Thrush: Where does it come from and when to see a doctor. Candidiasis. Types and forms of candidiasis. Symptoms of the main forms. Diagnosis and treatment of genital candidiasis. Difference between male and female candidiasis Fungal thrush

Thrush in women is a lesion of the lower genital organs by fungi of the genus Candida (a yeast-like fungus). The second name found in medicine is candidiasis. Candida fungus is quite common in the environment and easily enters the human body. It lives both on soil, plants and other components of nature, and on the human body (patient or carrier).

Causes of the disease in women

No single cause for the development of thrush in women has been identified. However, there are a number of predisposing factors that increase the risk of developing candidiasis:

Long-term use of antibiotics, glucocorticosteroids or cytostatics (both systemically and locally, in the vagina)
Pregnancy and breastfeeding (due to hormonal changes in the body and reduced immunity)
Endocrine diseases (especially diabetes mellitus)
Sexual contact with an infected man
Decreased immunity (including HIV infection)
Vaginal dysbiosis (lack of physiological lactobacilli)

You can read more about the causes of candidiasis on the “Causes of Thrush” page.

Symptoms of candidiasis

In women, thrush most often affects the vagina (vaginitis and vulvovaginitis). In more rare cases, the urethra, bladder and cervix are involved.

Symptoms characteristic of this disease:

Vaginal discharge (white, cheesy consistency, sour odor, quite abundant)
Itching on the labia and vagina
During examination, the gynecologist determines redness of the vaginal walls (up to the presence of small erosions)
Burning during sexual intercourse (variable symptom)
Feeling of constant discomfort in the perineal area
Discomfort and burning when urinating

You can read more about the signs of thrush in women on the page “Symptoms of thrush in women.”

Diagnostics

To diagnose thrush (candidiasis) in a woman, you must first undergo an examination by a gynecologist. After examination in the mirrors and detection of characteristic discharge, the doctor takes a smear, dries it on a glass slide, stains it with special dyes and examines it under a microscope, detecting characteristic colonies (microscopic method). No additional examination methods are required. You can read more about the definition of candidiasis on the page “Diagnostics of thrush”.

Treatment of thrush in women

The main treatment for thrush in women is antifungal agents that affect the activity of this particular fungus. For greater effectiveness, they should be used both locally (in the vagina) and systemically. The first of these include special creams, ointments, suppositories or vaginal tablets. The second includes capsules or tablets that are taken through the gastrointestinal tract.

The main ones include:

Terzhinan (nystatin)
Canison (clotrimazole)
Diflucan (fluconazole)
Pimafucin (natamycin)

They are usually prescribed once or for a maximum of 3 days. In case of extensive damage, the duration of treatment may be extended (the duration is determined by the patient's condition).

Suppositories against thrush are prescribed quite rarely. Many women develop dysbacteriosis when using drugs in this form of release and have to treat complications of thrush.

As additional treatment methods, you can prescribe vitamins, drugs that enhance immunity, and general strengthening agents.

When treating one sexual partner, it is necessary to prescribe medications for the second one, who may be a common carrier without clinical manifestations.
More information about the treatment of candidiasis can be found on the page “Treatment of thrush”.

Prevention

To prevent the development of thrush, certain conditions must be met:

When taking antibiotics, take the tablet form of the drug orally for prophylaxis (for example, fluconazole for 7-10 days)
Wear cotton underwear
Avoid casual sex

More information about measures to prevent thrush can be found on the page “Prevention of thrush”.

Additional Information

Thrush in newborns
Sex with thrush
Douching for thrush
Instructions for Pimafucin suppositories
Tablets for thrush

When examined by a gynecologist, a woman, regardless of age, may hear that she needs to be tested for atypical cells. Based on the results of this study, a diagnosis such as atypia is made or rejected. This term, which is not understood by many, requires a detailed presentation in simple and accessible language.

The concept of “atypia” and its causes
Diagnostics and options for smear results
Basic treatment methods

The concept of “atypia” and its causes

The word “atypia” means a deviation from the norm, that is, something atypical, incorrect. It can be applied in different directions.

Regarding this concept in gynecology, it means various disorders at the cellular level in the tissues of the female genital organs. Accordingly, this is a certain set of specific signs that clearly reveal the formation of abnormal cells in tissues and mucous membranes. This can manifest itself both in their incorrect functioning and in their distorted structure.

Most often, the disease occurs on the cervix, which is more susceptible to certain influences and damage.

Atypia is considered a precancerous condition, but it is not oncology and, with timely and proper diagnosis, responds well to treatment.

The path to the body of the uterus lies through its cervix. Due to the higher frequency of development of inflammatory processes in this organ, there is a greater risk of various types of anomalies and failures in the processes of cellular restoration. This initially leads to atypia.

Atypical cervical cells are new cells of the cervical canal and cervical walls of irregular structure, and various disturbances in their functioning, quantity and quality are noted.

This phenomenon in most cases is accompanied by a very rapid growth of neoplasm of abnormal layers of the cervical epithelium. In parallel with this, the blood supply in these areas changes, and vascular atypia appears, that is, distortions of the blood vessels.

Atypical vessels of the cervix are vessels that differ from normal ones in that they increase in number and grow. This process can be both a consequence and the culprit in the appearance of atypical cells.

Atypia of the cervix, like all other diseases, involves the presence of a number of preceding causes and processes that are the impetus for the development of this disease.

There are quite a few of them, but the main and determining factors include the following:

All this leads to inflammatory processes in the epithelial layers and mucous membranes of the cervical walls. Subsequently, this inflammation, which was not cured in time, or was of some infectious nature, along with a number of additional factors (exacerbation of chronic diseases, lack of vitamins, etc.), causes cell changes.

Diagnostics and options for smear results

Atypical changes in the cervix are diagnosed in two ways:

Both methods should be used by women not only when troubling symptoms appear, but also during the recommended annual examination by a gynecologist. Such a preventive examination makes it possible to diagnose abnormalities in the early stages, which in turn are much more amenable to treatment.

It should be noted that dysplasia in this case practically does not manifest itself at all, and is detected in most cases purely by chance.

In order for the analysis results to be most reliable, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules before submitting a scraping. These include:

absence of sexual intercourse for at least 5 days;
absence of menstruation;
refusal to use gels and lubricants;
lack of treatment for an infectious disease over the past couple of months.

The reliability of the final data, if all the listed requirements are met, will be many times higher.

The conclusion is made according to a standardized scheme of the results obtained, where the shape, structure, quantity, and quality of cells are studied. In this regard, the material must be collected accordingly (in the required volume and from a certain location).

The results divide the smear into types:

The presence of an anomaly is considered to be the result of the second and third types, and a diagnosis of “initial stage dysplasia” is made. In the fourth type there is “mid-stage dysplasia” (the beginning of a precancerous condition), but the fifth type is neglected atypical cells and vessels of the walls, with a transition to oncology.

Basic treatment methods

Depending on the stage and degree of development of the disease, treatment may be:

The first is possible and effective when atypical cells and vessels are identified in the early stages of formation, as well as in the presence of prerequisites for them. The woman’s age, the presence of pregnancies and childbirth, the size of the affected areas, and the presence of chronic and viral diseases are taken into account.

Conservative treatment includes complex therapy aimed at:

relieving inflammation;
stopping the development of abnormal processes;
restoration of vaginal microflora;
strengthening the immune system.

Involves the use of appropriate medications, suppositories, as well as the use of physiotherapeutic procedures (douching with medicinal solutions, etc.).

Surgical treatment can be divided into two groups:

The choice of surgical treatment method depends on the stage and extent of the affected area. The desire to have children in the future is also decisive. So, if a woman has children and is over forty, then the most reasonable thing to do if there are atypical cells is to remove the entire organ if there is at least a minimal risk of progression to oncology.

Timely detected signs of atypia of cells and vessels of the cervix, thanks to timely diagnosis, respond well to treatment.

The health of every woman is only in her hands. Do not neglect annual scheduled examinations and examinations with your gynecologist. Any disease is easier to prevent than to treat.

You can clearly see what thrush (candidiasis) looks like in women in photographs.

Thrush on tonsils

In the article: “Thrush in men” you can see what thrush in men looks like in photographs.

According to statistics, about 70% of women experience vulvaginal candidiasis at least once in their lives, and half of them subsequently experience a relapse of the disease. The genital type is more common in countries with high air temperatures and a lack of necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions. The urogenital appearance appears several times more often in women than in men.

Symptoms have the ability to appear suddenly and recur. The cause of candidiasis is Candida fungi, which are present in the body of every person, but begin to actively multiply in the presence of favorable conditions.

Why thrush appears in women can be explained by the presence of various concomitant infections in the body or as a result of sexual infection. It is necessary to understand that the disease does not go away on its own; it must be treated correctly, otherwise it will become chronic and will return regularly after some time. It is important to understand what is happening and take the necessary measures in time. Thrush most often occurs in girls or women, regardless of age, than in men or boys.

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Pathology in adults develops against the background of reduced immunity. When it occurs in teenage girls, it indicates an underdeveloped immune system. With the active reproduction of fungal spores, they eventually displace beneficial lactobacilli, and as a result, dysbacteriosis develops. Epidemiology is associated with an imbalance of an alkaline or acidic environment.

Thrush: Wikipedia

Types of candidiasis: superficial and visceral (systemic)

Generalized candidiasis

Fungi of the genus Candida affect various human organs, resulting in the disease Candidiasis.

Depending on how thrush manifests itself in women and what areas it affects, it is customary to divide the disease into 2 types:

surface;
visceral.

Surface

There are types of superficial candidiasis, which affect different areas of the skin.

Damage to the skin and mucous membrane, which manifests itself in the form of external rashes of an infectious-allergic nature.
Localization on the genitals in the perineum and oral mucosa, is expressed in a characteristic white coating.
Localization in the corners of the mouth, resulting in cracks, white crusts and various erosions.
Localization on the lips, affecting the border, which ultimately causes the formation of edema and characteristic peeling.
Localization between the fingers and toes, feet and is expressed in increased dry skin and rash: small blisters filled with liquid, causing a burning sensation and itching.
Localization on the nails and nail folds, which is expressed in peeling of the skin, thickening of the nail plate, and a change in color to a brown tint.
Localized between large skin folds, in the form of yeast diaper rash, appears in the armpits, anus, on the chest, in the abdominal cavity, and on the pubis. Ulcers form in the areas, the surface of the skin becomes weeping, cracks appear, and white plaque accumulates in the folds, which causes a feeling of discomfort.

A common cause is the penetration of infection into the blood when the skin is broken. It can also develop against the background of other pathologies such as dysbiosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic blood diseases.

The lack of proper and timely treatment leads to the fact that thrush spreads to new areas.

Visceral

This is a simultaneous damage to both internal organs and the outer surface of the skin. It was noticed that this pathology appeared as a result of taking antibiotics, which give impetus to the development of dysbiosis. This occurs due to the inhibition of the vital activity of beneficial bacteria, which keep the development of Candida fungi under control.

Systemic disseminated candidiasis is characterized by a route of infection without the influence of environmental factors. Spread through the blood means that infection can develop in any internal organ.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis can affect the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract. As a result, candidiasis manifests itself in the lungs, kidneys, and stomach. Due to damage to the oral cavity, it can spread to the human esophagus. Sometimes it manifests itself in the intestines and in the anus (anus).

This variety, according to ICD-10, has a different name - candidal stomatitis (oral): it looks like a white plaque, which can be one continuous spot or accumulate in separate places: on the cheeks, on the tongue, on the back wall of the throat. Initially, the affected areas are painless, but if the situation worsens, they become denser and cracks appear.

Infants, newborns and the elderly are at risk. If thrush is present in pregnant women, then there is a high probability that the child will also have this disease. Like chlamydia, it can be transmitted from mother to child during passage through the birth canal. In addition, you can become infected by kissing your mother if she is a carrier of the erythematous type.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis begins with a feeling of dryness in the mouth, then many small white dots appear on the palate, cheeks, and tongue. In the absence of proper treatment, candidiasis can spread further and affect the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes, and the brain. It may be a manifestation of an allergic reaction of the body to prolonged use of acrylic dentures in the oral cavity.

As a rule, the regular appearance of oropharyngeal candidiasis of the nasopharynx is a sign that a person has AIDS, so first of all, the doctor prescribes testing for the presence of HIV infection in the body.

Laryngeal candidiasis occupies one of the main places in the general problem of mycosis.

Damage to the bronchi and trachea is a common pathology, which tends to later develop into a bronchopulmonary form and is accompanied by lymphadenitis.

In medicine, the following classification is distinguished.

Pseudomembranous candidiasis - affects the oral mucosa. Very common in infants under one year of age who are on guard.

Atrophic candidiasis - characterized by increased dryness of the oral cavity. The pink color of the tongue changes to bright red. The filiform papillae on it atrophy.

Hyperplastic candidiasis - manifests itself as a thick layer of fungal plaque on the palate in the form of characteristic plaques and nodules. With a long course of the disease, the plaque becomes saturated with fibrin, forming a yellow film tightly fused to the mucosa.

With the bronchial variety, symptoms may resemble chronic bronchitis and be accompanied by rectal body temperature, cough with a small amount of glassy sputum. In some cases, it may contain blood.

With the bronchopulmonary form, a more severe course of the disease is observed, which is expressed in high body temperature and cough with purulent sputum. The disease can be diagnosed as pneumonia and then a course of antibiotics is prescribed, which ultimately only worsens the situation.

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Candidiasis of the upper respiratory tract initially manifests itself as an inflammatory process in the tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck or in the ear area. Subsequently, severe pain appears with a sharp rise in temperature.

Damage to the intestines by infection is associated with a disruption of the woman’s immune system against the background of gastrointestinal pathologies and then it is generalized, that is, not one, but several organs are affected simultaneously.

Accompanied by diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, fungal sepsis, excessive gas formation, nausea, vomiting, loose stools with bloody impurities. The development of the disease is due to concomitant pathology in the body, and requires complex treatment.

In practice, the non-invasive form is more common, the development of which occurs against the background of dysbiosis or intestinal infection, while fungal spores begin to actively multiply in the rectum without penetrating into the mucous membrane. As a result of their vital activity, toxins are formed, which is the cause of thrush in women.

The pathogenesis of the invasive form is different in that the fungal plaque affects the mucous membrane and ultimately enters the bloodstream, resulting in the infection affecting the liver and pancreas. This may occur as a result of the absence of neutrophils or in the final stage of AIDS.

Cutaneous candidiasis

Regardless of age, the disease can affect the skin of the body or face; older people and children are more susceptible to it.

Depending on the area of distribution there are:

candidal infection (in the corners of the mouth);
candidal cheilitis, when the area of the red border of the lips is affected;
candidiasis of skin folds: often appears in infants in the groin in the form of diaper rash and in overweight people in fat folds;
interdigital erosion, may be associated with the consequences of a woman’s economic activity, when the fingers are often in a humid environment, also manifests itself in the armpits;
yeast paronochia, the nail folds turn red, and when pressure is applied to them, pus appears;
candidiasis of the palms, develops as a result of an advanced form of the interdigital variety;
candidiasis of smooth skin, most often manifests itself in infants, when the disease from skin folds spreads further to a smooth surface;
candidiasis on the nipples, appears in nursing women if personal hygiene rules are not followed;
candidiasis of the scalp, manifests itself in rare cases, looks in the form of pimples, follicles and seborrheic dermatitis;
genital candidiasis, which is expressed in the formation of papillomas or condylomas on the genital organs; in the absence of timely treatment, there is a high probability of developing cervical cancer and deformation of the genital organs.

Cervix with thrush

Causes

The first signs of thrush in women are a sensation of itching, which can appear on both the external and internal genital organs. Most lovely ladies at doctors' appointments complain that itching has a habit of appearing at night, when it comes to sleep. Such an increased manifestation of such symptoms becomes the cause of irritability, anxiety, and inability to concentrate on work or any other activity.

Since the epithelium is in a state of inflammation, you should not comb the areas affected by fungi, otherwise such actions will lead to the yeast microorganisms penetrating much deeper, then the treatment will have to be carried out much longer and more difficult. By the way, you can conduct a mini-test for thrush yourself. This is easy to do: you need to sit in a position that is familiar to many - put one leg on the other. If you experience unpleasant sensations in the form of itching, it means that thrush has not bypassed you.

The first signs also include burning. The full severity of the burning sensation is usually felt after or during washing, hot baths, urination, or during sexual intercourse. Therefore, such processes are painful and unpleasant. It is best to refuse intimate relationships, since you will not be able to achieve the desired unearthly pleasure; instead, you will have to feel significant discomfort. This happens because in most cases the fungi begin to establish colonies and take root on the vaginal mucosa, gradually leading to:

to the destruction of upper epithelial cells;
to the penetration of candida deep into the layers.

As a result, small lesions are formed, similar to ulcers, which, in fact, cause inflammation of the mucous membrane. It is worth noting that if the immunity of a sexual partner has been weakened for any reason, the possibility of transmitting a fungal infection to him cannot be ruled out. A clear sign of thrush is vaginal discharge that looks like curd or cream.

The discharged masses are very different from the usual white discharge, which can be seen almost every day in any healthy female representative. They are also characterized by a white color, but with a yellowish or grayish tint. As for the specific smell, it is either absent or similar to sour kefir. (Hence its name – “kefir”).

The next characteristic symptom that is difficult to ignore is swelling of the vaginal walls. It occurs due to the expansion of small vessels located on the surface of the mucosa. Using this method, the body tries to get rid of toxic substances secreted by yeast-like microorganisms - fungi of the genus Candida.

As a result, blood circulation increases, and the genital tissue absorbs the fluid that has leaked through the capillary walls. In parallel with the swelling, significant redness appears. A popular ailment of our century can be recognized thanks to rashes in the form of small pimples with liquid on the labia and the vestibule of the vagina. After a few days they burst, forming small eroded areas.

The main causes of thrush in women, which give impetus to the development of fungi in the vagina, are:

decreased immune defense;
changes in hormonal levels in the body;
violation of the composition of the bacterial environment and acidity of the vagina;
failure to comply with hygiene rules;
eating large amounts of sweet and starchy foods.

Many factors contribute to the occurrence of these reasons.

The state of a woman’s immune system depends on her health, physical fitness, conditions and lifestyle, diet, and the presence of bad habits. A sharp decrease in immunity is facilitated by the occurrence of chronic diseases of various organs (liver, kidneys, heart, intestines). The load on the immune system increases in the presence of inflammatory processes, injuries, and after surgery.

A person gets sick more often if the body is weakened due to poor nutrition (fasting, lack of proteins and vitamins in food), lack of sleep, exhaustion of the nervous system, and lack of normal sanitary and living conditions. A sedentary lifestyle and lack of hardening lead to the fact that a person often suffers from colds, which take away the strength necessary to protect against infection. Smoking, addiction to alcohol, and drug addiction also increase sensitivity to infections and can cause exacerbation of thrush.

Hormonal background

The ratio of various hormones is interconnected with the functioning of the reproductive system. Thrush often worsens before menstruation, during pregnancy, or during menopause. This is due to the influence of hormones on the condition of the genital organs, the structure of their mucous membranes, and the body’s susceptibility to infection.

The cause of hormonal changes may be the use of hormonal medications and contraceptives, endocrine diseases, and metabolic disorders. Often the causes of thrush in women are diabetes, obesity, and dysfunction of the thyroid gland.

The causes of bacterial flora disturbance may be:

Prolonged or uncontrolled use of antibiotics. By killing pathogenic bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci), they simultaneously destroy beneficial microflora that inhibits the growth of fungi, which leads to their excessive growth in the intestines, from where the fungus can easily enter the vagina.
Frequent douching, use of alkaline intimate hygiene products. Beneficial bacteria are washed out, the acidity of the environment changes, and the vaginal mucosa becomes dry.
Inappropriate use of probiotics to treat bacterial vaginosis. They can be used to restore the bacterial environment only in the absence of fungi in the microflora.
Eating a large amount of sweets and products made from yeast dough. In addition to creating a favorable environment for the development of fungi, there is also an increase in blood sugar, which contributes to the occurrence of diabetes.

Addition: Changes in the vaginal microflora also occur when changing sexual partners. Thrush is not classified as a sexually transmitted disease, but infection of a woman during sexual intercourse often occurs. In men, the disease usually occurs in a latent form, so infection is quite possible through unprotected sexual contact.

The cause of exacerbation of thrush can be improper care of the genitals, including during menstruation, a rare change of underwear and sanitary pads. The proliferation of the fungus is facilitated by wearing tight synthetic panties, which facilitate the penetration of infection into the vagina from the intestines.

There are a huge number of causes of thrush. Let us note the main ones.

Vaginal dysbiosis; - taking antibiotics; - changes in the hormonal background of the body (taking birth control pills, menstrual irregularities, pregnancy); - unhealthy diet (few vitamins and the predominance of carbohydrates in the diet - sweets, cakes, sweets); - after surgical interventions; - wearing tight synthetic panties; - failure to comply with personal hygiene rules; - weakened immunity; - metabolic disorders; - diseases and infections in the body; - diseases transmitted through sexual contact.

Stress; - reduced immunity; - endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, decreased glucose tolerance); - blood diseases, anemia, cancer; - deficiency of vitamins and microelements; - hypothermia; - lack of personal hygiene; - taking antibiotics, and also steroid hormones (corticosteroids); - abuse of tanning in the sun and solarium; - excess weight, metabolic disorders.

The main cause of thrush is the intensive local proliferation of fungi of the genus Candida, located on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. The most favorable conditions for their active growth are an acidic environment (metabolic acidosis), a high level of humidity, a temperature of 30–37 ºС, a high concentration of glycogen in tissues against the background of weakened local immunity.

Conditions predisposing for the development of thrush:

pregnancy (candidiasis develops in 20-30% of women);
the use of oral contraceptives (especially those containing estrogens in high concentrations);
prolonged psycho-emotional stress;
acute stress exposure;
taking antibacterial drugs (the risk of developing thrush increases as the duration of the course of antibiotic therapy increases);
diabetes ;
suffered severe acute inflammatory diseases;
condition after surgery;
failure to comply with personal hygiene measures;
hot climate (intense sweating);
the use of aggressive cosmetics that disrupt the natural balance of microflora;
presence of sexually transmitted diseases;
wearing synthetic underwear.

In addition to endogenous ones, thrush can be caused by exogenous causes - importation from the outside. In this case, infection occurs in utero or after birth, in childhood or adulthood.

Intrauterine infection with Candida fungi is possible in several cases:

transplacental penetration;
intrapartum (contact infection) during the passage of the child through the birth canal;
ascending infection in case of fungal infection cervix or vagina, the presence of candidal endometritis in the mother.

After birth, the infection can be transmitted to the child from the mucous membrane of the mother's mouth, from the skin of the nipples, and hands. In addition to the mother, medical personnel transmitting fungi during invasive procedures or non-sterile material (oilcloth, diapers, pacifiers) can become a source of infection for the newborn.

In adults, the main cause of thrush is unprotected sexual contact, the use of dishes and household items contaminated with fungi.

The vaginal microflora is very sensitive to changes occurring in a woman’s body and the appearance of symptoms of thrush is a signal warning of some trouble. The following reasons can contribute to the active reproduction of Candida fungi:

Weakened immunity. Decreased immunity can be caused by many reasons. These include hypothermia, stress, any inflammatory processes, the presence of bad habits, surgery, infection with a viral or bacterial infection;
Antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics kill both “beneficial” and pathogenic microorganisms;
High blood sugar levels. “Sweet” blood is an excellent breeding ground for yeast-like fungi Candida;
HIV infection. In people with immunodeficiency, candidiasis is an opportunistic infection and manifests itself in a generalized form;
Pregnancy. Hormonal changes and a decrease in the body's defenses contribute to the growth of opportunistic microorganisms;
Poor personal hygiene creates conditions for the proliferation of bacteria;
Hormonal changes. Some pathologies of the endocrine system and the use of oral contraceptives can contribute to the development of thrush;
Poor nutrition. Eating large amounts of simple carbohydrates, flour products, and foods containing yeast can provoke an increased increase in the number of Candida fungi.

Candidiasis on the lip

Discharge color	What does this indicate?
White	Thick, patchy discharge of this color is a classic symptom of candidiasis
Yellow	Copious discharge with an unpleasant odor indicates the development of thrush in combination with another venereological disease (trichomoniasis)
Pink	In a pregnant woman with thrush, the discharge has exactly this color, otherwise it indicates the development of cervical erosion
Brown	At the beginning of menstruation, slight brown discharge is normal, but otherwise it indicates an ectopic pregnancy or hormonal imbalance
Green	Accompanied by an unpleasant fishy odor. Often green discharge has a thick and dense consistency. This color suggests a serious complication and indicates the presence of pus in the mucus. It is necessary to urgently contact a specialist.

Forms of the disease

The main types of candidiasis:

candidiasis of the nail plates (paronychia and onychia), skin and mucous membranes (superficial candidiasis);
visceral (damage to internal organs);
generalized candidiasis.

According to the degree of involvement of organs and tissues in the pathological process, the following types are distinguished:

common candidiasis;
local or focal, characterized by damage to a limited area or a separate organ.

Superficial candidiasis can manifest itself as stomatitis, damage to the lips and tongue, the formation of candidiasis, a pathological process in the vagina and its vestibule or the head and foreskin of the penis, colonization of large folds of skin, the skin of the palms and feet by the fungus.

With visceral candidiasis, various internal organs are affected: parts of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, bronchial tree, lung tissue.

Generalized candidiasis is diagnosed when Candida fungi enter the systemic bloodstream, which is rare (against the background of severe immunodeficiency states, in extremely malnourished patients).

Types of thrush depending on the phase (severity) of the process:

candidiasis;
acute form;
chronic thrush.

In accordance with the etiological factor, thrush can be endo- and exogenous. Endogenous thrush is an autoinfection, and exogenous thrush is the result of infection from the outside.

Thrush can also be complicated or uncomplicated.

Based on the presented classifications, we can conclude that the term “thrush” is a commonly accepted name in everyday life for superficial focal endo- or exogenous candidiasis of an acute or chronic course, localized in the genital area or oral cavity. It is incorrect to call other forms of candidiasis thrush.

What is PMS and what are its symptoms 3

Thrush or candidiasis colpitis is a lesion of the vagina by yeast-like fungi Candida. The disease occurs mainly in women of reproductive age. Candida is part of the permanent microflora of the vulvar mucosa. When favorable conditions are created, protozoa begin to actively grow and reproduce, causing irritation and inflammation of the reproductive organs.

Vaginal candidiasis is most often diagnosed when the immune system is weakened. Provoking factors may include:

concomitant diseases of internal organs;
endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism;
hypothermia;
poor hygiene;
antibiotic treatment;
promiscuity;
chronic dysbacteriosis;
wearing tight clothes, underwear made of synthetic fabrics;
taking oral contraceptives.

Thrush infection occurs during sexual contact, through personal hygiene items. Chronic candidiasis develops if the acute stage is not treated in time. Gradually, the symptoms subside and become less pronounced, but relapses occur periodically. An exacerbation can be triggered by a cold or viral disease, hypothermia, a stressful situation, or hormonal disorders. Most often, a recurrent form of thrush appears before the onset of menstruation.

In the acute stage, women are bothered by severe itching, burning and the appearance of a rash on the external genitalia, white discharge with an unpleasant sour odor, similar to cottage cheese. Discomfort occurs during urination, sexual intercourse is painful. Due to constant scratching, microcracks appear on the outer mucous membranes, the tissues turn red and swell greatly.

The acute period can last up to 2 months, then chronic candidiasis develops. Fungi deeply affect the mucous membranes, forming areas of infiltration and erosion. Symptoms of the recurrent form of the disease in the remission stage are less pronounced; there is a cheesy discharge, slight burning and itching of the genitals, which intensifies in the evening and at night.

Chronic thrush in women manifests itself as periodic exacerbations. Typical signs of candidal colpitis appear again, and the urinary system is involved in the inflammatory process. Cystitis, pyelonephritis may develop, sometimes painful ulcers covered with a whitish coating form on the skin in the perineum, inguinal folds.

If chronic thrush is not treated for a long time, the disease can lead to serious complications. In women, adhesions of the fallopian tubes form, increasing the risk of infection of the bladder and kidneys. The adhesive process leads to obstruction of the tubes, as a result, PMS symptoms intensify, the menstrual cycle is disrupted, and infertility develops.

How to cure chronic thrush, what medications help get rid of itching and discharge? The treatment regimen is selected by the gynecologist taking into account the severity of the disease and the presence of complications. Recurrent thrush is treated with the same drugs as the acute form, but to completely get rid of the disease, it will take much more time. The doctor prescribes topical use of vaginal suppositories and oral antifungal tablets.

How to treat chronic thrush in women is determined by a gynecologist. Taking pills on your own and using suppositories can aggravate the course of the disease, cause side effects and the development of complications. Before starting therapy, tests and examination by a doctor are required. With a mixed type of infection, antifungal drugs will not give the desired result.

Treatment must be carried out by both sexual partners, otherwise re-infection occurs. It is necessary to take the tablets strictly according to the prescribed regimen, even if the symptoms of chronic thrush have already passed. An interrupted course threatens the re-development of a fungal infection.

If your period begins during treatment, you should not use tampons, as they intensify the symptoms of candidiasis. Preference should be given to pads with a top layer of natural cotton.

But you can use the products only with the permission of a doctor; if thrush is not treated, a relapse may occur.

In addition to drug treatment, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed. Magnetotherapy, electrophoresis with zinc, mud, laser technologies help strengthen local immunity and increase resistance to pathogenic microorganisms.

Diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease can cause the development of thrush. These pathologies develop due to a violation of the body’s hormonal regulation and require special treatment from an endocrinologist. Thrush often appears against the background of these ailments, as the immune system is weakened and a favorable environment is created for the proliferation of fungi.

The use of local antimycotics in such cases will not produce results; the main cause of the disease must be eliminated. If you have diabetes, you need to control your blood sugar levels. Thyroid diseases are treated by correcting the hormonal balance of thyroid hormones.

The development of thrush can be provoked by an untimely treated tooth, inflamed gums, intestinal dysbiosis or sinusitis. Foci of infection should be eliminated and specialists should be consulted.

The necessary medications are selected by the attending physician, taking into account individual characteristics, the patient’s age and the severity of the disease. Vitamins and immunomodulators must be prescribed: Immudon, Echinacea.

To prevent thrush from bothering you every month, you must follow the following measures to prevent exacerbations:

prevent hypothermia of the body;
treat concomitant diseases in a timely manner;
wear cotton underwear;
avoid casual sex;
limit the consumption of sweets, flour products, alcoholic beverages;
wash your face 2 times a day, do not use intimate gels with an antibacterial effect;
when using panty liners, you need to replace them 2-3 times a day;
Antibiotics should only be taken as prescribed by a doctor.

In severe forms of chronic thrush, during remission, antimycotics are prescribed in the form of tablets or vaginal suppositories.

Treatment of recurrent forms of vaginal candidiasis is carried out comprehensively. It is necessary to use antifungal drugs for local treatment of the genitals and internal administration. It is important to strengthen the immune system and restore the vaginal microflora with the help of bifidobacteria.

Many women are familiar with strange and unpleasant feelings before regular menstruation. During this period, the most cheerful and balanced individuals are capable of turning into furies or monstrous crybabies. In addition to an inadequate psychological state, purely physical and rather uncomfortable sensations are added. Every woman has experienced this condition to a greater or lesser extent at least once in her life.

What does it mean

How is PMS deciphered and what is this phenomenon? While waiting for an answer to these questions, it is worth remembering that nature entrusted the mission of giving birth to a new life to a woman. It is this feature that is associated with the monthly rejection of the upper layer of the uterine mucosa in the form of menstrual bleeding. The process is regulated by changes in the concentration of hormones in the body, which are responsible for PMS.

There was a time when experts believed that PMS in women was associated exclusively with their state of mind and lay in the plane of psychology. With the development of medical science, it was discovered that this syndrome has an organic basis. It has been established that during this period the amount of estrogen and progesterone decreases, which provokes:

An increase in aldosterone, which retains fluid in the body, affects the overall well-being and functioning of the nervous system;
Increased concentration of monoamine oxidase in brain tissue, which can cause depression;
A decrease in the “hormone of joy” serotonin, which gives a clear understanding of what PMS is in girls, not only to themselves, but also to their loved ones.

Other reasons

Liquid or thick discharge with white lumps that resemble curd mass and have a sour smell;
Burning during sexual intercourse is associated with inflammation of the vagina - vaginitis;
Painful, possibly frequent, urination. Caused by the ascending spread of Candida through the urethra into the bladder;
Swelling and irritation, redness of the external genitalia. Occurs due to a change in pH balance to the acidic side;
Severe itching of the genitals and around the anus is caused by the body's allergic response to fungal waste products. It is highly undesirable to scratch the itchy surface, so as not to aggravate the irritation.

Candidiasis on the lip

excessive use of antibiotics;
use of hormonal drugs (Duphaston);
chemotherapy performed;
widespread HIV infection;
concomitant chronic diseases (diabetes, arthritis);
intensive therapy course;
abdominal surgery;
renal failure;
disorders of the immune system, for example during ovulation during conception;
dysbacteriosis;
excessive alcohol consumption;
frequent change of partner;
having sex without condoms;
swimming in the sea;
using gaskets from an unverified manufacturer;
hormonal imbalance;
consumption of cheap products.

chronic fatigue;
significant redness of the skin;
sudden change in body temperature;
profuse sweating;
frequent migraines;
general weakness;
inability to concentrate on work;
dizziness.

lean poultry, fish;
cereals, dry bread, eggs;
spices (cloves, cumin, bay leaf);
fermented milk products (cottage cheese, fermented baked milk, kefir);
Oatmeal jelly is good to drink on an empty stomach and before bed.

Features of thrush in children

Infection of a child occurs either in utero or after birth. Symptoms of thrush appear within a few weeks.

Prematurity, congenital immunodeficiency conditions, taking antibacterial drugs in the first days (weeks) of life, the mother’s neglect of hygienic measures during breastfeeding, the use of insufficiently clean dishes and pacifiers, frequent regurgitation (a shift in the acid-base balance of the oral cavity to the acidic side) are risk factors for the development of thrush of newborns.

In addition, the clinical manifestation of thrush may occur during periods of teething in infants and toddlers, and hormonal changes in adolescents.

The following signs indicate the possible presence of thrush in an infant:

anxiety;
sleep disorders;
refusal to eat;
causeless crying;
pacifier refusal;
intrusive touching with hands to the genital area or oral cavity (depending on the location of the process).

When examining the oral cavity or genitals with thrush in children, a characteristic plaque, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membrane, and a specific sour odor are noted.

Diagnosis of thrush

Diagnosis of thrush is usually carried out on the basis of a characteristic clinical picture. If the presumed diagnosis is doubtful, the following studies are carried out:

microscopy of a smear from the oral cavity or genitals to identify Candida fungi in the material;
polymerase chain reaction (determination of DNA sections of the pathogen);
sowing material taken from a smear onto nutrient media.

A characteristic feature is the presence of a certain amount of fungi in a normal smear of a healthy woman, therefore, to establish a reliable diagnosis of thrush, a combination of signs of local dysbiosis with an increased concentration of Candida fungi is necessary.

Diagnosis of thrush, as well as any other disease, begins with a survey. Sometimes the diagnosis can be made during a gynecological examination. However, laboratory diagnostic methods are considered the most informative.

Microscopic examination of a smear. Biological material is examined under a microscope. Mushrooms of the Genus Candida, when magnified, appear as a convex shiny colony of creamy consistency;
Inoculation of a colony of fungi of the genus Candida with determination of sensitivity to antifungal drugs. A titer of yeast-like fungi higher than 10 to the 4th power CFU/ml indicates thrush. For treatment, antimycotic drugs are selected to which microorganisms are sensitive;
Determination of DNA of yeast-like fungi in human biomaterial (PCR method). Biological material can be a smear, blood, saliva, urine.

In case of symptoms of thrush, the specialist prescribes an examination, which consists of taking tests in the following areas:

smear microscopy (flora study);
PCR studies (to detect DNA of yeast-like fungi);
bacterial culture (to identify the fungus and type, also helps to determine the level of sensitivity of the identified fungus to the drugs that are planned to treat the patient).

Do not under any circumstances diagnose yourself. Since in most cases, laboratory diagnostics reveal concomitant infections, and complex treatment is prescribed.

Important! Treatment of any disease can only be prescribed by a doctor!

Important! Both sexual partners need to be treated for candidiasis.

Treatment of thrush in men

Commercial names of fluconazole:“Diflazon”, “Diflucan”, “Medoflucon”, “Mikosist”, “Forkan”.

Treatment of thrush in women

Some drugs (in parentheses) based on active ingredients:

Clotrimazole (“Antifungol”, “Yenamazole 100”, “Candibene”, “Canesten”, “Kanizon”, “Clotrimazole”);
- isoconazole (“Gyno-travogen Ovulum”);
- miconazole (“Ginezol 7”, “Gyno-daktarin”, “Klion-D 100”);
- natamycin (“Pimafucin”);
- nystatin (“Poliginax”, “Terzhinan”).

Additionally, like men, they may be prescribed a single oral dose of fluconazole (150 mg) - Diflazon, Diflucan, Medoflucon, Mikosist, Forkan.

Treatment of thrush with folk remedies

Calendula and tea tree oil. To 1 teaspoon of calendula oil, add 2 drops of tea tree oil. At night, inject the solution with a syringe without a needle.

Calendula and chamomile. 1 tbsp. Mix a spoonful of chamomile with 2 tbsp. spoons of calendula and pour 1 liter of boiling water overnight. In the morning, strain and syringe. Or brew the herb, let it brew for a while and cool (until warm) and use it as a bath.

Oak bark, chamomile, sage and nettle. Mix 1 tbsp. spoon of oak bark, 1 tbsp. spoon of chamomile, 1 tbsp. spoon Salvia officinalis and 3 tbsp. spoons of nettle. Take 2 tbsp. spoons of the resulting mixture and pour 1 liter of boiling water and let it brew overnight. In the morning, strain and use for douching.

Soda and iodine. During the day, syringe with the solution: 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 1 liter of boiled water. Before going to bed, take a bath: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of baking soda per 1 liter of warm boiled water with the addition of 1 teaspoon of iodine. Pour into a bowl and sit in the product for 15-20 minutes. Repeat these baths and douches throughout the week.

Honey. Dilute honey in boiled water (1 part honey to 10 parts water). Treat the affected areas with thrush morning and evening.

Kefir. Make a tampon out of gauze and securely sew a thread onto it so that you can remove it later. Soak a tampon in low-fat kefir, insert it into the vagina and leave overnight, and in the morning douche with a decoction of chamomile or calendula.

Honey and aloe. In 2 tbsp. spoons of aloe juice add 1 tbsp. a spoonful of warm boiled water, and 0.5 teaspoons of honey. Mix, moisten the tampon and insert into the vagina overnight. Do 2-3 procedures.

Prevention of thrush

Which doctor should I contact?

List of drugs used in the treatment of mastopathy in women

Treatment of thrush during pregnancy is carried out strictly according to the scheme drawn up by the attending physician and implies a gentle regimen so as not to harm the baby. Otherwise, it will be necessary to treat thrush (candidiasis) in newborns.

For treatment, of course, you will need external or internal antifungal medications.

To determine how to treat oral thrush in adults, the doctor initially clarifies the individual characteristics of the woman and possible allergic reactions of the body.

The most effective and fastest-acting methods of treatment are: lubrication, rinsing, douching and, of course, tablets. These methods can eliminate symptoms in one day.

It is also important to analyze your diet and review your daily menu. The diet must include vegetables, citrus fruits and eliminate flour containing starch and sugar.

An alternative to treating candidiasis in the mouth can be various remedies for thrush, which appear in the form of: lozenges, liquid solution, cream, suspensions, ointments or chewable lozenges. Even a single use can quickly relieve symptoms, cope with the cause of the disease and destroy accumulations of fungi.

To treat other types of candidiasis, oral antifungal medications or suppositories may be prescribed. During treatment, the doctor recommends remedies that will not only help cure, but also restore the vaginal microflora in case of urethral or anorectal pathology.

There are many common medications to treat thrush that can be purchased over the counter with a prescription or without a doctor's prescription.

The acute form is treated strictly in a hospital. In addition to generally accepted means, bacteriophages are now actively used, which, unlike antibiotics, have a selective effect on the pathogen. The duration and frequency of therapy depends on the doctor’s recommendations.

Homeopathic medicines are also used to treat thrush. Mainly used internally.

If a woman is treated incorrectly or does not completely cure (does not kill) the fungus, then the thrush will come back again, maybe every month. Therefore, after treating thrush, you need to do a test and make sure that there is no fungus.

Quite quickly, treatment of thrush with folk remedies occurs in the initial stage. For this purpose, herbal medicine is used using herbal tinctures for baths, washing, oral rinsing and douching.

Folk remedies will help get rid of not only vaginal candidiasis, but also its other varieties.

1 part chamomile, 2 parts calendula, pour 1 liter of boiling water, let it brew for at least 12 hours, strain. Therapy should be carried out 3 times a day for at least 10 days.

2 drops of tea tree oil and 1 tsp. l. olive oil, douching with a syringe without a needle. The duration of treatment is 7 days, at least 2 times a day.

Hydrogen peroxide - for douching with a 3% solution;

1 part celandine, 2 parts chamomile, pour 1 liter of boiling water and leave for 3 hours. Rinse every hour for 4 days.

Grate 1 clove of garlic, add 1 tsp. honey and 1 tsp. sunflower oil. Drip into the nose three times a day for at least 7 days in a row.

It is recommended to use a soda solution for thrush; it relieves itching well; a solution of boric acid, which effectively helps relieve discomfort. It is used for douching, washing, and rinsing the mouth.

Effective for vaginal candidiasis are vaginal tampons, which are made by soaking cotton pads in sea buckthorn oil with a high content of vitamins, which are placed overnight for 7 days.

Before treating thrush, it is necessary to exclude factors that could provoke it (neglect of personal hygiene rules, wearing thongs, underwear made of synthetic fabric); perhaps it is worth changing the detergent for intimate hygiene or abandoning scented sanitary pads in favor of the most common ones or change your diet. There can be a great many reasons.

If, after eliminating the possible causes, the symptoms of thrush do not disappear, then etiotropic treatment is necessary. The modern market is replete with antifungal drugs. These drugs are divided into 2 groups:

Systemic drugs. Taken orally, they act on the body as a whole, however, they can have a negative effect on the liver, nervous and digestive systems. These are, for example, Ketoconazole tablets, Flucostat capsules.
Dosage forms for local use. Local treatment is characterized by a more gentle effect and fights microorganisms, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Pimafucin, Livarol, Klion-D suppositories, Clotrimazole vaginal tablets, Candide ointment, Pimafucin are often used.

When prescribing treatment, the doctor should be based on the sensitivity of the identified colony to drugs that have an antifungal effect.

Never try to cure thrush on your own. Some hidden infections can masquerade as thrush (chlamydia, ureaplasma). And they already require more serious treatment. The drugs must have antifungal, antibacterial and antiprotozoal effects. These are vaginal suppositories such as Terzhinan, Palizhinaks.

For the initial occurrence of thrush, Zalanin vaginal suppositories, the active ingredient of which is sertaconazole nitrate, have proven themselves to be effective. These suppositories help get rid of thrush in one day.

Sexual activity with thrush is contraindicated (even with the use of barrier protection), since it leads to mechanical trauma to the affected areas, as a result of which inflammation intensifies. In men, thrush is often asymptomatic, so when a woman develops thrush, her sexual partner should also undergo treatment.

Traditional medicine is used as an additional treatment. Of course, they cannot replace medications, but the quality of life with thrush significantly improves.

To prepare an infusion for douching, you need to take one tablespoon of chamomile flowers and two tablespoons of calendula flowers, pour a liter of boiling water and leave in a thermos for 10-12 hours. Strain the finished infusion and use warm.

Candida loves an acidic environment, which is why our grandmothers used soda to fight it. The fact is that soda is an alkali and can neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina, which is detrimental to fungi. To prepare a solution for douching, take a teaspoon of soda and dissolve it in a liter of warm boiled water. Douching with this solution can be done 2-3 times a day.

Important! Treatment of any disease can only be prescribed by a doctor!

Important! Both sexual partners need to be treated for candidiasis.

For the treatment of thrush in men (treatment of candidal balanoposthitis (damage to the glans penis and foreskin)), local treatment is sufficient. To do this, use a cream with clotrimazole. The product is applied to the affected areas in a thin layer 2 times a day, for 5-7 days.

At the same time, you can take fluconazole (150 mg) orally once, but as a rule, this is not necessary.

Commercial names of fluconazole: Diflazon, Diflucan, Medoflucon, Mikosist, Forkan.

For mild cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis - damage to the vagina and external genitalia), local treatment is sufficient, but sometimes additional antifungal drugs, restorative drugs, means to strengthen the immune system, physiotherapy, etc. are added to the set of measures to eliminate thrush.

Clotrimazole (“Antifungol”, “Yenamazole 100”, “Candibene”, “Canesten”, “Kanizon”, “Clotrimazole”); - isoconazole (“Gyno-travogen Ovulum”); - miconazole (“Ginezol 7”, “Gyno- Daktarin", "Klion-D 100"); - natamycin ("Pimafucin"); - nystatin ("Poliginax", "Terzhinan").

Additionally, like men, they may be prescribed a single oral dose of fluconazole (150 mg) - Diflazon, Diflucan, Medoflucon, Mikosist, Forkan.

The use of vaginal tablets and suppositories with a wide spectrum of action (Terzhinan, Polygynax, Betadine) for thrush is inappropriate, since they contribute to the development of gardnerellosis. These drugs contain broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that suppress the normal microflora of the vagina.

In addition to treatment with drugs for recovery, it is necessary to eliminate the causes that led to thrush. Also, after a course of treatment, it is necessary to come for a re-examination, because the symptoms may go away, but the thrush may still remain.

Treatment at home should be used only after consultation with a specialist. Improper treatment can lead to thrush becoming chronic, which is already a more serious problem.

For treatment from the folk recipes below, men can use baths and solutions to wipe the affected areas.

Calendula and tea tree oil. To 1 teaspoon of calendula oil, add 2 drops of tea tree oil. At night, inject the solution with a syringe without a needle.

Oak bark, chamomile, sage and nettle. Mix 1 tbsp. spoon of oak bark, 1 tbsp. spoon of chamomile, 1 tbsp. a spoonful of medicinal sage and 3 tbsp. spoons of nettle. Take 2 tbsp. spoons of the resulting mixture and pour 1 liter of boiling water and let it brew overnight. In the morning, strain and use for douching.

Possible complications

When the first symptoms appear, you should consult a gynecologist. Incorrect and untimely treatment of candidiasis leads to frequent exacerbations in the future, causing complications:

vaginal dysbacteriosis, decreased local immunity;
synechiae in the uterus and fallopian tubes, which leads to infertility or ectopic pregnancy;
generalized form of candidiasis (sepsis);
cystitis, pyelonephritis (ascending route of infection).

The main negative consequence of mild and moderate thrush is a short-term decrease in quality of life, which is fully restored after therapy.

In severe cases of thrush, the following complications may develop:

addition of a secondary bacterial infection;
development of resistance to therapy;
candidal septicemia;
involvement of neighboring organs in the inflammatory process.

Signs of thrush

The signs of thrush in women are clearly visible in the photo in the article above.

A woman can herself recognize what she has by characteristic signs:

itching and burning sensation;
numerous red dots on the skin;
copious white vaginal discharge;
painful urination;
pain during sexual intercourse.

Self-medication is not allowed, because how to cure thrush once and for all can only be learned from a qualified specialist.

After infection, an incubation period begins, which lasts a week and after that unpleasant sensations make themselves felt. If it is intimate candidiasis, then even faster: maybe in 2, 3 days.

Prevention of thrush

In order to reduce the risk of developing candidiasis, a woman should take care of strengthening her immune system (hardening, active recreation in the fresh air, and combating the lack of vitamins in the body contribute to this). It is necessary to control body weight and metabolism. To do this, you need to limit the consumption of sweet and baked goods, salt, and fatty foods.

An important preventive measure is timely treatment of endocrine disorders, inflammatory and other diseases of the genital organs.

Warning: Antibiotics and hormonal agents should be used only in doses prescribed by a doctor.

It is necessary to maintain normal bowel function (avoid constipation, diarrhea).
It is recommended to wear underwear made from natural materials and minimize the use
panty liners. If you have thrush, you should not smoke or drink alcohol.

To prevent thrush, you must:

Keep your genitals clean. A woman should wash herself in the morning and evening, the direction of the water stream should be from the vagina to the anus, and not vice versa;
Proper nutrition. It is advisable to exclude sweet, flour products, potatoes, yeast, and sugar from the diet. It is useful to consume fermented milk products;
Wear underwear made of natural, breathable fabric;
Stop using panty liners;
Use a condom during sexual intercourse with unverified partners;
Increase the body's defenses (dousing, rubbing);
Lead a healthy lifestyle and give up bad habits;
Do not self-medicate with antibiotics.

Use of barrier methods of contraception.
Maintaining hygiene of the intimate area and oral cavity.
The use of eubiotic drugs during antibiotic therapy.
Refusal to use aggressive cosmetics that disrupt the balance of microflora.
Timely treatment of diseases that can cause thrush.

To avoid getting thrush, you must follow these simple rules:

maintain intimate hygiene (be sure to wash yourself at least 2 times a day);
women are not recommended to use tampons for more than 4 hours; Gaskets need to be changed frequently;
when taking antibiotics, strictly follow your doctor’s recommendations, and after taking them, take probiotics that normalize the intestinal microflora;
wear loose underwear made from natural fabrics, and also avoid tight clothes;
do not use colored scented hygienic antibacterial gels and soaps for intimate hygiene, colored scented toilet paper;
do not stay in a wet swimsuit for a long time (if it is very hot, dry quickly in the sun, otherwise change the wet swimsuit for a spare, dry one);
eat less buns and sweets, giving preference to fruits, vegetables, and foods containing Omega 3 and vitamin C.
avoid casual sex;
do not douche unnecessarily, so as not to wash away the beneficial microflora.

Psychosomatics

From a psychosomatic point of view, thrush can develop due to psychological factors that a woman faces. Regular stress and failure to perceive life from the perspective it is leads to the fact that a person develops his own emotional assessment of everything that happens. As a result, blocks are formed in the woman’s body, which then take on the shape of a disease.

There are now many specialists who conduct research into the psychosomatic causes of the development of thrush, among them: Louise Hay, Liz Burbo. In this regard, along with drug treatment for repeated development or a latent form, a woman visits a psychotherapist who helps her overcome psychological barriers.

Diagnostics

When making a diagnosis, the gynecologist conducts a visual examination of the patient and also prescribes additional microbiological studies and tests. Moreover, not only the woman herself, but also her husband must undergo them in order to determine whether this form of pathology is dangerous or not.

Initially, a smear of the vaginal mucosa and a scraping of the cervix, a smear from the gums, teeth or ears is taken, which makes it possible to examine the fungal mycelium under a microscope and identify the level of ureplasma.

To identify the pathogen, bacterial culture is carried out, and the number of bacteria is also determined, since their insignificant content is considered normal. An additional test can reveal their response to antifungal drugs.

Thrush can mask other infections of the body, and therefore the doctor additionally prescribes a differential diagnostic method, which will make it possible to confirm or refute the presence of concomitant pathologies, such as herpes, ureaplasmosis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis.

The doctor also prescribes additional blood, urine and stool tests. Laboratory diagnostics allows you to determine sugar levels and identify the source of the inflammatory process.

Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
urethral smear;
Ultrasound of the bladder and kidneys;
frautest.

Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to detect candidiasis at the initial stage of development, as well as to recognize more serious diseases in which thrush is a symptom. Papillomas may appear on your body, and during an examination, you can ask your doctor a question about neoplasms: what are papillomas and where do they come from, you can read here.

Thrush is a fungal infection that almost all women encounter at least once in their lives. The danger of thrush (candidiasis) is the risk of the disease becoming chronic. Women with this problem are more susceptible to other infectious and inflammatory diseases in the gynecological area. To avoid unpleasant consequences, thrush should be treated from the first symptoms.

What is candidiasis

Thrush is caused by various strains of yeast-like fungi from the genus Candida. Most of the world's population are carriers of these microorganisms. Fungi live asymptomatically on their mucous membranes, without causing any trouble. Candida is part of the microflora of the large intestine, mucous membranes of the genitals and oral cavity. Normally there are too few of them to cause disease. The number of fungal bacteria corrects local immunity - beneficial microflora and antimicrobial components of natural secretions.

Problems begin when favorable conditions for fungal growth arise:

the number of beneficial bacteria decreases;
the composition of secretions changes;
damage occurs on the mucous membranes.

Then the fungi begin to divide intensively, form colonies, displacing the remaining beneficial bacteria.

During their life, they release toxic substances - mycotoxins. The compounds have an irritating effect - they provoke a local inflammatory process. Hence the unpleasant symptoms:

swelling;
redness;
unusual discharge.

This is how acute thrush occurs.

The structure of the epithelium of the female vagina is multilayered. Under favorable conditions, candida acquires the ability to penetrate into the deep layers of the mucous membrane. Here they “hide” from defense mechanisms and reproduce by spores. When acidity shifts and the composition of the microflora is disrupted, spores are activated, causing acute symptoms of thrush or a relapse. If there are few fungal bacteria, the signs of the disease are weak and may go unnoticed. This is how the chronic form of genital candidiasis occurs in women.

Why does the fungus become active?

Fungi of the genus Candida are classified as opportunistic (potentially dangerous under special conditions). Their number increases with episodic and persistent disturbances in the functioning of the immune system. Such changes cause:

chronic infectious diseases;
venereal diseases;
endocrine disorders;
suffered from acute respiratory viral infections;
immunodeficiencies (including HIV);
exhaustion of the body;
unfavorable living conditions;
avitaminosis;
nutritional deficiencies;
nutritional exhaustion (in other words, regular malnutrition);
hormonal changes (during puberty, pregnancy, menopause).

Stress, tension, fatigue - prerequisites for weakened immunity

The functioning of the immune system is extremely adversely affected by psycho-emotional overstrain, stress, and overwork. Some medications also weaken the body's defenses. We are talking about immunosuppressants (hormones, chemotherapy drugs), antibiotics, and oral contraceptives.

There are also commonplace causes of thrush - neglect of the rules of intimate hygiene, wearing synthetic underwear, abuse of hygiene products (pads, tampons), and irregular replacement of them. The composition of the vaginal microflora is disrupted by the use of aggressive detergents and excessive zeal in matters of intimate cleanliness (frequent washing is as harmful as lack of hygiene). The spread of candida in the vagina is facilitated by wearing thongs. The infection can become more active against the background of regular injuries to the mucous membrane. For example, during sexual intercourse.

There are many reasons for the development of thrush. Contrary to popular belief, this fungal infection is not transmitted through sexual intercourse. Thrush in a woman is not a reason to suspect a sexual partner of infidelity.

Symptoms of thrush

Vaginal candidiasis in women differs in the intensity of symptoms. The clinical picture varies, depending on the state of immunity and the presence of aggravating factors. These include sexually transmitted infections and other diseases. So, in diabetics, the symptoms are always more intense, which is due to the tendency to pH imbalance.

The first "bells"

The initial symptoms of thrush often go unnoticed or are attributed to temporary discomfort. The first and main symptom is vaginal itching. Discomfort is localized in the area of the labia minora. It gets worse when going to the toilet and using toilet paper.

The second essential sign of thrush is discharge. Normally, vaginal secretion has a mucous consistency. It is transparent or slightly cloudy. With thrush, the discharge looks dense, grainy, and has a distinct white color. As a rule, the first changes coincide with the appearance of itching. Somewhat later, the volume of the secretion increases, and its consistency changes even more noticeably. Among the white-gray viscous mass of the replacement are compacted inclusions similar to cottage cheese. That is why such discharge is called cheesy. The grains may be soft or grainy. The volume of discharge also varies - from a few inclusions to a complete change in vaginal secretion.

Another early symptom that indicates candidiasis is a characteristic odor. It appears already at the first changes in the consistency of the discharge. Typically, women feel it immediately, but using scented sanitary pads can hide this sign. The characteristic smell of thrush is lactic acid. Normal discharge does not have any odor.

The sign of thrush that most often remains ignored is discomfort during sexual intercourse. At the very beginning, mechanical stimulation brings pleasure. However, after intercourse a burning sensation appears.

Expressed symptoms

As candidiasis progresses, symptoms increase. The discharge becomes even more voluminous - about 15 ml (the volume of a tablespoon) per day. Due to inflammation, they may contain mucous or bloody inclusions. A small volume of blood turns the secretion pale pink.

The mucous membrane of the vagina and vulva becomes swollen. This is noticeable during hygiene procedures. Intense itching is replaced by a burning sensation, especially after washing.

Erosions often form on the labia minora and majora - red spots covered with a dense white coating. After its removal, the erosion is exposed and may bleed. A woman experiences a burning sensation while emptying her bladder.

Signs of complications

In the absence of treatment or weak immunity, candidiasis occurs with complications. It is possible that a bacterial or viral infection may occur, the fungus may spread throughout the internal genital organs, or become inflamed due to infection. Secondary infection is manifested by additional changes in the nature of the discharge - they become brown, yellowish, greenish. At the same time, the curdled consistency is preserved. With sexually transmitted infections, the smell of rotten fish appears. The spread of thrush to the skin looks like red spots in the groin folds. They also itch, become wet, and become covered with plaque.

How to recognize chronic thrush

The development of chronic candidiasis is preceded by an acute phase. If the treatment was incomplete (too short or with the use of ineffective drugs), the symptoms only weaken, but do not disappear completely. Sluggish candidiasis manifests itself periodically - itching and characteristic discharge, discomfort during sexual intercourse and a burning sensation after it. The symptoms appear and disappear, so the patient has no special complaints.

With recurrent candidiasis, the discharge remains normal or acquires a cheesy consistency only occasionally. Most often - in the second phase of the cycle or immediately before menstruation. The lactic acid smell is also not always present. Women attribute such symptoms to a slight malaise or hormonal imbalance and do not go to the doctor. With strong immunity, thrush recurs 3-4 times a year. If weak, it can make itself known every month.

Is thrush dangerous for pregnant women?

Pregnant women experience candidiasis twice as often as normal women. The first cases of the disease occur at different stages of gestation. Doctors reassure patients that the child is reliably protected from fungus in the uterus. In fact, there is a risk of miscarriage and harm to the baby. It is especially great if a woman suffers from a chronic form of candidiasis at the time of conception. In this case, intrauterine infection of the fetus cannot be ruled out. This is fraught with miscarriage or serious disturbances in the development of the child.

If the infection reaches the baby at a later stage, there is a risk of generalized forms of thrush, damage to the spinal cord and brain. If the expectant mother gets thrush before giving birth, the baby may become infected with the fungus while passing through the birth canal. In this case, the risk of candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract, hearing, vision, and extensive skin lesions in the newborn increases.

Chronic thrush should be treated before pregnancy. If the disease manifests itself while carrying a child, you need to urgently consult a doctor and undergo therapy with medications approved for expectant mothers. A fungal infection cannot be neglected - this can lead to disastrous consequences.

How to treat thrush in women

A doctor should treat candidiasis. If the first symptoms occur, you should consult a gynecologist. The specialist will take swabs from the vagina and cervical canal (cervix). This is necessary to accurately determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to antifungal drugs. Based on the test results, the specialist will select suitable medications that can completely eliminate the fungus. Self-medication of thrush in acute form is fraught with chronic disease. It will be much more difficult to cure her. During pregnancy, it is forbidden to use any anti-candidiasis medications on your own. The doctor will select medications for the expectant mother that will completely eliminate the fungus in the shortest possible time.

The main cause of chronic thrush is self-medication or violation of the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor. It is not possible to stop treatment immediately after symptoms subside. Even in the absence of signs of infection, fungi remain in the mucous membrane.

Is it possible to use folk remedies?

Serum is an ineffective remedy for thrush

To treat thrush, traditional medicine recommends douching with whey, herbal decoctions, soda or iodine-soda solution, tampons with honey, aloe, raw egg and other means. Their use for the treatment of candidiasis is a direct path to the chronic form of the fungus. Foods and herbs are not able to eliminate the fungus. Most douching simply mechanically washes them away from the mucous membrane, without eliminating the infection in its deep layers. The fungus can use some foods as a breeding ground. In this case, traditional treatment will not only be ineffective, but will also provoke a worsening of symptoms.

The most effective folk method can be considered douching with soda and iodine. The solution has antimicrobial properties and alkalizes the environment in the vagina, creating unfavorable conditions for the fungus. This method can only be used in addition to drug treatment and in consultation with a doctor.

You should not douche at any stage of pregnancy. This can cause miscarriage or premature onset of labor.

Effective candles

Suppositories are the optimal dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The active components work directly at the site of infection. With proper use of suppositories, even the chronic form of thrush can be cured.

Any drug can cause an allergic reaction. When using candles for the first time, you should carefully listen to the sensations. Increased burning and itching in the vagina after administration of the suppository is a reason to discontinue the drug.

In addition to suppositories, other vaginal dosage forms can be prescribed - ovules (round capsules), creams for insertion into the vagina, tablets. A special applicator is provided along with creams and tablets. The drug should be administered with its help. Pregnant women should not use such devices. Any intravaginal forms, they must be inserted with a finger.

Candles are used 1-2 times a day. The drug is administered after hygiene procedures. Most medications are recommended for use at night. This ensures uniform distribution of the suppository mass, long-term interaction of the drug with the mucous membrane, and prevents premature leakage of the molten base.

Candles, tablets, creams can contaminate underwear and bed linen, since a certain amount of the product still leaks out. To prevent discomfort, sanitary pads should be used during treatment. The most popular drugs for the treatment of thrush in women are as follows.

Pimafucin suppositories. Drug of choice for vaginal candidiasis. The active substance, Natamycin, kills candida, leaving no opportunity for the fungus to acquire resistance (resistance) to the drug. The active substance is not absorbed into the systemic circulation. The drug is approved during pregnancy. Used for medicinal and prophylactic purposes. For prophylaxis it is used for 3 days, for treatment – for 6 days. Suppositories are administered at night.
Nystatin suppositories. The active substance of the same name is effective exclusively against candida. It is not absorbed into the bloodstream, but the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy due to lack of evidence of safety. To treat thrush, 1 suppository is inserted into the vagina 2 times a day (morning and night). Treatment lasts 10-14 days.
Livarol candles. A drug based on Ketoconazole, a broad-spectrum antifungal substance. Prescribed for the treatment of acute and chronic thrush. During pregnancy and lactation, use with caution, since a small amount of the substance is absorbed into the blood. For acute candidiasis, use 1 suppository at night for 3-5 days. The duration of treatment depends on the intensity of the symptoms. In the chronic form, the drug is used for 10 days.
Zalain. A product based on Sertaconazole. The substance has an antifungal effect and is active against staphylococci and streptococci. Prescribed for acute forms of thrush. The suppository is administered once, at night. If symptoms persist, repeat the procedure after a week. The active component is not absorbed into the blood, however, use during pregnancy is possible only as prescribed by a doctor.
Vaginal capsules Polygynax. Contains 2 antibiotics and an antifungal component. Prescribed for the treatment of mixed fungal and bacterial infections. During pregnancy, use only as prescribed by a doctor. To treat vaginal candidiasis, capsules are administered at night for 12 days in a row.
Lomexin capsules. A drug based on Fenticonazole. It has antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Take 1 capsule at night. If symptoms persist, the second capsule is used after 3 days. Contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.

When treating with suppositories, it is not advisable to douche. The external genitalia can be treated with special detergents with an antifungal effect (Citeal, Lactacid antifungal).

Why are ointments needed?

If there are pronounced signs of thrush on the external genitalia (erosion, swelling, accumulation of white plaque), antifungal creams are prescribed in parallel with suppositories. Suitable products are for intravaginal administration and drugs for the treatment of fungus on the skin. For treatments it is recommended:

Clotrimazole cream;
Nystatin ointment;
Pimafucin cream;

The preparations are used to treat the vulva, labia majora and minora. Two applications per day are sufficient. For optimal results, creams are used after hygiene procedures and the introduction of suppositories.

a remedy prescribed to a woman can be used by her sexual partner. Doctors advise treatment together to prevent relapses. In some cases (if a man himself suffers from candidiasis or violates hygiene rules), it is sexual intercourse that serves as a trigger for the development of acute thrush in a woman and contributes to repeated episodes of the disease.

Treatment with systemic drugs

Systemic antimycotics help cure thrush quickly and effectively. These are antifungal drugs for oral administration. Absorbed into the systemic bloodstream, they are distributed throughout the body. The products accumulate especially well in the epithelium of the mucous membranes and skin, eliminating infection from the inside.

For the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, Fluconazole (Futsis, Diflucan, Flucostat) is most actively prescribed. To eliminate acute symptoms, one dose of 150 mg of the substance is sufficient. To prevent relapses of chronic thrush, take 3 capsules at intervals of 3 days. Maintenance therapy involves taking Fluconazole once a week for 3-6 months.

In the treatment of genital candidiasis, the popularity of Itraconazole (Orungal, Rumikoz, Itrazol) has increased. To treat the acute form with moderate symptoms, it is enough to take 2 capsules (100 mg each) in the morning and 2 capsules in the evening. For severe symptoms, treatment takes 3 days. Capsules are taken 1 or 2 times a day. To prevent relapses, you should take 2 capsules of Itraconazole on the first day of the cycle for 3 months.

The success of treating thrush depends on the effectiveness of eliminating the main provoking factor. Even the correct treatment regimen will not give long-term results if the woman continues to violate intimate hygiene or suffers from diseases of the immune system. For recurrent forms that are difficult to treat, you should undergo a comprehensive examination of the body. The reason may lie in hematopoiesis problems or an immunodeficiency state.

The number of diseases caused by fungal infections is constantly growing. The leading position among them is occupied by candidiasis. In everyday life, this disease is better known as “thrush”. The disease is a chronic infectious process that is caused by pathogenic fungal microorganisms of the genus Candida. Fungi affect not only the skin and mucous membranes, but also internal organs, which can lead to serious health consequences.

It is impossible to completely get rid of fungal microorganisms. However, lifestyle changes and the correct treatment tactics, selected by a doctor, will help stop their growth and reduce their number to normal. In this article you will learn everything about candidiasis, its symptoms and treatment.

Why does the disease occur?

In small quantities, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida are present in the body of any person. However, when immunodeficiency occurs, their active growth begins, the body’s defenses fail, and a disease occurs.

Various reasons can lead to a decrease in immunity. However, the biggest culprit is inappropriate or inappropriate use of antibiotics. They destroy “good” microorganisms in the intestines, which guard human health. Without them, the defense weakens and the infection takes over.

There are also negative factors that can provoke the disease. They are divided into 2 large groups:

External.

Thanks to them, the infection enters the body through damaged skin (burns, cuts, cracks). For example, damage to the oral mucosa can occur due to poor hygiene, periodontitis, and incorrectly selected dentures.

Internal (endogenous).

These include diseases that lead to decreased immunity, as well as a congenital state of immunodeficiency. These are vitamin deficiency, hormonal imbalances, metabolic disorders, anemia, chronic gastrointestinal pathologies, diabetes mellitus.

Signs of candidiasis may appear due to frequent exposure of the skin or mucous membranes to chemicals. Taking hormonal contraceptives, alcohol abuse, smoking, unfavorable environment in the place of residence and frequent stress can also lead to the disease.

How does candidiasis manifest?

The manifestations of this infectious disease are varied. They depend on the place of origin and on which organ was attacked by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. Let's look at the main types of the disease and its symptoms.

Superficial candidiasis

It develops on the surface of the skin and its appendages (hair, nails), and also affects the mucous membranes of the lips, mouth, genitals and anal area.

Candidiasis of the oral cavity and larynx

The most common complaint is that a person is bothered by burning, dryness or discomfort in the mouth. The pain gets worse when eating. The oral mucosa becomes swollen, and small white rashes appear. A whitish film or a strong gray coating may form.

Lesions of skin, nails and hair

With cutaneous candidiasis, symptoms at the initial stage appear in the form of a slightly noticeable white stripe in the folds of the skin. Then itching occurs, and erosive lesions occur. Small bubbles merge, and the fungal disease spreads to healthy areas. If a secondary infection occurs as a result of scratching, ulcers occur.

When a fungal infection affects the nails, redness of the nail fold first occurs, and then ulcers may appear. The nail plate itself becomes fragile, may crack, and throbbing pain occurs.

Candidiasis of hair follicles is not common. This disease manifests itself in the formation of a purulent rash in the area of hair growth on the head or in the area of the beard and mustache.

Candidiasis of the genital organs

In women, opportunistic microorganisms of the genus Candida are constantly present in the vagina, and normally do not manifest themselves in any way. But under the influence of unfavorable factors, their number increases, and then the woman develops candidiasis or thrush.

Typically, burning and itching in the male genital area is felt 2-3 hours after contact. However, after a couple of days, the symptoms weaken or completely disappear until the next sexual intercourse. In severe cases, multiple ulcers occur, which can spread from the genitals to the skin (inguinal folds).

The female form of candidiasis is accompanied by itching, which intensifies during movement, during sexual intercourse and during menstruation. There may be sensations of burning, pain and discomfort. Complaints of thick, cheesy discharge often occur. Externally, you can notice the swollen mucous membrane of the labia with small pinpoint inclusions.

Chronic generalized candidiasis

This form of the disease is characterized by multiple lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs. It externally manifests itself in the formation of a dense white coating, after removal of which erosion forms. It is a fairly rare form of the disease, so the exact causes of its occurrence have been little studied. It manifests itself as general malaise, lethargy, headaches, apathy, and fever.

Systemic candidiasis

Fungal microorganisms infect only internal organs and systems.

Gastrointestinal tract

If the esophagus, stomach or intestines are affected, painful sensations appear when swallowing, a burning sensation, nausea, vomiting, and frequent belching. Due to pain during eating, a person’s appetite decreases and weight decreases, which leads to a deterioration in overall well-being.

Respiratory organs and airways

Fungal microorganisms can enter the larynx, trachea or bronchi from the affected oral cavity. Characterized by cough, difficulty breathing, itching. The disease negatively affects the vocal cords, which can lead to hoarseness or temporary loss of voice.

Genitourinary system

A common cause of candidiasis in the genitourinary organs is a nosocomial infection. It is also possible that this disease may appear as a complication after surgery. It mainly occurs in the form of diseases such as cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis with all the accompanying symptoms.

If adequate treatment is not started in a timely manner, candidiasis infection of any kind becomes chronic.

Diagnostic methods

It is known that there are more than 70 species of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. Many of them can lead to painful symptoms, so a preliminary examination is extremely important to determine the correct and effective treatment.

To determine the causative agent of an infectious disease, a number of laboratory tests are required. Diagnosis of candidiasis includes the following methods:

study of biological material (skin, mucus, plaque). For this purpose, skin scrapings and smears are prescribed, and scales, crusts or plaque from the mucous membranes are also taken for examination;
hemotest to determine globulin levels. If their number exceeds the norm, then there is a high probability of infection;
general tests: feces, urine, blood. Necessary for suspected systemic candidiasis.

If the gastrointestinal tract is affected by fungal microorganisms, an endoscopic examination is performed. It is often prescribed to collect material for subsequent detailed laboratory study. Your doctor may also prescribe a colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, or x-ray.

How to cure candidiasis

A thorough preliminary study allows us to identify the type of fungus, as well as its sensitivity to certain bacterial preparations. If this is not done, the treatment will be ineffective and the disease will worsen. Under no circumstances should you self-medicate.

The doctor selects medications depending on what type of fungal infection has been identified. To eliminate external manifestations, various antifungal ointments, gels, and creams are used. Concomitant diseases are treated, it is especially important to put the intestinal microflora in order.

At the same time, immunostimulating therapy is carried out. This includes taking vitamins, changing your lifestyle, and following the recommended diet. All flour products, sugar, alcohol and fatty foods are excluded. You can supplement drug therapy with folk remedies, but only after consultation with your doctor.

Any disease is easier to prevent than to treat. The presence of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the genus Candida does not in itself pose any harm to the body. People who do not have immunodeficiency, even with constant contact with the pathogen, do not get candidiasis, since the immune system copes well with the infection. Therefore, the main prevention is to maintain the body’s defenses in a functional, active state. To do this, you need to eat right, exercise, avoid chronic diseases, and undergo preventive examinations.

An important point is nutrition. Many foods provide a breeding ground for the active growth of yeast-like fungi. The most dangerous thing in this regard is sugar. Do not overindulge in sweets and baked goods.

Also eliminate bad habits, try to avoid stress, and allow yourself to relax more in the fresh air. Take antibiotics only on the recommendation of a doctor and only together with probiotics.

Be sure to maintain personal hygiene. You should be especially careful in public places where it is humid and warm. This is a sauna, swimming pool, bathhouse.

Taking care of yourself is the basis of good health, and then no infections can cause harm and lead to illness. But if you suspect you have symptoms of a fungal infection, consult a doctor promptly, and then you can quickly cope with the disease.

– a fungal disease that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes, less often internal organs. There are candidiasis of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. With a sharp weakening of the immune system, generalized candidiasis (candidal sepsis) can develop. Urogenital candidiasis in men is manifested by inflammation of the penis (redness, swelling, covering with a grayish coating and erosion, itching, burning and pain in the area of the head of the penis). Candidal urethritis and cystitis are possible. In women, damage occurs to the external genitalia and vagina. Without timely treatment, candidiasis takes a chronic, relapsing course.

Urogenital candidiasis is caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, representatives of the normal microflora of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. The development of candidiasis occurs as a result of the intensive proliferation of Candida fungi and their disruption of the natural balance of the environment of the genitourinary tract. The development of candidiasis is greatly facilitated by a general decrease in the body's resistance.

Urogenital candidiasis is not a health or life-threatening disease, but it is extremely unpleasant due to its manifestations, leading to disturbances in the intimate and psycho-emotional spheres. In addition, the presence of candidiasis may indicate severe concomitant pathology ( diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, etc.).

Genital candidiasis, or so-called thrush, affects the mucous membranes of the urogenital tract of men and women, being essentially a sexually transmitted infection. Thrush is often accompanied by other diseases with sexual transmission: chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, etc.

Acute and subacute course of candidiasis lasts no more than 2 months. During this period, swelling, hyperemia, discharge from the genital tract and other inflammatory symptoms are pronounced. Chronic forms of candidiasis are characterized by a duration of over 2 months. Foci of dryness develop on the mucous membranes, hyperpigmentation, infiltration, tissue atrophy.

Recently, atypical, erased and treatment-resistant forms of genitourinary candidiasis have become common.

Thrush is an inflammatory lesion of the vaginal mucosa caused by fungi of the genus Candida. It is characterized by burning and itching in the vagina, white cheesy discharge. Thrush is also called neonatal candidiasis, most often manifested as oral candidiasis. Thrush is diagnosed by detecting the fungus through microscopy and culture of vaginal smears. To exclude concomitant STIs, ELISA, RIF and PCR studies are performed. Chronic recurrent thrush is an indication for a complete examination of the patient in order to identify those disorders in the body that could cause such a course of thrush. Treatment is carried out by local and general use of antimycotic drugs.

Yeast-like fungi Candida, which provoke the development of thrush, are opportunistic flora of the vagina of most women and do not cause any pathological symptoms. Therefore, unlike classic STIs, thrush cannot be 100% classified as a sexually transmitted disease, although Candida fungi can be transmitted from sexual partners. Clinical gynecology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis due to the similarity of its clinical picture with sexually transmitted infections and the frequent cases of a combination of these diseases.

Causes of the disease

The development of thrush is caused by various factors that disrupt the healthy microflora of the vagina. As a result, there is a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria that normally inhibit the growth of fungal flora, and intensive proliferation of fungi. Active growth of fungi leads to the manifestation of their pathogenic properties with the appearance of inflammatory changes in the vaginal mucosa such as colpitis or vaginitis.

Violation of the normal ratio of microorganisms in the vagina with the development of thrush can be caused by treatment with cytostatics and other immunosuppressants, the use hormonal contraception, decreased immunity due to somatic diseases (HIV, Chronical bronchitis, tonsillitis, chronic pyelonephritis, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.), hormonal abnormalities (diabetes mellitus, ovarian dysfunction, menopause, hypothyroidism, obesity), anorexia, pregnancy, stressful situations, sudden climate change.

Long-term or frequent antibiotic therapy, the use of antibacterial drugs without additional probiotics primarily cause intestinal dysbiosis. Since the intestines are a reservoir of Candida fungi, its diseases (dysbacteriosis, colitis, etc.) lead to the spread of Candida to other organs and primarily to the vagina with the development of thrush.

Various local factors can have an adverse effect on the vaginal biocenosis with the appearance of thrush: poor personal hygiene, irregular change of pads and vaginal tampons, the use of local contraceptives, the use of deodorized pads and scented colored toilet paper, wearing synthetic underwear. Frequent use of antibacterial products (antibacterial soap, intimate gel, vaginal spray) for hygienic purposes often leads to a decrease in local natural immunity and can provoke the occurrence of thrush.

Some women experience thrush after wearing wet underwear, visiting a pool or swimming in open water. This is due to the beneficial effect of a humid environment on the vital activity of Candida fungi. Poor diet with excess consumption of sweets can also contribute to the development of thrush.

Newborns born to mothers with thrush may develop thrush as a result of infection during the fetal period or passage through the birth canal. The development of thrush in such cases is facilitated by the weakened state of the child’s body due to the birth trauma received. premature birth, hemolytic disease, intrauterine hypoxia, transferred asphyxia of the newborn.

The causes of thrush are various factors:

infectious diseases, as well as sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis;
endocrine diseases: diabetes, obesity, etc.;
taking medications (especially antibiotics);
for hormonal disorders (for example, taking hormonal contraception increases the risk of thrush);
diseases in which immunity is reduced: viral infections, acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections;
non-compliance intimate hygiene;
exacerbation is observed in hot weather, when various bacteria and fungi are activated;
sexual contact without barrier contraception;
stress, nervous experiences;
unhealthy diet;
wearing underwear made of synthetic fabrics that is too tight.

This disease can be caused by many different factors. Among them are:

stress;
hypothermia;
hormonal imbalance;
venereal diseases;
infections;
dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
diabetes;
using uncomfortable or synthetic underwear.

Development of genital candidiasis

According to studies conducted in the field of venereology, the following factors most often contribute to the development of genital candidiasis:

taking antibacterial and a number of hormonal medications;
pregnancy;
intestinal candidiasis (dysbacteriosis);
diabetes;
HIV and other infections that suppress the immune system;
excessive douching;
wearing synthetic and tight underwear;
long-term adverse effects of physical factors (work in warm, damp rooms, etc.).

Symptoms

Thrush is manifested by severe burning and itching in the area of the external genitalia and vagina. These symptoms are accompanied by the appearance of a white discharge characteristic of candidiasis. Thrush is characterized by a heterogeneous consistency of discharge with small lumps resembling grains of cottage cheese. The discharge may have a sour odor. Many women suffering from thrush note an increase in the amount of discharge after sexual intercourse, water procedures, and at night. Redness of the labia minora is often observed, and sometimes swelling of the labia minora and majora is observed, which can reach the anus. Swelling and inflammatory changes in the vaginal mucosa during thrush lead to pain during sexual intercourse. There may be painful urination.

Quite often there is an erased course of thrush, when its clinical manifestations are mild or only one of the indicated symptoms is present. Symptoms of thrush can spontaneously resolve with the appearance of menstrual flow, since during this period the vaginal environment shifts to an alkaline side, less favorable for fungi. However, thrush can also become chronic. Its relapses, as a rule, occur at least 4 times a year and usually occur a week before the start of menstruation. Chronic thrush is much more difficult to treat and can lead to complications. It is possible to combine thrush with other infectious lesions of the vagina (ureaplasmosis, chlamydia, genital herpes and etc.).

The most common manifestation of thrush in newborns is candidiasis of the gums (gingivitis), soft palate, buccal mucosa (stomatitis) and tongue (glossitis). It is manifested by the appearance of areas or spots covered with a white coating on the mucous membrane. When the plaque is removed, the red and inflamed mucous membrane underneath is exposed. A newborn suffering from thrush is restless, often cries, sucks poorly and may refuse to breastfeed. Less commonly, neonatal thrush manifests itself in the form of candidal conjunctivitis. Consequence intrauterine infection Pneumonia caused by fungi may occur.

Taking into account the area affected by the disease, the following types of candidiasis are distinguished:

Surface.
Interdigital.
Candidiasis of the mucous membranes.
Yeast paronychia and onychia.
Candidiasis vulvitis and colpitis (vulvovaginal candidiasis).

Surface

This form of the disease is characterized by damage to the smooth skin and mucous membranes. Skin candidiasis originates from large folds, where the formation of erymatous-punctate foci with vesicles, erosions and pustules occurs. Cutaneous candidiasis involves the presence of affected areas, which are characterized by clear scalloped edges.

The erosion surface has a smooth, shiny appearance, sometimes a whitish coating is found.

Skin candidiasis can be of two types: erythematous and vesicular. The first type is characterized by the presence of foci on the surface of which erosion and weeping predominate. Vesicular type cutaneous candidiasis is characterized by the formation of a large number of serapules, blisters, pustules and vesicles.

Interdigital

This form of yeast infection is most often diagnosed in schoolchildren and adults whose work requires long-term work in garden plots. In this case, you can find foci of maceration between the fingers with edematous-stagnant hyperemic skin.

With this form of the disease, genital candidiasis and yeast-like lesions of the oral cavity develop. Symptoms depend on the location of the lesion. Candidiasis of the oral cavity and mucous membranes is accompanied by the presence of a whitish cheesy coating, on the surface of which there is a peelable film. When it is removed, erythema may develop. Candidiasis in the mouth can affect:

language;
corners of the mouth;
lips;
tonsils.

Oral candidiasis occupies a leading position in relation to all localizations of this disease in the gastrointestinal tract. Candidal stomatitis very often affects newborns and adults who use dentures.

Due to the presence of white cheesy deposits in the oral cavity, candidal stomatitis is also called “thrush”. Candidal stomatitis at the initial stage has the following characteristic symptoms:

small areas of redness;
swelling of the mucous membranes of the gums, cheeks, tongue;
when the lesions merge, white cheesy deposits appear, which increase in size over time;
When the film is removed, the surface becomes smooth, shiny and deep red.

Oral candidiasis does not cause increased body temperature or swollen lymph nodes.

If candidal stomatitis of a chronic form is present, then it is characterized by its own manifestations:

coarse deposits more closely adjacent to the affected mucosa;
after removing the film, erosions form underneath them;
an increase in the size of the tongue, covering its surface with deep grooves.

Oral candidiasis, which affects only the corners of the mouth, is formed due to the spread of yeast bacteria from the affected area. It is characterized by the presence of erosions or cracks of a grayish-white hue with clear boundaries. Candidiasis of the lips has a bluish tint in the area of the red border of the lips, peeling in the form of grayish plates.

If we are talking about a disease such as candidiasis of the tongue, then its symptoms are very similar to those of a fungal infection of the throat. The disease occurs in the form of stomatitis, bleeding wounds and ulcers form on the mucous membrane. After a certain time, white bubbles and films appear at the site of these wounds. Gradually, candidiasis of the tongue spreads and covers an increasingly larger surface.

Gastrointestinal lesions

Gastric candidiasis is a disease that belongs to the type of visceral candidiasis. It is formed for the following reasons: peptic ulcer, low acidity of gastric juice.

Intestinal candidiasis is a consequence of prolonged therapy with modern antibiotics. Intestinal candidiasis is accompanied by the following symptoms:

flatulence;
discomfort;
diarrhea.

In addition, intestinal candidiasis can cause pain in the abdomen, and blood or mucus is found in the patient's stool. A person experiences a feeling of incomplete bowel movement. If intestinal candidiasis occurs in a severe form, then it is characterized by an invasive phase. A diagnosis of intestinal candidiasis can only be made after the composition of the intestinal flora has been studied.

Esophageal candidiasis is a disease that is very difficult to identify among all those available in the field of gastroenterology. The disease is characterized by a discrepancy between the severity of the disease, the level of damage and the condition of the patient himself. Almost 30% of patients may not even suspect that they have esophageal candidiasis. As a rule, this applies to those people who have a low level of immunity. However, esophageal candidiasis has the following manifestations:

heartburn;
poor appetite;
disturbances in the process of swallowing food;
painful sensations during swallowing;
chest pain;
frequent vomiting and nausea;
temperature increase;
diarrhea;
pain attacks in the upper abdomen.

There are cases when candidiasis of the esophagus, accompanied by pain when swallowing, does not even allow you to swallow water. This condition can contribute to dehydration. When vomiting occurs, characteristic whitish films can be found in the vomit.

This form of the disease is characterized by itching and a burning sensation of varying intensity. Candida vulvitis occurs in women during the premenstrual period and postmenstrual phase. Vaginal candidiasis is accompanied by intense and moderate inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital organs; a purple-bluish tint may be present. In addition, vulvitis is characterized by the following symptoms:

small rashes in the form of vesicles, when opened, erosions are formed;
vulvovaginal candidiasis may be accompanied by layers in the form of white cheesy crumbly films;
dryness and lichenification of the labia minora and majora, which have a whitish surface;
the itching that causes candidal colpitis intensifies when urinating, after taking a bath and having sexual intercourse.

Complications of thrush

Chronic thrush can cause a number of complications. Primarily, they are caused by the spread of fungal infection to structures located near the vagina: the cervix with the development of cervicitis, the urethra with the development of urethritis, and the bladder with the development of cystitis. The combination of thrush with other STIs with a long-term recurrent course can lead to the development of infertility in women.

Diagnosis of genital candidiasis

Laser research methods include:

microscopy of a smear of discharge;
cultural diagnostics;
linked immunosorbent assay;
polymerase chain reaction.

When symptoms of candidiasis occur, men usually seek help from a urologist, and women come to consultation with a gynecologist. Diagnosis of genitourinary candidiasis is carried out on the basis of complaints and examination of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. The diagnosis of candidiasis is confirmed by examining vaginal or penile discharge using light microscopy, bacterial culture, and determining the sensitivity of isolated Candida species to antifungal drugs.

Consultation with a venereologist is necessary for the differential diagnosis of candidiasis with trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, gardnerellosis, and other urogenital infections and to exclude concomitant STIs.

In case of genital candidiasis, it is necessary to exclude the presence of chronic diseases of the body and assess the state of immunity.

Diagnosis of candidiasis does not require the use of high-precision laboratory techniques, such as PIF or PCR, which detect even single pathogens. The criterion for making a diagnosis for candidiasis of the genitourinary organs is the identification of the fact of intensive reproduction of fungal pathogens.

As a rule, patients with symptoms of thrush consult a gynecologist. The doctor conducts examination on a chair and colposcopy, takes smears from the mucous membrane of the cervix and vagina. Microscopic examination of smears for thrush reveals the presence of fungal mycelium in the preparation. This is a quick research method, but it does not provide accurate information about what type of fungus caused the disease. To answer this question, a smear is cultured on special nutrient media, followed by a study of the grown colonies and determination of the susceptibility of the isolated Candida fungi to antimycotic drugs. In this case, the quantitative characteristics of the identified Candida colonies are taken into account, since their small number is normal for a healthy vaginal microflora.

Clinical observations show that thrush quite often occurs against the background of other sexually transmitted infections and can “mask” their presence. Therefore, if thrush is detected, it is advisable to additionally consult a venereologist and undergo testing for STIs. Typically, complex PCR diagnostics are used, which, if necessary, can be supplemented by ELISA and RIF.

Since the development of thrush is usually associated with certain disorders occurring in the body, when it is detected, a complete examination of the woman is necessary. This is especially true in cases where thrush does not respond well to treatment or takes a chronic course. Thrush is often the first symptom of diabetes. Therefore, a woman needs to take a blood test for sugar and, if an increase is detected, contact an endocrinologist. An examination by a gastroenterologist is also recommended: analysis for dysbacteriosis, coprogram, gastroscopy, radiography of the stomach, Abdominal ultrasound, irrigoscopy, x-ray examination of the small intestine.

With the development of complications of thrush from the urinary tract, it is necessary urologist consultation, examination of urine and urethral smear, Zimnitsky test, ultrasound of the bladder. Differential diagnosis of thrush should be made with bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis.

Generalized form of candidiasis

In particularly unfavorable cases, the pathological process can involve many organs with the development of a generalized form of candidiasis. Risk factors in the development of generalization of candidiasis are prematurity, the use of glucocorticoids and antibiotics, artificial nutrition, chemotherapy, drug addiction, surgery and the postoperative period, etc.

Treatment of thrush in pregnant women

Thrush occurs in more than half of pregnant women. Its treatment requires an integrated approach, taking into account the contraindications that exist during pregnancy. It is important to identify diseases and pathological conditions that can provoke thrush. In pregnant women, thrush is treated mainly with local remedies. Most often these are suppositories with miconazole or clotrimazole. If systemic antifungal therapy is necessary thrush in pregnant women it is possible to use natamycin, since it does not have an embryotoxic effect.

During pregnancy, it is possible to use traditional methods of treating thrush. These include washing with a decoction of oak bark, calendula or soda solution, soda-iodine baths, etc. These methods are weakly effective in completely curing thrush, but can help relieve its symptoms during pregnancy.

Prevention

The best prevention of thrush is following the rules of personal hygiene.
Regular washing and changing of underwear are required.
It is advisable to use a separate towel for the genitals.
You need to visit a gynecologist regularly (once every six months).
After visiting the pool or swimming in open water, it is advisable to do herbal douching.
Remember to use condoms or other barrier methods of contraception.

Prevention of thrush includes adequate antibiotic therapy along with the mandatory administration of probiotics; timely and correct treatment of chronic diseases, STIs, hormonal disorders; maintaining intimate hygiene; wearing cotton underwear. You should avoid the use of hygiene and intravaginal products that can change the pH of the vagina from the acidic side or cause an imbalance in its microflora. To prevent thrush from developing from improper use of tampons and pads, women should remember that they need to be changed every 3-4 hours. Women whose thrush is caused by a humid environment should dry themselves thoroughly after swimming, avoid wearing a wet swimsuit, and use a spare dry swimsuit when relaxing on a pond.

Prevention of thrush in newborns is facilitated by a complete examination of women when planning pregnancy, early detection and treatment of thrush in pregnant women.