Absolutely all people are periodically tormented by pain in organs, muscles, dizziness, colds, and viruses. Some people immediately run to the doctor, while others, on the contrary, self-medicate. Moreover, they not only ignore going to a specialist, but having independently diagnosed themselves, they begin a course of non-drug treatment. Thus, people make an irreparable mistake. Not only do they not recover, but, on the contrary, they develop new illnesses and ailments. Treatment with folk remedies is essentially nonsense, especially if you prescribed it to yourself.
Informative analysis
Initially, you can assess a person’s health status by taking a complete blood test (CBC). The instant procedure opens the cards to the situation throughout the body. Even a common runny nose can have much deeper roots than it initially seems. A blood test is done to assess the extent of the disease, to determine the dynamics of advanced or difficult to treat diseases, and simply for preventive purposes.
Basically, blood is taken from a finger by pricking it with a scarifier. However, today many laboratories have already moved to a progressive level and do this using a scarifier pen (where the puncture depth is adjusted) or a special lancet. The lancet is a new generation device designed for children. Due to the thin needle, the puncture is completely imperceptible, and the spring - the base - breaks instantly. That is, the lancet is a disposable device, which indicates 100% safety when collecting blood from a patient. The result will be ready within 24 hours.
CBC is a study carried out in a laboratory, which consists of counting all types of patient’s blood cells and their parameters in relation to the norm. If there are no complaints, a person should donate blood every six months.
Explanation of terms
To make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to donate blood, or rather, a general blood test. The definition of the terms used when recording results is not known to everyone.
CBC is divided into biochemical, immunological, hormonal and serological. Often the result obtained frightens the patient, because without knowing the medical terms and abbreviations it is impossible to figure it out on your own. We offer a list of abbreviations for blood parameters that are studied and their interpretation:
- RBC - red blood cells. Serve for a uniform and regular supply of oxygen to all parts of the human body.
- MCV is a measure of the size of one red blood cell.
- RDW - placement of red blood cells in width.
- HCT hematocrit is the number of red blood cells in the total blood volume.
- PLT - platelets. They help blood clot, that is, they perform a protective function.
- MPV is a collection of platelets in the blood.
- WBC - white blood cells. These are the body’s protectors against viruses, bacteria, and foreign bodies. Play an active role in the immune system.
- HGB - hemoglobin. Displaces oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. Also maintains acidity in the blood.
- MCH is the amount of hemoglobin in one red blood cell.
- MCHC is the hemoglobin filling density of one red blood cell.
- LYM - absolute or relative content of lymphocytes (cells that produce antibodies).
- GRA is the absolute or relative content of granulocytes (nucleated white blood cells that fight infections).
- MID is the absolute or relative content of monocytes (the largest leukocytes that resist foreign bodies).
Transcript of clinical analysis
- Eosinophils are white blood cells that detect and destroy foreign protein.
- Band cells are the largest group of leukocytes that resist bacteria and fungi.
- Segmented - protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and all kinds of infections.
- ESR is the rate at which red blood cells settle and stick together. This indicator is extremely important in general, but does not provide specific information about any disease.
Hemoglobin
The hemoglobin indicator in the human body is very significant. I would like to say something about him separately. This coloring pigment is a characteristic indicator of your health. It is worth monitoring it diligently, especially if there is a tendency for it to sharply increase or decrease. The function of hemoglobin is to transmit oxygen with blood throughout the body, it enters even the smallest arteries and capillaries. Therefore, in order to ensure a sufficient level of this complex protein in the body, you should regularly lead a correct lifestyle. Symptoms of low hemoglobin (anemia) include:
- dizziness;
- dryness, tightness of the skin;
- increased fatigue;
- sleep problems;
- increased heart rate at rest.
An elevated hemoglobin level indicates possible problems such as:
- diabetes;
- burn;
- heart disease;
- intestinal obstruction.
Factors that negatively affect the jump in hemoglobin in the blood are:
- smoking;
- poor nutrition;
- systematic dehydration.
Donating blood should not only be for adults or the sick. Children are also subject to regular examination. Especially if the doctor orders a general blood test. The decoding for children is as follows:
The following indicators are the same for all ages. Eosinophils - from 1 to 5%, ESR - from 4 to 12 mm/h and platelets - from 160 to 310 x 10 9 / l.
Rules and procedure for blood collection
During long-term treatment, blood donations are often required. They do this to check whether there are specific drugs in it and whether they give the desired effect. You should not drink alcoholic beverages or fatty foods the day before the test. If possible, you should avoid physical procedures, solariums, and x-rays. And in the morning before getting ready you can’t have breakfast or smoke. All this can give false results of a general blood test. Deciphering is extremely important for subsequent treatment, which can only be determined by your attending physician.
To identify inflammatory processes, reliably assess the circulatory system, hemoglobin level and diagnose anemia - all this will be done by a general blood test. Decoding for adults is different from for children. It includes many more studied indicators, and the norm is completely different.
Now in many laboratories, material for OAC is taken from a vein. This is mainly done because it is not always possible to collect the required amount from a finger. This makes it difficult to detect many infections. Therefore, blood from a vein is preferable. However, if the most important indicator for the study is glucose, then capillary blood is undeniably needed here.
Of course, it is not enough to take one test. Actually, it is not an accurate diagnosis. The doctor is obliged to conduct an examination, ask questions, and possibly prescribe additional examinations.
Index | |
4-6 - in men; 3.7—4.5 — in women |
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36-50 - in men; 35-54 - for women |
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135-150 - in men; 120-145 - in women |
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LYM lymphocytes, x 10 9 | |
GRA granulocytes, x 10 9 | |
MID monocytes, x 10 9 | |
LYM lymphocytes | |
GRA granulocytes | |
MID monocytes | |
Eosinophils | |
Rod | |
Segmented | |
Lymphocytes | |
Monocytes | |
Normal for pregnant women
Clinical analysis is prescribed to absolutely all pregnant women, and several times. The first time is the most important - as soon as the woman registers. You cannot ignore it, because you need to determine what condition the expectant mother is in.
If there are infections, viruses in the female body, or the expectant mother suffers from allergies, then, undoubtedly, a general blood test will reveal them. The norm and interpretation of the results should be stored in the pregnant woman’s exchange card so that the gynecologist can familiarize herself with them and advise the woman.
The hemoglobin level is extremely important. If there is a lack of it, the child may experience oxygen starvation and, consequently, developmental deviations. Iron deficiency can be replenished, the main thing is to detect it in time. In general, hemoglobin levels vary throughout pregnancy. In the first trimester, it is not much different from the norm for an ordinary woman, that is, it is 110-130 g/l. Then the level decreases, but the threshold of 100 g/l must be observed. It is known that during the period of bearing a child, the amount of blood in a woman’s body increases. But the hemoglobin concentration decreases significantly. Therefore, the daily dose of iron during pregnancy should be increased to 1-19 mg.
The leukocyte count must be within the limits. After all, its increase indicates the presence of an infection, inflammatory or other dangerous process in the body. Although closer to childbirth, a small jump is considered normal. But a decrease in their number is possible after using medications.
The main thing is not to get hung up on numbers
In conclusion, I would like to say that the values of the norm indicators are not ideal. And a deviation of a few tenths does not indicate health problems. Of course, you shouldn’t put off going to the doctor. You need to take care of your health and give it due attention. Good health, vigor, energy - these are the main indicators of human health. Eat properly and nutritiously, spend time in the fresh air, do not forget about physical activity and enjoy every day you live.
This is necessary to exclude physiological factors influencing this analysis.Interpretation of a general blood test (clinical blood test).
I. Basic indicators of clinical blood analysis.
There are a number of indicators of a general blood test, assessing which you can make a first impression about the patient. Among them are:
1. RBC - Red Blood Cells
This indicator indicates the number of red blood cells contained in the blood. Units of measurement are 10*12/liter. Red blood cells are the formed elements of blood that contain hemoglobin. The main function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen. A normal red blood cell has a biconcave shape. Thanks to this shape, the surface area of the red blood cell increases and the binding of the red blood cell to oxygen is facilitated. The average life cycle of an erythrocyte is 120 days.
Norms for the number of RBC (normal red blood cells):
Men: 4.5-5.5*10 12 /l
Women: 4.0-5.0*10 12 /l
An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood is called erythrocytosis. Erythrocytosis can be absolute and relative. Absolute erythrocytosis occurs when the number of red blood cells increases. Relative erythrocytosis occurs when the blood thickens (decreases its volume).
A low number of red blood cells is called erythropenia. Erythropenia occurs, for example, during bleeding.
2. Hb (HGB) – Hemoglobin (hemoglobin)
This indicator characterizes the saturation of blood with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a pigment contained in red blood cells. The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hemoglobin plays a vital role in human respiration. Normal hemoglobin levels differ between men and women, and in addition, normal hemoglobin levels differ at different ages. Men have slightly higher hemoglobin levels than women.
Units of measurement are gram/liter (g/l).
Hemoglobin norms (HGB norms):
Men:120-170 g/l
Women:110-155 g/l
A decrease in hemoglobin levels (anemia) may indicate bleeding, a lack of iron and vitamin B 12 in the body.
Increased hemoglobin levels are much less common. May be associated with blood thickening (dehydration), erythrocytosis, in athletes, and residents of high mountain areas.
3. WBC (Leu) – White blood cells
This indicator indicates the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood.
Units of measurement WBC - *10 9 /l
Normal levels of white blood cells fluctuate depending on the age of the person, and even on the region of his residence.
Average WBC (white blood cell level): 6-10*10 9 /l.
The main function of leukocytes is to participate in the body's defense mechanisms. An increase in the level of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis is accompanied by infectious diseases, leukemia, burns, malignant neoplasms and many other diseases.
A decrease in the level of white blood cells is called leukopenia.
All leukocytes can be divided into 5 groups (leukocyte formula):
A. Neutrophils (normal 45-70%)
Promyelocytes
- Metamyelocytes
- Rod
- Segmented
Neutrophils are the most numerous fraction of leukocytes. Their main function is to fight microorganisms (infectious agents).
The number of neutrophils increases in acute inflammatory diseases. In this case, a so-called shift of the leukocyte formula to the left may occur. With this shift, metamyelocytes appear in the blood, and with a sufficiently pronounced inflammatory process, promyelocytes appear.
B. Lymphocytes (Normal 19-37%)
Lymphocytes respond to the body's immune response. Lymphocytes include T and B lymphocytes. The level of lymphocytes increases, for example, with a viral infection. The level of lymphocytes decreases in immunodeficiencies.
B. Monocytes (Normal 3-11%)
Monocytes are the largest cells among leukocytes. Monocytes are the precursors of macrophages. The main function of monocytes/macrophages is phagocytosis.
G. Eosinophils (Normal 1-5%)
D. Basophils (Normal 0-1%)
The main function of basophils is to participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
4. PLT – Platelets
This indicator indicates the number of platelets in the blood.
PLT (platelet) measurement units - *10 9 /l
Normal platelet level (PLT normal) – 150-400*10 9 /l
The main function of platelets is participation in the blood coagulation system and in the processes of fibrinolysis. The number of platelets can increase, for example, during acute blood loss, after splenectomy, and in myeloid leukemia. (Thrombositosis)
A decrease in platelet levels is called thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia can be either congenital (Fanconi syndrome, Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome, etc.) or acquired (drug-induced, with splenomegaly, etc.).
5. HCT (Ht) – Hematocrit (Hematocrit)
This indicator characterizes the ratio of the total volume of all red blood cells to the volume of plasma.
It is measured in percentage (%).
The normal hematocrit (HCT) is 35-45%.
The hematocrit level increases with an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), with an increase in the volume of red blood cells.
Hematocrit (HCT) decreases with a decrease in the number of red blood cells, a decrease in their volume, or hemodilution (for example, with intensive infusion therapy with crystalloid solutions).
6. ESR – ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
This indicator indicates the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Units of measurement – mm/hour.
ESR rate (ESR): men 1-10 mm/hour
women 1-15 mm/hour
ESR is measured in a special test tube on which a scale is marked in millimeters. The ESR level is determined an hour after blood sampling by the height of the column consisting of red blood cells. Typically, an increase in ESR indicates some kind of inflammatory process occurring in the body.
7. Color Index (CPU)
This indicator indicates the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin.
The CPU norm (Color index) is 0.9 - 1.1.
With CPU:
less than 0.9 - hypochromic red blood cells
0.9 - 1.1 - normochromic erythrocytes
more than 1.1 - hyperchromic red blood cells
II. Additional indicators of clinical blood test (complete blood count)
1. MCV - average erythrocyte volume.
The average volume of a red blood cell is measured in femtoliters (fl).
MCV norm 80-100 fl.
If the volume of red blood cells falls within the normal range, then these red blood cells are normocytic. When MCV is less than 80 fl - microcytic erythrocytes, MCV is more than 100 - macrocytic erythrocytes.
2. MCH – average level of hemoglobin in one red blood cell.
Measured in picograms (pg).
The MCH norm is 27-34 pg.
This indicator is important for determining the type of anemia. If the indicator falls within the normal range, then the anemia is hypochromic. When MCH is less than 27 pg - hypochromic anemia, MCH is more than 34 - hyperchromic anemia.
3. MCHC - this indicator characterizes the ratio of the level of hemoglobin in a red blood cell to the volume of the red blood cell.
The units of MCHC are g/l (g/l).
MCHC norm – 300-350 g/l
4. MPV – mean platelet volume.
The average platelet volume is measured in femtoliters (fl).
MCV rate 7-10 fl.
5. PCT - thrombocrit.
This indicator characterizes the volume of all platelets in relation to the volume of whole blood.
Norm: 0.10-0.28.
6. PDW – this indicator characterizes platelet volume variability.
7. RDW - red blood cell distribution width (unit %)
8. RDW-SD - distribution width of erythrocytes by volume, standard deviation.
9. RDW-CV - distribution width of erythrocytes by volume, coefficient of variation.
10. RDV - anisocytosis of erythrocytes (normal 11.5-14.3%).
11. HGB/RBC – average level of hemoglobin in a red blood cell.
12.P-LCR - large platelet ratio.
13. LYM% (LY%) – relative number of lymphocytes.
Units of measurement LYM%: %.
14. LYM# (LY#) – absolute number of lymphocytes.
15. MXD% - relative number of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
Units of MXD%: %.
16. MXD# - absolute number of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
17. NEUT% (NE%) - relative number of neutrophils.
Units of measurement NEUT% (NE%): %.
18. NEUT# (NE#) - absolute number of neutrophils.
19. MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
Units of measurement MON% (MO%): %.
20. MON# (MO#) - absolute number of monocytes
21. EO% - relative number of eosinophils.
Units of EO%: %.
22. EO# - absolute number of eosinophils.
21. BA% - relative amount of basophils.
Units of measurement BA%: %.
22. BA# - absolute number of basophils.
23. IMM% - relative number of immature granulocytes.
IMM% units: %.
24. IMM# - absolute number of immature granulocytes.
25. ATL% - relative number of atypical lymphocytes.
ATL% units: %.
26. ATL# - absolute number of atypical lymphocytes.
27. GR% - relative number of granulocytes.
Units of GR%: %.
28. GR# - absolute number of granulocytes.
This article was written using specialized medical literature. All material used has been analyzed and presented in easy-to-understand language with minimal use of medical terms. The purpose of this article was an accessible explanation of the meaning of a general blood test and interpretation of its results.
If you have identified a deviation from the norm in a general blood test and want to learn more about the possible causes, then click on the selected blood value in the table - this will allow you to go to the selected section.
The article provides detailed information about the norms of cellular elements for each age. Deciphering a blood test in children requires special attention. Normal blood levels in children depend on age, so accurate information about the child's age is necessary to interpret the results of a blood test. You can find out about age standards from the tables below - separate for each blood test indicator.
We all have had a general blood test at least once in our lives. And every person was faced with a misunderstanding about what was written on the form, what did all these numbers mean? How to understand why this or that indicator is increased or decreased? What could be the risk of an increase or decrease, for example, in lymphocytes? Let's look at everything in order.
General blood test norms
| Analysis indicator | Norm |
| Hemoglobin | Men: 130-170 g/l |
| Women: 120-150 g/l | |
| Red blood cell count | Men: 4.0-5.0 10 12 /l |
| Women: 3.5-4.7 10 12 /l | |
| White blood cell count | Within 4.0-9.0x10 9 /l |
| Hematocrit (the ratio of the volume of plasma and cellular elements of blood) | Men: 42-50% |
| Women: 38-47% | |
| Average red blood cell volume | Within 86-98 microns 3 |
| Leukocyte formula | Neutrophils:
Monocytes: 3-11% Eosinophils: 0.5-5% Basophils: 0-1% |
| Platelet count | Within 180-320 10 9 /l |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | Men: 3 - 10 mm/h |
| Women: 5 - 15 mm/h |
Hemoglobin
| Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein containing an iron atom that is capable of attaching and transporting oxygen. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin is measured in grams/liter (g/l). Determining the amount of hemoglobin is very important, since when its level decreases, the tissues and organs of the entire body experience a lack of oxygen. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reasons for increased hemoglobin
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Low hemoglobin - reasons
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Red blood cell count
| Red blood cells- These are small red blood cells. These are the most numerous blood cells. Their main function is the transfer of oxygen and its delivery to organs and tissues. Red blood cells are presented in the form of biconcave discs. Inside the red blood cell there is a large amount of hemoglobin - the main volume of the red disk is occupied by it. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Causes of decreased red blood cell levelsA decrease in the number of red blood cells is called anemia. There are many reasons for the development of this condition, and they are not always associated with the hematopoietic system.
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Reasons for the increase in the number of red blood cells
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| What to do if red blood cells are elevated? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total white blood cell count
| Leukocytes- these are living cells of our body circulating with the bloodstream. These cells carry out immune control. In the event of an infection or damage to the body by toxic or other foreign bodies or substances, these cells fight the damaging factors. The formation of leukocytes occurs in the red bone marrow and lymph nodes. Leukocytes are divided into several types: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. Different types of leukocytes differ in appearance and functions performed during the immune response. | |
Causes of increased leukocytesPhysiological increase in leukocyte levels
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Causes of decreased leukocytes
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Hematocrit
| Hematocrit- this is the percentage ratio of the volume of the blood being tested to the volume occupied by red blood cells in it. This indicator is calculated as a percentage. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reasons for increased hematocrit
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Reasons for decreased hematocrit
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MCH, MCHC, MCV, color index (CPU)- norm
Color Index (CPU)- This is a classic method for determining the hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells. Currently, it is gradually being replaced by the MCH index in blood tests. These indices reflect the same thing, only expressed in different units.
Leukocyte formula
The leukocyte formula is an indicator of the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood and the total number of leukocytes in the blood (this indicator is discussed in the previous section of the article). The percentage of different types of leukocytes in infectious, blood diseases, and oncological processes will change. Thanks to this laboratory symptom, the doctor may suspect the cause of health problems.Types of leukocytes, normal
| Neutrophils | Segmented forms 47-72% |
| Band forms 1-6% | |
| Eosinophils | 0,5-5% |
| Basophils | 0-1% |
| Monocytes | 3-11% |
| Lymphocytes | 19-37% |
In order to find out the age norm, click on the name of the leukocyte from the table.
Neutrophils
| Neutrophils There can be two types - mature forms, which are also called segmented, and immature - rod-shaped. Normally, the number of band neutrophils is minimal (1-3% of the total number). With the “mobilization” of the immune system, there is a sharp increase (by several times) in the number of immature forms of neutrophils (band neutrophils). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| An increase in the level of neutrophils in the blood is a condition called neutrophilia. Reasons for increased neutrophil levels
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| Decreased neutrophil levels - a condition called neutropenia Reasons for decreased neutrophil levels
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What is a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left and to the right?Shift of the leukocyte formula to the left means that young, “immature” neutrophils appear in the blood, which are normally present only in the bone marrow, but not in the blood. A similar phenomenon is observed in mild and severe infectious and inflammatory processes (for example, sore throat, malaria, appendicitis), as well as in acute blood loss, diphtheria, pneumonia, scarlet fever, typhus, sepsis, intoxication.Shift of the leukocyte formula to the right means that the number of “old” neutrophils (segmented) in the blood increases, and the number of nuclear segments becomes more than five. This picture occurs in healthy people living in areas contaminated with radiation waste. It is also possible in the presence of B 12 deficiency anemia, with a lack of folic acid, in people with chronic lung disease, or with obstructive bronchitis. |
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Eosinophils
| Eosinophils– this is one of the types of leukocytes that are involved in cleansing the body of toxic substances, parasites, and participates in the fight against cancer cells. This type of leukocyte is involved in the formation of humoral immunity (immunity associated with antibodies) | |
Reasons for increased blood eosinophils
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Reasons for the decrease in eosinophils
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Monocytes
| Monocytes- few, but the largest immune cells in the body. These white blood cells are involved in recognizing foreign substances and training other white blood cells to recognize them. They can migrate from the blood into body tissues. Outside the bloodstream, monocytes change their shape and transform into macrophages. Macrophages can actively migrate to the site of inflammation in order to take part in cleansing the inflamed tissue from dead cells, leukocytes, and bacteria. Thanks to this work of macrophages, all conditions are created for the restoration of damaged tissues. | |
Causes of increased monocytes (monocytosis)
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Causes of decreased monocytes (monocytopenia)
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Basophils
Causes of increased blood basophils
- decreased thyroid hormone levels hypothyroidism
- chicken pox
- food and drug allergies
- condition after removal of the spleen
- treatment with hormonal drugs (estrogens, drugs that reduce the activity of the thyroid gland)
Lymphocytes
| Lymphocytes– the second largest fraction of leukocytes. Lymphocytes play a key role in humoral (through antibodies) and cellular (implemented through direct contact of the destroyed cell and lymphocyte) immunity. Different types of lymphocytes circulate in the blood - helpers, suppressors and killers. Each type of leukocyte is involved in the formation of the immune response at a certain stage. | |
Causes of increased lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)
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Causes of low lymphocytes (lymphopenia)
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Platelets
Causes of increased platelets
(thrombocytosis, platelet count more than 320x10 9 cells/l)- splenectomy
- inflammatory processes (exacerbation of rheumatism,
A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic test that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows one to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the entire organism as a whole. The results of this study can accurately indicate the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal imbalances, etc. In this material we will look at the decoding of the biochemical blood test in adults in the table.
What does a biochemical blood test show?
A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the earliest stages, that is, when clinical symptoms have not yet appeared and the person is not even aware of the disease.
Correct interpretation of the study results allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes occur in the body, what the level of hormones is, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.
Indications for the study
A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who contact a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. Indications for this study are:
- diseases of the female reproductive system - infertility, disruptions and disturbances of the menstrual cycle of unknown etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
- diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
- diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
- diseases of the heart and blood vessels - previous heart attacks and strokes, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, coronary heart disease;
- suspicion of renal or liver failure - in order to identify pathology or monitor treatment;
- oncological diseases;
- inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.
In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to give the patient a correct diagnosis, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient’s body.
How is a biochemical blood test performed?
A biochemical blood test is the collection of biological material from the ulnar vein (or any other vein, if the ulnar vein is inaccessible for some reason) in an amount of 5 ml. Sometimes up to 20 ml of blood is drawn from a patient to perform several diagnostic tests. In order for the analysis results to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.
Preparing to donate blood from a vein involves the following steps:
- 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
- the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, you must stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, you should definitely inform your doctor about this;
- on the day of blood sampling you cannot eat anything - the test is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
- Avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood tests for hormones may be unreliable if the patient becomes nervous or physically overloaded.
The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select treatment.
Table of norms for biochemical blood tests in adults
The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.
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Analysis indicator |
Norm for men |
Norm for women |
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Total protein |
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Protein fractions: Albumin Globulins |
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Hemoglobin |
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Urea |
2.5-8.2 mmol/l |
2.4-8.2 mmol/l |
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Uric acid |
0.12-0.42 mmol/l |
0.24-0.54 mmol/l |
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3.3-5.5 mmol/l |
3.2-5.5 mmol/l |
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Creatinine |
61-114 µmol/l |
52-96 µmol/l |
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Total cholesterol |
3.4-6.4 mmol/l |
3.4-6.4 mmol/l |
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Up to 3 mmol/l |
Up to 3 mmol/l |
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0-1.2 mmol/l |
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Triglycerides |
Up to 1.6 mmol/l |
Up to 1.7 mmol/l |
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Bilirubin (total) |
5-20 µmol/l |
5-20 µmol/l |
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Direct bilirubin |
2.2-5.0 µmol/l |
2.2-5.0 µmol/l |
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ALT (alanine aminotransferase) |
No more than 45 units/l |
No more than 30 units/l |
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AST (aspartate aminotransferase) |
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Alkaline phosphatase |
Up to 260 units/l |
Up to 250 units/l |
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GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) |
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Pancreatic amylase |
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Creatine kinase (CK) |
Up to 180 units/l |
Up to 180 units/l |
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130-150 mmol/l |
130-150 mmol/l |
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3.3-5.3 mmol/l |
3.35-5.3 mmol/l |
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Alpha amylase |
Total protein
The term “total protein” refers to the total amount of proteins that are generally contained in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:
- are catalysts for chemical reactions;
- transport substances to organs and tissues;
- take part in the body's immune defense against infections.
Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g/l. If this rate increases significantly, the human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.
Increased protein in the blood: causes
The main reasons for increased protein levels in the blood are:
- rheumatism;
- joint inflammation;
- oncological neoplasms.
Reduced blood protein levels: causes
The reasons for low protein in a blood test from a vein are:
- liver diseases;
- intestinal pathologies;
- disorders of the kidneys;
- malignant tumors in the body.
When studying blood biochemistry indicators, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An increased level of albumin in the blood is observed with:
- extensive burns;
- uncontrollable diarrhea;
- dehydration of the body.
A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is typical for:
- pregnant and lactating women;
- liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis;
- sepsis;
- heart failure;
- overdose and drug poisoning.
Glucose
Normally, a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person reveals from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l (glucose tolerance test is performed).
Increased glucose levels, causes
An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:
- diabetes mellitus;
- diseases of the endocrine system;
- pancreatic tumor;
- hemorrhagic stroke;
- cystic fibrosis.
Short-term acceptable increases in blood sugar levels are caused by overeating, stress, and eating too many sweets.
Low blood sugar: causes
A decrease in blood glucose levels below 3.5 mmol/l often occurs due to the following conditions:
- liver diseases;
- inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
- hypothyroidism;
- alcohol poisoning;
- drug overdose;
- stomach cancer;
- adrenal cancer.
Uric acid
Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys in the urine. In the blood, uric acid levels normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol/l.
Increased uric acid levels
The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:
- renal failure;
- lymphoma;
- leukemia;
- alcoholism;
- grueling long-term diets;
- overdose of diuretics and salicylates.
Reduced uric acid levels
A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol/l is observed in the following conditions:
- Iron-deficiency anemia;
- treatment with Allopurinol;
- hepatitis.
Urea
Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in urea levels is observed in kidney diseases.
A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic fasting. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and liver cirrhosis.
Creatinine
Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.
Increased creatinine: reasons
The causes of increased creatinine levels in blood plasma are the following conditions:
- renal failure;
- muscle injuries;
- hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
- excessive physical activity.
In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.
ALT (AlAt, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AST)
ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT makes it possible to judge possible liver dysfunction and the presence of diseases of this organ.
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in ana-acid metabolism. An increase in ALT levels above AST levels is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when AST levels exceed ALT values, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:
- myocardial infarction;
- angina pectoris;
- rheumatic heart disease;
- toxic hepatitis;
- acute pancreatitis;
- liver cancer;
- heart failure.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:
- low-density cholesterol (LDL);
- high density cholesterol (HDL);
- total cholesterol;
- lipoprotein cholesterol.
Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:
- mild hypercholesterolemia – up to 6.5 mmol/l, increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
- average degree – up to 8 mmol/l, corrected with a special low-lipid diet;
- high degree – more than 8 mmol/l, requires medication.
Increased cholesterol: reasons
The main reasons for increased blood cholesterol levels are:
- atherosclerosis;
- hypothyroidism;
- diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
- chronic hepatitis;
- obstructive jaundice.
Low cholesterol: reasons
A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:
- cirrhosis of the liver;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- prolonged fasting;
- malignant tumors in the liver;
- violation of metabolic processes;
- hyperthyroidism;
- COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Normally, the blood level of an adult is from 5 to 20 µmol/l.
High bilirubin levels
The reasons for increased levels of bilirubin in the blood are:
- liver cancer;
- cholelithiasis;
- acute cholecystitis;
- cholangitis.
Decreased bilirubin levels
A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below normal levels is observed in the following conditions:
- acute hepatitis;
- liver diseases caused by bacterial infection;
- drug poisoning;
- toxic hepatitis.
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates and facilitate digestion. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands; a distinction is made between diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.
Increased amylase levels
An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of the following conditions:
- pancreatitis;
- peritonitis;
- diabetes;
- stones in the pancreas;
- cholecystitis;
- renal and liver failure.
Decreased amylase levels
A reduced level of amylase in blood tests is typical for the following conditions:
- myocardial infarction;
- thyrotoxicosis;
- toxicosis of pregnant women;
- pancreatic necrosis.
Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood
Potassium
Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in the following conditions:
- disease of the adrenal cortex;
- exhausting diets;
- insufficient intake of salt from food, long-term salt-free diets;
- dehydration as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
- excess levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
- cystic fibrosis.
An increase in potassium in the blood is typical for:
- acute renal failure;
- kidney diseases;
- adrenal insufficiency;
- convulsions;
- severe injuries.
An increase in potassium levels in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.
Sodium
The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain physiological pH levels and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the adrenal hormone aldosterone.
A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed under the following conditions:
- diabetes;
- chronic heart failure;
- swelling;
- nephrotic syndrome;
- cirrhosis of the liver;
- abuse of diuretics.
An increase in sodium in the blood is observed when:
- abuse of table salt;
- diabetes insipidus;
- profuse sweat;
- uncontrollable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
- diseases of the hypothalamus;
- coma.
As a conclusion
A biochemical blood test is an integral part in diagnosing diseases of internal organs. Standard values for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, compliance with the preparation rules and the laboratory.
General blood analysis– a very important procedure that is prescribed for almost any change in human health. Deciphering a general blood test helps doctors understand exactly what pathological processes occur in the human body.
Clinical relevance
The study of blood from a finger or from a vein serves as the foundation for constructing diagnostic and therapeutic tactics. Doctors widely use this tool, and people themselves are already accustomed to the fact that treatment or preventive examination is not complete without general blood and urine tests.
It doesn't take much time to get results.
Fact! In urgent cases, the most important data can be obtained in just a few minutes, while the patient is still being examined by a doctor.
A modern laboratory service provides insight into the following general parameters:
- Red blood.
- White blood.
- Coagulation system.
- blood.
Obtaining the data itself is important, but an equally significant role is played by their correct assessment individually and in combination. Qualitative interpretation of the results obtained is impossible without the help of a qualified specialist.
Fence rules
To obtain reliable data, a number of requirements must be met. The result is influenced by a variety of factors: for example, at different times of the day, some indicators will vary for the same absolutely healthy person.
Capillary blood
This is a familiar general blood test from a finger prick. Allows you to assess the condition of tissues on the periphery of the body.
In order for the result of a general blood test to be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of a specific patient, you need to:
- Take the sample on an empty stomach, preferably fasting for 12 hours.
- The collection is carried out in the morning, between 7 and 9 o'clock.
- Before visiting the laboratory, avoid physical activity and medical procedures.
- Use only a disposable syringe and a sterile tube (capillary).
Important! If a patient arrives at the laboratory after an hour or two of jostling in minibus taxis or a crush in the subway, he needs to rest for at least half an hour, just sit.
Deoxygenated blood
Taking a sample for a general blood test from a vein requires observing some additional nuances:
- The time for applying the tourniquet should be as short as possible.
- The sample must be taken in a lying or sitting position.
- It is undesirable to bend and straighten your fingers.
- Take the test only on an empty stomach.
It is better to use modern vacutainers as a tool. This is a special tube with a needle that avoids contact with blood and carefully collects the sample.
Most often, venous blood is collected if necessary. However, it may also be required for general clinical research.
Fact! The vertical position of the body increases the level of proteins, cholesterol, and many other metabolites in the peripheral blood. Intense “fist work” redistributes protein fractions in the hands, from where blood is drawn, and reduces the oxygen saturation of the taken blood.
If these requirements are not met, the blood may become unsuitable for testing or, worse, give incorrect results.
Normal indicators
At the beginning of the 21st century, approximately 40 indicators can be obtained for assessment. For most cases, such detailed data is not needed.
In routine medical practice, the blood system is assessed according to the following indicators (table):
| Category, name (international abbreviation) | International
nomenclature |
What do they characterize? | Normal indicators: men/(women) |
| Red blood | |||
| Red blood cells | Red Blood Cells, R.B.C. | Saturation of tissues with oxygen, transport, nutritional and protective functions of blood. | 4.0-5.1*10 12 cells in 1 liter/(3.7-4.7*10 12 /l) |
| – reticulocytes | The number of young red blood cells that still contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) | 0,5-1,2% | |
| Hemoglobin | Hemoglobin, HBC | The content of pigment in erythrocytes, responsible for the delivery of oxygen to tissues and the selection of carbon dioxide from them | 130-160/(120-140) grams per liter |
| Hematocrit | Hematocrit, HTC | How do the liquid (plasma) and dense (cells) parts of blood compare? | 40-48/(36-42%) |
| Selected erythrocyte indices | |||
| – average volume of one red blood cell | Mean corpuscular volume, MCV | Important when it helps to establish its type and cause | 80-94/(81-99) cubic micrometers, microns 3 |
| – average hemoglobin content in one cell | Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH | The same | 27-31 picograms, pg |
| – average concentration of hemoglobin in one cell | Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC | The same | 33-37% |
| Erythrocyte anisocytosis | Red blood cell distribution width, RDW | Number of red blood cells of different sizes (micro- and macrocytes) | 11,5-14,5% |
| White blood | |||
| Leukocytes | White blood cells, WBC | Degree and quality of protection from foreign components | 4-9*10 9 cells in one liter |
| – neutrophils | Neutrophil granulocyte | "Working" cells | |
| - stab | In some way, young forms show the level of synthesis of new cells | 1-6% of total leukocytes | |
| - segmented | “Pull horses” are responsible for phagocytosis - eating foreign agents | 45-72% | |
| – eosinophils | Eosinophil granulocyte | Collect information for the synthesis of antibodies, are responsible for the start of allergy mechanisms | 0.5-5% of the total number of leukocytes |
| – basophils | Basophil granulocyte | Responsible for allergic reactions (immediate or delayed type) | 0-1% of total leukocytes |
| – monocytes | Monocyte | Destroy unnecessary or spent cells and tissue fragments of the body itself | 3-11% of total leukocytes |
| – lymphocytes | Lymphocyte | Regulate the interaction between different parts of the immune system | 19-37% of the total number of leukocytes |
| Platelets | Platelets, PLT | Responsible for the level and quality of the primary stages of the blood coagulation system (hemostasis) | 180-320*10 9 cells in one liter |
| ESR | Indirectly reflects changes in blood protein balance (dysproteinemia) in any disease | 1-10/(2-15) millimeters per 1 hour, mm/hour | |
Despite the fact that it is not a problem to find normal indicators now, only a specialist should evaluate them.
Fact! The norm is a very average indicator. There are no identical people in the world and blood numbers will be different for everyone. In the clinic, it is generally accepted that the indicators observed in 80% of the healthy population are the norm.
Your doctor will tell you more about how to take a general blood test to obtain adequate data for assessment.
Red blood assessment
The table shows that red blood cells and hemoglobin are the main components of the so-called “red blood”. The reason for the name lies in the red color of heme, a key protein for oxygen transport. The hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 heme molecules.
This protein is found in red blood cells. Therefore, the main thing that red blood is responsible for is saturating tissues with oxygen. But not the only thing.
Red blood cells
Almost everyone has heard about red blood cells. But few people know that in addition to transporting oxygen (inside the cell), red blood cells transport a lot of nutrients and immune antibodies. They play an important role in maintaining adequate acid-base balance of the internal environment.
Increasing the number of cells ()
If there are more than normal, this may indicate:
- Chronic hypoxia. For example - life in rarefied air at altitude, heart disease, bronchopulmonary insufficiency.
- Stimulating synthesis with special hormones - erythropoietins. This happens with kidney pathology and liver tumors. May be hereditary.
- Elevated steroid levels. Or against the background of adrenal disease, or during the treatment of any pathology with these hormones.
Important! There is such a thing as relative for (dehydration): the numbers need to be evaluated together with the hematocrit.
Decreased cell count (erythropenia)
A decrease in the amount below normal indicates:
- (anemia). It can be caused by various reasons, which help to establish other indicators of red blood.
- Acute blood loss.
- Late pregnancy.
- Chronic inflammation.
- Oversaturation with water (overhydration).
Not only do some blood numbers in women differ from those in men, but they can also change depending on the gestation period.
Reticulocytes
Young cells that are just maturing to become full-fledged red blood cells. If they are more than normal (reticulocytosis), this indicates blood loss and acute oxygen starvation.
Fact! A normal variant is reticulocytosis against the background of effective treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
Reticulopenia (decrease below normal), indicates disturbances in the functioning of the bone marrow: treatment with cytostatics, metastases of malignant tumors. The same picture will occur with a lack of iron and B vitamins (B 6, B 12) in the diet.
Hemoglobin
Widely known protein. The key task is the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from tissues.
Important! If a general blood test is normal, adults are found to have typesHbAAndHbB. Other types (HbF) indicate bone marrow pathology.
Above normal for dehydration and primary (hereditary) erythrocytosis. The reasons for the reduction are:
- Anemia of various origins.
- Acute blood loss, hidden bleeding.
- Severe intoxication due to cancer.
- Blood hyperhydration.
- Impaired function of the kidneys, liver, bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs.
The study of this indicator allows us to indirectly assess the degree of oxygen saturation of tissues.
Hematocrit, anisocytosis and erythrocyte indices
The ratio of plasma volumes to formed elements is valuable for determining the degree of hydration of the body. A high indicator indicates significant blood viscosity, a low indicator indicates excess fluid.
Hematocrit is included in a general blood test in adults and children for some diseases that require hospital treatment and careful monitoring of the patient's condition.
The anisocytosis rate is calculated mathematically. If the diameter of a red blood cell is less than 6.5 micrometers (μm), it is called a microcyte; if it is greater than 9 μm, it is called a macrocyte. The normal ratio of cells with such characteristics is indicated above in the table.
Deviation from the norm will occur with anemia, bone marrow pathology, and some hereditary diseases.
Erythrocyte indices are also calculated mathematically and play a narrow clinical role.
Summing up the red blood, I would like to draw attention to the importance of responsible preparation for research.
Important! Simply drinking water immediately before a general blood test can affect its results and obtain incorrect data.
White blood assessment
These indicators are no less important. After all, many diseases are infectious or allergic in nature. Then changes occur on the part of the white blood. The very number of leukocytes and/or their cellular composition (leukocyte formula) changes.
Leukocytes
Their normal level indirectly indicates calmness in the immune system. Exceeding the norm - leukocytosis - is observed when:
- Any infections.
- Intoxications.
- Allergic manifestations.
- Inflammatory processes of various origins.
- Malignant neoplasms.
- Leukemia.
Fact! When the body is under the influence of a number of hormones, histamine, and digitalis-based medications, the white blood also changes, which is shown by a general blood test in the form of leukocytosis.
A decrease in level (leukopenia) is also common:
- Severe infections (viral or bacterial).
- The effect of some medications.
- Bone marrow pathology.
- Increased activity of the spleen.
- A special form of leukemia (aleukemic).
- Anaphylaxis is an immediate, severe allergic reaction.
- Systemic diseases of connective tissue (collagenosis).
At least two pathologies can be accompanied by both leukocytosis and leukopenia: infections and leukemia. Therefore, taking a blood test and interpreting it should be carried out only by qualified specialists.
Important! In severe infections, leukocytosis is first observed. If it turns into leukopenia, this indicates a depleted immune system. It is imperative that such a patient is shown to a doctor.
Neutrophils
They saturate the blood when it is necessary to eliminate (destroy) any unnecessary and foreign agents. Above the norm will be when:
- Bacterial infections.
- Inflammation or necrosis (burns, rheumatic attack, etc.).
- A disintegrating tumor.
- Intoxication (pregnant women, uremia - increased levels of uric acid, acetone with).
- Carbon dioxide poisoning.
Some drugs can also increase the number of neutrophils. If the patient is treating a chronic disease and takes medications daily, this should be discussed with the doctor before taking a general blood test. Then it will be possible to make a correct assessment of the data obtained.
Neutropenia is observed under the same conditions as leukopenia with some clarifications:
- Some bacterial infections (typhoid, brucellosis).
- Viral infections (rubella, infectious hepatitis).
- Fungal infections, rickettsia.
Physiological neutrophilia will occur during physical activity, after eating, during stress and pregnancy.
Important! The period of physical and moral rest, followed by the delivery of the sample, is of great importance for the correct result.
Important qualitative changes
The severity of the pathological processes is indicated by the number of band neutrophils, young forms: myelocytes, promyelocytes, which is also called a shift to the left.
Fact! This formulation appeared because of the forms on which the results of a general clinical blood test were previously written out. Young forms of neutrophils were placed at the beginning of the table. When they were identified, the indicator numbers were placed on the left side of the table. This is where it came from - a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left.
Eosinophils
Exceeding normal values (eosinophilosis) indicates:
They may be elevated during the recovery period after severe infectious diseases.
Eosinopenia (below normal) will occur under the same conditions as leukopenia.
Basophils
Characterizes the body's ability to respond to allergic reactions. An increase from the norm (basophilia) is observed against the background of:
- Blood diseases.
- Chronic inflammatory processes.
- Hypofunction of the thyroid gland (myxedema).
- High levels of estrogen.
There will be a decrease (basopenia) in acute infections, conditions with low estrogen and thyroid hormones.
Note! The dependence of basophils on hormone levels can be used to indirectly assess the quality of therapy. Whether the analysis will show ovulation is unknown. But a decrease in estrogen levels can be noticed.
Monocytes
The most “gluttonous cells”. They are responsible for phagocytosis and, in combination with lymphocytes, participate in the immune response. Monocytosis should be expected against the background of any infections, injuries, or surgical interventions.
Monocytopenia is provoked by the same thing as leukopenia.
Lymphocytes
The most famous white blood cells. They have a regulatory function (T-lymphocytes) and are responsible for the synthesis of antibodies (B-lymphocytes). However, such a division is not included in the decoding of a general blood test: it is a very complex procedure and technique.
Raises above the norm:
- Any infections.
- Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.
- Toxoplasma.
- Some medications: analgesics, haloperidol,.
A decrease in level - lymphopenia - will occur under the same factors as leukopenia with some exceptions: immunodeficiencies.
Platelets
They stand apart in the blood formula. These are cells without nuclei that trigger a cascade of coagulation reactions. Thrombocytosis often accompanies the following conditions:
- Increased bone marrow activity (myeloproliferation).
- Malignant diseases.
- Chronic inflammatory processes.
- Bleeding.
- Postoperative period.
- Splenectomy.
- Treatment with corticosteroids.
The female body stands out here too: against the background of menstruation, the level of platelets can drop 25-50% of the usual amount.
Thrombocytopenia directly indicates a weakness of the blood coagulation system. There are a lot of provoking factors: from bone marrow abnormalities to alcohol consumption.
This indicator should only be assessed by a specialist, in relation to the patient’s current condition.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
In the minds of most people, ESR is strongly associated with the activity of inflammatory processes in the body. Actually this is not true.
ESR, without which no decoding of a general blood test is complete, indicates an imbalance of proteins in the blood plasma (dysproteinemia). Acceleration may indicate:
- Infection.
- Pregnancy.
- Trauma.
- Intoxication.
A slowdown in ESR may occur with:
- Erythrocytosis.
- Chronic circulatory failure.
Sometimes this indicator is placed at the end of the form. But its clinical importance is difficult to overestimate. This is the easiest way to assess disease progression or the effectiveness of therapy.
Modern laboratory service
It takes several hours to do a clinical blood test. The most important indicators - leukocytes, hemoglobin and ESR - are carried out in emergency cases in a few minutes.
Automated systems – analyzers – are gradually entering modern medical practice. Their use eliminates the human factor, which could sometimes lead to an error in conducting research.
The development of telemedicine has made possible such a phenomenon as online transcript analysis. The doctor can receive results from the analyzer in digital form, being at a great distance from the patient.
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