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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!
What are lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes (lymph nodes) are organs of the lymphatic system. They act as a filter for lymph coming from different organs and parts of the body.Lymph nodes are round or oval formations from 0.5 to 50 mm in diameter. They are located near lymphatic and blood vessels. The location of the lymph nodes helps the body create a barrier to various infections and cancer.
There are cervical, supraclavicular, intrathoracic, axillary, ulnar, femoral, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes. There are also lymph nodes located in the lungs (bronchopulmonary), in the abdominal cavity (mesenteric and para-aortic), and slightly above the inguinal (iliac).
How to independently recognize inflammation of the lymph nodes?
Inflammation of the lymph nodes, or lymphadenitis, is difficult not to notice. The first warning sign is an enlargement of the lymph nodes: a bulge in the head, neck, pelvis, etc. In addition, there are other symptoms: painful sensations, especially felt when pressed; seals; redness. Sometimes purulent inflammation, headache, general weakness and increased body temperature are possible. One lymph node, a group of lymph nodes, or all lymph nodes at the same time can become inflamed.If enlarged lymph nodes are detected, you need to answer the following questions one by one:
1.
How quickly and how much did the lymph nodes enlarge?
2.
Are the lymph nodes mobile or in a fixed position?
3.
Is the pain in the lymph nodes constant, occurs only with pressure, or is it completely absent?
4.
Are the lymph nodes dense, or, on the contrary, very soft?
5.
Is one lymph node inflamed, or several?
It is worth noting that an enlargement of one lymph node, not accompanied by pain, is not yet a cause for concern. Perhaps this lymph node simply works more actively than others, which led to this effect. This is often observed in people who have recently had an infection. When the body fully recovers from the disease, the lymph node also returns to normal. But if the recovery process is delayed, or pain appears in the area of the lymph node, a visit to the doctor will not hurt.
Medical diagnosis of inflammation of the lymph nodes
First, the doctor must carefully examine the patient and get answers to all the questions stated above. The doctor should also examine the patient’s medical history, i.e. find out what he was sick with before and how the illness progressed. After this, a blood test is usually prescribed, which can help determine the causes of lymphadenitis. To rule out a tumor or find the source of infection, the patient is sent for an X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan. The latter procedure is not only paid, but also expensive. But the images obtained after it are carried out allow the doctor to see the picture of the disease more clearly. This means that the treatment will be prescribed correctly and will bring greater effect.If all of the above methods do not help make an accurate diagnosis, a lymph node biopsy must be performed. During this procedure, the doctor takes small samples of lymph node tissue and its contents, and studies the resulting material in the laboratory. After this, the chances of identifying the cause of inflammation increase significantly.
How does inflammation of the lymph nodes occur?
Lymphadenitis most often occurs due to the entry of harmful microorganisms into the body.There are two types of inflammation of the lymph nodes:
Purulent lymphadenitis
This type of disease is characterized by severe and constant, often throbbing pain in the lymph nodes. With purulent inflammation, the lymph nodes seem to merge with each other and with other tissues located nearby. Another distinctive feature of purulent lymphadenitis is the immobility of the lymph nodes.
Sometimes purulent melting occurs, during which large suppuration appears on the soft tissues. In this case, the skin around the lymph node and directly above it turns red. As a result, a tumor with clear contours appears in the area of the lymph node. Its density varies in different areas: in some places the tumor is very hard, in others it is softened. When you feel the tumor, you can hear a characteristic sound, which is compared to the crunch of snow.
The difference between purulent lymphadenitis is a sharp deterioration in general condition. A person's temperature rises, heart rate increases, headaches and general weakness occur.
The danger of this disease is that it can quickly spread throughout the body and lead to inflammation engulfing the entire body.
Non-purulent lymphadenitis
This type of disease brings less suffering to the patient, because the general condition does not change. As for the lymph nodes, they are compacted, enlarged and mobile. Painful sensations occur exclusively when pressed.
There are also two types of disease:
Acute lymphadenitis(lasts up to 2 weeks).
This type of disease has a sudden onset. Suddenly, pain occurs in the lymph nodes, which have increased sharply. Acute lymphadenitis is also characterized by fever and malaise.
Chronic lymphadenitis(lasts over 1 month).
This stage occurs after the previous one. When the inflammatory process subsides, acute lymphadenitis becomes chronic. Although there are cases of the development of chronic lymphadenitis without a pronounced acute stage.
This condition is characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes without any unpleasant sensations in them. There are no other manifestations of the disease.
If chronic lymphadenitis is suspected, cytological and histological tests are usually prescribed. The first allows you to study the cells of the lymph node, and the second - the corresponding tissues. These studies are necessary to confirm the correct diagnosis, because chronic lymphadenitis can easily be confused with a number of other diseases.
There is a classification of lymphadenitis according to the types of fluid that appears at the site of inflammation.
Based on this feature, the following types of lymphadenitis are distinguished:
- hemorrhagic - in this case blood predominates in the fluid;
- purulent - with this type of disease the fluid contains more pus;
- serous - the site of inflammation is filled with translucent liquid, saturated with protein;
- fibrous - the composition of the fluid is dominated by the protein fibrin, which ensures blood clotting.
Causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes
The causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes are extremely varied. Inflammation of the lymph nodes is usually a secondary disease. In other words, lymphadenitis is always a symptom or consequence of some other disease.2. Specific lymphadenitis.
This is the name for inflammation that occurs as a result of exposure to more severe infectious diseases on the body, such as AIDS, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, etc. Its difference is that, like any specific disease, it will in any case cause damage to health.
Nonspecific lymphadenitis can occur with the following diseases:
Tooth abscess. An infectious disease, the focus of which is located near the root of the tooth. An abscess (ulcer) may appear due to untreated caries, inflammation of the gums or other dental disease. An abscess can also be caused by mechanical trauma, as a result of which the tooth was broken, or an infection that entered the body during an injection during a dental procedure. This disease can lead to the development of inflammation of the lymph nodes under the jaw.
Other symptoms: prolonged pain in the tooth, a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, redness or swelling of the gums, bad breath, pain when chewing.
Allergy. Particular sensitivity of the body to certain substances.
Other symptoms: runny nose, pain in the eyes, cough, sneezing, swelling.
Sore throat (acute tonsillitis). An acute disease characterized by inflammation of the tonsils. The causative agents of sore throat are bacteria such as staphylococcus, meningococcus, etc.
Other symptoms: sore throat, worsening when swallowing, sore and dry throat, fever; clearly visible yellowish-white or purulent plaque on the tonsils, sensation of a foreign body when swallowing, bad breath, signs of poisoning, headache, chills, general weakness.
ARVI. Viral disease of the nasal cavity, pharynx and epiglottis. In this case, several groups of lymph nodes may enlarge at the same time. In adults, during viral infections, the lymph nodes almost always enlarge, but inflammation of the lymph nodes in a child is usually so insignificant that it is not detected by palpation.
Other symptoms: runny nose, cough, headache, sore throat, vomiting, general weakness, loose stools.
Cat scratch disease (benign lymphoreticulosis). An infectious disease that occurs after a cat bite or deep scratch. It is this that often causes inflammation of the lymph nodes in children. The disease occurs due to the fact that a small bacterium, Bartonella, enters the body. This disease often causes inflammation of the axillary lymph nodes. But it can also cause inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin. Cat scratch disease is not transmitted from person to person.
Other symptoms: a small spot with a red rim, which over time turns into a bubble; enlargement of the lymph node closest to it, which occurs after about a week; signs of general poisoning; temperature increase; sometimes concomitant diseases of the nervous system (meningitis, etc.) may occur.
Lymphangitis. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. The causative agents of the disease are streptococci, staphylococci, etc.
Other symptoms: narrow red stripes on the skin, chills, high temperature, swelling, weakness.
Specific lymphadenitis appears in the following diseases:
HIV or AIDS. A viral disease that attacks the immune system. You can become infected through unprotected sexual contact or using contaminated medical instruments. The disease is also transmitted from mother to child during childbirth and breastfeeding. With this disease, the lymph nodes become inflamed behind the ears and in the occipital region. HIV and AIDS are characterized by massive lesions of various groups of lymph nodes.
Other symptoms: fever, weak immunity, inflammation of the skin (urticaria), ulcers of the mucous membrane of the mouth and genitals, “fibrous tongue”, etc.
Gaucher's disease. An extremely rare hereditary disease in which fat accumulates in large quantities in the liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs. In this case, inflammation of the lymph nodes occurs.
Other symptoms: strabismus, difficulty swallowing, laryngeal spasms, dementia, bone damage.
Niemann-Pick disease. Also a very rare genetic disease associated with the accumulation of fats in the internal organs.
Other symptoms: liver dysfunction, difficulty breathing, developmental delays, eating disorders, eye movement and motor coordination.
Systemic lupus erythematosus. A connective tissue disease in which the human immune system begins to attack healthy cells.
Other symptoms: a red, butterfly-shaped rash located on the cheeks and bridge of the nose; general weakness; sudden changes in temperature; headache; muscle pain; fast fatiguability.
Measles. An acute infectious disease transmitted by airborne droplets. Measles often causes inflammation of the lymph nodes in the intestines.
Other symptoms: very high fever, dry cough, conjunctivitis, runny nose, rash, signs of general poisoning, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose.
Leukemia (blood cancer). A disease caused by mutation of bone marrow cells. Leukemia can cause both inflammation of the postauricular lymph nodes and other types of lymphadenitis.
Other symptoms: tendency to bruises, frequent bleeding and infections, pain in joints and bones, general weakness, enlarged spleen, sudden weight loss, lack of appetite.
Lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes). An oncological disease of the lymphatic tissue that affects many internal organs. Lymphoma can cause inflammation of the lymph nodes under the chin, as well as other types of lymphadenitis. This disease is characterized by damage to many lymph nodes in different parts of the body.
Other symptoms: weight loss, loss of appetite, weakness, high fever.
Mononucleosis. An acute viral disease that can be contracted through blood transfusion or through airborne droplets. Almost any group of lymph nodes can be involved in the pathological process.
Other symptoms: dizziness, migraines, weakness, pain when swallowing, mucus in the lungs, high fever, skin inflammation, enlarged liver and/or spleen.
Breast cancer. Malignant breast tumor. Breast cancer can often be indicated by inflammation of the lymph nodes in the armpits of women.
Other symptoms: lumps in the mammary glands; nipple discharge not associated with pregnancy or breastfeeding; scales and ulcers in the nipple area; swelling or change in the shape of the breast.
Rheumatoid arthritis. A connective tissue disease that affects the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the main causes of disability.
Other symptoms: swelling near the joints, changes in their shape, local increase in temperature, pain in the joints, aggravated by movement.
An abscess is a large accumulation of pus, blood, and dead tissue particles in one area. It is treated either with antibiotics or with surgery.
Blood poisoning is the spread of infection throughout the body through blood vessels. Treated with antibiotics. Without treatment, vital organs quickly begin to fail and death occurs.
Which doctor should I contact if I have swollen lymph nodes?
Since inflammation of the lymph nodes can be caused by various diseases, the treatment of which is within the competence of doctors of different specialties, you will have to contact different specialists for such a condition. Moreover, the specialist who needs to be contacted for inflammation of the lymph nodes in each specific case should be selected depending on in which area of the body the pathology of the lymph nodes is observed and what caused it.So, if the lymph nodes are inflamed in the submandibular area, and before that there were any dental interventions or diseases, then you need to contact dentist (), since such a situation is most likely caused by an infectious-inflammatory process in the oral cavity, dental sockets, etc.
If the lymph nodes in the groin, pubic area, or labia of a woman are inflamed, then you need to contact urologist ()(both men and women) or gynecologist ()(women), since in such a situation the inflammatory process is caused by diseases of the pelvic organs.
If the lymph nodes in the neck area are inflamed, then you need to contact otolaryngologist (ENT) (), since in this case the inflammatory process is most likely caused by diseases of the ENT organs (for example, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, etc.).
If inflamed lymph nodes appear in any other area (for example, in the armpit, arms, legs, body, etc.), then you should first contact surgeon () or therapist(). Doctors with these qualifications will be able to conduct an examination, determine the most likely cause of inflammation of the lymph nodes, and then either prescribe treatment or refer the patient to another specialist whose competence includes the treatment of a suspected disease in a person. If the lymph nodes in the arms, legs, or armpits are swollen, the physician or surgeon may refer the patient to oncologist () or infectious disease specialist (), if the suspected diseases are not within the scope of competence of the surgeon or therapist. If the lymph nodes in different parts of the body are inflamed, and this is combined with joint pain or persistent skin rash, then the surgeon or therapist will refer the person to rheumatologist (), since such a set of symptoms indicates the presence of a rheumatic disease (autoimmune pathology, connective tissue pathology, etc.).
Accordingly, in case of inflammation of the lymph nodes, you may need to contact the following specialists:
- Therapist (for children – pediatrician ());
- Surgeon;
- Urologist (for men and women);
- Gynecologist (for women);
- Dentist;
- Otolaryngologist (ENT);
- Oncologist;
- Infectious disease specialist;
- Rheumatologist.
What tests can doctors prescribe for inflammation of the lymph nodes?
In case of inflammation of the lymph nodes of any location (on any part of the body), the doctor will definitely prescribe a general blood test and a general urine test, and will also conduct an examination, palpate the nodes and ask about recently suffered diseases or any unusual, previously absent sensations, symptoms, changes etc. These simple studies and tests will help the doctor navigate and understand the nature of the pathological process, and then, if necessary, prescribe additional examinations or a treatment regimen. Most often, doctors prescribe x-ray (sign up) or computed tomography of the desired organs or parts of the body.If the lymph nodes under the jaw are inflamed and in the recent past a person has had problems with teeth, dental procedures (for example, injections, installation of implants, tooth extraction, etc.), injuries to the jaw area of the face, then in such situations the doctor is usually limited to prescribing a general blood tests and orthopantomogram (panoramic image of all teeth of the upper and lower jaw) (sign up). An orthopantomogram allows you to find out where in the jaws and oral cavity there is an accumulation of pus or an inflammatory focus is localized, and a general blood test makes it possible to assess the general condition of the body. Thus, based on the results of the orthopantomogram, the doctor is able to understand exactly what needs to be done to eliminate the cause of inflammation of the lymph node. But the result of a general blood test allows you to find out how systemic the process has become and whether it is necessary to use antibiotics for oral administration, and which ones.
Inflammation of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes often develops against the background of previous or chronic infectious diseases of the ENT organs (for example, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.). In this case, the doctor must prescribe a general blood test and ASL-O titer(), which make it possible to understand whether the systemic spread of the pathological process has begun and whether a streptococcal infection has recently been suffered (ASL-O titer). In addition, if, against the background of inflammation of the lymph nodes, a person still has signs of an inflammatory process in the oropharynx or nasopharynx, the doctor may prescribe a blood test for the presence of antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumonia and Chlamydia trachomatis (IgG, IgM, IgA), since these microorganisms can lead to long-term chronic infections of the respiratory system that are difficult to treat.
When inflammation of the lymph nodes of the neck, submandibular region and behind the ears develops against the background of or shortly after an acute respiratory viral infection or influenza, the doctor usually confines himself to prescribing a general blood test and X-ray of the sinuses of the facial skull (sign up) or lymph node.
If a person has inflamed lymph nodes in the groin, in the axillary area, in the thigh area, and there are no other symptoms and there have been no serious illnesses within a month, but within 10 - 14 days before this he was scratched by a cat, then most likely lymphangitis is manifestation of benign lymphoreticulosis (cat scratch disease). In this case, the lymph nodes located closest to the site of scratches caused by the cat become inflamed. The inflamed lymph node is dense and increased in size by 5 to 10 times, and it remains so for 1 week to two months. In such a situation, the doctor usually prescribes only a general blood test, and sometimes a blood test for Bartonella may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis of cat scratch disease (in case of doubt).
For isolated inflammation of the lymph nodes in the absence of any specific symptoms, the doctor may prescribe blood test for the presence of antibodies to toxoplasma (), since toxoplasmosis provokes long-lasting lymphadenitis, and otherwise can be completely asymptomatic.
For inflammation of the lymph nodes located near the site of cellulite (erysipelas of the subcutaneous fat tissue, manifested by redness, swelling, pain in the site, sweating and elevated body temperature), the doctor usually prescribes only a general blood test and an ASL-O titer test. Other studies for such pathology are not needed.
With persistent inflammation of various groups of lymph nodes, especially those located behind the ears and in the back of the head, which is combined with ulcers on the mucous membrane of the mouth and genitals, a “fibrous tongue,” frequent colds, the doctor prescribes blood test for HIV/AIDS (sign up), since similar symptoms are specific to this disease.
When a person has swollen lymph nodes, combined with fat accumulation in the liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs, difficulty swallowing, developmental delay (dementia), or impaired eye movements, the doctor will refer the person for further examination to a medical facility that identifies rare genetic pathologies . And already in this specialized medical institution, the geneticist prescribes specific tests for diagnosis, which are performed in the laboratory of the same organization. For these symptoms, sequencing of exons and near-exon regions of introns of the GBA gene, as well as determination of the activity of chitotriosidase and beta-glucocerebrosidase in the blood, may be prescribed.
If the inflammation of any lymph nodes is persistent, does not decrease over time, is combined with a butterfly-shaped rash on the face, cutaneous livedo (the presence of blue or red areas on the skin that form a bizarre mesh pattern), headaches and muscle pain, fatigue, weakness and temperature fluctuations, the doctor refers such a patient to a rheumatologist, since such symptoms indicate a systemic autoimmune disease - systemic lupus erythematosus. A rheumatologist or internist may order the following tests to confirm his presumptive diagnosis of lupus erythematosus:
- Antinuclear antibodies, IgG (antinuclear antibodies, ANAs, EIA);
- IgG antibodies to double-stranded (native) DNA (anti-ds-DNA);
- Antinuclear factor (ANF);
- Antibodies to nucleosomes;
- Antibodies to cardiolipin (IgG, IgM) (sign up);
- Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA);
- Complement components (C3, C4);
- Rheumatoid factor (sign up);
- C-reactive protein.
- Antibodies to keratin Ig G (AKA);
- Antifilaggrin antibodies (AFA);
- Antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCP);
- Crystals in a smear of synovial fluid;
- Rheumatoid factor;
- Antibodies to modified citrullinated vimentin.
If a person has inflammation of the lymph nodes of any location, which is combined with sudden causeless weight loss, poor general health, loss of appetite, aversion to meat, as well as the presence of a visible or palpable tumor in any part of the body, then the doctor will refer the person to an oncologist, since Such symptoms indicate the presence of a malignant neoplasm. And the oncologist orders an x-ray, Ultrasound (sign up), computer or magnetic resonance imaging (sign up) in order to determine the location and size of the tumor. The oncologist also prescribes a general blood test, a biochemical blood test, a general urine test and a coagulogram, which allows you to assess the general condition of the body, its readiness for therapy and the ability to undergo surgery, radiotherapy (sign up) And chemotherapy (sign up). In addition, for each type of tumor, the oncologist can prescribe specific tests to monitor its progression, treatment effectiveness, etc. However, we do not present these specific analyzes since this is not the subject of this article.
All described tests and examinations can be supplemented with x-rays or even biopsy (sign up) inflamed lymph node. Typically, a puncture of the lymph node and x-rays of nearby parts of the body are performed when there is a suspicion that a person has a specific systemic disease (AIDS, Gaucher disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, syphilis, tuberculosis, measles, etc.) or a tumor process (leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, etc.) to identify characteristic changes or atypical cancer cells.
How to treat inflammation of the lymph nodes?
If inflammation of the lymph nodes is suspected, the doctor is the best assistant and advisor. Therefore, you need to go to the hospital in the near future. Only a specialist will be able to find out the cause of the disease and make an accurate diagnosis. In addition, only a doctor can prescribe antibiotics for inflammation of the lymph nodes. Based on the tests obtained, the antibacterial drug that will be effective in your situation will be prescribed. If inflammation of the lymph nodes during pregnancy creates problems for a woman, then it makes sense to consult a gynecologist and surgeon. What to do if the lymph nodes are swollen?
If a person has lymphadenitis, a doctor should prescribe treatment. It happens that a person himself has identified inflammation of the lymph nodes, but does not know which doctor to contact. In this case, you just need to go to your local physician, who will prescribe treatment or write a referral to another specialist.But on weekends and holidays it is quite difficult to find a doctor. Then the question arises: “How to relieve inflammation of the lymph nodes at home?”
You can temporarily relieve the condition with regular warm compresses. A piece of clean cloth should be moistened with warm water and applied to the site of inflammation. In addition, you must carefully ensure that the skin in the area of inflammation always remains clean.
In case of pain in the lymph nodes and fever, you should take a pain reliever that can be purchased without a prescription. Naturally, rest and good sleep will be beneficial.
Inflammation of the lymph nodes - symptoms, causes, complications and what to do? - Video
Before use, you should consult a specialist.
Lung lymphoma is a disease characterized by both general signs of malignant neoplasms and symptoms of damage to the bronchopulmonary system.
Oncological damage to the lymphoid apparatus is most often detected in elderly people, although in recent decades a tendency towards the formation of lymphomas in children has been identified.
Concept of disease
A lymphoid formation in the lungs begins to form due to an error in the functioning of the lymphoid tissue. Atypical lymphocytes accumulate in the lymph nodes and lung tissues, which leads to the appearance of a neoplasm.
Primary lymphomas of the bronchopulmonary system, that is, those that begin to form precisely in these organs without previous damage to other systems are detected extremely rarely. And predominantly elderly people are susceptible to this type of lymphoma.
Secondary lymphomas affecting lung tissue, are the result of metastasis of cancer cells from other foci with a malignant neoplasm. In this case, most often, under the influence of altered lymphocytes, a malignant tumor grows primarily in the bronchi, trachea, and mammary glands.
An examination of patients with lymphomas of the lung tissue revealed that in most cases the tumors are located in the lower parts of the lung. With a primary lesion, there is usually only one formation; with a secondary lesion, there may be several developing simultaneously.
Causes
According to the etiology of its development, lymphoma of the lung has many similarities with formations of a similar structure in other organs of the human body. Therefore, almost identical causes of this disease are put forward, regardless of in which part of the human body the progressive growth of lymphoid tissue is diagnosed.
The main reasons leading to these changes include:
- Prolonged contact with a number of carcinogens, these include certain types of fertilizers, solvents, and chemicals used in various industries. Fertilizers are partially retained in cultivated plant foods, and therefore the consumption of such products can be partly considered the culprit of lymphomas.
- Autoimmune diseases.
- Long-term use of immunosuppressive therapy.
- Bone marrow and internal organ transplantation.
- A disease that occurs under the influence of chromosomal abnormalities.
Conducted research has revealed that some malignant lymphomas develop along with viral diseases. Some patients were diagnosed with herpes type 8, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C.
With the development of pulmonary lymphoma, one cannot discount the impact on lung tissue of such an unfavorable factor as tobacco tar.
There is also a genetic predisposition. Patients with often have relatives suffering from malignant lesions of the immune and hematopoietic systems.
Classification
Lung lymphomas are divided into different types according to the same criteria as malignant formations involving lymphocytes of other organs.
The main classification divides these tumors into the following subtypes:
- , they are also designated as non-Hodgin lymphomas and they are predominantly primary. In turn, lymphosarcoma can be B-cell (mantle lymphoma, MALT lymphoma) and T-cell.
- or lymphogranulomatosis.
- Plasmacytoma.
- Lymphoproliferative secondary tumors-lymphomas of the lungs, formed during the transition of cancer cells from malignant lymphomas of other body systems.
The most common type of extranodal, that is, located outside the lymph nodes, lymphoma is MALT lymphoma. Basically, it has limited localization, and bone marrow damage in this variant of the disease is detected only in 5% of cases.
MALT lymphoma predominantly develops in those people who have a history of chronic bronchopulmonary pathologies or autoallergies - systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's disease, multiple sclerosis. This tumor has the lowest degree of malignancy, but under the influence of some (not fully understood) reasons it can degenerate into a neoplasm with an aggressive course.
The classification of lymphogranulomatosis of the lungs is also used in medicine; this type of lymphoma has several morphological forms:
- Lymphogranulomatosis nodosa diagnosed when several nodes are detected in the lungs, usually up to 5 of them. Most often, these nodes are localized in the lower lobe of the organ, their significant growth leads to compression of the bronchi and then the patient shows signs of abscess pneumonia or purulent bronchitis.
- Peribronchial Hodgkin's disease characterized by the formation of granulomatous strands localized in the bronchi. If these growths affect the septa of the pulmonary alveoli, interstitial pneumonia develops.
- Exudative lymphogranulomatosis manifests itself as granulomatous pneumonia.
- Miliary form of the disease is exhibited when millet-shaped granulomatous nodules are scattered throughout the lung tissue.
Symptoms of lung lymphoma
Lymphogenic oncological tumors of the lungs take a long time to develop, especially for primary tumors. The asymptomatic course of the disease in some patients can last for several months, in others it takes up to ten years.
The initial manifestations of lymphoma can be considered signs reminiscent of a banal respiratory infection, such as malaise, fatigue, muscle pain, and migraine.
As the malignancy progresses, signs of bronchial obstruction or atelectasis, that is, collapse of the lungs, begin to appear. Pulmonary lymphoma causes the following symptoms:
- Cough with a small amount of sputum. In the last stages, the discharge becomes purulent and bloody.
- Shortness of breath. Initially, it is expressed during physical activity, but in the later stages of lymphoma development it can be a constant concern.
- Hemoptysis.
In addition to signs indicating pathological changes in the lungs, the patient exhibits symptoms characteristic of all lymphomas. Their group includes:
- Almost constant weakness and rapid onset of fatigue.
- Increased body temperature, not arising under the influence of infections or benign inflammatory changes.
- Profuse night sweats.
- Decreased appetite, losing weight in a short period.
- Skin itching.
- Tumor-like formations in the area of the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes of the neck, abdominal area, and groin are most often affected. There is no pain when you feel them. A distinctive sign is sometimes pain in the lymph nodes, recorded after drinking alcohol. This sign is detected in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.
Lymphomas also contribute to enlargement of the spleen and liver. Growing organs lead to displacement of other structures in the abdominal area, and this causes discomfort, colic, and bursting pain.
The progression of the growth of pulmonary lymphoma leads to metastases in the mediastinum, digestive organs, mammary glands, bone and spinal cord, thyroid gland, testicles. Accordingly, a clinic of organ dysfunction with lymphoma appears.
Plasmacytoma is rarely detected in patients and it mainly develops in men; such a tumor in most cases is a node around which the lung tissue is not changed. Plasmacytic lymphoma with a malignant course gives a poor clinical picture of the disease and can develop over years.
If there is only one such formation, then after its removal complete recovery occurs. With a generalized process, such an outcome is unlikely.
Diagnostics
A patient with signs that do not exclude pulmonary lymphoma is offered to undergo a comprehensive examination. First of all, a chest x-ray is prescribed, using the images to determine whether there are changes in the lungs.
To confirm or refute the alleged diagnosis when identifying atypical formations in the lungs, use:
- . Layer-by-layer examination of the lungs makes it possible to determine the exact location of the neoplasm, its size, and structure.
- Biopsy examination. Material for immunohistochemical and cytological tests is obtained by bronchoscopy or transthoracic access.
- If necessary, a lymph node biopsy is performed.
- show the severity of the inflammatory process.
- If the tumor is suspected to be primary, a spinal cord puncture is performed.
If metastasis is suspected, an ultrasound of internal organs is prescribed. Pulmonary lymphoma must be differentiated from tuberculosis, bronchoalveolar cancer, sarcoidosis, lymphoid hyperplasia with a benign course, and a number of similar diseases.
Treatment options
Oncologists select treatment for their patients with lung lymphomas only after a complete examination. The goal of therapy is to remove the tumor and prevent the appearance of metastases in other organs.
If lymphoma is isolated and detected at a local stage, then surgical intervention is mandatory. A lobectomy is performed, that is, removal of the affected lobe of the lung, or pneumonectomy - the entire organ.
Several radiation therapy sessions are prescribed before and after surgery., they are necessary to destroy existing cancer cells and to limit their subsequent growth and spread in the body.
Radiation therapy plus chemotherapy or polychemotherapy plus Rituximab (monoclonal antibody) is necessary in the following cases:
- If the lymphoma is bilateral.
- In a generalized process.
- High degree of malignancy of the formation.
- Aggressive course of the disease.
Treatment of lymphomas also involves prescribing symptomatic therapy aimed at eliminating pain and disorders of the pulmonary system.
Forecast
If the patient is diagnosed with primary MALT lymphoma, the doctor can give a good chance of recovery.
More than 60% of patients with this form of lymphoma live for at least 5 years after full treatment. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with a malignant course, damage to both organs, and metastasis are severe and with this diagnosis there are many patients who quickly die.
Among the common signs of a fairly wide range of diseases is an increase in lymph nodes in the lungs - pulmonary, hilar bronchopulmonary, peribronchial or paratracheal. Since lymph nodes are considered an essential component of the body’s immune system, their enlargement, detected by radiography, CT or MRI of the lungs, suggests one of the clinical indicators of infectious or oncological pathologies. Enlarged lymph nodes with fever are a symptom of pneumonia in an adult.
The disease is often called lymphadenopathy, hyperplasia and enlarged lymph node syndrome (in patients with AIDS), but in each case the pathology has the same code R59 according to ICD-10, and subclass R includes signs and differences from generally accepted measures that are found in patients during the medical examination.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of growth is partly due to the functions of the lymph nodes, which, with the help of macrophages of their own sinuses and stroma, clean the lymphatic fluid from not very useful substances that cause harm to the body.
Depending on the background of the disease and the mechanism of influence on the lymphoid tissue, varieties of this pathology are distinguished:
- cancerous origin,
- infectious,
- reactive.
Thus, during an infection with lymph flow, phagocytes with captured antigens and cells killed by inflammatory necrosis enter and accumulate in the nodes.
Granulomatous modification of the lymph nodes (with the displacement of lymphoid tissue by fibrous tissue) is also noticed in sarcoidosis, the cause of which is still unknown to medicine (despite this, autoimmune and genetic factors for its occurrence cannot be ruled out).
In cases of rapid growth, the predominant pathological process is the high proliferation of their follicles, which is provoked by autoimmune diseases - if the body's immune system produces antigens in spite of healthy cells, in particular in SLE.
With the growth of a malignant nature, lymphomas with abnormal cell proliferation occur. And with metastases, lymphoproliferative pathologies are caused by the infiltration of healthy tissues by atypical (oncological) cells and their proliferation, which leads to painful morphological changes.
Causes
The pulmonary lymph nodes become inflamed and increase in size due to the ongoing disease. Not a single inflammatory process in the lungs occurs without affecting the lymph nodes. This happens thanks to T and B lymphocytes, as well as other protective functions of lymphoid tissue. There are a number of serious diseases associated with the respiratory tract and other human organs in which the lymph nodes can become inflamed:
- Inflammation of the lymph nodes in most cases occurs due to infectious infection of the body by various fungi. Bronchopulmonary mycoses of acute or chronic form develop, lung disease pneumonia, which is caused by streptococcus and staphylococcus
- The lung disease sarcoidosis, as well as chronic lung diseases such as silicosis or pneumoconiosis.
- Various types and forms of tuberculosis, such as pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis of the lymph nodes.
- Lupus erythematosus and amyloidosis, which lead to fibrotic lesions of the lung.
- Cancers of the respiratory tract cause inflammation and enlargement of the nodules in the lung.
- The development of a malignant tumor in the organs of the digestive system leads to the appearance of metastases in the pulmonary lymph nodes.
- Tumors in the thyroid and mammary glands also lead to the formation of metastases.
- Leukemia, and in particular lymphoblastic leukemia in acute form, promotes enlargement of lymph nodes in the lung.
There are many diseases that occur with enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the lungs. These are the most common ones. But we should not exclude the possibility of growth in other diseases.
Symptoms
Symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes include:
- feeling tired immediately after a night's sleep;
- sudden changes in strength;
- state of depression;
- severe fatigue;
- the disease does not immediately show itself.
Usually the disease has an incubation period. To identify the disease at an early stage, you need to know these symptoms of lymphogranulomatosis in adults:
- body temperature rises sharply, chills pass through the body;
- heaviness in the chest, feeling of strong pressure;
- characteristic burning sensation under the shoulder blade;
- joints hurt and ache.
There are also several other symptoms that can be detected during the incubation period. If there are no severe complications in the form of inflamed nodes, then treatment will not cause difficulties.
If these symptoms are present, then long-term therapy will be carried out to restore the lungs, which may occur with complications. Symptoms of pneumonia with fever in an adult are accompanied by a prolonged cough and gag reflex.
One of the visual effects on the human body may be inflammation of muscle tissue, which leads to respiratory symptoms: dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing. Granulomatous lymph nodes measuring 2 centimeters or more can cause severe pain.
Lymphogranulomatosis
Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's lymphoma) is an oncological disease of the lymphoid system, in which Berezovsky-Sternberg-Reed cells are detected in the lymphoid matter during diagnosis. These cells were named in memory of the scientists who took part in their invention and research. Hodgkin's disease often occurs in children in their late teens and also has peak incidence rates in their twenties and fifties.
As with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, a symptom of lymphogranulomatosis in adults is usually considered to be a significant increase in the size of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin. Unlike infectious diseases, enlarged lymph nodes do not hurt, their size does not decrease over time and when cured with antibiotics. Due to the fact that the lymphatic tissue located in the chest is often affected, the initial sign of the disease may be difficulty breathing or coughing due to pressure on the lungs and bronchi.
Pleurisy and tuberculosis
Treatment of pleurisy (ICD -10 R09.1) depends directly on the disease that resulted in inflammation of the lymph node. Often this is pneumonia; in this case, the doctor will prescribe the necessary medications, which in turn will fight this disease. When the lymph nodes are inflamed, a person experiences a high fever, severe headaches, and weakness. For such symptoms, the doctor may prescribe antipyretics or painkillers. Elimination of the inflammatory process begins first of all with the treatment of pleurisy (ICD -10 R09.1).
Lymph nodes can become inflamed due to various diseases. Lymph nodes with pulmonary tuberculosis are no exception. It is necessary to undergo all types of tests available in the hospital (blood, urine, antibodies). This will help determine the causative agent of the disease process, and subsequently cure this disease and forget about it for a long time.
Why are lymph nodes in the lungs dangerous?
In most situations, the outcomes and complications are related to the course of the underlying disease. And complications of lymph node growth in the lungs include the development of an abscess or phlegmon, the formation of fistulas, and the development of septicemia.
Growth in the mediastinum leads to bronchial or tracheal obstruction, stricture of the alimentary tract, and pathology of blood flow in the superior vena cava.
Pulmonary infiltration of the lymph nodes in sarcoidosis leads to scar formation and irreversible fibrosis, severe pulmonary dysfunction and heart failure.
In the case of tuberculous lesions of the intrathoracic lymph nodes with caseous contents, their rupture and penetration of infection into other structures of the mediastinum are likely.
With growth caused by cancer, metabolic complications appear: a rapid increase in the amount of uric acid in the blood, electrolyte imbalance, and functional kidney failure.
Medication therapy
Damage to the lymph nodes in the lungs is a pathological condition in which the nodes become significantly enlarged. To stop the inflammatory process, various medications are usually prescribed.
NSAIDs: when introduced into the lymphatic system, they prevent the production of prostaglandins, eliminate hyperemia, reduce swelling and pain, and reduce temperature. Medicines of the NSAID group are usually used in the form of creams or ointments, which are used for 5 days. With longer use, they can irritate the mucous membrane of the digestive organs, causing internal bleeding. These include:
- "Nimesil";
- "Nimesulide";
- "Diclofenac";
- "Ibuprofen", etc.
For children, it is preferable to use drugs in the form of suppositories.
Analgesics
Analgesics are used if the drugs of the previous group are not suitable for use by the patient. In particular, analgesics or drugs with paracetamol are used - “Efferalgan”, “Panadol”, “Analgin”, etc.
Glucocorticosteroids
Glucocorticosteroids are prescribed for significant swelling and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the lungs. They relieve pain and eliminate local reactions. It is recommended to use the drugs Dexamethasone, Prednisolone and Hydrocortisone. But it is undesirable to use them yourself, because they can intensify the symptoms of lymphadenitis.
Antibiotics
For lymph nodes in the lungs, treatment is carried out with the following antibiotics:
- cephalosporins (Cedex, Cefixime, Fortaz, Ceftriaxone);
- macrolides (“Sumamed”, “Azithromycin”, “Clarithromycin”);
- fluoroquinols (“Ciprofloxacin” and “Ofloxacin”).
Doctors prefer to use the penicillin group rarely, since pathogenic microorganisms have recently acquired high resistance.
Antiviral
Antiviral drugs are designed to suppress the activity of the virus, help improve immune status, and lead to remission of papillomavirus and herpes. To boost immunity, use antiviral agents:
- "Cycloferon";
- "Kagocel";
- "Amiksin";
- "Arbidol", etc.
Viral activity is suppressed by Isoprinosine, Zovirax, Acyclovir, and Groprinosine.
Ointments
Ointments are intended for application to the lymph node using bandages, lotions and compresses. Widely used ointments "Vishnevsky" and "Ichthyol" effectively stop inflammation, having a powerful antimicrobial effect. "Heparin" accelerates lymph flow and eliminates stagnation. Non-steroidal ointments (Ketoprofen, Piroxicam, Diclofenac) help eliminate swelling and pain.
It is not recommended to apply dressings at night - when the medicine has dried, the affected area should “breathe” for at least 3 hours, after which the procedure can be repeated. External agents should be used after eliminating the inflammatory process and high temperature.
Traditional methods
It is worth treating inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes with the help of traditional medicine together with medications, since such inflammation of the nodes in the lungs occurs after serious illnesses. Traditional methods of treatment will favorably contribute to the patient’s recovery.
Lymph nodes increase in size due to infection. The best remedy against this symptom will be anti-inflammatory preparations, decoctions and infusions.
A useful infusion can be prepared from hazel bark and leaves. To prepare it, you need to take one large measuring spoon of dry hazel mixture and pour it with one faceted glass of water that has just boiled. Leave for about half an hour and take a quarter glass before meals, straining the infusion.
You can purchase a ready-made tincture of Echinacea at the pharmacy and take twenty drops of it, diluting it in a small glass of water several times a day. It is an excellent antiseptic for the body.
You can also purchase ready-made herbal preparations at the pharmacy, which are used to destroy the inflammatory process in the body and shrink lymph nodes. The method for preparing such preparations is indicated on the packages. You can prepare a similar herbal mixture yourself by combining blackhead, toadflax, thyme, valerian root, oregano, St. John's wort, knotweed, calamus, birch and raspberry leaves. All plants must be dry. For collection, two spoons of each are mixed, only one teaspoon is taken of valerian. From the resulting dry mixture you need to take 2 tablespoons and brew overnight in a liter of boiling water every day. Drink at one time. The course of treatment with this decoction is long, at least a month.
Horsetail should be brewed in a glass of boiling water, taking one large measuring spoon. It must be taken for two to three weeks.
Various compresses are very good in the fight against enlarged lymph nodes. They remove swelling and pain. You can use fresh mint to make a compress. Its leaves need to be crushed to obtain a pulp and juice. Apply the resulting mass to the enlarged lymph nodes and insulate. This will reduce swelling and pain. Walnut (three parts), mistletoe (one part) and chamomile (five parts), or rather their leaves, are also very effective. They need to prepare a decoction. Make a compress using gauze or a bandage, moisten it in the broth, and apply it to the sore spot for a couple of hours.
The course of treatment is long. To speed up recovery and reduce swelling, you can massage the sore area daily with light and smooth movements.
Let's figure out what the mediastinum is, where the mediastinal lymph nodes are located, what function they perform in the body.
The mediastinum is a section of the chest, occupying the middle region in the structure of the human body, and includes the following organs:
- Heart.
- Lungs.
- Pulmonary artery.
- Bronchi.
- Vienna.
- Esophagus.
- Timus et al.
Lymph, a living fluid, flowing through the body, enters all organs and cleanses them. What happens due to the structure of the system is: capillaries, vessels, etc.
The lymph nodes of the mediastinum cleanse the organs and tissues of the chest, signaling the danger of the spread of infectious microorganisms, viruses, and cancer cells.
Classification
In the diagram we see:
- Tracheobroncheal.
- Bronchopulmonary.
- Bifurcation.
- Branches of the pulmonary artery.
- Pulmonary vein.
- Paratracheal lymph nodes.
Since the mediastinal area contains many different organs, there are accordingly a large number of lymph nodes.
Therefore, for the convenience of various operations during research and treatment, mediastinal (mediastinal) lymph nodes are divided into upper, lower, aortic, and root.
Upper paratracheal are:
- Left, located along the left wall of the trachea;
- Right ones, located on the right wall.
The lower glands of the mediastinum are located under the bifurcation of the trachea. These are the lymph nodes of the pulmonary ligament, as well as paraesophageal (paraesophageal).
Aortic - lymph nodes located on the side of the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
Root - nodes of the root of the lung.
As mentioned above, the lymph nodes in the lungs are the glands of the pulmonary ligament, on the side of the pulmonary trunk, and the root of the lung.
The respiratory system is supervised by the intrapulmonary (bronchopulmonary) lymph nodes of the mediastinum, represented by several groups. The most important among them are those located at the base of each lobe of the bronchi; base of the left lung, interlobar upper, lower bronchi of the right lung.
Causes of inflammation
The lymph nodes of the mediastinum are filters for the organs of this space, retaining viruses, infection, nuclides, other foreign substances, and debris trapped in the lymph.
It happens that with a severe infection or too aggressive viruses, the mediastinal glands become infected and their size increases. Since they are very small, about the size of a pea, in normal condition they cannot be felt. are already palpable. After some time, the normal state may be restored, which is the result of victory over the cause. Otherwise, a disease called lymphadenopathy occurs. This is a pathological enlargement of lymph nodes, which is an alarming symptom.
Enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes can occur due to diseases of the organs of the area:
- Oncological.
- Chronic inflammation, viral or bacterial disease of the respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.).
- Pathologies of the esophagus.
- Heart diseases.
In addition, nearby organs (breast, thyroid, larynx, gastrointestinal tract) can be affected if a pathological process occurs in them.
Symptoms
At the first stage there may not be. As the disease develops, pain appears in many places due to compression of organs by inflamed glands. A false impression of a disease is created, for example, of the heart.
The development of the disease is accompanied by such phenomena as:
- Cough.
- Labored breathing.
- Fatigue.
- Sweating.
- Heartbeat.
- Fever.
Pulmonary lymphadenopathy often causes tuberculosis. The symptoms are similar to the sensations that occur during fever, disease of the larynx, which is accompanied by shortness of breath and chest pain.
Treatment
Diseases depend on the number of affected groups, they can be divided into:
- Local - one group.
- Regional - several groups.
- Generalized - not only the lymph nodes of adjacent areas are affected, but throughout the entire area.
Depending on the degree of the disease and the severity of symptoms, the following forms are distinguished:
- Spicy. The signs are pronounced: high temperature, swelling.
- Chronic. There are practically no symptoms.
Treatment is chosen in accordance with the identified cause of infection. If the case is non-oncological, drugs are prescribed to combat it.
2014-06-09 08:25:35
Natalya asks:
A month ago I lost my virginity to the man I loved. Literally the next day after sex, my period began, which was accompanied by unusual symptoms - swelling in the groin, painful sensations. Towards the end of menstruation, burning and itching appeared in the vagina. She mistook these symptoms for cystitis and self-medicated - everything returned to normal, these signs disappeared. A week later, sex happened again. One fact that I didn’t really pay attention to at the time was that about an hour after sex I had an attack - at first I started to “pound”, my coordination of movements was impaired, I wanted water, vomiting appeared and as a result my temperature increased significantly - I took all this for poisoning , although the last meal was no earlier than 7 hours before. A few days after this, the symptoms of “cystitis” returned again, plus inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin was discovered - I took Biseptol. The symptoms disappeared, but a white, cheesy discharge appeared, which I was diagnosed with candidomycosis. I went to see a doctor who prescribed treatment for thrush, but at the same time the original symptoms returned. I have already finished taking the medications prescribed for thrush, it has become easier, but I don’t feel “healthy”. There remains a frequent urge to urinate, a feeling of some localized itching, and mild pain in the lower abdomen. Similar symptoms appeared in a man who began accusing me of infection and uncleanliness - it was impossible to talk to him. How to understand what it is? I passed the tests, but after reading the literature, I understand that it is not a fact that they will show anything. Can I (who have not had sexual intercourse before) be a carrier of something? One more thing - I was examined annually by a gynecologist and only once (6 years ago) a smear showed the presence of some kind of fungus, which was then treated, which was confirmed by repeated tests. Please help, I'm just exhausted already.
Answers Wild Nadezhda Ivanovna:
Natalya, you had your first sexual experience and you were surrounded by an “infection”? Take a closer look at the man, is this the man you need for life?....?? Routes of infection of sexually transmitted infections: sexually, household (through household items, but this is 1-2%), vertical (from mother to fetus or when passing through the birth canal), parenteral (through blood). The infection could exist in the form of carriage in both partners, and after the first sexual intercourse, the infection occurred in one and the other worsened. This is the so-called period of adaptation to each other. If there is an infection, then it must be identified and both treated. The immune system has already reacted, which means that antibodies to this infection will begin to be produced. This is how family infection and immunity are formed. Your man needs to first of all be examined by a urologist-andrologist, and not blame you... He could be a source of infection. But, you should also be examined and treated, because you are an expectant mother and you must give birth to healthy children and be healthy. Get examined completely at the antenatal clinic and do not treat yourself, because you can turn an acute process into a chronic one.
2010-12-11 06:18:30
Irina asks:
Hello! I have a question regarding lymph nodes and bronchitis. My father had a chest tomography and was diagnosed with bronchitis and inflammation of the lymph nodes. 2 lymph nodes in his neck became inflamed (left and right). Before the tomography, he was given an X-ray and found darkening in his lungs. All tests are normal (blood, urine, saliva). No tuberculosis. Now he has had one lymph node removed, but the biopsy result is still not ready. Dad lost his appetite, his taste qualities changed, and he became weak. He's lost a little weight. He has a cough and is having a little difficulty breathing. He is an experienced smoker. We are waiting for the results of the biopsy tests, but I am very worried. Please tell me what could have caused the inflammation of the lymph nodes? How dangerous is this? And how can bronchitis be treated? Can anything be done to treat the cough? Maybe you need to take additional tests? Thank you very much for the answer. All the best, Irina.
Answers Strizh Vera Alexandrovna:
Irina, hello! Enlarged lymph nodes can occur as a result of their pathological changes or accompany many different diseases. We will have to wait for the results of the biopsy and find out exactly the reason for their increase. If the lymph nodes hurt, they are probably inflamed; if their enlargement is not accompanied by pain, most likely there is a specific process (tuberculosis, mononucleosis, toxloplasmosis) or a neoplasm (lymphomas, lymphogranulomatosis, metastases of solid tumors, etc.), blood diseases, AIDS, etc. .
2014-10-14 15:48:47
Olga asks:
My husband was diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia, with inflamed lymph nodes. He was treated at home under the supervision of a doctor, he was given antibiotics for 10 days, after which he was admitted to the ROY-66 hospital, he spent 15 days with no improvement, the high temperature remained at 39.5. The doctor advises you to be discharged, saying that it is oncology, but does not give you a direction, but asks you to write a receipt, what should you do? How to go to work with such a temperature. At the moment, apart from injections for fever, they do nothing? Thank you.
Answers Agababov Ernest Danielovich:
Olga, good afternoon! Your attending physician is obliged to refer you to a specialist; if there is a suspicion of oncology, then to an oncologist. Be healthy!
2014-10-13 17:35:56
Asks Svetlana b. :
Good afternoon. On 10/13/14 I went to the gynecological oncologist. They sent me there from Biomed. There I took a cervical biopsy test. There they told me that I might have leukoplakia and it would be better to consult a gynecological oncologist. And that’s how I ended up at the doctor.
In 2009-2010, erosion took root with some kind of liquid medicine (I don’t really remember these events) at that time I was registered in the tuberculosis dispenser (a buried form of pulmonary tuberculosis) I took a lot of medicines (up to 14 tablets a day) with a relapse after a few years. Therefore, I wanted to get rid of thrush and as a result of erosion as quickly as possible. I remember that the doctor advised me to take 1 tablet of flucostat for three days. But after that I started having allergies. The allergy is very strong, it will scare your entire face. I refused to go to the hospital when I came to see the doctor, I simply stopped taking this drug and its analogues altogether. So this is what the oncologist wrote to me:
Objective status: the abdomen is soft, painless, lymph nodes are in the groin. not enlarged, on the lateral commissure and at the entrance to the vagina there are elements of o.candilomas, VA: cervix: somewhat hypertrophied, with the appearance of chronic endocervicosis, SIJ: against the background of chronic endocervicosis, more pronounced on the lateral lip, scars (cauterization in 2010) and in this area there are numerous dilated vessels, the vinegar test is negative, o/c was taken.
PV: uterus in AVF, normal size, an enlarged ovary (follicular cyst) is palpated to the left of the uterus
According to o/c - cytogram of inflammation, endocervicosis
Diagnosis: chronic endocervicosis
Recommendations: anti-inflammatory and antiviral treatment
Prescribed: isoprinosine (2 tablets x 3 times a day for 10 days for 3-4 months; geneferon or an analogue, 1 million units in the vagina for 5 days and (or) 5 days after menstruation - for life!
Question: Is it possible to use the pool? Sunbathe? Swim in the sea, leave Russia for a long time?
Should I tell my man about this diagnosis (we don’t date, we only sleep, there have been no other partners for two years)
Is it possible to take any drugs to boost immunity? If so, what kind?
I am a vegetarian (1.5 years), I do not drink or smoke for the last 5 years.
2013-10-19 09:32:33
Murad asks:
Hello, I was told that I have signs of focal tuberculosis of the upper right lung. As a child, I suffered from lgm inflammation of the cervical right lymph node. I have chronic hepatitis with a weight of 47 kg. Before that I was 55 with a height of 1.74. Tell me what treatment will have the greatest effect in my situation, taking into account the diseases that I have I have
Answers Gordeev Nikolay Pavlovich:
Hello Murad. If this is newly diagnosed tuberculosis, then, given your concomitant pathology, it is better if you undergo the intensive phase of treatment (at least 2-3 months) in a hospital. There they will select a treatment regimen and cover-up drugs (for example, hepatoprotectors), incl. and subsequent.
Good health to you.
2013-03-04 17:33:31
Anna asks:
Hello. Can an allergy or pneumonia be manifested by the only symptom - difficulty breathing? I feel now for the third day already at night that it’s hard to take a deep breath in and out, as if there is not enough air, because of this I couldn’t fall asleep until the morning (although I didn’t have insomnia, I really wanted to sleep. But it’s generally impossible to be in this state) This makes me yawn often.
At the moment, I have a diagnosis of neurosis, just a year ago there was such a thing that it was hard to breathe just because of strong experiences, but now there was nothing like that, there were no worries before this and stress too. Please tell me should I call an ambulance or should I just take a sedative? Why does this even happen?
Now the temperature is 37. 2, yesterday it was 37. 4 - the throat is red, but there is no sore throat or cough. The cervical lymph node is also inflamed, but on 1 side (but my tooth 7 is growing, my gums are a little inflamed, so I thought it was because of a tooth, etc. Something like this has happened before, and it went away along with the tooth. Thanks for the answer. For additional information: 18 years old, I don’t smoke, I was examined recently - everything is basically normal, but many cysts were found small up to 3 mm on Ultrasound of the thyroid gland (but the hormones are off. According to the blood test, everything is fine.)
2013-02-02 20:02:10
Mikhail asks:
I have been suffering for 6 months. Good day. I address you with the following question. Because no one can help me. The doctors are sending you home. I understand that you have a lot to do. But I have hope that you will answer me. I don’t know who to turn to anymore. In the summer I met a girl and we started dating. We had unprotected sexual intercourse, after which I started having health problems: there was a tightness in the urethra, and a week later there was fever and vomiting, diarrhea for 4 days, fever. I tested for STDs, everything was clear. L.U. swollen everywhere and the tongue is swollen and swollen.. The lymph nodes are pulled, especially in the armpits. In the groin and on the back of the knees. Stomatitis, rash on the roof of the mouth. There is a terrible thing in the mouth, very similar to severe glossitis. Constant headaches and temperature 37.2. I can’t really eat. I can’t work because of headaches. The contraction has passed in the urethra. I think it's some kind of inflammation. I took antibiotics prescribed by a venereologist. After the tests, he said it was an inflammatory process. The tongue is covered with pimples and white fibers. I took HIV tests at 1,2,3,4,5,6 “-”. , I passed a lot of different tests. They didn’t find anything. Nobody can help. At 3 months of illness I took an immunogram, and a little later I tested for VEB. aVEV VCA igM+. I was prescribed a 10-day course of penicillin. And Viferon. I also took acyclovir. Isoprinosine for about 20 days. Cycloferon and vitamins. Unfortunately nothing helps.
The temperature and DR have not gone away for more than 6 months. The soreness and constriction in the throat, which goes into the lungs, does not go away. I did a CT scan of the chest and the doctors said everything was normal. No pulmonary tuberculosis was detected. Normally I did the OAC 4 times. Biochemistry 3 times. There is no more strength. Please if you have experience in such cases. Tell me what to do? How to beat the temperature. Thank you very much in advance. Did a PCR test for HIV at 3 months, no detection. The girl took tests at the same time as having a sleep disorder. She was found to have HPV 16.18 in her smear. I'm desperate...I've lost 9 kg. Sorry to bother you.
Indicators 18-60 years old Norm Result
Leukocytes in thousand 3.9-9.2 ....... 5.8
Lymphocytes 28-39.......... 33
CD45/CD3+, % 50-76........ 76
СD45/CD3+, thousand 800-1216........ 1086
CD45/CD3+/CD19+,% 11-16......... 11
СD45/CD3+/CD19+, thousand 150-400....... 182
CD45/CD3+/CD4+,% 31-46......... 40
СD45/CD3+/CD4+, thousand 500-900 .......... 642
CD45/CD3+/CD8+,% 26-30........ 23
CD45/CD3+/CD8+, thousand 316-640........ 351
CD4/ CD8 1.0-2.5.......... 1.74
СD45/CD3-/CD16+CD56+, % 9-16 ......... 3
СD45/CD3-/CD16+CD56+, thousand 170-400...... 42
CD3+/CD25+,% up to 14 ...... 2
CD3+/CD25+, thousand 160-300....... 35
CD3+HLDAR+, % 1-6....... 3
CD3+HLDAR+, thousand 7-163 ........ 48
IgA g/l 0.9-2.5 ....... 4.65
IgM g/l 0.6-2.8....... 4.3
IgG g/l 8-18...... 65.5
IgE IU/ml 1-130...... 26.5
CEC 20-50 ...... 40
NST – spontaneous/stimulated test. 90/140..... 56
Phagocytosis, % 65-95 ..... 56/1.7
Phagocytic number m.h. 5-10........
Answers Agababov Ernest Danielovich:
Hello Mikhail, there is too much “water”, I would like to get to the point - in order to objectively assess your situation, you need to familiarize yourself with the entire examination done, send it to me by email - [email protected].
2013-01-07 11:54:48
Victor asks:
Good afternoon. My dad started complaining of back pain. We went to the hospital and found pneumonia; after 2 weeks of treatment, we were sent for computer diagnostics.
An MSCT examination of the chest organs revealed increased pneumatization of the lungs. On the right and left, more on the right, in the upper and middle parts of the lungs, multiple bullae were identified, ranging in size from 1.0 cm on the left to 10.0 cm x 3.4 cm on the right, located mainly subpleurally. On the right at the apex, an area of pneumofibrosis with an irregular polygonal shape up to 1.3 cm x 0.8 cm was identified. In the left lung in S6, a cavity was identified, located subpreviously with a thick wall up to 0.5 cm, a relative size of 3.0 cm x 2.4 cm. , small segmental bronchi flow into the cavity. The sinuses are free, no fluid is detected. The interlobar and parietal pleura are not thickened. The main, intermediate, and lobar bronchi are passable, their walls are thickened, compacted, with moderate peribronchial infiltration, and partially deformed in the terminal sections. Additional volumetric formations in the region. no upper, middle, or lower mediastinum was identified. The mediastinal lymph nodes are not enlarged. Main vessels: diameter of the ascending aorta 3.9 cm, descending aorta 2.0 cm, pulmonary trunk 2.2 cm. Destructive changes in the ribs, sternum, scapulae, bodies. No vertebrae were identified in the study area.
Conclusion:
Most likely, CT scan shows signs of fibrous-cavernous lung disease with the presence of a cavity in S6 of the left lung. Emphysematous changes in the lungs with the presence of multiple large bullae. Chronical bronchitis. Recommended: cons. phthisiatrician, pulmonologist.
We contacted a pulmonologist and they said they do not provide this kind of treatment.
We can’t get to the TB doctor because it’s the holidays at the moment.
Tell me what actions should we take next and how serious is this? Is surgery or treatment necessary?
Answers Telnov Ivan Sergeevich:
Hello. Try to get an appointment with a phthisiatrician and undergo a bronchoscopy, which, I think, will clarify a lot. Regarding surgical treatment, it is better for you to contact a thoracic surgeon after consulting a phthisiatrician (only if it is prescribed by a phthisiatrician)
2012-09-13 14:49:03
Ekaterina asks:
Hello! I am 32 years old. 2 years ago I got pneumonia, fluorography showed changes in the lungs, I did a CT scan of the lungs. This is what they wrote, I state everything as they wrote:
A CT examination of the chest cavity was performed using a 4-spiral X-ray computed tomograph LIGHT SPEED VEX PLUS according to standard methods, with a slice thickness of 2.5 mm. A series of computed tomograms show pleuroapical and pleurocostal adhesions of the upper lobes of both lungs and S6 on the right. In S6, two triangular-shaped lesions measuring up to 4 mm are noted on the right. No focal or infiltrative changes were detected in the left lung. The trachea and large bronchi are passable to the subsegmental ones. The roots are structural, not expanded. Lymph nodes are not enlarged. The heart, great vessels and diaphragm are usually located, their contours are not changed. No fluid was detected in the pleural cavities. No bone destructive changes were detected.
Conclusion: CT signs of single foci of S6 of the right lung, most likely of a fibrous nature. Pleuroapical and pleurocostal commissures of the upper lobes of both lungs and S6 on the right.
Please explain to me what all this means, I don’t understand anything, especially S6 on the right there are 2 lesions, triangular in shape, up to 4 mm. I'm very worried!
Thanks a lot!!!
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