These include disorders in which the normal pattern of language acquisition is already impaired in the early stages of development. Language development disorders are often accompanied by related problems, such as difficulties in reading, spelling and pronunciation of words, disturbances in interpersonal relationships, emotional and behavioral disorders. The most common type of language disorder is speech development disorder, which is subdivided into expressive speech disorder and receptive speech disorder, as well as speech articulation disorder.
Expressive speech disorder
This is a specific developmental disorder in which the child's ability to use spoken language is at a significantly lower level, inappropriate for his age, although the understanding of the speech of other people is not beyond the normal range. In this case, articulation disorders are possible, but they are not always observed. This disorder occurs in 3-10% of school-age children, in boys 2-3 times more often than in girls. The disorder of expressive speech begins to manifest itself at the age of about 1.5 years, when the child does not pronounce individual words and even sounds. He does not even say such simple words as “mom”, “dad”, “give”, “I want”, but uses gestures to express his desires, pointing his finger at the desired object. Phrasal speech appears with a great delay, and then the vocabulary deficit becomes even more pronounced. Most often, such children have impaired articulation, they do not pronounce letters such as “t”, “r”, “s”, “z”, “v”, etc. difficult sounds for the child are either skipped or replaced by others.
A specific disorder of expressive speech must be differentiated from speech disorders in mental illness, early autism, in which there may be a distinct period of normal speech development and use of speech, as well as mental retardation, hearing loss.
Expressive speech disorder may be accompanied by mood swings, hyperactivity, attention volatility, disobedience and behavioral disturbances, thumb sucking, bedwetting. Due to difficulties in speech expression, communication and poor academic performance, these children may develop an inferiority complex and depression. Some of them tend to avoid communication with peers for fear of ridicule.
Mild expressive speech disorders in 50% of cases go away on their own, in others they can be overcome with the help of speech therapy techniques and methods, and only in severe or untreated cases do these difficulties remain in adults.
Receptive speech disorder
This is a specific developmental disorder in which a child's understanding of language is at a lower level than would be expected at that age. At the same time, all aspects of the use of the language suffer and there are violations of articulation.
It occurs in 3-10% of school-age children, in boys 2-3 times more often than in girls. Moderate receptive speech disorder is usually detected at age 4 years. Mild forms of the disorder can be detected up to 7-9 years, when the child's language should become more complicated, and in severe forms, the disorder is detected by the age of 2. Children with receptive speech disorder understand someone else's speech with difficulty and with a long delay, but the rest of their intellectual activity, not related to speech, is within their age norms. In cases where the difficulty in understanding someone else's speech is combined with the inability or difficulty of one's own expression, one speaks of a disorder of receptive-expressive speech.
Children with receptive speech disorder have the following: violations: they cannot process visual symbols into verbal ones (for example, describe what is drawn in the picture), they cannot recognize the main properties of objects (for example, distinguish a passenger car from a truck, domestic animals from wild ones), etc.
The prognosis for receptive speech disorder is generally worse than for speech expression disorder, especially in severe cases, but with timely and correct treatment, the effect is good. In mild cases, the prognosis is favorable.
Speech articulation disorder
Developmental speech articulation disorder occurs when the child's use of speech sounds is at a lower level than expected for his or her age, but the child's language skills are normal. This is a fairly common occurrence in young children. It is called burr, lisp, infant speech, babble, dyslalia, lazy speech, sloppy speech. In most cases, intelligence is not impaired. Articulation in these children is significantly different from the articulation of their peers. It is especially difficult for them to give such sounds as "v", "l", "r". “h”, “sh”, “f”, “c”, “b”, “t”, all or some of them, sometimes the pronunciation of only one sound may be disturbed.
Distortion- the easiest variant of violation of articulation. At the same time, the child pronounces approximately correct sounds, but in general the pronunciation is incorrect, in order to facilitate the pronunciation of difficult sounds, the child can add vowels between consonants, for example, “palyka” instead of “stick”, “knitted” instead of “took”. When substituting, difficult sounds are replaced with incorrect ones, for example, “lobota” instead of “work”, “idle” instead of “good”.
The most serious violation of articulation is the omission of difficult sounds and syllables, for example, "bono" instead of "it hurts", "gaovka" instead of "head", "kakotik" instead of "bell". Absences are most common in young children.
The frequency of this disorder in children under 8 years of age is 10%, in children over 8 years of age - 5%. In most mild cases in children under 8 years of age, recovery occurs without treatment. But in children older than 8 years, this disorder usually does not disappear on its own and qualified treatment is required.
Therapy
Although specific speech and language disorders are within the competence of speech therapists, psychiatrists and general practitioners often have to deal with their consequences, especially in adolescence, when, due to the persistence of an untreated speech defect, various neurotic disorders, behavioral disorders and social exclusion occur. In adults, a speech defect limits their opportunities in professional activities. Therefore, speech disorders must be treated from an early age, when the treatment is more successful than in adults.
A specific developmental disorder in which the child's understanding of speech is below the level corresponding to his mental development. Often a defect in phonetic-phonemic analysis and verbal-sound pronunciation. The following terms are used to refer to this disorder: developmental aphasia or dysphasia, receptive type (sensory aphasia), verbal deafness, congenital auditory imperceptibility, developmental sensory aphasia Wernicke.
Prevalence
The frequency of the disorder varies from 3 to 10% in school-age children. It occurs 2-3 times more often in boys than in girls.
What Causes Receptive Speech Disorder:
The cause of this disorder is unknown. There are theories of minimal organic damage to the brain, delayed neuronal development, genetic predisposition, but none of the theories has received final confirmation. Possible neuropsychological mechanisms are violations of the sound discrimination zone - the posterior sections of the left temporal region, or violations of the differentiation of non-verbal components of speech due to dysfunction of the right hemisphere of the brain. Most children with receptive language development disorder respond better to environmental sounds than to speech sounds.
Symptoms of Receptive Speech Disorder:
The disorder is usually discovered around the age of 4 years. Early signs are failure to respond to familiar names (in the absence of non-verbal cues) from an early age, failure to identify multiple objects by 18 months, failure to follow simple instructions at 2 years of age. Late violations - inability to understand grammatical structures - negations, comparisons, questions; misunderstanding of the paralinguistic components of speech - tone of voice, gestures, etc. The perception of the prosodic characteristics of speech is impaired. The difference between such children in normal imitative speech - "cute speech with an abundance of literal paraphasia" - hears something, but reflects words that are close in sound. However, the normal use of gestures, normal role-playing and attitude towards parents are characteristic. Frequent compensatory emotional reactions, hyperactivity, inattention, social disability, anxiety, sensitivity and shyness, isolation from peers. Less common is enuresis, developmental disorder of coordination.
Diagnosis of Receptive Speech Disorder:
With a disorder in the development of expressive speech, understanding (decoding) of speech stimuli remains intact. With articulation disorders, other speech abilities are preserved. Hearing impairment, mental retardation, acquired aphasia, and general developmental disorders should be excluded.
Treatment for Receptive Speech Disorder:
Approaches to the management of children with this pathology are different. There is a point of view on the need to isolate such children with subsequent teaching of speech skills in the absence of third-party stimuli. Psychotherapy is often recommended to manage associated emotional and behavioral problems. Family therapy is applicable in order to find the right forms of relationship with the child.
What is Receptive Speech Disorder
A specific developmental disorder in which the child's understanding of speech is below the level corresponding to his mental development. Often a defect in phonetic-phonemic analysis and verbal-sound pronunciation. The following terms are used to refer to this disorder: developmental aphasia or dysphasia, receptive type (sensory aphasia), verbal deafness, congenital auditory imperceptibility, developmental sensory aphasia Wernicke.
Prevalence
The frequency of the disorder varies from 3 to 10% in school-age children. It occurs 2-3 times more often in boys than in girls.
What Causes Receptive Language Disorder?
The cause of this disorder is unknown. There are theories of minimal organic damage to the brain, delayed neuronal development, genetic predisposition, but none of the theories has received final confirmation. Possible neuropsychological mechanisms are violations of the sound discrimination zone - the posterior sections of the left temporal region, or violations of the differentiation of non-verbal components of speech due to dysfunction of the right hemisphere of the brain. Most children with receptive language development disorder respond better to environmental sounds than to speech sounds.
Symptoms of Receptive Language Disorders
The disorder is usually discovered around the age of 4 years. Early signs are failure to respond to familiar names (in the absence of non-verbal cues) from an early age, failure to identify multiple objects by 18 months, failure to follow simple instructions at 2 years of age. Late violations - inability to understand grammatical structures - negations, comparisons, questions; misunderstanding of the paralinguistic components of speech - tone of voice, gestures, etc. The perception of the prosodic characteristics of speech is impaired. The difference between such children in normal imitative speech - "cute speech with an abundance of literal paraphasia" - hears something, but reflects words that are close in sound. However, the normal use of gestures, normal role-playing and attitude towards parents are characteristic. Frequent compensatory emotional reactions, hyperactivity, inattention, social disability, anxiety, sensitivity and shyness, isolation from peers. Less common is enuresis, developmental disorder of coordination.
Diagnosis of Receptive Speech Disorders
With a disorder in the development of expressive speech, understanding (decoding) of speech stimuli remains intact. With articulation disorders, other speech abilities are preserved. Hearing impairment, mental retardation, acquired aphasia, and general developmental disorders should be excluded.
Treatment of Receptive Speech Disorders
Approaches to the management of children with this pathology are different. There is a point of view on the need to isolate such children with subsequent teaching of speech skills in the absence of third-party stimuli. Psychotherapy is often recommended to manage associated emotional and behavioral problems. Family therapy is applicable in order to find the right forms of relationship with the child.
Which Doctors Should You See If You Have a Receptive Speech Disorder?
Psychiatrist
Promotions and special offers
medical news
14.11.2019
Experts agree that it is necessary to attract public attention to the problems of cardiovascular diseases. Some of them are rare, progressive and difficult to diagnose. These include, for example, transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy.
14.10.2019
On October 12, 13 and 14, Russia is hosting a large-scale social campaign for a free blood coagulation test - “INR Day”. The action is timed to coincide with World Thrombosis Day.
07.05.2019
The incidence of meningococcal infection in the Russian Federation in 2018 (compared to 2017) increased by 10% (1). One of the most common ways to prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. Modern conjugate vaccines are aimed at preventing the occurrence of meningococcal disease and meningococcal meningitis in children (even very young children), adolescents and adults.
25.04.2019
A long weekend is coming, and many Russians will go on vacation outside the city. It will not be superfluous to know how to protect yourself from tick bites. The temperature regime in May contributes to the activation of dangerous insects ...
05.04.2019
The incidence of whooping cough in the Russian Federation in 2018 (compared to 2017) almost doubled1, including in children under 14 years of age. The total number of reported cases of whooping cough in January-December increased from 5,415 cases in 2017 to 10,421 cases in the same period in 2018. The incidence of whooping cough has been steadily increasing since 2008...
Medical Articles
Almost 5% of all malignant tumors are sarcomas. They are characterized by high aggressiveness, rapid hematogenous spread and a tendency to relapse after treatment. Some sarcomas develop for years without showing anything ...
Viruses not only hover in the air, but can also get on handrails, seats and other surfaces, while maintaining their activity. Therefore, when traveling or in public places, it is advisable not only to exclude communication with other people, but also to avoid ...
Returning good vision and saying goodbye to glasses and contact lenses forever is the dream of many people. Now it can be made a reality quickly and safely. New opportunities for laser vision correction are opened by a completely non-contact Femto-LASIK technique.
Cosmetic preparations designed to care for our skin and hair may not actually be as safe as we think.
Receptive speech disorder(F80.2). Inability to respond to familiar names (in the absence of non-verbal cues) from the first birthday; the inability to identify at least a few items by 18 months or the inability to follow simple instructions at two years of age should be assessed as significant signs of language delay. Late disorders include inability to understand grammatical structures (negations, questions, comparisons, etc.), inability to understand more subtle aspects of speech (tone of voice, gestures, etc.).
The diagnosis can only be made when the severity of the delay in the development of receptive language is outside the normal variation for the child's mental age and when there are no signs of a general developmental disorder. In almost all cases, the development of expressive speech is also seriously delayed, and there are often violations of verbal-sound pronunciation. Of all the variants of specific disorders of speech development, this variant has the highest level of concomitant social, emotional and behavioral disorders. These disorders do not have any specific manifestations, but hyperactivity and inattention, social ineptness and isolation from peers, anxiety, sensitivity and excessive shyness are quite common. Children with more severe forms of impaired receptive speech may have a rather pronounced delay in social development, imitative speech with a lack of understanding of its meaning may be manifested, and limitation of interests may occur. However, they differ from autistic children, usually showing normal social interaction, normal role play, normal contact with parents for comfort, near-normal use of gestures, and only mild impairment of non-verbal communication. Often there is a mild degree of high-pitched hearing loss, but the degree of deafness is not sufficient to cause speech impairment.
This disorder also covers such clinical forms as aphasia or developmental dysphasia of the receptive type, verbal deafness, congenital auditory imperceptibility, developmental Wernicke's aphasia.
A distinction is required from acquired aphasia with epilepsy (Landau-Kleffner syndrome), autism, selective mutism, mental retardation, speech delay due to deafness, dysphasia, and expressive aphasia.
Children develop at different rates. There is an age range when babies achieve certain successes, according to which they determine whether there are developmental disabilities.
Speech delay- one of the most common deviations. According to statistics, 1 child out of 20 has some kind of speech disorder. Parents are concerned that the child has not begun to speak at the expected age, or cannot pronounce words clearly.
Types of speech delay
Delayed speech development in children exists in different forms:
- understanding of speech;
- statement;
- verbal articulation.
As a rule, only one of the forms of speech reproduction suffers. It is important to understand the difference between the concepts proposed below.
receptive speech is the speech that the child is able to understand, a separate skill from the ability to produce colloquial speech.
expressive speech is a skill by which a child communicates. For most children, this is colloquial speech. Some children may express themselves through sign language, pictures, or other means.
Articulation - this is the clarity of speech sounds - how well the child is able to produce specific phonemes in his native language.
receptive speech
It develops long before the spoken language appears. At 3 months, the baby recognizes voices and understands a few words. By age 2, most children understand more than 300 words and are able to follow directions that have two separate steps. See the table below for typical receptive speech skills.
Receptive speech by age
| Age | Skills | Signs of delay |
| 4 months | Turn your head towards the voice | No eye contact or smiling |
| 5 months | Able to distinguish between voices and environmental sounds (will look at the door when the doorbell rings) | Doesn't turn when parents talk to him or doesn't look for the source of the sound |
| 6-9 months | Understands that objects do not disappear when hidden from view (object permanence); understands a few simple objects in everyday life (dog, cat, telephone, the word “no”). | Doesn't look for hidden objects, doesn't understand "no" or any other word. |
| 12 months | Can understand one-step actions, words for actions, and names of familiar people. | Does not respond to simple requests (“come here”) or engage in games such as “cuckoo”. |
| 15 months | Understands adult speech without gestures or articulation | Does not respond to requests in the game (press the button, roll the ball). |
| 18 months | Will indicate named objects in the book and show body parts | Can't name or point to body parts |
| 2 years | Understands “where” and “what” questions, understands more than 300 words, and two-step actions (put the ball and come to me) | Cannot determine the action of the word as "run" or "jump" in the picture, cannot complete two tasks |
| 3 years | Understands 500-1,000 words, colors, prepositions (in/under/on), and girl-boy division | Cannot identify details of objects, cannot sort objects. |
| 4 years | Able to classify and determine meaning. | Cannot pick up and classify objects in the game. |
| 5 years | Knows how to listen and answer questions about the story, understands the concept of time, begins to identify numbers and letters. | Cannot answer questions about a simple story (“what did Masha eat in the house of three bears?”) |
Causes of Receptive Speech Disorder in Children
A child may not be able to process or understand speech for a variety of reasons. Any parent who suspects problems with receptive speech should contact a community specialist to determine the source of the problem.
Possible reasons for deviations:
- Deafness
- Traumatic brain injury
- global stunting
- Auditory Processing Disorder
- Chronic ear infections
Development of expressive speech
Expressive speech appears later than receptive speech, so the child learns to convey meaning. First, there is cooing, by 9 months the baby will learn to repeat sounds and short simple words (mother, woman, father). At 12 months old, he will be able to wave “bye-bye” and will make various sounds that repeat animals, he will be able to connect two or three words. By the age of two, most children have about 50 words in their vocabulary and put them together into uncomplicated little sentences.
Stages of development of expressive speech
| Age | Skills | Signs of delay |
| 4 months | Smiling, giggling. | Doesn't make any sounds. |
| 6 months | Laughs, imitates protruding tongue, may begin to babble. | Not laughing or imitating facial expressions. |
| 9 months | "Chatting" with a gradual increase in the number of sounds, squeals, in every way attracts attention. | Does not produce any babble |
| 12 months | Waving “hello”, saying 1-2 words (like yes-yes or a ball). | Does not produce complex babble, does not tend to repeat sounds |
| 15 months | Can play and "comment" on the game. | Does not interact, does not produce a variety of complex sounds and expressions. |
| 18 months | Imitates words, names, some photos of objects. | No true words, can not imitate words. |
| 2 years | Has about 50 words and starts putting 2 words together. | Less than 20 words or does not connect 2 words together into phrases. |
| 2 1/2 years | Uses the word “I” or “me” to refer to self, asks simple questions (“where are the cookies?”) | Less than 50 words and no phrases |
| 3 years | Asks What/Where/Who? Uses 3-5 words per sentence. | Does not ask questions, expresses itself in short sentences. |
Causes of Expressive Speech Disorder
Some children have difficulty understanding language and cannot express themselves in a normal way. A child with an expression disorder may have a syntax disorder (repeating words in a sentence in an unusual order), stutter, have difficulty remembering words, repeat the same word many times, or know fewer words than is typical for a developing child. The inability to express thoughts can cause behavioral problems in children because they cannot convey their desires and needs. Possible causes of expressive disorder can be caused by factors such as:
- Deafness
- Traumatic brain injury
- developmental delays
- Autism
- Children's apraxia of speech
Stages of development and disorders of articulation
The ability to develop clear speech takes quite a long time. A small child may call the ball “ma” since the sound “ch” is difficult. A child can master some sounds only by 6-8 years.
Articulation delay in children is often referred to as "speech delay" and is the most common form of speech developmental delay. Articulation disorders can be caused by:
- Phonological disorders
- Apraxia of speech
- motor disorders
- Low tone of the muscles of the oral cavity
- deafness
The first steps of parents in case of suspected speech development delay
Some speech delays may be mild and improve over time, however, the delay should be assessed through screening and with a speech therapist.
At a minimum, a child with a speech delay should undergo:
- Hearing test (audiogram) by a licensed audiologist
- Testing of receptive, expressive speech and articulation
- Medical examination by a pediatrician
Depending on the cause, the delay in speech development in children will proceed in different ways, while additional diagnostics are prescribed by specialists:
– Children with hearing loss will be referred to an ENT specialist and will receive hearing aids or a cochlear implant to allow speech to develop properly (along with appropriate therapy).
– Children with apraxia of speech can be observed by a neurologist and receive appropriate therapy.
In any case, treatment depends on many factors and the diagnosis. The most important thing parents can do is to keep the disorder from progressing. The rest will be done by good specialists.
Looking for a good doctor for a child in Almaty? Leave your request for a consultation and we will individually select an otolaryngologist, speech therapist, audiologist or pediatrician for your child.
Loading...