. The closest)

Stars are huge flaming balls. (Yes)

The Moon does not emit light, but reflects the light of the Sun. (Yes)

Clouds are made up of heavy water droplets. (Yes)

Headlights, seat belts, seats are parts of a bicycle. (No)

Parts of which vehicle did I name? (Car.)

Well done. The Wise Turtle is pleased with you. She suggests remembering what means of transportation we used to travel. The riddles that will appear on the screen will help us with this.

Doesn't fly, doesn't buzz,
A beetle is running down the street
And they burn in the beetle's eyes
Two shiny lights. (Automobile)

The earth is shaking, the strong man is running.
He pulls along
The tail is huge and steel.(Train)

Running on the water soon
Without oars or motor.(sailboat)

I am at any time of the year
And in any bad weather
Very fast at any hour
I'll take you underground.(Metro)

How to call a car, train, metro, ship (transport) in one word. - What kind of transport is there? (city, passenger, cargo, water...)

2.Together with the Wise Turtle, today we will go on a journey in a new vehicle. By guessing the keyword in the crossword puzzle, you will find out what kind of vehicle it is.

1. Part of a bicycle wheel. ( Spoke. )
2. Lighting device on a car. ( Headlight. )
3. Underground train. ( Metro. )
4. It is controlled by a captain. ( Ship. )
5. You need it to drive the car. ( Steering wheel. )
6. There are four of them near the car, two near the bicycle and many near the train. ( Wheels. )
7. Yu.A. Gagarin went into space for the first time on it. ( Rocket. )

Right. Who remembers what a significant date was in April? (On April 12, the whole country celebrated the 55th anniversary of human space flight.) What was the keyword? (airplane)

III. Lesson topic message

So, we are going on a trip by plane and will look for the answer to the question of the Wise Turtle, “Why do planes exist?”

You brought your favorite airplane toys and crafts from home. Tell us about them. What group can they be combined into? Why are they being built?

To find out what other airplanes there are, open the textbook on page 66. Look at the various modern airplanes in the illustration. Read, what types of planes are there? What is each plane needed for? (Passenger planes carry passengers, cargo planes carry cargo, the military needs our army to protect the air borders of our Motherland, sports planes need to participate in sporting competitions)

IV. Physical education minute

Let's try to build our own airplanes during physical education.

We put our hands up:
A plane appeared.
Flapping the wing back and forth,
Do “one” and do “two”!
One and two, one and two!
Keep your arms at your sides,
Look at each other.
Hands down -
And everyone sit down!

V. Introduction to new material

Would you like to really fly? Man dreamed of flying like a bird for so long that he made his dreams come true, but first in fairy tales. What magical flying machines have you encountered in fairy tales? (Baba Yaga’s stupa, winged sandals, airplane carpet). What does a bird need to fly? (Wings) Man began to think seriously about flying with the help of wings a very long time ago.There is an ancient Greek legend that Daedalus and his son Icarus made wings from wax and feathers. Listen to part of the legend:
Daedalus took off first. Icarus looked in amazement at his father, who was floating in the air. Daedalus descended to earth and said to his son:
- Listen, Icarus, now we will fly away from Crete.
Be careful while flying. Don't go too low to the sea so that the salty spray of the waves doesn't wet your wings. Don't get close to the sun - the heat can melt the wax and the feathers will fly away.
Father and son put wings on their hands and easily flew away. The fast flight amused Icarus; he flapped his wings more and more. Icarus forgot his father’s instructions and flew high into the sky, closer to the radiant sun. The scorching rays melted the wax that held the feathers of the wings together. Icarus waved his hands, but there were no more wings on them. He fell headlong from a terrible height into the sea and died in its waves.
This is just a legend. Now listen to how a person actually learned to create airplanes.

The Montgolfier brothers were the first to take off in a hot air balloon. On November 21, 1783, the hot air balloon they built rose above Paris. In 1875, two Frenchmen - Blonchard and Geoffrey - flew in a balloon filled with hydrogen.

In 1852 the first airship appeared. This is also a balloon, but in the shape of a spindle. Word airship means "managed". The airship was built in 1900. It was used as a means of transport. But such devices were cumbersome and could not compete with airplanes.

The idea of ​​flying with wings was first proposed by Leonardo da Vinci. However, the Englishman Robert Hooke was the first to try to build the apparatus in 1660. But no one decided to fly on his model. Only in 1882, Russian naval engineer A.F. Mozhaisky built the first plane and made a flight on it, which lasted several minutes.

Look at the drawings of vintage airplanes. Are vintage planes similar to modern ones? No.

How many of you have seen real modern airplanes? Where? (In films, in TV shows)

Let's look at the structure of a modern aircraft. Read the names of airplane parts in your textbook on page 67. Which words are you unfamiliar with?

Fuselage (body). Chassis (wheels). Ladder (ladder).

I propose to name and show these parts on a model airplane. What are these planes for? Who flies and maintains the plane? (Pilots (pilots)). (A flight attendant serves passengers). Who controls the movement of planes? (Air traffic controller).

The wise Turtle has prepared another riddle for you. Having guessed the riddle, we learn about another vehicle.

Soars up without acceleration,
Reminds me of a dragonfly
Takes flight
Our Russian...(Helicopter).

A helicopter is another air vehicle.

Compare the images of an airplane and a helicopter. How are they different? (A helicopter has a propeller, it is smaller than an airplane).

Who saw the helicopter? What color is it usually? (Green, blue).

I suggest you listen a little about this device.
A helicopter can get to places where there are no roads or airfields. He doesn't need a running platform. If people get into trouble on the water, in the mountains, where it is impossible to even put their feet on the ground, a helicopter will come to the rescue. He will drop a rope ladder and lift the rescued people aboard.
The helicopter is held in the air by a propeller with blades. It rotates so fast that it looks like transparent dragonfly wings.
On the long tail of the helicopter there is another small propeller. It serves as a rudder - it holds the body of the helicopter.

VI. Airplane and helicopter coloring

Students complete the task.

Who knows where planes take off from?

(From the airfield).

Where would you like to travel?

(To distant countries).

Imagine that you are on board an airplane and going on a trip and

VII. Bottom line

Now, let's joke around. Whisper to your neighbor how you honor yourself? What did you learn today, what did you learn new, what did you like in the lesson? What question was the Wise Turtle looking for an answer to? (Why do they build airplanes)

Now we will announce the results of your communication with each other.

At home you tell your parents “I learned in class today...”

He's in the vast ocean The cloud touches the wing. Will unfold over the meadows - Shines silver.

A bird flies - a fable,

And the people are sitting inside,

He talks to each other.

Why are airplanes built?

The world

School of Russia

Aircraft - These are aircraft for flight using engines and wings. These are necessary cars: they carry people, deliver heavy loads. All planes together are called aviation .

In France in 1783, brothers Joseph and Etienne MONTGOLFIER launched the first hot-air balloon filled with hot smoke. The passengers were a sheep, a rooster and a duck. The flight lasted 8 minutes.

And the first people to fly were two Frenchmen: Francois Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlen. On November 21, 1783, they flew over Paris for 25 minutes in a hot air balloon.

Jacques Meunier, a military engineer and scientist, a famous mathematician and inventor, also thought about the airship. Already in 1784, that is, a year after the successful flights of the Montgolfier brothers, he presented his airship project to the Paris Academy. By the way, the French word "dirigible" means "controllable."

To reduce drag when moving in the air, Meunier proposed making the airship shell not round, but elongated, spindle-shaped. This form of airship, which later became classic, still exists today.

In Russia over problems

Naval officer A.F. Mozhaisky worked long and hard for human flight.

In Krasnoe Selo, near St. Petersburg, a wooden sloping flooring was built, along which, like on a runway, the plane was supposed to accelerate.

Nearby stood a wooden barn, where Mozhaisky and his mechanic assembled and adjusted the aircraft.

Alexander Fedorovich

Mozhaisky

And then came a fine July morning in 1882. On the take-off platform there is a never-before-seen apparatus, with wide, rectangular-shaped wings.

The plane took off and ran along the inclined flooring, picking up speed. So he took off from the launch pad and hung in the air for a moment, but then he leaned to one side and fell to the ground, breaking his wing...

And yet, despite the failure, it was a victory. A person's victory over himself.

And in Russia aviation thought continued to develop.

It was headed by Professor Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky.

Zhukovsky, with his tireless research, proved that flights of heavier-than-air vehicles are not only possible, but also inevitable, because the entire path of technological development leads to this.

Aviation was just taking its first timid steps, but Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky already foresaw its great future and knew how to captivate his students with this future.

Nikolai Egorovich

Zhukovsky

Diagram of the Il-96-300 aircraft:

1 – radar station; 2 – cockpit; 3 – toilets; 4 – wardrobe; 5– cargo hatch; 6 – luggage container; 7 – first passenger cabin with 66 seats; 8 – engine nacelle; 9 – 12 wing; 13 – second passenger cabin with 234 seats; 15 – loads; 16 – emergency exit; 17 – loads in nets; 19 – keel; 20 – rudder; 21 – elevator; 22 – auxiliary power unit; 23 – stabilizer; 24 – fuselage; 25 – brake flap; 26 – main landing gear; 27 – engine; 28 – fuel compartments; 29 – wing center section; 30 – buffet with elevator to the lower deck; 31 – cargo floor with spherical supports; 32 – entrance door; 33 – nose landing gear

Thanks to wings the plane stays in the air. How does this happen?

Engine gives the winged car greater speed. The higher it is, the stronger the oncoming air flow. The flow seems to dive under the wing, pressing on it from below. This creates a lifting force that lifts the plane off the ground and keeps it in the air.

The rear of the aircraft is equipped empennage , which gives the car stability. Both the wing and tail are attached to body airplane - fuselage . It contains the cockpit, aircraft control mechanisms, a passenger compartment, and cargo compartments.

A very important part of the aircraft - chassis . These are carts with wheels on thick elastic tires. Without them you can neither take off nor land. During flight, the landing gear is retracted inside the fuselage or wing to reduce air resistance.

According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into civilian And military .

CIVIL AIRCRAFT

TRANSPORT

AIRCRAFT passenger, cargo-passenger, cargo

EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING

AIRCRAFT

TOURIST

AIRCRAFT

SPORTS

AIRCRAFT

AGRICULTURAL

AIRCRAFT

TRANSPORT

AIRCRAFT

Passenger aircraft

TU - 204

An - 148

TU - 104

SPORTS

AIRCRAFT

TOURIST

AIRCRAFT

AGRICULTURAL

AIRCRAFT

EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING

AIRCRAFT

MILITARY AIRCRAFT

Military aircraft outwardly they are very similar to ordinary civilian ones. But they have a completely different job. They protect our peaceful sky.

There are many different combat aircraft. Each of them has its own name.

A fighter plane destroys enemy aircraft in the air, on the ground and on the water.

Reconnaissance aircraft photograph the area during the day and at night.

WITHOUT ACCELERATION IT SOARS HIGH, REMINDS A DRAGONFLY, SET OUT FOR FLIGHT OUR RUSSIAN……..

When we talk about aviation, we cannot help but mention helicopters .

A helicopter is an amazing machine. It transports goods and people. He hurries to where a person has fallen ill far from the city or a forest has caught fire, like a fire truck or an ambulance. He can land where there are no roads or airfields. He doesn't need a running platform. It hovers above the surface.

Externally, these aircraft are similar to airplanes and perform the same work as airplanes. How are they different from airplanes?

Transport and combat helicopter MI-171SH

Attack helicopter KA-50

We'll build the plane ourselves Let's fly over the forests. Let's fly over the forests, And then we'll go back to mom.

I'm on a plane today I invite you to take a flight, I'm gaining altitude I'll take everyone far away. Clouds float by In our bedroom windows. We're flying over now Northern Alps. The pilot announces to everyone: “Our flight has ended.” It's time for us to land - Mom called for dinner!

HOMEWORK

Additional material

Why are airplanes built?

The world. 1 class

Subject.“Why do they build airplanes?”

Goals. Introduce children to the purpose and structure of aircraft; give historical information about the first aircraft; expand the vocabulary of schoolchildren.

Educational materials. Textbook “The World Around Us”, 1st grade, author. A.A. Pleshakov; workbook for the textbook for 1st grade; models of airplanes and helicopters; drawings of fabulous aircraft; signal traffic lights; colour pencils.

I. Organizational moment

II. Repetition of learned material

Teacher. Now I will test your knowledge on the topic we are studying. Signal your answers with traffic lights.

The earth has the shape of a ball. ( Yes)

People live on the moon. ( No)

The Sun is the closest star to Earth. ( Yes)

To find out where birds spend the winter, scientists put rings on the birds' feet. ( Yes)

Flowers and butterflies can live without each other. ( No)

You can't make noise in the forest. ( Yes)

Headlights, seat belts, seat are parts of a bicycle. ( No)

U. Which vehicle parts did I name?

Children. Car.

Doesn't fly, doesn't buzz,
A beetle is running down the street
And they burn in the beetle's eyes
Two shiny lights.

I suggest you remember what means of transportation we used to travel:

The earth is shaking, the strong man is running.
He pulls along
The tail is huge and steel.

D. Train.

Running on the water soon
Without oars or motor.

D. Sailboat.

I am at any time of the year
And in any bad weather
Very fast at any hour
I'll take you underground.

D. Metro.

U. How to call a car, train, ship in one word?

D. Transport.

U. What kind of transport is there?

III. Lesson topic message

U. Together with the Wise Turtle, today we are going on a journey on a new vehicle. Guess the keyword in the crossword puzzle and you will find out what kind of vehicle it is

1. Part of a bicycle wheel. ( Spoke.)
2. Lighting device on a car. ( Headlight.)
3. Underground train. ( Metro.)
4. It is controlled by a captain. ( Ship.)
5. You need it to drive the car. ( Steering wheel.)
6. There are four of them near the car, two near the bicycle and many near the train. ( Wheels.)
7. Yu.A. Gagarin went into space for the first time on it. ( Rocket.)

- What happened? Read it.

D. Airplane.

U. Right. So we're going on a plane trip.

IV. Getting to know new material

The teacher shows a model of an airplane.

U. What do you know about the plane?

D. People fly on an airplane.

U. How many of you have seen real airplanes? Where?

D. They flew. Seen in films, TV shows.

U. Do you know what types of airplanes there are? To find out about this, open the textbook on p. 116. Look at the various modern aircraft in the illustration. Read what types of planes there are. What is each plane needed for?

D. Passengers carry passengers, cargo planes carry cargo, and our army needs military ones.

U. Let's try to “build” our own plane:

Physical education minute

We put our hands up:
A plane appeared.
Flapping the wing back and forth,
Do “one” and do “two”!
One and two, one and two!
Keep your arms at your sides,
Look at each other.
Hands down -
And everyone sit down!

U. Guys, would you like to really fly? ( The children answer.)Man dreamed of flying like a bird for so long that he made his dreams come true, but first in fairy tales. What magical flying machines have you encountered in fairy tales?

D. Baba Yaga's stupa, winged sandals, flying carpet. ( Display of drawings.)

U. What does a bird need to fly?

D. Wings.

U. Man began to seriously think about flight with the help of wings a long time ago. There is an ancient Greek legend that Daedalus and his son Icarus made wings from wax and feathers. Listen to part of the legend:
Daedalus took off first. Icarus looked in amazement at his father, who was floating in the air. Daedalus descended to earth and said to his son:
- Listen, Icarus, now we will fly away from Crete.
Be careful while flying. Don't go too low to the sea so that the salty spray of the waves doesn't wet your wings. Don't get close to the sun - the heat can melt the wax and the feathers will fly away.
Father and son put wings on their hands and easily flew away. The fast flight amused Icarus; he flapped his wings more and more. Icarus forgot his father’s instructions and flew high into the sky, closer to the radiant sun. The scorching rays melted the wax that held the feathers of the wings together. Icarus waved his hands, but there were no more wings on them. He fell headlong from a terrible height into the sea and died in its waves.
- It's just a legend. Now listen to how a person actually learned to create airplanes.

Listen to student reports:

Student 1. The Montgolfier brothers were the first to take off in a hot air balloon. On November 21, 1783, the hot air balloon they built rose above Paris. In 1875, two Frenchmen - Blonchard and Geoffrey - flew in a balloon filled with hydrogen.

Student 2. In 1852 the first airship appeared. This is also a balloon, but in the shape of a spindle. Word airship means "managed". The airship was built in 1900. It was used as a means of transport. But such devices were cumbersome and could not compete with airplanes.

The idea of ​​flying with wings was first proposed by Leonardo da Vinci. However, the Englishman Robert Hooke was the first to try to build the apparatus in 1660. But no one decided to fly on his model. Only in 1882, Russian naval engineer A.F. Mozhaisky built the first plane and made a flight on it, which lasted several minutes.

U. Look at the drawings of vintage airplanes in the textbook on p. 117. Are vintage airplanes similar to modern ones?

D. No.

U. Let's look at the structure of a modern aircraft. Read the names of the parts of the plane. What words are you unfamiliar with?

On the magnetic board:

Fuselage ( frame). Chassis ( wheels). Gangway ( ladder).

– I propose to name and show these parts on a model aircraft. Who flies and maintains the plane?

D. Pilots (pilots). A flight attendant serves passengers.

U. Guess the riddle:

Soars up without acceleration,
Reminds me of a dragonfly
Takes flight
Our Russian...

D. Helicopter.

U. A helicopter is another air vehicle.

The teacher shows a model of a helicopter.

– Compare the images of an airplane and a helicopter in the notebook on p. 47. How are they different?

D. A helicopter has a propeller and is smaller than an airplane.

U. Who saw the helicopter? What color is it usually?

D. Green, blue.

U. I suggest coloring the helicopter in your notebook and listening a little about this device.
A helicopter can get to places where there are no roads or airfields. He doesn't need a running platform. If people get into trouble on the water, in the mountains, where it is impossible to even put their feet on the ground, a helicopter will come to the rescue. He will drop a rope ladder and lift the rescued people aboard.
The helicopter is held in the air by a propeller with blades. It rotates so fast that it looks like transparent dragonfly wings.
On the long tail of the helicopter there is another small propeller. It serves as a rudder - it holds the body of the helicopter.

V. Design

U. I suggest you make a model of an airplane out of paper.

Students complete the task.

Who knows where planes take off from?

D. From the airfield.

U. Where would you like to travel?

D. To distant countries.

U. Imagine that you are on board an airplane and going on a trip. Launch the planes!

VI. Lesson summary

U. What question were we looking for the answer to in class?

D.“What types of planes are there? What are they needed for?"

U. At home you will say to your parents: “I learned in class today...”. Thanks for the work!

Lesson type: combined

Target

formation of ideas about the purpose, structure and variety of aircraft.

Basic concepts and definitions

Air Transport. Types of air transport (passenger, cargo, military, sports).

Planned results

Subject

Will learn: classify aircraft depending on their purpose.

Will have the opportunity to learn: talk about the structure of the aircraft using a diagram; make assumptions and prove them; understand the educational task of the lesson and strive to fulfill it; work in pairs, using the information presented to gain new knowledge.

Metasubject

Regulatory: navigate the textbook and notebook; accept and save the learning task ; evaluate the results of their actions; predict the results of the level of assimilation of the studied material.

Cognitive: general educational - extracting the necessary information while studying a new topic; logical - addition and expansion of existing knowledge and ideas about the world around us.

Communicative: exchange opinions, listen to each other, construct understandable speech statements; accept a different opinion and position, allow the existence of different points of view.

Personal results

Independence and personal responsibility for one’s actions, an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle; skills of cooperation in different situations, the ability to avoid creating conflicts and find ways out of controversial situations.

Preparing to learn new material

Let's learn to explain the purpose of airplanes and distinguish between their main types.

Remember what airplanes you know.

Have you ever flown on an airplane? Tell us about your impressions.

Learning new material

Why are airplanes built?

Look at the photographs. Tell us about the purpose of these aircraft.

Using the drawing diagram, get acquainted with the structure of the aircraft. On the Self-Test Pages, find the same drawing without captions.

Name the parts of the plane that you remember. Check each other.

Independent application of knowledge

Name the parts of the plane that you remember. Check each other.

1.Why do people build airplanes?

2. What types of airplanes are there?

3. How does the plane work?

Conclusion

Airplanes are air transport. They are built to transport passengers and cargo. Military aircraft are needed to protect the country and its citizens.

Why are airplanes built?

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