Sometimes mothers of infants notice that the baby’s thin skin becomes translucent, and a vascular pattern resembling marble stains appears through it. Typically, this pattern has dark purple or slightly pinkish outlines, and can appear with varying intensities. What does this phenomenon mean? Is marbling on a child’s skin a symptom of a disease?
What are the causes of marbling?
Why does the vascular pattern most often occur in newborns? This picture indicates a violation of blood microcirculation in the vessels, which in a baby are often not elastic enough. Experts say that the marble pattern on the body of a baby up to 6 months can be both a physiological phenomenon and a pathological one.
Statistically? the purple pattern goes away on its own by 1 year in 94% of cases. This means that such a picture is not a dangerous phenomenon at all, however, it cannot be said with confidence that the baby does not need examination and treatment. Let's consider how physiological and pathological conditions differ.
Physiological factors
In newborns and infants, thermoregulation of the body does not immediately improve. Their vessels and capillaries do not always adequately respond to changes in external temperature - some of them narrow, some do not. It has been noticed that marble patterns most often appear on the legs and arms, as in the photo, less often on the chest and face. There is no serious cause for concern if the vascular pattern appears only from time to time, and its contours are slightly blurred.
There may be other reasons for the appearance of a pattern on the skin; we will list the most harmless of them:
- light, thin skin of the baby;
- child's tension during screaming, crying;
- insufficient layer of subcutaneous fat;
- vascular damage during childbirth;
- prematurity;
- overfeeding (leads to an increase in blood volume, which can affect the elasticity of blood vessels);
- sudden cooling of the baby (for example, when he is changed in the room after airing).
If the pattern on the skin is not clearly pronounced or appears from time to time, then this is a normal physiological phenomenon characteristic of children at this age Pathological factors
Pathology can be suspected in different cases. For example, if the marble pattern on the baby’s skin does not tend to disappear even after 7 months of life. It is also worth paying attention to when the pattern looks more pronounced - if the child is not cold, crying or screaming, the pattern should be less noticeable. In other cases, the situation requires the intervention of specialists. Below we list the causes of this pathology:
- During high fever, which may be due to a bacterial infection. In this case, vasospasm and disruption of the body’s thermoregulation occurs.
- Lack of oxygen, which can occur due to upper respiratory tract disease. For example, marbled skin in a child can be a consequence of obstructive bronchitis or pneumonia. In this case, vascular manifestations are often noted on the baby's upper chest.
- Hypoxia during intrauterine development of the fetus. If the baby experienced oxygen deficiency, his vascular system could be damaged.
- Difficult birth. Sometimes the pathology develops as a result of a protracted labor process, when the baby’s head and neck are caught in the birth canal.
- Anemia can also cause a vascular pattern.
- Some types of heart defects.
- Diagnoses such as brain cyst, hydrocephalus, dropsy, may be accompanied by the appearance of marbling on the baby’s body. However, it is worth understanding that this symptom is one of many, and it is impossible to make a diagnosis based on it.
- Vegetative-vascular dystonia in one of the parents.
- Often this phenomenon occurs in children with Down and Edwards syndrome.
- A congenital disease called generalized phlebectasia.
If a baby who is more than six months old has a pronounced vascular pattern and does not tend to disappear, you should visit a pediatrician. The doctor will give a referral for a blood test, an electrocardiogram, followed by a consultation with a cardiologist. The specialist will listen to the baby and evaluate the ECG results.
If the doctor notices any abnormalities, he may recommend an ultrasound of the heart, which is a fairly informative study. You should also definitely consult a neurologist. If everything is in order, then this situation speaks about the individual characteristics of the child.
Marble pattern for children over 2-3 years old
Sometimes such a phenomenon as a marble pattern is observed in children older than 2-3 years. You should carefully monitor this manifestation. There is no need to worry if the child’s skin changes color only in moments of stress, during hypothermia or, conversely, overheating, and this happens only occasionally. If this happens regularly for no apparent reason, you should try to identify the source of the problem.
Note that in children of kindergarten age, the vascular pattern of the skin can accompany acute respiratory infections, intestinal infections, and can also be a sign of more serious health problems. For example, indicate anemia or autoimmune diseases.
Marbled skin in a three-year-old child or older may occur due to viral diseases Help at home
Regardless of what caused the appearance of a marble pattern on the baby’s body, you can try to stop this manifestation using home methods. You should act persistently, performing the prescribed procedures day after day:
- optimize the air temperature in the room where the baby is;
- do not touch the baby with cold hands;
- Pediatricians recommend wiping an infant after bathing only with a cotton diaper, and not using a terry towel;
- try not to overheat the baby when going for a walk;
- review the child’s diet and, if necessary, add foods rich in vitamins and microelements to his menu;
- It’s great if parents can provide their child with naps in the fresh air;
- massage, gymnastics will also be a good way to strengthen blood vessels;
- exercising in the pool with your mother will not only strengthen blood vessels, but will also serve as a hardening procedure;
- air baths in a room where the air temperature is about 22˚C.
Let us note that, according to Dr. Komarovsky, the optimal air temperature in a children's room should be about 18˚C. However, if the blood vessels are not functioning properly, it makes sense to increase it a little. All other measures should be aimed at optimizing vascular tone. This includes proper nutrition, long walks, and hardening the baby. Swimming has a very good effect - not only in the pool, but also in the bath.
Bathing your baby, walking in the fresh air and proper nutrition will help cope with marbled skin What should parents be wary of?
As we have already said, marbled skin in a baby is almost always a normal, physiological phenomenon. However, if the baby already has a certain disease, parents should pay close attention to the vascular pattern on his skin. Marbled skin is a dangerous symptom if the baby is diagnosed with:
- congenital heart disease, other cardiovascular diseases;
- increased intracranial pressure;
- perinatal encelophalopathy;
- rickets;
- genetic diseases.
Moreover, if therapeutic measures are carried out in a timely manner, the pattern on the skin will gradually disappear. In some cases, marbled skin may indicate serious problems if its appearance is accompanied by other symptoms:
- bluish tint of the nasolabial triangle;
- heavy sweating;
- increased activity or vice versa, drowsiness, lethargy.
Any of these symptoms may be harmless on their own. If one or more of these signs is accompanied by a vascular pattern on the child’s limbs or torso, it is worth contacting a pediatrician to identify possible diseases.
Blueness of the nasolabial triangle, coupled with a marbled skin pattern, may indicate the presence of serious diseases If there are no other symptoms
Sometimes marbled skin itself is a disease, however, it is quite rare. It is called telangiectatic or generalized phlebectasia and is characterized by congenital vascular pathology. With this disease, a vascular network always appears on the child’s skin, which from time to time becomes brighter. It happens that the vessels are noticeable throughout the body, and sometimes only on the limbs.
Experts find it difficult to answer the question of what is the cause of this anomaly, but note that this disease is not inherited. There is also no data on which gender has marbled skin more often. It has been noted that along with this pathology, the child may have other developmental abnormalities: disorders of the skeletal and muscular systems, glaucoma, port-wine stains on the skin. Very rarely, along with marbled skin, cases of retinal detachment, seizures, hydrocephalus, and epilepsy are observed.
This disease does not require treatment; usually only specialist supervision is required. Over time, symptoms may subside and the spider veins will disappear on their own. In any case, vascular training will not hurt, and the baby’s parents can do children’s gymnastics, swimming, and also carry out hardening procedures with him without restrictions.
If you find a marble pattern on your child’s arms or legs, you should carefully observe the baby. If there are other symptoms that we discussed above, you should consult a pediatrician for advice. In other situations, these manifestations disappear on their own with age, without requiring intervention.
Marbling of the skin in a 3-4 year old child is quite rare. This is a symptom that indicates the presence of a number of problems in the body that need to be eliminated, the sooner the better. Marbling is considered normal for babies in the first months of life, but then it should completely disappear.
Skin marbling appears as a pattern of reddish or bluish color, usually on the arms and legs, but can occur throughout the body. In newborns, this occurs due to an immature vegetative-vascular system, as a result of which capillaries located too close to the surface of the skin cannot cope with heavy loads and stain the skin. During the first months, the body adapts and the symptom disappears. But in some cases, marbling of the skin occurs in a child at 4 years old, and sometimes later. This indicates some disturbances in the functioning of the body.
Causes
The normal cause of marbling is considered to be a temperature difference - overheating or hypothermia. However, in this case, the skin quickly returns to its original color.
In a child over two years old, marbling may occur for the following reasons:
- vegetative-vascular dystonia, which was inherited from parents;
- premature birth, which led to dysfunction of the vegetative-vascular system;
- perinatal encephalopathy;
- anemia;
- some diseases of the cardiovascular system;
- Edwards syndrome;
- Down syndrome;
- marbled skin (a vascular disease that is congenital in nature, in which the capillaries and veins are noticeably dilated).
If marbling occurs in a child with a fever, this indicates vasospasm. To eliminate this manifestation, it is necessary to give the child an antipyretic and also rub the body with a terry towel. You can also lower the temperature using a vinegar solution.
Particular attention should be paid to accompanying symptoms. If the baby is drowsy, whiny, does not want to eat, and also if there are disturbances in motor functions, etc. – these are serious reasons for concern. You should examine the child as quickly as possible and find out the cause of this condition. The sooner treatment is started, the less consequences will affect the body’s condition in the future.
Treatment
Marbling of the skin at 4 years of age is a phenomenon that requires careful attention and treatment. To find out the cause of this symptom, it is necessary to conduct a thorough diagnosis. The child should be examined by a dermatologist, cardiologist, and other doctors who will refute or confirm the presence of pathology. Typically, such children undergo a brain ultrasound, ECG and other tests.
Treatment is prescribed in accordance with the underlying disease.
It is important to strengthen the baby’s blood vessels and capillaries and increase their tone. For this, hardening, massage, and special gymnastics are effective. You need to spend as much time as possible outdoors with your child.
The room where the child lives should have a normal temperature - 22C.
Make sure that your baby does not overheat or become hypothermic.
It is extremely important that the diet is balanced and does not exceed the norm. If a child overeats, this puts a lot of stress on the cardiovascular system.
It is also important that the child receives a sufficient amount of vitamins (especially group B) and microelements. Children at the age of 4 can already engage in swimming - it is very useful and has a good effect on the condition of the body and its development.
Parents need to know the causes of marbled skin in a child in order to begin treatment of the disease in time. Nowadays, minor changes in the skin of children occur quite often. The unusual color appears as a result of the formation of an extensive subcutaneous network containing underdeveloped blood vessels. Many of them are significantly narrowed and form small areas of a bluish tint on the skin.
Unusual texture: why and how does it appear?
The skin of a newborn is very delicate, easily vulnerable, and in the event of a temperature change it changes its color - it turns sharply pale. Babies are also characterized by the appearance of a marbled tint as a result of changes in the movement of blood in the capillaries.
Most often, a baby develops an unusual skin color if he suffers from the following pathology:
- dropsy of the brain;
- benign cyst;
- autonomic disorders;
- anemia;
- diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
A change in the color of the skin of an infant occurs when there is a disturbance in its emotional state. If the cause of discomfort is related to changing clothes, the entire surface of the body becomes marbled in color, since the infant has an imperfect thermoregulation system. Factors that provoke the appearance of a clearly defined marble shade include the absence of a subcutaneous fat layer on the body of a newborn.
Changes in vascular tone persist until three months of age, and then the body fully adapts to environmental conditions.
The appearance of marbled skin usually does not require treatment, since many doctors consider this phenomenon to be a physiological process.
Autonomic disorders
Dysfunction of the nervous regulation of the skin is observed in many diseases. The following pathologies contribute to the development of local reactions causing the appearance of marbled skin:
- neurasthenia;
- myocarditis;
- liver inflammation.
- brain injury;
- acute infection.
Sometimes the skin of a newborn acquires a bluish tint due to the appearance of autonomic neurosis.
In young children, in the event of an unfavorable course of labor, a severe syndrome appears: the body swells, a marbled skin color appears.
The clinical picture of autonomic changes in infants is characterized by the following symptoms:
- bluish skin around the nasolabial triangle;
- vomiting;
- arrhythmia;
- temperature fluctuations.
The child is in an excited state, screams and cries for a long time, and the skin changes its color. Autonomic disorders are closely associated with increased intracranial pressure, accompanied by the appearance of an unusual skin tone in the infant.
Oxygen starvation
When problems arise with supplying organs and tissues with oxygen, the skin suffers first. Upon careful examination, the formation of areas with a bluish tint is observed in the infant, which makes it possible to establish deficiency before other symptoms appear.
A change in the pattern on the skin of a newborn is an important sign associated with circulatory disorders. Very often the integument acquires a purple-cyanotic color. The walls of blood vessels become fragile, their tone changes, and the risk of marbled skin increases. Lack of oxygen causes the development of poor blood circulation in the capillaries, which leads to the formation of areas with a bluish color.
The patient's general condition changes. The child experiences increased chilliness even at high ambient temperatures.
Parents need to remember that marbled skin in a baby, accompanied by the appearance of other symptoms, requires seeing a doctor to prevent dangerous complications.
Anemia and changes in skin pattern
Among the many causes of marbled skin in a child, the leading place belongs to heart disease. Children often show clear signs of impaired blood supply and, first of all, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. In many cases, severe pallor is combined with a marbled pattern and swelling of the neck veins.
Marbled skin in a child may be evidence of a pathology of blood vessels and skin. In this case, the entire skin or individual areas of the body are covered with an uneven color of a bluish or purple hue, forming a peculiar pattern reminiscent of a marble texture. This disease is called livedo. The disease can develop for certain physiological and pathological reasons.
In babies under one year old, the inconsistent appearance of marbled skin should not frighten parents if there are no other alarming symptoms. If after a year the marbling of the skin persists and other symptoms are added to this sign, then you should definitely consult a specialist to rule out the presence of various pathologies and serious diseases.
What does the marble pattern on the skin of children of different ages in different parts of the body indicate?
Table No. 1. What does marbled skin indicate in children?
| Marbled skin in infants and newborns - what should you be afraid of? | What does marbled skin color indicate in children over three years of age? | What does the marble pattern on the body of a teenage child say? |
| The appearance of marbled skin in infants and newborns is the norm rather than a pathology. During this period, the baby’s autonomic system had not yet fully formed. If the baby’s skin tone rarely changes when any conditions change (for example, the baby is cold, he is hot, when changing clothes), then the marbled skin tone is a physiological phenomenon. Most often, it will go away on its own during the first year of the baby’s life, when the blood vessels adapt and learn to work in a correct and harmonious rhythm.
If a marble pattern has covered the baby’s entire body, his behavior has changed (cries constantly, has turned pale, lethargic), or his temperature has risen, then you should immediately contact a specialist. All these signs are evidence of overheating, but it is also necessary to exclude any pathological diseases. |
The cause of the marble pattern on the skin in children over 3 years of age can no longer be due to vascular immaturity.
If the skin acquires a marble pattern in rare cases, for example, during overheating or hypothermia, then there is nothing to worry about. If the appearance of a marble pattern on the skin is regular, then you need to contact a specialist to find out the cause of the disease, since this pattern may indicate pathological diseases and accompanying disorders. |
In adolescence, a marble pattern may indicate pathologies due to various reasons.
1. Livedo Racemosa can be a consequence of various diseases: lupus erythematosus, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, chronic tonsillitis, as well as other diseases associated with disorders of the cardiovascular system. 2. Livedo Reticularis a Frigore - this type appears due to hypothermia. The marble pattern lasts for a short time. Its appearance is associated with partial dysfunction or dysfunction of internal organs. 3. Livedo Reticularis a Celore and Ienticelaris - the result of overheating. The danger of skin pathology lies in the combination of this symptom with other pathological diseases that require medical intervention and treatment. |
The marble pattern can be localized either in individual areas or cover the entire body. From the table below you can find out why a marble pattern appears on the face, arms, legs, feet, and palms.
Why does a marble pattern appear on different parts of the body?
| Body area with marble pattern | What does marbled skin on this part of the body indicate? |
| Face, nasolabial triangle | May be a reason to contact a neurologist and cardiologist, may indicate heart defects and diseases of the nervous system. |
| Whole body at once | Unformed blood vessels located very close to the surface of the skin. The marble pattern may become brighter when the child is cold or overheated, and disappear when he becomes comfortable again. |
| Legs | A marbling pattern on the legs of older children may be a sign initial stage of erythema caused by venous stasis. |
| Hands | A marble pattern may appear on the hands after a long stay outside during the cold period. Its appearance is associated with reaction of blood vessels to low temperatures. |
| Palms | A marble pattern on the palms may indicate problems with the nervous system. |
| Feet | Genetic characteristics of the child. |
Causes and treatment of marbled skin in children in the table
There are natural (physiological) and pathological causes of the appearance of marbled skin.
Physiological marbling is not a pathology, does not carry serious consequences, is an episodic phenomenon that does not require treatment, and disappears in comfortable conditions.
Less commonly, the appearance of marbled skin is one of the symptoms of a disease. The key phrase is “one of the symptoms,” because only the presence of additional symptoms and test results will help identify the nature of the disease, the list of which is quite wide.
The marble pattern can occur against the background of an intrauterine infection, or may be a consequence of fetal hypoxia. In children over three years of age, the skin can become marbled even with acute respiratory infections, and can also accompany acute intestinal infections, autoimmune pathology and infectious diseases.
If the marble pattern is accompanied by other symptoms, then you should immediately contact a specialist to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment!
Causes and methods of treating marbled skin in children
| Cause | Treatment |
| Physiological reasons:
1) imperfect vascular system of babies (overheating or hypothermia); 2) physical activity; 3) overfeeding; 4) premature baby; 5) very light and thin skin; 6) thinness. |
1) create comfortable conditions for the baby: warm him up (if he’s cold), unwrap him if he’s hot; 2) does not require treatment; 3) if the baby has eaten, you should remove the breast and do not let him suck on it while sleeping or just for fun; 4) does not require treatment; 5) does not require treatment; 6) does not require treatment. |
| Pathological reasons:
1) oxygen starvation during pregnancy and childbirth; 2) prolonged labor; 3) low hemoglobin; 4) heart defects; 5) hydrocele of the brain, cyst and intracranial pressure; 6) hereditary vegetative-vascular dystonia; 7) generalized phleboectasia; 8) Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome. |
1) elimination of oxygen starvation using various methods of resuscitation and drug therapy prescribed exclusively by a specialist; 3) correct daily routine, eating foods rich in iron, using medications to replenish iron deficiency; 4) cardiac glycosides, diuretics, potassium preparations, oxygen and aerotherapy, conservative treatment if necessary; 5) only the attending physician can prescribe treatment; self-medication is under no circumstances possible; 6) adherence to a daily routine, psychotherapy, the use of multivitamins prescribed by a doctor, a special diet, moderate exercise, physical therapy as prescribed by a doctor, herbal medicine only with the permission of a doctor; medications are used extremely rarely, only in complex cases that interfere with a full life, strictly according to a specialist’s prescription; 7) treatment is prescribed by a phlebologist. |
Marbled skin at temperaturein a child: is this normal?
During fever (high temperature, reaching 40 degrees), a marble pattern may appear on the skin, which occurs due to a violation of the body's heat transfer and spasm of blood vessels. The marbling pattern is the result of a bacterial infection. Urgent consultation with a specialist is required.
Prevention of marbled skin in children
- Maintain the temperature regime in the baby’s room so that he does not overheat or become overcooled.
- Hardening the child.
- Air baths.
- Massage and gymnastics for the baby.
- Swimming in the pool.
- Baths with pine extract and sea salt.
- A balanced, complete diet. Maintaining breastfeeding.
- Taking vitamin complexes.
A common compliment - “skin like a baby” - implies tenderness, smoothness and an even, warm shade of the epidermis of its owner. And indeed, the glossy, magazine image of a baby is just like a peach in a diaper. Pinkish-golden skin, light fluff, a few touching folds... Lovely!
Parents in love love the baby immensely, and they are concerned about the “patina” on his skin.
Does your baby's skin look a little different than what advertising glamor requires? As soon as a baby becomes hypothermic, cries, or overexerts himself, how does his body immediately acquire a strange, uneven hue?
Let's find out what this symptom is, how common it is among infants, and does it go away on its own or does it need treatment?
Why does the child have marbled skin?
This reddish-bluish pattern on the arms, legs, and often on the entire body is caused by the infant’s vegetative-vascular system is not fully formed. The smallest vessels - capillaries, whose task is to quickly and clearly respond to any changes, simply do not keep up with the changing reality. Instead of a common, well-coordinated work, some of the blood vessels narrow sharply - and in this place the skin acquires a bluish tint. At the locations of capillaries that do not want to block the blood flow, the baby’s body turns red.
Unfortunately, this phenomenon is quite common.
Is marble skin color considered normal for an infant?
In short, as they say in Odessa, yes rather than no. But…
So, we’ll talk about all the “buts” in more detail. Look at the photo. 
If a change in the color of the baby’s skin looks something like this, and occurs periodically (for example, when changing clothes, when the baby’s hands and feet are cold), then it’s time to talk about the physiological marbled skin of a newborn.
Usually this phenomenon goes away on its own by the time the baby is six months old and does not require additional treatment.
With a more intense pattern covering the entire body of the baby, accompanied by a number of warning signs (we will talk about them below), consultation with the attending physician is simply necessary.
Look at the next photo. 
Is the marbling of the baby’s skin as pronounced? Is there anything else about the baby’s condition that is causing you concern? For example:
- pallor,
- lethargy, or, conversely,
- increased excitability,
Measure your temperature (a similar reaction often occurs to hyperthermia) and call a doctor!
You can often see patches on the scalp of babies that look untidy. Most often, scales appear due to neglect of hygiene; they can be an allergic reaction or diathesis.
What to do if the child’s skin dries out and no measures help restore it to its original pink color, softness and velvety. Here we will talk about the causes of dry skin and tell you about some methods to combat it.
Reasons why a baby’s skin can acquire a pronounced marbled color - let’s build versions
If we take not only the usual optimistic view of Dr. E.O. Komarovsky on the physiology of this phenomenon, and, in fairness, consider all the options, the picture is as follows:
So is it necessary to treat a baby’s marbled skin, or will it go away on its own?
It will definitely pass! But perhaps she will need our help with this.
If one of the above diseases gave the baby’s epidermis an unusual appearance, then by this time your attending physician is probably already treating it. In this case, spots on the baby’s skin are just one of the symptoms that will go away along with the main sore.
We begin treatment without delay!
If marbling is caused by the immaturity of the baby’s vegetative-vascular system, therapy will be aimed at helping in its development. The baby’s lifestyle and routine are structured in such a way as to create optimal conditions for regulating vascular tone. This includes a balanced diet and daily walks in the fresh air, proper alternation of rest and wakefulness, general hardening of the body (douches, rubdowns, air baths), etc.
An active lifestyle works wonders.
Ask your pediatrician to teach you basic techniques to regulate blood circulation. Most of them are not complicated and can be done at home.
In case of autonomic dysfunction, swimming has a good healing effect. train the tone of his blood vessels and harden him at the same time. And for yourself, this is a great way to get back into shape after pregnancy and childbirth.
Organizing a swim with mommy... Well, very interesting!
Among medications, in such cases, general tonics and vitamins, especially group B, are usually prescribed. The so-called vitamin-like substances based on carnitine - Carnitene - have proven themselves to be quite good.
What about children over three years old?
By this age, it is already more difficult to attribute the unusual reaction of the offspring’s skin to immaturity of tone. Of course, if these are not isolated cases that can occur at high temperatures or sudden hypothermia.
The doctor will support and advise.
Perhaps, Now it is no longer possible to do without extensive consultation with specialists.
If your pediatrician rules out a version of hereditary vegetative-vascular dystonia, it is worth getting diagnosed by a cardiologist and neurologist. ECG, ultrasound of the brain, encephalogram and other examinations prescribed by specialists can help find the cause of this scourge.
You will have to undergo the necessary procedures to identify the cause of marbled skin.
Among the more exotic causes, congenital telangiectatic marbled skin is sometimes called. This is a rather rare feature of the epidermis, with vessels located close to its surface. Often, in addition to marbling, this type of skin is prone to hemangiomas and port-wine stains - everything that we call a birthmark.
The beginning of complementary feeding is an important stage in the life of a little person. The most pleasant thing is the introduction of fruit dishes. It is recommended to start with, apples do not cause an allergic reaction. Little gourmets enjoy the thin puree.
If you don’t know how to diversify your beloved baby’s diet, pumpkin puree is a win-win option. We will share the secrets of making the most delicious puree for babies.
Verdict
So, let's repeat what we've covered! What have we learned?
- Marbled skin is not a disease, but a vascular reaction.
- At the age of a baby up to 3-6 months, you can, with almost 100% confidence, classify it as normal. Attention! If there are no longer any alarming symptoms.
- With older children - an individual approach. We are in no hurry to panic. Firstly: there is no need, secondly: there is no time - we are undergoing examinations.
- In our free time from doctors, we toughen up, go for walks, and get better!
Loading...