Astringents.
Astringents -
General properties:
· Mild pain reliever.
Organic
ü Oak bark
ü Herb St. John's wort
ü Grass series
ü Serpentine rhizome
ü Potentilla rhizome
ü Calamus rhizome
ü Compounds of alder
ü Sage leaves
ü Chamomile flowers
ü Bird cherry fruits
ü Blueberry fruits
2. Inorganic agents -
Tannin Tanninum
Synonym: Gallobinic acid
Application: with inflammatory diseases of the throat cavity, nose, larynx (1-2% aqueous or glycerin solution); for burns, ulcers, cracks, bedsores (3-5-10% ointment and solution-drying effect); in case of poisoning with alkaloids, salts of heavy metals, morphine, cocaine, atropine (0.5% solution up to 2 liters for gastric lavage).
Not applicable as a prophylactic agent, since tannin first interacts with proteins of the gastric mucosa !!! - loss of appetite, indigestion. It is impossible to prescribe in the form of enemas, because in the presence of cracks in the rectum, blood clots may form.
In acute and chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, preparations of bound tannin are used.
Tanalbin Tannalbinum
It has no astringent effect on the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach. In the intestine, it gradually breaks down, free tannin is released, which has an astringent effect.
Applicable in acute and chronic bowel diseases, accompanied by diarrhea.
Inside for adults 0.3-0.5-1.0 3-4 times a day.
Alder fruits Fructus alni
Contains tannin and other substances.
The amount of tannins is not less than 10%.
Prepare an infusion of 10: 200.0, 1 tbsp. spoon 3-4 times a day.
Has an astringent effect in acute and chronic enteritis and colitis.
FV: packs of 100.0.
Oak bark Cortex Quercus
A 1:10 broth is prepared and used for stomatitis, gingivitis, and other diseases of the mouth, pharynx, pharynx, larynx. A decoction of 20% is used externally for burns.
Burmese herb Herba Bidentis
Contains tannins.
An infusion is prepared, used externally in children's practice for diathesis and internally as a diuretic and diaphoretic for colds.
Briquettes of a series of herbs (1 slice –7.5 per glass of water –10 minutes). For baths - 1 glass; inside – 1 tbsp. spoon in the morning and evening.
St. John's wort Herba Hyperici
Tincture of St. John's wort (vials of 25 ml.) Is used topically for gingivitis, stomatitis for rinsing the mouth.
A decoction (briquettes of St. John's wort) is used for colitis, diarrhea inside as an astringent.
Serpentine rhizomes Rhizomata Bistortae
Broth 10.0-200.0 for inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes.
Blueberry Fructus Myrtilli
Infusion, broth, jelly as an astringent for diarrhea 1-2 teaspoons per glass of water.
Sage Leaves Folia Salviae officinales
Infusion as a local anti-inflammatory for mouth and throat rinses.
Chamomile flowers Flores Chamomillae recutitae
Tea and infusion are used as an astringent inside and in the form of enemas for intestinal spasm, flatulence, diarrhea; as a diaphoretic; as an antiseptic and astringent (lotions, baths, rinsing).
Pharmaceutical chamomile preparations:
Recutane Recutanum
A hydroalcoholic extract of chamomile flowers (2-3 tablespoons per 1 liter of water) has an anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect.
It is used in gynecological practice (cervical erosion, colpitis).
FV: bottles of 100 ml.
Rotokan Rotocanum
A mixture of liquid extracts of chamomile, calendula, yarrow 2: 1: 1. For a glass (200 ml.) Of warm water 1 teaspoon of Rotokan.
It has a local anti-inflammatory effect and promotes the regeneration of the damaged mucous membrane.
Apply in dentistry for inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity (applications for 15-20 minutes).
FV: bottles of 100 ml.
Romazulan Romasulanum
Chamomile extract and chamomile essential oil (containing 6% azulene).
It has anti-inflammatory and deodorant effects.
Apply with inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, external ear, vaginitis, urethritis, cystitis (in the form of rinsing, rinsing, compresses).
½ tablespoon per 1 liter of water (externally and in the form of enemas).
For colitis, gastritis and other diseases, accompanied by flatulence inside, ½ teaspoon per glass of water.
Bird cherry fruits Fructus Padi
Broth, infusion 10: 200 ml. for diarrhea as an astringent.
¼ - ½ cup 2-3 times a day.
Rhizome of Potentilla Rhizomata Tormentillae
A decoction of 10.0-200.0 is prepared.
Apply with diarrhea (1 tbsp. spoon 3 times a day) and with stomatitis and sore throat in the form of rinsing.
FW: briquettes.
Caleflon Caleflonum
Purified extract from calendula officinalis flowers.
It has an anti-inflammatory effect and stimulates reparative processes in peptic ulcer.
Apply with gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis in the acute phase.
0.1-0.2 3 times a day after meals.
Side: bitterness in the mouth, burning in the stomach - withdrawal.
Inorganic astringents.
Metal salts.
Bismuth preparations.
De – Nol De – Nol
Organic compound of bismuth (bismuth subnitrate).
It has an antacid effect. In addition, when taken orally, it forms a colloidal mass that is distributed over the surface of the gastric mucosa, envelops the parietal cells, providing a cytoprotective effect. Possesses antibacterial activity.
Dermatol Dermatolum
Basic bismuth salt of gallic acid.
It has an astringent and drying effect.
Apply with inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes (ulcers, eczema, dermatitis).
FV: powder (prepare powders, candles, ointments on petroleum jelly), 10% ointment.
Xeroformium Xeroformium
Absorbent agents.
Absorbent Agents - These are finely ground, biologically inactive powders with a large surface area on which toxic and irritating substances (toxins, alkaloids, poisons, gases, acids, alkalis, etc.) can be adsorbed.
General application: treatment of acute poisoning, bloating (flatulence), for the treatment of skin diseases, stomach diseases.
Microsorb P
Large absorbent surface.
Powder of activated carbon - packages of 10, 25, 50, 100 g and 3, 4, 5 kg.
Activated carbon paste - cans of 100, 250, 450, 700, 800 and 1kg. 300g.
Polyphepan Polyphepanum
Obtained by processing lignin, a hydrolysis product of carbohydrate components of wood.
It has a high adsorbing capacity (adsorbs bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract), cholesterol-lowering activity, is well tolerated, does not cause constipation and dysbiosis.
Applicable with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of an infectious and non-infectious nature (diarrhea, flatulence, general intoxication); in severe forms of infectious diseases, as an additional agent to antibiotic therapy.
Assign inside before meals for adults 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day. Before use, stir the drug in a glass of water for 2 minutes, then slowly drink it.
The course of treatment is 5-7 days.
FV: granules containing 50% polyphepan, paste (on water) containing 40% polyphepan.
Now widely used Enterosgel - organosilicon compound - high adsorbing activity.
Metal salts
Almagel Almagelum
Combined preparation containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium oxide.
It has antacid, absorbent, enveloping and gastroprotective action.
Applicable with peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer, acute and chronic hyperacid gastritis.
Almagel A Almagelum A
Contains additionally for every 5 ml. gel 0.1 anesthesin.
Apply if the above diseases are accompanied by nausea, vomiting, soreness.
FV: bottles of 170 ml. in the form of a gel.
Almagel Neo
The gel, in addition to magnesium and aluminum hydroxide, containing simethicone, reduces gas formation.
FV: 10 ml bags.
Maalox Maalox
Contains aluminum and magnesium hydroxide.
The action is longer.
FV: tablets, vials, 15 ml bags.
Gastal Gastal
Contains magnesium and aluminum hydroxide.
It is used as an antacid one hour after meals 4-6 times a day.
FW: tablets.
Sucralfat Sucralfat
Basic aluminum salt of sucrose octasulfate.
It has an antacid, enveloping, absorbent and gastroprotective effect.
FV: tab. 0.5 each.
Phosphalugel Fosfalugelum
Synonym: Phosphaluzhel
Colloidal gel containing aluminum phosphate (about 23%).
The preparation contains pectin and agar-agar.
Has an enveloping effect, antacid activity, protects the gastric mucosa.
FV: plastic bags of 16.0
Enveloping products.
Coating agents– These are substances that form colloidal solutions with water, which, when applied to inflamed and damaged tissue surfaces, protect tissues and the endings of sensory nerves without interacting with proteins or any cell structures. They have a weak anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.
General indications for use:
Inflammatory and ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa (gastritis, ulcers, enterocolitis) - anti-inflammatory action, prevention of reflexes from the stomach and intestines (antiemetic, anti-inflammatory action).
In case of poisoning with acids, alkalis, phenol solutions, bleach, etc. (they protect the mucous membranes with the formation of a colloidal film, and also adsorb irritant mallecules on their large particles).
Before oral or rectal administration of lek. drugs that have an irritating effect.
In the manufacture of emulsions, suspensions, to prolong the action of lek. substances.
Marshmallow Root Radix Althaeae
It has anti-inflammatory and expectorant effects.
Prepare the mucus of the marshmallow root (as an enveloping agent).
Dry mucus from the marshmallow herb is part of the cough medicine "Mukaltin".
FW: powder, dry extract, marshmallow syrup. Part of the chest collection, dry cough syrup for children.
Flax Seeds Semina Lini
Prepare slime 1:30.
Used externally for poultices and internally as an enveloping agent.
Amylum starch
Appointed as an enveloping agent externally in the form of powders, powders. Inside and in enemas (in the form of starchy mucus) to protect sensitive nerve endings from irritants and to slow down the absorption of drugs. Inside for poisoning with iodine and alkaloids.
Film-forming agents.
Film-forming agents - form a dense polymer, elastic protective barrier that separates fabrics from contact with the external environment.
The composition of the preparations includes such substances as: chloramphenicol, furacillin, methyluracil, anestezin and sea buckthorn oil, which has anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects.
Clefurin
Oblekol-film
Furaplast - special resin
Lifuzol - aerosol preparation of complex composition
Are applied for wounds, scratches, abrasions, cuts, burns, trophic ulcers; when processing postoperative sutures.
Emollients.
Fat-like substances - oils, fats.
They provide tissues with greater elasticity and protect against irritating environmental factors.
Apply protective, medicinal, cosmetic ointments, pastes and liniment.
Irritant agents.
Irritants - These are agents that stimulate the endings of sensitive nerve fibers and cause reflex and local effects: improving blood supply and tissue trophism, relieving pain.
Irritants are applied externally, often in the form of rubbing.
They have a nonspecific stimulating effect on receptors embedded in the skin, which selectively react to certain types of irritations (pain, temperature, etc.). Irritation of these receptors leads to corresponding reflex reactions. In addition, irritants cause local release of biologically active substances (histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, etc.).
The latter have a local vasodilating effect, which is accompanied by hyperthermia and improved tissue nutrition.
For the purpose of a reflex action on a diseased organ, irritating agents are applied to a skin area receiving sensitive innervation from the same segment of the spinal cord. An inflammatory focus in any organ is a source of pathological, in particular painful, impulses that continuously enter the central nervous system.
A focus of persistent excitation (dominant focus) is created in the nerve cells. When additional irritation (mustard plaster) is applied to a certain area of the skin (which has innervation from the same segment of the spinal cord, i.e., conjugate innervation), a new stream of impulses of a different meaning arises. Temporarily, a new focus of persistent excitement is created in the central nervous system, and the old one fades away. Pain sensations weaken or disappear.
Both the somatic and the autonomic nervous system are involved in reflex reactions. The latter will change the conditions of blood supply and nutrition of the diseased organ. The inflammatory process is eliminated faster.
The total local and reflex action of irritating agents is accompanied by:
ü Expansion of blood vessels with improvement of tissue trophism and outflow of fluid in the area of application of the drug.
ü Strengthening the same functions in segmental located internal organs and muscles - a resolving effect on pathological processes.
ü Weakening of pain, emanating from the same organs - a distracting effect.
Classification:
1. Preparations containing essential oils (menthol, camphor alcohol, mint herb, etc.).
2. Preparations containing bee and snake venoms (apizartron, viprosal, etc.).
3. Synthetic preparations (finalgon, etc.).
Preparations containing irritating agents (ointments, creams, solutions, etc.) are contraindicated in case of damage to the skin, pustular skin diseases, eczema, etc.
After applying the ointment, wash your hands thoroughly !!!
Menthol Mentholum
Mechanism of action: when applied to mucous membranes and skin, it causes a sensation of cold associated with the selective excitation of cold receptors. There is a reflex vasoconstriction and a weakening of pain sensitivity at the site of application. (Provides a local anesthetic and antiseptic effect). However, the tone of blood vessels and smooth muscles of internal organs can reflexively decrease.
Application: with neuralgia, myalgia, joint pain (2% alcohol solution and 10% oil solution), with migraine (a menthol pencil is rubbed into the temples), with diseases of the upper respiratory tract: runny nose, tracheitis, laryngitis (menthol oil in the form of inhalation and complex drops into the nose); for skin diseases accompanied by itching (1% and 2% alcohol solution); as a sedative with increased excitability (as part of preparations containing valerian and belladonna); with nausea, vomiting, gastritis, gastric ulcer (0.01-0.03 inside); for angina pectoris, the drug "Validol" (25% menthol solution in menthyl ether of isovaleric acid) - irritating the receptors of the oral mucosa, reflexively causes expansion of the coronary vessels.
For young children, drugs containing menthol are not prescribed to lubricate the nasopharynx, since reflex respiratory depression and respiratory arrest are possible.
FV: powder, menthol oil 1% and 2%, alcohol menthol solution, menthol pencil, is a part of Boromenthol preparations - ointment, Pectusin tablets, Menovazin.
Capsitrin Capsitrinum
Combined preparation containing tincture of capsicum, St. John's wort, green soap, ammonia solution and alcohol.
Applicable: with neuralgia, radiculitis, myositis as an irritating and distracting agent.
FV: bottles of 100 ml.
Nicoflex cream Nicoflex
Contains capsaicin.
It has an irritating, distracting effect (capsaicin), analgesic and anti-inflammatory (glycol-salicylate), resorption effect (ethyl nicotinate causes prolonged expansion of the capillaries of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, skin flushing).
Apply as a sports cream (bruises, sprains).
FV: tubes of 50.0.
Mustard plasters Charta sinapis
Sheets of paper coated with a fat-free mustard mixture obtained from cake and mustard seeds.
Mustard powder contains glycoside sinigrin and enzyme myrosin... When mustard plasters are moistened with warm water, sinigrin is cleaved by an enzyme to form an irritating allyl thiocyanate.
The therapeutic effect of mustard plasters is due to reflex reactions arising from irritation of the nerve endings of the skin.
Apply as an anti-inflammatory (distracting) agent.
Sp. A
Aqueous solution of common viper venom (with glycerin).
Apply s / c, i / c, i / m (painful injections, swelling occurs at the injection site).
It has an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect.
Apply with neuralgia, polyarthritis, myositis, etc.
Side: individual intolerance (tissue edema, urticaria, pain in the heart, increased heart rate, palpitations, back pain, joint pain, convulsions).
Contraindications: individual intolerance, pulmonary tuberculosis, insufficiency of cerebral and coronary circulation, tendency to angiospasm, liver and kidney damage, pregnancy.
FV: ampoules of 1 ml.
Nayaksin Najaxinum (Sp.A)
Contains the poison of the Central Asian cobra, novocaine, sodium chloride.
Enter s / c, i / m 1 time per day.
Apply to relieve pain in lumbosacral radiculitis, neuralgia, neuritis, etc.
Side, contraindications, see. vipraxin.
FV: ampoules of 1 ml.
A new drug based on cobra venom, Nayatox ointment, has appeared on the market.
The ointment "Nayatoks" contains eucalyptus oil, which enhances the effect of active substances on the skin. It has a pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-edema effect.
"Viprosal" ointment Unguentum "Viprosalum"
Contains gyurza poison, camphor, salicylic acid, fir oil.
It is prescribed externally 1-2 times a day for rheumatic pains, radiculitis, myositis, etc.
Side: allergic reactions that disappear when the drug is discontinued.
FV: tubes of 25.0.
Viprosal ointment B(instead of the poison of the viper, the poison of the viper is included).
Synthetic drugs.
Ointment "Finalgon" Unguentum "Finalgon"
Locally causes prolonged expansion of capillaries and skin flushing.
It has a distracting, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, warming effect.
Apply for muscle, joint pain, sports injuries, neuritis, etc.
FV: tubes of 25.0 and 50.0.
Ammonia solution 10% Solutio Ammonii caustici
When inhaled, it reflexively has an exciting effect on the respiratory center, acting through the receptors of the upper respiratory tract (the end of the trigeminal nerve). In high concentrations, ammonia can cause reflex respiratory arrest.
Apply as an ambulance for stimulating breathing and removing the patient from a fainting state, with insect bites, externally in the form of lotions. Sometimes used internally as an emetic (5-10 drops per 100 ml. Water). Only diluted!
FV: 10, 40, 100 ml vials and 1 ml ampoules.
Astringents.
Astringents - these are substances that, when applied to mucous membranes or a wound surface, are capable of coagulating proteins to form dense albuminates.
Coagulated proteins form a film that protects tissues and their sensitive nerve endings from damaging factors.
Under the influence of astringents, the cell membrane becomes denser, membrane permeability decreases - a tanning effect develops: the surface of the mucous membrane decreases ("tightens"), small vessels are mechanically narrowed, all this leads to a decrease in local manifestations of inflammation.
General properties:
· Weak anti-inflammatory effect.
· Slight antimicrobial effect.
· Mild pain reliever.
· Weak hemostatic.
· Capable of precipitating salts of heavy metals and alkaloids.
Classification of astringents:
Organic
ü Oak bark
ü Herb St. John's wort
ü Grass series
ü Serpentine rhizome
ü Potentilla rhizome
ü Calamus rhizome
ü Rhizome with burnet roots
ü Compounds of alder
ü Sage leaves
ü Chamomile flowers
ü Flowers of meadowsweet
ü Bird cherry fruits
ü Blueberry fruits
Organic astringents form stable, insoluble albuminates with proteins. They do not dissociate, as a result of which the effect of drugs is limited to the most superficial layer of proteins and does not extend to the underlying tissues.
2. Inorganic agents - preparations of certain metal salts (lead acetate, aluminum-potassium alum, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, dermatol) also form albuminates with proteins, and the binding strength depends on the nature of the metal and most albuminates easily dissociate.
The ability of albumin to dissociate (give up a cation) leads to the fact that the cation coagulates more and more layers of protein, capturing cell membranes. An irritating effect arises, and with a deeper effect of metal on the tissue, a sequential necrosis of many layers of cells develops — a cauterizing effect.
Indications for the use of astringents:
These are symptomatic remedies.
1. Acute inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract (the need for a pharmacological effect on the causative agent of the disease is not excluded).
2. Peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, duodenitis (to protect the damaged mucous membrane from irritation with food, HCl) together with special therapy (preparations containing herbal astringent components).
3. Acute laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis (decoctions of medicinal plant raw materials in the form of inhalations, rinsing, together with an astringent effect, have a moderate antibacterial effect).
4. Conjunctivitis, chronic laryngitis, urethritis (weak solutions of 0.1-0.25% ZnSO 4 or CuSO 4 in the form of drops, lubricants).
5. Burns, ulcers, trauma to the skin and soft tissues.
6. Acute poisoning with alkaloids, heavy metals (precipitating, not astringent effect, polybasic vegetable acids bind poisons and prevent their absorption. For example: 0.5% tannin solution for gastric lavage followed by removal of rinsing water, since the binding of poisons with tannin is reversible).
7. Minor bleeding (abrasions, cuts).
Organic astringents.
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What does "astringent" mean?
Dictionary of Medical Terms
astringents (adstringentia)
drugs that, when applied to the skin, mucous membranes or wound surface, cause dehydration or partial coagulation of proteins and have a local anti-inflammatory and weak anesthetic effect (tannin, tanalbin, decoction of oak bark, basic bismuth nitrate, etc.).
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
astringents
medicinal substances that, in contact with damaged skin or mucous membranes, form a protective compacted layer on their surface due to interaction with albumin; have anti-inflammatory effects.
Astringents
substances that, when exposed to mucous membranes or damaged skin, cause partial coagulation of the proteins of the surface layers of tissues with the formation of protein films that protect the underlying tissues from the influence of irritating agents. At the same time, the narrowing of the blood vessels and the compaction of their walls occur, as a result of which the sweating of fluid and swelling from them decreases. To organic V. with. tannin, obtained from ink nuts, and other substances contained in plants (oak bark, blueberries, sage leaves, chamomile flowers, etc.), as well as weak solutions of alcohol and formalin; to inorganic - some silver preparations - diluted solutions of silver nitrate (lapis), preparations of zinc, lead (lead water), bismuth (basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, etc.), aluminum (Burov's liquid), etc. used externally for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes and internally ≈ for certain diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, colitis, stomach ulcer), as well as antivenom for some poisoning, especially alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, etc.).
Astringents are applied topically. They thicken inflamed tissues due to a reversible coagulating effect on proteins and the formation of a protective film on the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, wounds, ulcers. The thickening of the inflammatory tissue contributes to vasoconstriction, decreased secretion, decreased swelling and pain. All this leads to the limitation of the zone of inflammation. The following means are distinguished:
Organic origin (tannin, decoction of oak bark, infusions and decoctions of sage leaves, St. John's wort, chamomile flowers, blueberries, bird cherry, serpentine root);
Inorganic origin (lead acetate, basic bismuth nitrate, aluminum alum, zinc oxide, copper sulfate, silver nitrate, collargol)
For oral administration (for gastric ulcer, gastritis, enteritis), astringents of plant origin are used.
Externally, herbal products and salts of heavy metals are used (for burns, frostbite, dermatitis, erosion).
TANNIN
Gallodubic acid. Obtained from sumach and scumpia plants. Let's easily dissolve in water and alcohol. Aqueous solutions form precipitates with alkaloids, protein solutions and heavy metal salts. It is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, nose, throat, larynx in the form of rinsing with 1-2% water or glycerol-water solution or for lubrication (5-10%) for burns, ulcers, cracks, bedsores. Assign inside for poisoning with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids - wash the stomach with a 0.5% aqueous solution of tannin. Available in powder form.
BISMUTH NITRATE, BASIC
It is a mixture of bismuth compounds: BiNO 3 (OH) 2; BiONO 3; UNION. Practically insoluble in water and alcohol, easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. It is used as an astringent and antiseptic for gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer, enteritis, colitis). Release form: powder, tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 g; ointment 10%; is a part of the tablets "Vikalin" Vikair ".
SILVER NITRATE (lapis, silver nitrate)
In small concentrations (0.05-0.25% solution) it has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, in higher concentrations (1% -2% solution) it has a cauterizing effect. Applied externally for erosions, ulcers, excessive granulations, hyperplastic laryngitis. Method of release 0.05-2% solutions and in the form of lapis pencils.
Coating and adsorbing agents
Enveloping the agents form colloidal systems with water, which, when applied topically, are able to form a protective layer and protect sensitive nerve endings from the effects of irritating substances and to slow down the absorption of drugs. Coating agents include starch mucus, flax seed mucus, milk, egg white solution, oatmeal decoction, aluminum hydroxide. It is used for inflammatory and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, enteritis, colitis, when prescribing drugs that have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes, in case of poisoning with acids, alkalis and other aggressive substances.
Adsorbents - have a large surface of contact with substances and, therefore, are able to adsorb gases, alkaloids, toxins. Activated carbon, kaolin (white clay), talc, magnesium carbonate, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate have adsorbing properties.
ACTIVATED COAL
Coal of animal or vegetable origin, specially processed. Used for dyspepsia, flatulence, food intoxication, poisoning with alkaloids, heavy metal salts. Release form: tablets of 0.25 g, powder.
ALMAGEL
The combined preparation containing aluminum hydroxide (gel), magnesium oxide, D-sorbitol has adsorbing, enveloping and antacid properties. Applied for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, acute and chronic hyperacid gastritis. Assign inside 1-2 teaspoons 4 times a day for half an hour before meals and at night. Release form - bottles of 170 or 200 ml
Sukralfat (Venter, Sukrat)
The drug has an absorbent, enveloping and antacid effect. When it enters the stomach on the surface of the affected mucous membrane, it forms a polymeric protective film and has a cytoprotective effect. Assign to adults with gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer and hyperacid gastritis 0.5-1 hours before meals, 1-2 tablets before breakfast, lunch and dinner. The tablets are swallowed without chewing, with a little water. Release form - 0.5 tablets in a package of 100 pieces.
Irritant agents
Irritants are used to relieve pain from organs or muscles. For this, nerve endings are stimulated in those areas of intact skin that are innervated by fibers that are part of the same nerve roots. These drugs cause redness of the skin and elements of inflammation (release of large amounts of histamine, prostaglandins). The expansion of blood vessels at the site of application of irritating agents leads to an improvement in blood circulation and trophism of tissues, the release of small amounts of inflammatory mediators and has a distracting effect, since the arrival of afferent impulses in the central nervous system from the skin can change the effect of signals coming from other peripheral zones innervated by fibers from the same the most nerve root.
Irritating agents include: capsin, Finalgon ointment, Kapsikam ointment, camphor ointment, camphor alcohol and many others.
MENTHOL
The main component of peppermint essential oil. Excites cold receptors, reflexively reduces vascular tone. It is the main component of validol. Unfortunately, validol is popular among the population as a remedy for the relief of cardiac pain. It has no therapeutic effect and should not be used in coronary patients. It has a mild local anesthetic effect, has weak antiseptic properties. Applied externally as a distracting and pain reliever for myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, migraine. For inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (runny nose, laryngitis, pharyngitis, etc.), it is used in the form of inhalation and for lubricating mucous membranes, in nasal drops. Menthol is found in many combination medicines. It is produced in the form of powder, menthol oil 1% and 2%, alcohol solution 1% and 2%.
AMMONIA
Ammonia solution 10%. When vapors are inhaled, it reflexively excites the respiratory center, acting through the receptors of the upper respiratory tract. It is used as an ambulance to stimulate breathing and remove patients from fainting. Outwardly in the form of lotions for insect bites. It is a part of drops of ammonia-anise, ammonia liniment.
FINALGON
The ointment contains vanillilnonamide and butoxyethyl ether, which cause prolonged expansion of capillaries and skin flushing, providing a distracting, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Prescribed for muscle and joint pain of various origins, tendovaginitis, neuritis, sciatica, sports injuries. Using the applicator, the ointment is rubbed into the skin of the affected area and covered with a woolen cloth. The ointment is used 2-3 times a day. Avoid getting the ointment on the mucous membranes. Release form - tubes of 20 g complete with an applicator.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
An astringent effect is understood as a reversible reaction of drugs of this group with proteins of tissues and mucous membranes, as a result of which a temporary dense protective film is formed on their surface. Both for internal and external use, this film (seal) protects the affected (inflamed) tissues from microorganisms, poisons entering them, helps to stop bleeding, heal wounds, burns, cracks, weakens pain and inflammation processes and protects receptors from irritation ...
Astringents are generally divided into two groups:
- astringents of organic nature;
- astringents of inorganic nature.
The first group of astringents includes plant preparations, for example, oak bark, blueberries, bird cherries, cinquefoil rhizome, St. John's wort, etc. The active substances of these plants are the special chemicals they contain - tanaglycosides. It is they who, reacting with the proteins of the mucous membranes, cause their precipitation and form a protective film.So, the mechanism of action of astringents can be represented as follows:
Tanaglycosides + Protein<-» Плотная защитная (временная) пленка.
From these plants, infusions and decoctions are prepared, which are used in the form of rinses for bleeding from the gums and for sore throat; in the form of lotions for healing wounds, ulcers, burns; inside for peptic ulcer, intestinal disorders, inflammation (colitis, enterocolitis), etc.
The second group of astringents includes salts of heavy metals, such as bismuth, zinc, silver, etc., which, in addition to the astringent, have a cauterizing and antimicrobial effect, but this depends on the concentration of the drug.
The active principle of this group of drugs is a metal cation, which, reacting with proteins of mucous membranes and affected tissues, forms a dense protective film - albuminate.
Cation + Protein<->Dense protective film (albuminate).
Astringents of inorganic nature are more often used in the form of ointments, suppositories, powders as antimicrobial, wound healing and hemostatic agents. Less commonly, their solutions are also used as part of solid dosage forms (tablets) for the treatment of ulcers and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
The drugs in this group are basic bismuth nitrate, xeroform, dermatol, zinc oxide, silver nitrate, etc.
TANIN (Taninum) - light brown powder, readily soluble in water. Use 1-2% aqueous solution, 5-10% water-glycerin solution for rinsing or lubricating in inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and pharynx; 3, 5, 10% solutions and ointments - for the treatment of wounds, burns and cracks, and 0.5-2% solutions are used for gastric lavage in case of poisoning with heavy metal salts and alkaloids, with which the drug forms an insoluble compound and precipitates.
Release form: powder.
OAK BARK (Cortex Quercus) in the form of a decoction (1: 10) is used for rinsing with gingivitis, stomatitis, bleeding gums and as a 20% decoction for lotions in the treatment of burns.
BLUEBERRY FRUIT (Fructus Myrthilli) is used in children's practice as an astringent for intestinal disorders in the form of infusion or jelly.
BISMUTA NITRATE BASIC (Bismuthi subnitras) as an astringent and weak antiseptic is prescribed internally for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (colitis, enteritis), for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Assign in powders and tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 g per dose up to 3 times a day; externally in the form of a powder and 5 and 10% ointments for the treatment of dermatitis, eczema, etc. Basic bismuth nitrate is part of the complex Vicalin tablets used to treat stomach ulcers.
The drug is released in tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 g and in the form of 10% ointment.
Bismuth preparations are Xeroform, Dermatol and De-Nol.
XEROFORM (Xeroformium) - yellow powder with a characteristic odor, contains more than 50% bismuth oxide. It is used as an astringent, drying and antiseptic agent in the form of a powder, 3% eye ointment and 10% ointment for the treatment of skin lesions. Xeroform is part of the famous liniment by A.V. Vishnevsky and a number of other drugs.
Release form: powder.
DERMATOL (Dermatolum) is an analogue of Xeroform. Applied in the form of a powder, 10% ointment and 0.2 g in suppositories.
Produced in the form of a powder, 10% ointment and suppositories of 0.2 g each.
DE-NOL (De-Nol) - colloidal subcitrate of bismuth, has an astringent, enveloping, antacid and cytoprotective (protective) effect on the cells of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. When ingested, it forms a colloidal mass, which, evenly distributed over the surface of the gastric mucosa, protects it from destruction. The drug is indicated for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.
Assign De-Nol 1-2 tablets 4 times a day 30-60 minutes before meals.
The drug is produced in tablets of 0.12 g each.
Diarrhea(from the Greek. diarrheo- to expire), or diarrhea, is a stool disorder characterized by the secretion of liquid stool, which is associated with the accelerated passage of intestinal contents. The causes of diarrhea can be increased intestinal motility, impaired absorption of water in the large intestine and the secretion of a significant amount of mucus by the intestinal wall. In most cases, diarrhea is a symptom of acute or chronic colitis, enteritis. Infectious diarrhea is noted with dysentery, salmonellosis, foodborne toxic infections, viral diseases (viral diarrhea), amebiasis, etc.
Diarrhea can be a symptom of food poisoning and can be caused by improper diet or allergy to certain foods. Diarrhea develops when food is not digested due to a lack of certain enzymes. Toxic diarrhea accompanies uremia, mercury and arsenic poisoning. Drug-induced diarrhea can occur when beneficial bacteria in the intestine are suppressed and dysbiosis develops. Diarrhea can occur under the influence of excitement, fear (the so-called bear disease).
The frequency of stool for diarrhea varies, and the stool is watery or mushy. Diarrhea may cause abdominal pain, rumbling, transfusion, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Diarrhea can have different causes, but also different implications for the well-being of the body. Light and short-term diarrhea has little effect on the general condition of patients, severe and chronic - lead to exhaustion, hypovitaminosis, pronounced changes in the organs.
Antidiarrheal agents include symptomatic agents that eliminate diarrhea by inhibiting intestinal motility and reducing its sphincters, or weakening the irritating effect on the intestinal mucosa of its contents. Elimination of intestinal dysbiosis is considered as a pathogenetic treatment.
Symptomatic herbal remedies include those that are better known under the historically established name "astringent" or "fixing".
Astringents are substances that can coagulate proteins on the surface of the mucous membrane. Coagulated proteins form a film that protects the endings of afferent (sensory) nerves from local damaging factors. Getting into the intestines, astringents prevent irritation of the sensitive endings of the nerves, therefore they cause a decrease in peristalsis, that is, they have a "fixing" effect, while reducing the feeling of pain. In addition, under the influence of biologically active substances with an astringent effect, local vasoconstriction, a decrease in their permeability, a decrease in exudation and inhibition of enzymes occur. The combination of these effects prevents the development of diarrhea and the inflammatory process, which was a possible cause of diarrhea. Thus, herbal astringents also have anti-inflammatory properties.
Astringents of plant origin form insoluble compounds with proteins, alkaloids, cardiac and triterpene glycosides, heavy metal salts, thereby preventing their absorption, therefore they can be used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances. Astringents also have antiseptic, antimicrobial and hemostatic properties. At high concentrations of astringents, permanent damage to living cells occurs. This type of action is called cauterizing.
Biologically active substances of plant origin with an astringent effect include tannins.
The effect of astringents is short-lived and reversible; to achieve a result, they are used repeatedly (from 2 to 6 times a day) in the form of infusions or decoctions. To avoid excessive or unnecessary deposition of tannins on the gastric mucosa, they are taken either after meals or in the form of compounds with proteins (tanalbin drug). In this case, they are released only in the middle and lower parts of the small intestine and enter the large intestine as active drugs. As antimicrobial and astringent agents for diarrhea of microbial etiology, they are prescribed 30-60 minutes before meals.
Astringents are used in dermatology in the treatment of superficial lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, for rinsing for diseases of the oral mucosa and upper respiratory tract.
Medicinal plant materials containing tannins include: badan rhizomes, oak bark, serpentine rhizomes, burnet rhizomes and roots, cinquefoil rhizomes, alder infructescence, bird cherry fruits, blueberry fruits and shoots.
Badan rhizomes - Rhizomata Bergeniae
Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch.
Saxifrage family - Saxifragaceae.
Botanical description. Perennial herb with a height of 10-50 cm (Fig. 3.7). Fleshy rhizome, creeping with numerous thin adventitious roots. Leaves are whole, glabrous, leathery, overwintering, collected in a basal rosette. The leaf blade is broadly elliptical, the apex is round, the base is cordate or round, the edge is with large obtuse teeth. The length of the leaf blade is 10-35 cm (usually exceeds the length of the petiole), the width is 9-30 cm. Flowers with a lilac-pink corolla are collected at the apex of a leafless peduncle in a dense paniculate-shield-shaped inflorescence. The fruit is a capsule.
Blossoms in May-July, before the appearance of young leaves, fruits ripen in July-early August.
Badan thick-leaved grows in the south of Siberia: in Altai, in the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the Western and Eastern Sayans, in the Tuva Republic, the Baikal region and Transbaikalia.
Habitat. Badan is found in forest, subalpine and alpine zones at an altitude of 300 to 2000 m above sea level on well-drained rocky soils. Abundant in dark coniferous forests, where it often forms continuous thickets.
Rice. 3.7. Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch .:
1 - flowering plant; 2 - rhizome with roots
Blank. Rhizomes are dug up in the summer, in June-July, cleaned of the ground, cut off small roots, remove the remains of the aerial part, cut into pieces up to 20 cm long and delivered to the drying place. Rhizomes left in heaps for more than 3 days rot.
Security measures. To preserve the thickets, it is necessary to leave 10-15% of the plants intact during harvesting.
Drying. Before drying, the rhizomes are dried and then dried in dryers at a temperature of 50 ° C to an air-dry state.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw materials - pieces of cylindrical rhizomes up to 20 cm long and up to 2 cm thick. Their surface is dark brown, slightly wrinkled, with rounded traces of cut roots and scaly remnants of leaf petioles. The fracture is granular, light pink or light brown. At the fracture, a narrow primary cortex and conductive bundles are clearly visible, located in an intermittent ring around a wide core. There is no smell. The taste is highly astringent.
Storage. In a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life is 4 years.
Chemical composition. Tannins (up to 25-27%), arbutin, catechin, catechin gallate, isocoumarin bergenin, phenolic acids and their derivatives, starch.
Badan rhizome is used in the form of a decoction as an astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent for colitis, enterocolitis, stomatitis, gingivitis and cervical erosion. Badan rhizomes serve as medicinal plant raw materials for obtaining a liquid extract.
Side effects. Long-term use of preparations of badan rhizome inhibits the secretion of gastric juice and suppresses the development of normal microflora in the intestine.
Contraindications
Oak bark - Cortex Quercus
Common oak (pedunculate oak) - Quercus robur L. (= Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.).
Rock oak - Quercus petraea(Mattuschka) Lebl. (= Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.).
Beech family - Fagaceae.
Rice. 3.8. Common oak (pedunculate oak) - Quercus robur L. (= Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.) .:
1 - a branch of a flowering plant; 2 - a branch with leaves; 3 - fruits (acorns); 4 - pieces of bark
Botanical description. Common oak- a tree up to 40 m tall (Fig. 3.8). Young shoots are olive-brown, then silvery-gray, somewhat shiny - "mirror-like"; the bark of old branches is dark gray, deeply fractured. Leaves with short (up to 1 cm) petioles, obovate in outline, pinnately lobed, with 5-7 (9) pairs of lobes. Flowers are dioecious. The fruit is an acorn, glabrous, brownish-brown with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped plyus.
Blossoms in April-May; bears fruit in September-October.
Rock oak It differs from ordinary oak primarily in the stalk, the length of which is 1-2.5 cm.
Geographic distribution. Common oak grows in the European part of the CIS, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus. Rock oak grows on the slopes of the North Caucasus mountains, in the Crimea and some regions of Ukraine.
Habitat. Common oak is the main forest-forming species of deciduous forests. In the north and east of its range, the common oak is often found in coniferous forests. Widely cultivated.
Blank. The bark is harvested during the period of sap flow, from April to June. On young trunks and branches, circular cuts are made with a knife at a distance of about 30 cm from one another and then connected with one or two longitudinal cuts. In the case when the bark is removed with difficulty, they hit the incision with wooden hammers or sticks.
Security measures. Oak harvesting is carried out under special permits of forestry enterprises at felling sites and at logging sites.
Drying. The bark is laid out in a thin layer on cloth or paper and dried under awnings or in ventilated attics, stirring daily. The bark can be dried in the sun. Usually, the raw material dries up in 7-10 days, it should not come into contact with rain or strong dew. The dried raw material does not bend, but breaks with a crack. The dry raw material yield is 45-50% of the freshly harvested one.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw materials - tubular, grooved or in the form of narrow stripes pieces of bark of various lengths, about 2-3 mm thick (up to 6 mm). The outer surface is shiny ("mirrored"), less often matte, smooth or slightly wrinkled, sometimes with small cracks; transversely elongated lenticels are often visible. Inner surface with numerous longitudinal thin protruding ribs. In the fracture, the outer bark is granular, even, the inner bark is highly fibrous, splintered. Bark color
outside light brown or light gray, silvery, inside - yellowish brown. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying when the bark is moistened with water. The taste is highly astringent.
Shredded raw materials - pieces of bark of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Powder - yellowish-brown in color, passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm.
Storage. In a dry, well-ventilated area. The shelf life is 5 years.
Chemical composition. Tannins (8-12%), phenols, catechins, flavonoids, triterpene compounds of the dammaran series.
Application, medicines. Oak bark is used to obtain a decoction (1: 10), which is used as an astringent for inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, larynx. Sometimes it is prescribed externally in the form of a 20% decoction for the treatment of burns. Oak bark is a part of the preparations stomatofit and stomatofit A, which are used for inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, bleeding gums and as an aid in periodontal disease.
Side effects. With prolonged rinsing of the mouth, there is sometimes a significant deterioration in the sense of smell.
Contraindications Intestinal diseases with a tendency to constipation.
Serpentine rhizomes - Rhizomata Bistortae
Highlander serpentine (serpentine large) - Polygonum bistorta L. (= Bistorta major S. F. Gray).
Highlander meat-red (serpentine meat-red) - Polygonum carneum C. Koch (= Bistorta carnea(C. Koch) Kom.).
Buckwheat family - Polygonaceae.
Botanical description. Highlander serpentine- a perennial herb with a short, thick, serpentine curved rhizome and numerous adventitious roots (Fig. 3.9). There are usually several stems. They are erect, glabrous, unbranched, from 30 to 150 cm high. Basal leaves with long winged petioles, stem leaves are alternate, petiolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, with tubular brown bells without cilia. Leaves with a slightly wavy edge, glabrous or slightly pubescent from above, from the underside - gray, short pubescent. The flowers are small, often pink, with a five-part simple perianth, collected at the end of the shoot in a large oval or cylindrical dense spike-shaped inflorescence. The fruit is a triangular nut.
Rice. 3.9. Highlander serpentine (serpentine large) - Polygonum bistorta L. (= Bistorta major S. F. Gray):
1 - the upper part of a flowering plant; 2 - rhizome with roots and root leaves; 3 - flower; 4 - flower in longitudinal section; 5 - fruit (nut); 6 - rhizome
Blooms from late May to July, fruits ripen in July-August.
Highlander meat red close to the serpentine mountaineer, differing from it primarily in a shorter and somewhat tuberous rhizome and intensely red flowers.
Geographic distribution. Highlander serpentine grows in the forest zone of the European part of the CIS (less often in the north-west), in Western Siberia and in the Urals. The meat-red mountaineer is confined to the subalpine and alpine belts of the Caucasus.
Habitat. The serpentine mountaineer is found in floodplain meadows, swampy banks of reservoirs, among bushes, in glades and edges of damp forests.
Blank. In the summer after flowering or in the spring before the start of stemming, the rhizomes are dug with shovels or pickaxes. Thoroughly cleaned from the remnants of leaves and thin roots, washed from the ground.
Security measures. To ensure self-renewal, it is necessary to leave one specimen of the mountaineer intact for about every 2-5 m 2 of its thicket.
Drying. The rhizomes are dried in an air-shady way in warm ventilated rooms; in good weather, they can also be dried in the open air. The rhizomes are laid out in a thin layer and turned daily throughout the drying period. In dryers with artificial heating, rhizomes can be heated up to 40 ° C.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw materials - firm, serpentine curved, somewhat flattened, with transverse annular thickenings of the rhizome with traces of cut roots. The break is even. The length of the rhizomes is 3-10 cm, the thickness is 1.5-2 cm. The color of the cork is dark, reddish-brown; at the break - pinkish or brownish-pink. There is no smell. The taste is highly astringent.
Shredded raw materials - pieces of rhizomes of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Storage. In a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life is 6 years.
Chemical composition. Tannins of the hydrolyzable group (8.3-36%), phenolic acids and their derivatives, catechins, starch.
Application, medicines. A decoction is obtained from the rhizomes of the coil, which is used as an astringent, hemostatic agent for acute and chronic intestinal diseases (dysentery, diarrhea, bleeding, inflammation of the mucous membranes).
check), as well as in dental practice for stomatitis, gingivitis and other diseases of the oral cavity.
Side effects. Long-term use of preparations of serpentine rhizomes inhibits the secretion of gastric juice and suppresses the development of normal microflora in the intestine.
Contraindications Violation of the motor function of the intestine.
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