| 21st | XXI |
| 20th | XX |
| 19th | XIX |
| 18th | XVIII |
| 17th | XVII |
| 16th | XVI |
| 15th | XV |
| 14th | XIV |
| 13th | XIII |
| 12th | XII |
| 11th | XI |
| 10th | X |
| 9th | IX |
| 8th | VIII |
| 7th | VII |
| 6th | VI |
| 5th | V |
| 4th | IV |
| 3rd | III |
| 2nd | II |
| 1st | I |
Roman numerals, invented more than 2,500 years ago, were used by Europeans for two millennia before being replaced by Arabic numerals. This happened because Roman numerals are quite difficult to write, and any arithmetic operations in the Roman system are much more difficult to perform than in the Arabic number system. Despite the fact that the Roman system is not often used today, this does not mean that it has become irrelevant. In most cases, centuries are denoted in Roman numerals, but years or exact dates are usually written in Arabic numerals.
Roman numerals are also used when writing the serial numbers of monarchs, encyclopedic volumes, and the valency of various chemical elements. The dials of watches also often use Roman numerals.
Roman numerals are certain signs with which decimal places and their halves are written. For this purpose, only seven capital letters of the Latin alphabet are used. The number 1 corresponds to the Roman numeral I, 5 – V, 10 – X, 50 – L, 100 – C, 500 – D, 1000 – M. When denoting natural numbers, these numbers are repeated. So 2 can be written using two times I, that is, 2 – II, 3 - three letters I, that is, 3 – III. If a smaller digit comes before a larger one, then the principle of subtraction is used (the smaller digit is subtracted from the larger one). So, the number 4 is depicted as IV (that is, 5-1).
In the case when a larger number comes in front of a smaller one, they are added, for example, 6 is written in the Roman system as VI (that is, 5+1).
If you are used to writing numbers in Arabic numerals, then some difficulties may arise when you need to write centuries in Roman numerals, a number or a date. You can convert any number from the Arabic system to the Roman number system and vice versa very easily and very quickly using the convenient converter on our website.
On your computer keyboard, just switch to English to easily write any number in Roman numerals.
Apparently, the ancient Romans preferred straight lines, which is why all their numbers are straight and strict. However, Roman numerals are nothing more than a simplified image of the fingers of a human hand. The numbers one to four resemble outstretched fingers, the number five can be compared to an open palm with the thumb protruding. And the number ten resembles two crossed hands. In European countries, when counting, it is customary to straighten your fingers, but in Russia, on the contrary, bend them.
More than two thousand years ago, Roman numbering appeared, that is, in Ancient Rome, numbers were written using letters of the Latin alphabet.
I - 1; V - 5; X - 10; L - 50; C - 100; D - 500; M - 1000 - these letters are called Roman numerals, and writing a number in Roman numerals is called writing a number in Roman numeration.
Addition and subtraction are used to write numbers in Roman numerals.
We agreed that in cases where the notation of a number implies addition, the smaller digit should be placed after the larger one, and when the notation of a number implies subtraction, the smaller digit (the subtrahend) should be placed before the larger one (the minuend).
An example of writing Roman numerals
VI = 5 + 1 IV = 5 − 1But writing large numbers in this way is quite difficult, so now Roman numbering is used to write relatively small numbers - chapter numbers in books, centuries, etc.
Note that in writing the number 555, the number 5 is used three times, but the number is read as “five hundred fifty-five.”
Just as when writing numbers in Roman numerals, addition and subtraction are implied, when writing numbers in Arabic numerals, addition and multiplication are implied:
555 = 500 + 50 + 5 = 5 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 5
Writing a number in this form is called sum of bit terms.
This means that the significance of a digit depends on its place in the number record, i.e. on its position.
In such cases they say that the number is written positionally.
What came first - Roman or Arabic numbering?
In our usual system of writing numbers, 10 digits are used.
It is counted in tens, hundreds (10 tens), thousands (10 hundreds), etc.
That's why our counting system is called decimal, or decimal number system.
The numbers we use are called Arabic numbering. It was invented in 400 AD in India. In 800 AD. Arabic numbering was adopted by the Arabs, and in 1200 Arabic numbering began to be used in Europe. In Russia, Arabic numbering began to be used under Peter I.
Roman numbering originated in ancient Rome between 900 and 800 BC. Thus, Roman numbering arose earlier than Arabic.
Roman numbering problems
Example #1. Determine the number written in Roman numerals: MMDCCCXXII.
Solution:
Recall that I - 1; V - 5; X - 10; L - 50; C - 100; D - 500; M - 1000.
It is known that when writing numbers in Roman numerals, addition and subtraction are used. We agreed that in cases where the notation of a number implies addition, the smaller digit should be placed after the larger one, and when the notation of a number implies subtraction, the smaller digit (the subtrahend) should be placed before the larger one (the minuend).
Therefore MMDCCCXXII = 1000 + 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 = 2822.
Answer: MMDCCCXXII = 2822.
Example #2. Determine the number written in Roman numerals: XXIX.
Solution:
XXIX = 10 + 10 + 9 = 29.
Answer: XXIX = 29.
Example #3. Enter the smallest five-digit number.
Solution:
It is known: to write the smallest five-digit number, you need to use only the number 1 - once - and the number 0 - four times.
We get the number 10000.
Answer: The smallest five-digit number is 10,000.
Example #4. Enter the smallest eleven-digit number.
Answer: 10,000,000,000
Example #5. Write the number in words: 79,402,720 (write the number in lowercase letters, without any punctuation).
Answer: seventy-nine million four hundred two thousand seven hundred twenty.
Example #6. Compare the numbers if individual digits in them are replaced by asterisks: 27∗∗∗ and 28∗∗∗.
Solution:
Analyzing the data of numbers in which individual digits are replaced by asterisks:
27∗∗∗ and 28∗∗∗ - we note that both numbers are five-digit, in the highest tens of thousands place there are the same digits, and in the units of thousands place the first number has a smaller digit than the second, which means the first number is less than the second, i.e. e. 27∗∗∗< 28∗∗∗.
Answer: 27∗∗∗< 28∗∗∗
Example #7. Write down the number that is 90 less than the largest four-digit number.
Solution
The largest four-digit number is 9999, and the number that is 90 less than the largest four-digit number is 9999 - 90 = 9909.
Answer: 9909.
Example #8. On the farm, 3 hectares are occupied by the estate and buildings, under crops - 380 hectares, under haymaking - 310 hectares, under forest - 40 hectares and under pasture - 110 hectares. How much land does a farmer have in total?
Solution
To determine the entire area of land in use by a farmer, it is necessary to add up the areas occupied by the estate and buildings, crops, haymaking, forest and pasture. We get:
3 + 380 + 310 + 40 + 110 = 843 ha
Answer: 843 hectares.
Example #9. Write the number 2458 as a sum of digit terms in two ways.
Example: 348 = 300 + 40 + 8 = 3 ⋅ 100 + 4 ⋅ 10 + 8.
Solution
Analyzing the example given in the task of writing a number in the form of a sum of digit terms, we apply it to the given four-digit number 2458.
Note that its most significant digit is units of thousands, so the entry will be as follows: 2458 = 2000 + 400 + 50 + 8 = 2 ⋅ 1000 + 4 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 8.
Answer: 2458 = 2000 + 400 + 50 + 8 = 2 ⋅ 1000 + 4 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 8.
Example #10. Write the number instead of ∗ so that you get the correct equality: 750000:∗=75000.
Solution:
In order for the equality 750000:∗=75000 to be true, instead of ∗ we write the number 10, since the result is a number consisting of the same digits as the dividend, only shifted one digit to the right, i.e. the number has decreased 10 times.
Answer: This is the number 10.
Example #11. Identify all three-digit numbers that are written using only the digits 1 and/or 5.
Solution:
To determine all three-digit numbers in which only the numbers 1 and 5 are used, let’s start thinking like this:
in the first place (in the hundreds place) this number can have the number 1 or the number 5, i.e. we have
1∗∗ or 5∗∗
In the second place (in the tens place) in each of these two cases there may also be one of the numbers - 1 or 5.
In the third place (in the units place) in each of the four cases already obtained there may also be one of the numbers - 1 or 5.
Continuing similar reasoning and going through all possible options, we get
Thus, you can create eight numbers:
111;115;151;155;511;515;551;555.
Answer: 111;115;151;155;511;515;551;555
Example #12. State in what place the number 7 is in the number 7,890,214. Continue the sentence: “The number is in the place __________.”
dozens
hundreds
units millions
units thousand
Solution:
It is known that the significance of a digit depends on its place in the number record, i.e. on its position.
Let's remember the table of ranks and the names of classes.
Table of ranks and classes
We all use Roman numerals - we use them to mark the numbers of centuries or months of the year. Roman numerals are found on clock dials, including the chimes of the Spasskaya Tower. We use them, but we don't know much about them.
How do Roman numerals work?
The Roman counting system in its modern version consists of the following basic signs:
I 1
V 5
X 10
L 50
C 100
D 500
M 1000
To remember numbers that are unusual for us who use the Arabic system, there are several special mnemonic phrases in Russian and English:
We Give Juicy Lemons, That's Enough
We Give Advice Only to Well-Educated Individuals
I Value Xylophones Like Cows Dig Milk
The system for arranging these numbers relative to each other is as follows: numbers up to three inclusive are formed by adding units (II, III) - repeating any number four times is prohibited. To form numbers greater than three, the larger and smaller digits are added or subtracted, for subtraction the smaller digit is placed before the larger one, for addition - after, (4 = IV), the same logic applies to other digits (90 = XC). The order of thousands, hundreds, tens and units is the same as what we are used to.
It is important that any number should not be repeated more than three times, so the longest number up to a thousand is 888 = DCCCLXXXVIII (500+100+100+100+50+10+10+10+5+1+1+1).
Alternative options
The ban on the fourth use of the same number in a row began to appear only in the 19th century. Therefore, in ancient texts one can see variants IIII and VIII instead of IV and IX, and even IIII or XXXXXX instead of V and LX. Remnants of this writing can be seen on the clock, where four is often marked with four units. In old books, there are also frequent cases of double subtractions - XIIX or IIXX instead of the standard XVIII.
Also in the Middle Ages, a new Roman numeral appeared - zero, which was denoted by the letter N (from the Latin nulla, zero). Large numbers were marked with special signs: 1000 - ↀ (or C|Ɔ), 5000 – ↁ (or |Ɔ), 10000 – ↂ (or CC|ƆƆ). Millions are obtained by double underlining standard numbers. Fractions were also written in Roman numerals: ounces were marked using symbols - 1/12, half was marked with the symbol S, and everything greater than 6/12 was marked with an addition: S = 10\12. Another option is S::.
Origin
At the moment there is no single theory of the origin of Roman numerals. One of the most popular hypotheses is that Etruscan-Roman numerals originated from a counting system that uses notched strokes instead of numbers.
Thus, the number “I” is not the Latin or more ancient letter “i”, but a notch reminiscent of the shape of this letter. Every fifth notch was marked with a bevel - V, and the tenth was crossed out - X. The number 10 in this count looked like this: IIIIΛIIIIX.
It is thanks to this recording of numbers in a row that we owe a special system of adding Roman numerals: over time, the recording of the number 8 (IIIIΛIII) could be reduced to ΛIII, which convincingly demonstrates how the Roman counting system acquired its specificity. Gradually, the notches turned into graphic symbols I, V and X, and acquired independence. Later they began to be identified with Roman letters - since they were similar in appearance to them.
An alternative theory belongs to Alfred Cooper, who suggested looking at the Roman counting system from a physiological point of view. Cooper believes that I, II, III, IIII is a graphical representation of the number of fingers of the right hand that the trader throws out when calling the price. V is the extended thumb, which together with the palm forms a figure similar to the letter V.
That is why Roman numerals add up not only ones, but also add them with fives - VI, VII, etc. - this is the thumb thrown back and the other fingers of the hand extended. The number 10 was expressed by crossing the hands or fingers, hence the symbol X. Another option was to simply double the number V, getting an X. Large numbers were transmitted using the left palm, which counted tens. So gradually the signs of ancient finger counting became pictograms, which then began to be identified with the letters of the Latin alphabet.
Modern Application
Today in Russia, Roman numerals are needed, first of all, to record the number of the century or millennium. It is convenient to place Roman numerals next to Arabic ones - if you write the century in Roman numerals, and then the year in Arabic, then your eyes will not be dazzled by the abundance of identical signs. Roman numerals have a certain connotation of archaism. They are also traditionally used to indicate the serial number of the monarch (Peter I), the volume number of a multi-volume publication, and sometimes the chapter of a book. Roman numerals are also used in antique watch dials. Important numbers, such as the year of the Olympiad or the number of a scientific law, can also be recorded using Roman numerals: World War II, Euclid's V postulate.
In different countries, Roman numerals are used slightly differently: in the USSR it was customary to indicate the month of the year using them (1.XI.65). In the West, the year number is often written in Roman numerals in the credits of films or on the facades of buildings.
In parts of Europe, especially in Lithuania, you can often find the days of the week designated in Roman numerals (I – Monday, and so on). In Holland, Roman numerals are sometimes used to denote floors. And in Italy they mark 100-meter sections of the route, marking, at the same time, every kilometer with Arabic numerals.
In Russia, when writing by hand, it is customary to emphasize the Roman numerals below and above at the same time. However, often in other countries, the underscore meant increasing the case of the number by 1000 times (or 10,000 times with a double underscore).
There is a common misconception that modern Western clothing sizes have some connection with Roman numerals. In fact, the designations are XXL, S, M, L, etc. have no connection with them: these are abbreviations of the English words eXtra (very), Small (small), Large (large).
In the process of life, we from time to time come across Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, once popular in the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. They are used to indicate the number of centuries or millennia, blood type on military uniforms, the number of volumes in books, valency in a group of chemical elements, and much more. Having been popular at the beginning of our era, they gradually lost the palm, and are now used sporadically, under the influence of tradition or ceremony. What are the Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, what is their peculiarity, and why did they give way to their eastern, Arab-Indian competitors? Let's figure it out.
Roman numerals - genesis
Roman numerals (they are often mistakenly called “Latin”) are the development and heritage of Roman civilization. The ancient Romans created them to facilitate counting, in order to make it easier and more convenient to count various goods and services.
Roman numerals were widely used during the existence of a unified Roman state, as well as after its split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Constantinople, they continued to be used in various barbarian kingdoms until the end of the Middle Ages, until they gradually lost out to the Arab-Indian figures that dominate to this day.
Representation of Roman numerals from 1 to 1000
Roman numerals are represented by seven different letters - I, V, X, L, C, D and M, each of which represents a different number.
You can remember Roman numerals from 1 to 1000 using the following phrase (in descending order):
You may also be interested in our material on.
These seven letters are used to represent many different numbers, usually using summation. For example, the Roman numeral 2 is written as “II” (just two ones added together). The number 12 is like XII, that is, X+II. Well, number 27 is written as XXVII, that is, as a combination of XX + V + II.
Roman numerals were easily displayed with fingers
As you can see, Roman numerals are written starting from the largest digit and ending with the smallest, from left to right. However, that's not all. The Romans really did not like 4 numbers of the same type in a row, so they developed a special subtraction system.
In Roman numerals the number 3 is written as "III". However, the digit for the number 4 will not be “IIII”, since there are four symbols of the same type here, and the principle of subtraction must be used. In Roman numerals, the number 4 will be written as “IV”, that is, numbers 1 and 5. Since the smaller digit (1) comes before the larger one (5), we subtract the smaller digit from the larger digit and get 4. The same principle is used for the number "9", which in the Roman system is written as "IX" (1 and 10)
Here are six more similar examples that allow you to use Roman numerals from 1 to 1000:
- I can come before V (5) and X (10) creating the numbers 4 and 9.
- X can come before L (50) and C (100) creating the numbers 40 and 90.
- C can come before D (500) and M (1000) creating the numbers 400 and 900.
Number 1994 is an excellent example for this rule. In Roman numerals it looks like MCMXCIV, that is, M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.
Years and dates
To write the year in Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, we need large numbers. For example, we start the 2020 entry with MM (2000), add XX (20) and get MMXX.
Years from the 20th century are just as easy to obtain. We start with the number 1900 (MSM), to which we add the required number of years. For example, 1985 would look like MSM (1900) LXXX (80) + V (5) = MCMLXXXV.
Large Roman numerals
Since the digit M (1000) is the largest number in the Roman numeral system, and we can only use three identical symbols when creating a number, the maximum number represented in the Roman numeral system is 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). However, we can write large numbers, we just need to draw a top line over the numbers to multiply them by 1000.
For example, the Roman notation for the number 5000 (5*1000) is written as
1 million (1000*1000) is written as
Accordingly, 1,550,000 is written as
As you can see, everything is quite simple.
Table of Roman numerals from one to thousand
Below I have inserted a table of Arabic (Russian) numerals starting from 1 to 1000 and the corresponding Roman numerals.
Arabic numerals | Roman numerals |
|---|---|
Conclusion
The specification of Roman numerals involves the use of only seven letters, denoting round numbers from 1 to 1000. Despite their former widespread use, the principles of addition and subtraction of such numbers carry a number of inconveniences for the counter, as a result of which the Roman numeral system lost competition to the more advanced Arabic model. Nevertheless, we can find Roman numerals in sports, military, scientific and other fields, therefore it is important to know the features of their display and application.
Despite the total dominance of Arabic numerals and the decimal counting system in our time, the use of Roman numerals can also be found quite often. They are used in historical and military disciplines, music, mathematics and other areas where established traditions and requirements for the design of materials inspire the use of the Roman numerical system, mainly from 1 to 20. Therefore, for many users it may be necessary to dial a number in Roman expression, which may cause some difficulties for some people. In this material I will try to help such users and tell you how to type Roman numerals from 1 to 20, and also describe the features of typing numbers in the MS Word text editor.
Features of Roman numbers
As you know, the Roman numerical system originates in ancient Rome, continuing to be actively used throughout the Middle Ages. From about the 14th century, Roman numerals were gradually replaced by the more convenient Arabic numerals, the use of which has become prevalent today. At the same time, Roman numerals are still actively used in some areas, quite successfully resisting their translation into Arabic analogues.
Numbers in the Roman system are represented by a combination of 7 capital letters of the Latin alphabet. These are the following letters:
- The letter “I” corresponds to the number 1;
- The letter “V” corresponds to the number 5;
- The letter “X” corresponds to the number 10;
- The letter “L” corresponds to the number 50;
- The letter “C” corresponds to the number 100;
- The letter “D” corresponds to the number 500;
- The letter "M" corresponds to the number 1000.
Almost all numbers in the Roman numeral system are written using the above seven Latin letters. The characters themselves are written from left to right, usually starting with the largest number and ending with the smallest one.
There are also two basic principles:
How to write Roman numerals on the keyboard
Accordingly, to write Roman numerals on the keyboard, it will be enough to use the Latin alphabet characters located on a standard computer keyboard. Roman numerals from 1 to 20 look like this:
Arabic Roman
How to put Roman numerals in Word
There are two main ways to write Roman numerals from one to twenty and more:
- Using the standard English keyboard layout, which contains Latin letters. Switch to this layout, click on “Caps Lock” on the left to activate the capital letter mode. Then we type the number we need using letters;
- Using formula set. Place the cursor in the place where you want to mark the Roman numeral, and press the key combination Ctrl+F9. Two characteristic brackets will appear, highlighted in gray.
Between these brackets enter a combination of characters:
X\*Roman
Where instead of “X” there should be the number we require, which must be presented in Roman form (let it be 55). That is, now this combination with the number 55 we selected should look like:
Then press F9 and get the required number in Roman numerals (in this case, it is LV).
Conclusion
Roman numerals from 1 to 20 can be written using just seven keys on your PC's English keyboard layout. At the same time, in the MS Word text editor it is also possible to use a formulaic set of Roman numerals, although, as for me, the traditional alphabetic method, which is used everywhere, is quite sufficient.
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