English nouns. Nouns in English - all the most important things

Here you can find the noun in English. English nouns. English noun.

THE NOUN

1. A noun is a part of speech that denotes objects in the broad sense of the word: inanimate objects book book, living beings dog dog, phenomena frost frost, names of actions movement movement, abstract concepts beauty beauty, history history, etc.

2. In English, as in Russian, nouns according to their structure are divided into:
Simple, i.e. consisting of only one root:

man - person, man
tank - tank; tank; tank

Derivatives, i.e. In addition to the root, they also contain suffixes or prefixes, and sometimes both:

re port - report, report; report
dis play - show; demonstration; parade
command er- commander, chief
teach er- teacher
de touch ment- squad; gun crew
care absence- carelessness, frivolity
dis organ ization- disorganization, frustration

Complex, i.e. consisting of two or more bases:

headphone - head phone
hothouse - greenhouse
toothbrush - Toothbrush

In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first word:

bl a ck-board - chalkboard
h y groscope - hygroscopic

Compound nouns can contain suffixes and prefixes:

scene-paint er- decorative artist
type-write er- typewriter

3. In your own way lexical meaning nouns are divided into:

Proper names, which are individual names of individuals, objects or phenomena. Proper nouns include first names, surnames, geographical names, names of books, newspapers, historical events, as well as days of the week, months, holidays, etc. Proper names are written with capital letter:
John, Charles Dickens, Trafalgar Square, Moscow, the United Kingdom, Victory Day, Tuesday, March.

Common nouns, which are common names for all homogeneous objects. They denote individual objects, various substances, signs, actions, states, feelings, etc.

room - room
mission - mission; task, task
lesson - lesson, lesson

4. Common nouns are divided into countable and uncountable.
Countable nouns denote things that can be counted:

bullet - bullet
horse - horse
conference - conference

They are used both in singular and in plural. Countable nouns can be used with cardinal numerals:

house - house
two houses - two houses

Uncountable nouns denote objects and concepts that cannot be counted:

air - air
weather - weather

Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form and cannot be used
with cardinal numbers and the indefinite article.

However, some uncountable nouns can be used as countable nouns. In this case, they can take the plural form, but then their meanings change:

iron - iron
irons - irons; fetter

color - color
colors - paint banner

Some nouns, such as advice, money, etc., do not have a plural form and are not preceded by an indefinite article.

FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS IN A SENTENCE

5. In a sentence, nouns can perform the following functions:

1. Subject:
The conference was very interesting. The conference was very interesting.

2. Nominal part of the predicate:
My brother is an officer. My brother is an officer.

3. Additions:
a) direct:
We have lectures, tutorials and seminars. We have lectures practical lessons and seminars.

b) indirect:
The teacher explained his students a new rule. The teacher explained the new rule to the students.

c) prepositional:
Comrade N. went to the cinema with his friend. Comrade N. went to the cinema with his friend.

4. Definitions:
a) with a preposition:
His brother is a student of the university.
His brother is a university student.

b) without preposition:
The entrance exams were very difficult for me. The entrance exams were difficult for me.
There is also a students research society at our Institute. Our institute also has a student scientific society.

5. Circumstances (time, place, manner of action, reason, purpose, etc.):
We decided to meet after classes. (circumstance of time)
We decided to meet after class.

There is a good library at our academy. (circumstance of place)
Our academy has a good library.

The bitter truth when learning English is that immediately forming beautiful sentences with introductory words and participial phrases It won't be very easy. The fact is that, as in Russian, you first need to gain active and passive vocabulary. At the initial stage, it is not necessary to memorize some pompous and pretentious adjectives in order to amaze native speakers. Even if you achieve this goal, you won’t have such a conversation, because conversations in everyday life are usually about everyday trifles. That is why let's look at English nouns, touch on their differences, methods of formation, and compile the top 100 most common English words of this part of speech.

First, let's figure out what English nouns are.

The Noun () or noun in English – an independent part of speech that denotes an object / person / phenomenon / abstract concepts and answers the questions what is this? (what is this?) and who is this? (who is this?).

Depending on their structure, meaning and method of formation, nouns can be divided into several groups.

English nouns are formed by:

Rodu (gender)
Case
Number

Gender of nouns

The gender of nouns in English is masculine, feminine and neuter. There is no grammatical ending for separating genders in the English language, so they do not change by gender and do not obey any grammar rule, which greatly facilitates the use of nouns. However, when replacing nouns with pronouns, you need to take into account that:

The pronouns he (he) and she (she) are used when talking about people:

The pronoun it (it) is used when talking about the neuter gender, that is, about inanimate objects and animals.

Nowadays, pet owners often use the pronouns she / he in relation to them when they know their gender, so this English form of replacing a noun is also possible.

Noun cases

English grammar has two cases in its arsenal:

General case is a case that absolutely all nouns have. They are given in this form in dictionaries and textbooks. The noun in this case has no ending.

- a case that is usually characteristic of animate objects. This case shows that some object or sign belongs to one person or another. The form is formed by adding an apostrophe and the ending –s to the noun. Let's look at some features of using this form on tables:
If the noun is singular, add an apostrophe and the ending –s:

If a singular noun ends in –s, you can use two options:

If an object or attribute refers to several nouns at once, then the apostrophe and ending are used only with the last one:

If an object or attribute refers to several nouns separately, then an apostrophe and an ending are used with each:

In the case of not animate nouns the possessive case is usually not used, being replaced by the preposition of, but such use is possible:

From the examples above we can conclude that possessive nouns perform the function of defining another noun. However, nouns in the general case can also be used as modifiers. These nouns stand before another noun and are translated into Russian as adjectives or nouns in the indirect case, used in a sentence as a definition:

The definition of a noun can be determined not by one word, but by several at once. The word being defined will still be at the end:

If there is a numeral before the qualifying noun, the noun that is used as a qualifying noun is used in the singular, connected with a numeral hyphen:

You can understand that a noun is used in a defining function by looking at the context.

When deciding which of the two cases to choose for the word being defined, keep in mind that the possessive case is usually used with animate nouns and shows ownership, while the common case is used as a determiner, “complementing” the main noun.

Singular and plural noun

Apart from the cases above, nouns vary according to number. They are singular and plural. A singular noun is the dictionary form of a noun with an (in)definite article. There is no singular ending. The plural according to the rules is not used with the indefinite article and is formed by adding the ending –s:

But there are a number of nuances related to the features of nouns that need to be taken into account. To simplify their understanding, nouns can be divided into 2 groups: “regular” and “irregular”. No, no, don’t be afraid, you won’t have to learn three forms again, as is customary with irregular verbs, but it is necessary to know such nouns.

Let's start with the features of the plural of regular nouns.
Nouns ending in –o are added with the ending –es:

units	plural
torpedo (torpedo)	torpedoes (torpedoes)
mosquito	mosquitoes

However, this rule does not work for all such nouns, so note the following exceptions, to which only -s is added:

In nouns that end in –y, this letter changes to –i, and the ending –es is added to the word. The rule only works if there is a consonant before –y:

Nouns that end in –ch, –tch, –sh, –s, –ss, –x, –z also end in –es:

Nouns ending in –f or –fe change the plural from –f to –v, adding the ending -es:

In compound nouns, the ending is added only to the last word:

In compound nouns, the ending is added, on the contrary, only to the first word:

Certain words only have a plural form. Here are some commonly used words from this group:

The reason for creating all these rules is to simplify the language. Try saying a word ending in –ss or –x, adding the standard ending –s. It’s not very easy to pronounce several identical sounds at once, is it? And it will be even harder to understand you. Therefore, do not perceive these rules as an additional burden, because in fact they only help you.

Now let's focus on irregular nouns. While the regular form of nouns can be explained, irregular nouns cannot be explained. Irregular forms include:
Exception words that have their own plural form. The table shows the words that are most common in speech:

units	plural
person (Human)	people
man (man)	men (men)
woman (woman)	women (women)
child (child)	children
tooth	teeth
foot	feet
goose	geese
ox	oxen
mouse	mice

Words that have same shape in singular and plural are also called irregular:

Please note that such words in English do not differ in either spelling or pronunciation, but when translated into Russian there is a difference between singular and plural person.

They need to be remembered, since adding an ending to some of these words can lead to a change in meaning:

English nouns: morphological composition

Based on their composition, English nouns are divided into 3 types:

Simple nouns or simple nouns, the group of which includes monosyllabic words. They are easy to recognize because they do not look “overloaded” because they do not contain prefixes (prefixes) and suffixes. Let's look at the table as an example:

Derivative nouns or derived nouns are words that have a prefix and/or suffix.

There are not many prefixes in English. They are usually used to turn a word with a positive connotation into a negative one, that is, to turn a word into its antonym. The Russian analogue of such prefixes can be the prefix “not”. Let's look at the most common of them:

The prefix dis- can be used both with words starting with a vowel and with words starting with a consonant. There is no specific rule for using this prefix, so you should just remember the words in which it can be used:

The prefix im- is usually used with adjectives, but there are also cases of use with a noun:

Among the prefixes not related to antonymy, we can note the following: ex- (meaning “former”) and pre- (before / before):

With nouns you can also find the prefix re- in the meaning of “re”:

There are many more suffixes in English. They are actively used to form nouns. Here are some of them:

Suffixes -er, -or, -eer, -ant, -ent for professions:

Suffixes -dom, -ty, -sion, -ness, -ship, -hood, -ment, -ism for concepts, processes, feelings, sciences:

Compound nouns or compound nouns are nouns that have 2 or more roots, which are written together or with a hyphen. These words are created when two or more nouns become one:

English nouns: method of formation

Based on the above cases, it is not difficult to guess that the following are used to form nouns:

Affixation;
Suffixes;
Composition.

However, there is another way of forming nouns, which is quite common - the formation of verbal nouns. Such nouns are formed from verbs by conversion or adding the ending –ing. During conversion, the word does not change its form, but changes the part of speech, turning the verb into a verbal noun. In the second case, a noun becomes a verbal noun when an ending is added to the verb in the infinitive. Let's study the table:

English nouns: classification

English nouns can be classified into proper and common nouns:

Similar to the Russian language, Proper Nouns or proper names indicate the singularity of objects and phenomena. Such nouns are written with a capital letter. If such an English noun consists of several words, each is written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, conjunctions and prepositions. A proper name is used with:

First names, last names, nicknames, pseudonyms, animal names:

Nationalities and languages:

If languages are followed by the word “language”, they are preceded by the article the: the English language.

Astronomical names:

Geographical names include: continents, countries, cities, settlements, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, deserts, caves, canyons, waterfalls:

Continents	Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia	Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia
Countries	Russia, the USA, Sweden, Scotland, the Netherlands	Russia, USA, Sweden, Scotland, Netherlands
Cities	Moscow, Tallinn, Edinburgh, Milan	Moscow, Tallinn, Edinburgh, Milan
Oceans	the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean	Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean
Seas	The Black Sea, the Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea	Black Sea, Dead Sea, Caspian Sea
Deserts	The Sahara Desert, the Lut Desert	Sahara Desert, Lut Desert
Waterfalls	Niagara Falls, Victoria Falls	Niagara Falls, Victoria Falls
Canyons	The Grand Canyon, Antelope Canyon	Grand Canyon, Antelope Canyon

Names of streets, attractions, theaters, galleries, hotels:

Names of newspapers, magazines, books, films, TV series:

Names of days of the week and months

Names of holidays

The remaining nouns belong to common nouns or common nouns, the list of which includes objects, persons, phenomena and concepts:

Common nouns are further divided into several subgroups that help determine the type of noun:

Concrete nouns or concrete nouns include English words, which define a person and an object. Such nouns can be presented in either singular or plural. They can usually be felt by at least one of 5 senses:

Abstract nouns or abstract nouns in English are abstract words in English grammar, used to express states, feelings, emotions, character, ideas. Such nouns cannot be seen, touched, smelled, or counted:

Although these groups are very different from each other, there is some debate among linguists that some abstract nouns can also be concrete nouns:

Collective nouns or collective nouns in English are used to express classes of animals/birds/plants/people. They are called collective because, in one word, they characterize an entire group.

Material nouns or material nouns, the group of which includes substances, substances and materials that cannot be counted:

Based on the above types, common nouns form another classification: countable and uncountable nouns in English.

Countable nouns can be counted and are used with indefinite and definite articles in the singular and plural. These include the following examples of specific and collective nouns:

Uncountable nouns, accordingly, include nouns that cannot be counted. They are used exclusively in the singular, and adverbs are often used to determine their quantity. The indefinite article cannot be substituted for such words. Abstract and real nouns are called uncountable.

However, there are certain situations where uncountable nouns become countable. It happens:

When a different meaning of a word is assumed:

Such count nouns are formed from real nouns and consist of the materials that these real nouns represent.

If we add the ending of the 3rd person singular in the present tense to the uncountable, that is -(e)s. The meaning of the word in such cases also sometimes changes:

To specify abstract nouns:

To denote real nouns used in the meaning of portion:

If we go into classification in more detail, nouns can also be divided into animate and inanimate.

An animate noun includes words that answer the question “who?”

To the inanimate English noun include words that answer the question “what?” and having no signs of life.

As you can see, the classification of nouns in English is a fairly extensive topic. However, due to many similarities with Russian nouns, mastering it will not take much time. If the types of nouns are not memorized, solving a series of exercises on this topic may help.

English nouns: role in a sentence

A noun in a sentence can play the role of subject, attribute, object, circumstance, and even predicate. Table with examples for clarity:

My student was confused with the transcription of this word. (My student got confused with the transcription of this word.)	Noun student as subject
Do not forget about the privacy policy. (Don't forget about the privacy policy.)	Noun privacy as definition
He gave me gorgeous flowers. (He gave me beautiful flowers.)	Noun flowers as an object
She's watching a popular show. (She is watching a popular show.)	Noun show as an object
Fred speaks the language well; he even knows more than a hundred idioms. (Fred has a good command of the language; he even knows more than a hundred idioms.)	Nouns language and idioms as objects
I am going to Paris. (I'm going to Paris.)	The noun Paris as an adverbial circumstance
Marlon Brando was a talented actor. (Marlon Brando was a talented actor.)	The noun actor as a predicate

English nouns: 100 most popular nouns in the English language

Having studied all the features of nouns, the question may arise: “Where, exactly, should I start?” This confusion is understandable, since there are about two hundred thousand nouns in the English language. In such cases, both in English and in any other language you can find frequency dictionary in the form of a list, the words in which are recognized as the most commonly used in the speech of native speakers. However, such dictionaries indicate not only nouns, but also verbs, adjectives, and even prepositions. Therefore, so that you do not waste time searching for the most common nouns, we have compiled a list of 100 nouns that you need to know in English. entry level. Table for convenience:

Most used nouns in English
№	Word	Translation into Russian
1.	air	air
2.	area	square
3.	art	art
4.	back	back
5.	body	body
6.	book	book
7.	business	business
8.	car	automobile
9.	case	case
10.	change	change
11.	child	child
12.	city	city
13.	community	community
14.	company	company
15.	country	a country
16.	day	day
17.	door	door
18.	education	education
19.	end	end
20.	eye	eye
21.	face	face
22.	fact	fact
23.	family	family
24.	father	father
25.	force	force
26.	friend	Friend
27.	game	a game
28.	girl	young woman
29.	government	government
30.	group	group
31.	guy	boy
32.	hand	hand
33.	head	head
34.	health	health
35.	history	story
36.	home	house
37.	hour	hour
38.	house	house
39.	idea	idea
40.	information	information
41.	issue	problem
42.	job	Job
43.	kid	child
44.	kind	view
45.	law	law
46.	level	level
47.	life	life
48.	line	line
49.	man	man
50.	member	member
51.	minute	minute
52.	moment	moment
53.	money	money
54.	month	month
55.	morning	morning
56.	mother	Mother
57.	music	music
58.	name	Name
59.	night	night
60.	number	number
61.	office	office
62.	parent	parent
63.	part	Part
64.	party	party
65.	people	People
66.	person	Human
67.	place	place
68.	point	dot
69.	power	power
70.	president	the president
71.	problem	problem
72.	program	program
73.	product	product
74.	question	question
75.	reason	cause
76.	result	result
77.	river	river
78.	room	room
79.	school	school
80.	service	service
81.	side	side
82.	state	state
83.	story	story
84.	student	student
85.	study	studies
86.	system	system
87.	teacher	teacher
88.	team	team
89.	term	term
90.	thing	thing
91.	time	time
92.	war	war
93.	water	water
94.	way	path
95.	week	a week
96.	woman	woman
97.	word	word
98.	work	Job
99.	world	world
100.	year	year

Of course, it is quite difficult to fit into a hundred nouns with such a variety of languages. Someone might argue with the choice of these particular nouns, arguing that the list is biased. However, this choice could not have been objective initially, since each person has similar list will be unique. However, we can guarantee that these words occur very often and ignorance of them will affect your understanding of the language. Therefore, try to learn this list through exercises, associations, compiling your own examples and other methods familiar to you.

Nouns denote objects (animate and inanimate) and phenomena and answer the question What is this? or Who is this?- table, house, man, woman, cat, dog, love, beauty.

Semantically, all nouns can be divided into two groups - proper names ( John, London, the Thames) and common nouns ( chair, snow, peace). Common nouns, in turn, are divided into countable and uncountable. Countable nouns refer to things that can be counted. Such nouns are concrete ( book, student, box) or abstract ( idea, word, effort). Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted. They can also be specific ( water, grass, wood) or abstract ( information, amusement, time).

Noun number

Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural. The plural is formed by adding the ending -s -s pronounced [z] after voiced consonants and after vowels:
day - days job - jobs

boy - boys bag - bags

After voiceless consonants ending -s pronounce [s]:
student - students map - maps

clock - clocks plant - plants

Noun ending in x, ss, sh, ch, form the plural by adding the ending -es to the singular form. Ending -es pronounce :
box - boxes bush - bushes

class - classes branch - branches

Nouns ending in singular y with a preceding consonant, form the plural by adding the ending -es, and y changes to i:

city - cities family - families

factory - factories party - parties

Nouns ending in f or fe, form the plural by changing the letter f on v and adding the ending -es or -s:
leaf - leaves life - lives

knife - knives wife - wives

Some nouns form their plural by changing the root vowel or adding an ending:
man - men child - children

tooth - teeth ox - oxen

Important! Nouns advice- advice, tips, information- information, messages, progress- success, success, knowledge- knowledge, knowledge, money- money, hair- hair is used only in the singular. Noun news- news, news is used with a singular meaning, although it has a plural form.

Noun case

The noun in English has two cases:

1. General case (the Common Case), without endings: a table, a boy

2. Possessive case (the Possessive Case), which is formed by adding the ending 's in the singular: boy's books, and adding one apostrophe in the plural: students' books.

The possessive case is used:

– With animate nouns: children's names, cat's tail, Paul's songs.

– With names of countries, cities: America's universities, London's newspapers.

- With words: sun, moon, earth, world, life, nature, country, ship, boat.

– With expressions and adverbs of time: a month’s holiday, five minutes’ break, yesterday’s newspapers, today’s news.

– With distance and cost expressions: a mile’s distance, sixty meters’ run, a dollar’s worth, twenty cents’ newspaper.

Forming nouns using affixation

Affixation is a way of forming new nouns by adding suffixes or prefixes.

1. Suffixes:

-er, -or, -ist, -ian indicate activities: writer, actor, typist, librarian

-ism, -age denote the predominance of one property or characteristic in a noun: patriotism, dosage

-ship, -hood means the state: friendship, childhood

-ment, -ation, -ition, -ion indicate a result or action: development, hesitation, competition, confession

-ness denotes abstract nouns formed from adjectives: happiness, silliness, blindness

-ure denotes processes or specific functions: departure, closure, parliament

-ance, -ence denote an action or state: assistance, confidence

2. Prefixes:

un-, in-, im-, dis- carry a semantic load opposite to the meaning of the main root: unhappiness, inefficiency, imbalance, disagreement.

Noun(Noun) is a part of speech that denotes, names an object, person or phenomenon and answers questions “ Who? or " What?».

Nouns combined with articles ( a, an or the) depending on the rules of their use. They help distinguish verbs or other parts of speech from nouns in words that have more than one meaning. Articles may also be absent; in this case, you can understand which part of speech the word belongs to from the word order in the sentence.

I see a dog.- I see a dog.
The dog is big.- This dog is big.
Dogs are cute.- Dogs are cute.

Let's count once again.(verb) - Let's count again.
I have lost count.(noun) – I lost count.

Types of nouns by education

According to their structure and formation, nouns of the English language are divided into simple, derivatives And compound nouns. Also, all nouns are divided into common nouns And proper names.

Simple nouns(Simple Nouns) consist of a single root and have no suffixes or prefixes. These are often monosyllabic words (consisting of one syllable).

man – man, person
house - house
star - star
love - love

Derived nouns(Derivative Nouns) consist of a root with the addition of suffixes or prefixes.

brother hood- Brotherhood
engin eer- engineer
actr ess– actress
immortality– immortality

Compound nouns(Compound Nouns) are formed from two or more words or word roots. They can be formed using a combination of not only some nouns, but also other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, prepositions).

Common nouns

Common nouns(Common Names) indicate common names of objects, matters, persons and concepts, their categories and groups.

human - person
feeling – feeling, feeling
animal - animal
love - love
father - father
bus - bus

Proper names

Proper names(Proper Names) are nouns that indicate unique, individual objects, persons, concepts. Proper names are always written with capital letters. Can be used with the definite article the or without it.

These include: personal names, geographical names, nationalities and languages, names of streets, squares, organizations and enterprises, magazines, names celestial bodies, names of days of the week and months, names of holidays.

Personal names, pseudonyms, nicknames of people, names of animals.

Peter Johnson - Peter Johnson (name)
Dwayne The Rock - Dwayne the Rock (name and pseudonym)
Iron Arny – Iron Arnie (pseudonym)
Butch – Butch (dog name)
Scarlett the cat – cat Scarlett (cat's nickname)
Boo the rat - rat Boo (nickname of the rat)

Geographical names(mountains, deserts, rivers, oceans, countries, cities and others).

Nationalities and languages.

English – English language
Spanish - Spaniard
the French - the French

Street names, squares, parks, bridges, buildings, hotels, museums, ships.

Names of organizations, institutions, firms, companies, newspapers, magazines.

World Wildlife Fund – World Wildlife Fund
United Nations - United Nations Organization
McDonald's - McDonald's
The New York Times Magazine - New York Times magazine
The Washington Post - Washington Post newspaper

Names of celestial bodies.

the Sun – Sun (star)
the Earth – Earth (planet)
Mars - Mars
Alpha Centauri – Alpha Centauri

Names of days of the week, months.

Monday - Monday
Sunday - Sunday
August - August
January – January

Names of holidays, significant events.

Christmas - Christmas
New Year - New Year
Birthday - Birthday
Mother's Day - Mother's Day
Independence Day - Independence Day

Number of nouns

Countable nouns

Countable nouns(Countable Nouns) indicate animate And inanimate objects, as well as concepts that can be counted. These nouns have the form plural, which in most cases is formed by adding the ending -s, if this noun does not have an irregular plural form (Irregular plural nouns).

a dog - a dog
a pupil - student
a man - a man
a mouse - mouse

two dogs s- two dogs
ten pupil s– ten students
six men - six men
many mice - a lot of mice

Countable nouns are divided into specific(concrete) - real objects, living beings, and abstract(abstract) - abstractions, concepts, feelings.

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns(Uncountable Nouns) cannot be counted and do not have a plural form. They are divided into abstract(abstract nouns) uncountable concepts and real(material nouns): names of materials, liquids, substances.

Sometimes uncountable nouns depending on their meaning can take the form plural. In the plural, they indicate different types of items, or the number of containers for them.

Coffee makes me alive every morning.– Coffee revives me every morning (coffee as a liquid)
Two coffees, please!- Two coffees, please! (2 cups of coffee)

Iron is a type of metal.– Iron is a type of metal.
All my irons are broken. I have to buy a new one.- All my irons are broken. I need to buy a new one.

Collective nouns

Collective nouns(Collective Nouns) indicate groups, collections of animate and inanimate objects. Often collective nouns refer specifically to groups of people and animals.

family - family
class - class
crowd - crowd
set - set

Depending on the context, collective nouns can be used in sentences as either singular or plural nouns.

Singular indicates that a group of objects or persons act as one. Plural indicates that members, participants of a certain group, meeting act separately from each other.

Every week this class has a math test.– Every week this class writes a math test (all students in the class together)
After every test the class start to chat with each other or do their hometasks.– After each test, the class starts talking to each other or doing homework. (class students act separately)

The committee adopts this decision with a solid vote.– The committee unanimously makes this decision.
It is hard to adopt any decision because the committee constantly argues about something.– It is difficult to make any decision, since the committee members are constantly arguing about something.

Gender of nouns

Gender of nouns indicates that the noun is masculine or female. In English, it is not always possible to determine gender by the ending of a word, as in Russian. Moreover, only nouns that refer to animate objects of people may differ by gender (male and female). All other nouns belong to the neutral gender ( it).

He, She

Among animate objects there are masculine(masculine gender), feminine(feminine gender) and common gender(common gender).

TO masculine also include inanimate nouns, which in culture are associated with masculinity, strength, power, influence, etc. Despite the fact that these nouns inanimate and are generally denoted by the pronoun it, in literature and in speech they are often personified and animated, so in a certain context they can express the masculine gender.

sun – sun
time - time
death - death
summer - summer

The the sun was so scorching that it seemed he wanted to burn everything.– The sun was so scorching that it seemed like it wanted to burn everything.
Time is cruel. He never waits.- Time is cruel. It never waits.

On feminine nouns are sometimes indicated by special suffixes (- ine, -ess), which are added to the root of the word. Part of a word can also be replaced with the corresponding one female.

actor → actor ess
hero → hero ine
land lord → landlady
man servant → maid servant

TO feminine refer to inanimate objects and concepts (denoted by the pronoun it), which are animated by the speaker and are associated in culture with the feminine, beauty, grace, and kindness.

moon - moon
earth – earth
spring - spring
charity - charity

When spring comes, she brings new life.– When spring comes, it brings new life.
The Earth is our mother so we must take care of her.– The earth is our mother, so we must take care of it.

Sometimes feminine acquire nouns denoting a car, ship, boat or country. The feminine gender is used to emphasize that the speaker is familiar with the subject.

This is mine car. She is the best for me.- This is my car. She is the best for me.
Germany is cool. She cares for her residents.- Germany is great. It (the country) takes care of its inhabitants.

TO common family These are nouns of animate objects that are gender neutral, that is, they can be either masculine or feminine depending on the context. Often these are names of professions, type of activity.

a baby – baby, baby, child
a doctor - doctor
a teacher – teacher, teacher
friend - friend, girlfriend

We have a new teacher Her name is Mariam Johnson.- We have a new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. (female teacher)
Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us.– Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. (male teacher)

It

All inanimate objects, concepts, phenomena, as well as animals and collective nouns refer to neutral neuter(neutral gender). The pronoun corresponds to them it.

Nouns, pointing to animals, may differ by gender (male and female), if it is necessary to emphasize the gender of the animal. In this case pronouns can be used he or she instead of it, or special names for these animals.

I bought a rat yesterday. I called her Boo.– I bought a rat yesterday. I named her Boo
My dog is pretty old. He is 15 years old.– My dog is quite old. He is 15 years old.

animal(it)
cattle cattle
chicken - chickens
duck - duck
fox - fox
goose - goose
horse - horse
lion - lion
pig - pig
rabbit - rabbit
sheep - sheep
tiger - tiger

masculine(he)
bull - bull
rooster, cock - rooster
drake - drake
fox - fox
gander - gander
stallion – stallion
lion - lion
boar – hog, wild boar
buck - male rabbit
ram – ram
tiger - tiger

feminine(she)
cow - cow
hen – chicken
duck - duck
vixen - fox
goose - goose
mare - mare
lioness - lioness
sow - sow
doe - rabbit
ewe – sheep
tigress - tigress

Number of nouns

Nouns have two numbers - the only and.

Noun cases

Nouns have two cases - general and possessive.

In English there is general And possessive cases. Nouns in the general case do not have special endings. Nouns in possessive case denote the belonging of an object or its relationship to another object and are formed by adding an ending to them -"s.

Monica's letter — Monica's letter
His friend's wife - My friend's wife
The program's success — Program success

Gender of nouns

The gender of nouns in English is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning.

Method of word formation

According to the method of word formation, nouns in English are divided into simple And derivatives. Simple nouns have no prefixes or suffixes. Derived nouns have either prefixes or suffixes, or both. Also found composite nouns that are formed from two words that make up one concept.

Using nouns in a sentence

In most cases, nouns in English are accompanied by determiners. The most common determiners include the indefinite and definite articles.

The director has just come - The director has just come.

There are also other determiners in English:

Possessive pronouns:

my - mine
his - his
her - her
its - his, her
our - ours
your - yours
their - theirs

Possessive pronouns are sometimes translated into Russian by pronouns yours, yours:

I gave him my dictonary - I gave him my dictionary.

Nouns can be used in a sentence in the function:

subject:

The train leaves at six o"clock. The train leaves at six o'clock.

the nominal part of a compound predicate:

additions:

definitions:

circumstances:

Classification of nouns

Nouns(Noun) is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who is this? what is this? (who is this? what is this?).

Nouns in a sentence can be used in the function:

Subject
Nominal part of a compound predicate
Add-ons
Definitions
Circumstances

According to the method of word formation

Noun case

Gender of nouns

It is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning. Nouns denoting animate objects are either masculine or feminine, depending on the gender they denote. Nouns denoting inanimate objects are neuter.