3 Lesson objectives along the lines of personality development Lines 1-2. Lines 1-2. Picture of the world in facts and concepts Recall and summarize the main achievements of the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, and Modern Times. Line 3. Line 3. Historical thinking. When determining the logical sequence of development of civilization, consolidate the idea that the achievements of each era became the basis for the development of another. Line 4-5. Line 4-5. Moral and civil-patriotic self-determination. Determine and explain your assessment of the changes of the New Age, based on modern humanistic moral values.

10 Creating a problem situation Page 6 The word “progress” appears in the text. How do you understand it? On what basis did people of the New Age consider their time progressive? Progress is the movement from simple to complex, from worse to better. In the text I prove the words: “a way out of the darkness of ignorance”, “gaining new opportunities”

11 Creating a problem situation Page 6 Compare the text of the first and second columns. What's the contradiction? What is the question? Unlike the first text, the Bible says that everything new has already existed. That is, the opinions of people of the 19th century differed from the saying of the Bible.

15 Page Remember and name the main events 1st row of centuries 2nd row of the 17th century 3rd row of the 18th century In the 15th century. Updating knowledge

16 Finding a solution Page From era to era, life changed. The achievements of one period of history became the basis for the development of another. Highlight the achievements of each stage of the development of civilization. 1st row Ancient world 2nd row Middle Ages 3rd row modern times -

17 Finding a solution Row 1 Achievements of the Ancient World Civilization: cities, writing, division of people into social strata. Various world religions and philosophies have emerged. Ancient East Ancient East: complete subordination of subjects to a strong state, state property, concern of communities and the state about the position of their subjects. Ancient West Ancient West: participation of citizens in state affairs, their freedom, equality, private property. (Write it in your notebook) -

19 Finding a solution 3 row Achievements of the New Age Scientific picture of the world, colonial empires, world market, technical progress, capitalist relations, class division of society, industrial revolution, machine industry. Industrial society. (Write it in your notebook) -

21 Finding a solution Page 13, table Fill out the table (write it down in your notebook) - collectively Agrarian society Signs of modernization Industrial society Economy Agriculture is the basis of the economy. Most people live in villages. Natural economy. Development of market relations. Division of labor. Industrial revolution. Growth of cities and rural populations. Most people and resources are employed in the machine industry. Approval of market relations. Distribution of labor. The urban population predominates over the rural population.

22 Finding a solution Page. 13, table Fill out the table (write it down in your notebook) - collectively Agrarian society Signs of modernization Industrial society Social structure Class system. Rights and obligations depend on origin. Disintegration of classes and communities. Formation of civil equality. Civil equality

23 Finding a solution Page 13, table Fill out the table (write it down in your notebook) - collectively Agrarian society Signs of modernization Industrial society Politics In government, the landowning nobility predominates. Involvement of broad sections of the population in political life Constitution. Elections. parliament.

24 Finding a solution Page. 13, table Fill out the table (write it down in your notebook) - collectively Agrarian Society! Signs of modernization Industrial society Culture Subordinate to religion. Few literate people. Reducing the influence of religion on culture. Gradual spread of literacy. Mass education. Diversity of religions. 26 Topic: Introduction. Why was the New Age called “new”? Problem. Why did people of the 19th century consider their time to be the most progressive? Answer the problematic question. People's lives in modern times have changed in all areas. Manual labor has become significantly easier; people became more literate, so it seemed to them that their era was more progressive compared to the primitive Ancient World and the “dark” Middle Ages.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, a concept of sociological theory that characterizes the nature of social systems of the “modern type”, formed in Western Europe in the modern era, the institutional and cultural patterns of which spread throughout the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. The term “industrial society” is used along with such concepts as capitalism, “modern society”, “mass society”, etc. (without completely coinciding in meaning with any of them). Industrial society is usually considered as a “pair category”, distinguishing it in a number of ways from a “traditional” (patriarchal, agrarian, feudal) society. The historical formation of the structures of industrial society is explored in the concepts of modernization.

The development of industrial society is accompanied by the following processes: the emergence of the organizational structure of an industrial enterprise, mechanization and automation of production, the constant introduction of technical innovations, deepening the specialization of workers and the division of labor, the growth of cities, the decomposition of the traditional communal structure and the patriarchal family, a decrease in the birth rate, the spread of mass forms of education, the emergence of modern national states and their typical citizenship institutions, the destruction of relations based on “prescribed statuses” (class inequality, legally sanctioned forms of discrimination against women and ethno-confessional minorities, etc.), increased migration and social mobility, secularization, general rationalization of the “image thoughts" and specific behavioral practices. Industrial societies can exist and function both in liberal societies and in conditions of authoritarian-statist political regimes. At the same time, by the end of the 20th century, the advantages of the market model of industrial society as more functional and viable became obvious. Understanding the changes that occurred after the 2nd World War in the most socio-economically developed countries (ensuring a high level of material consumption for broad sections of the population, the rapid growth of the “service economy”, the establishment of knowledge and “possession of information” as the most important socially significant resource ), led to the construction of concepts of post-industrial society (D. Bell, A. Tofler, etc.). Within the framework of the latter, industrial society is considered as one of the stages of the world-historical process of the evolution of social systems.

Lit.: Galbraith J. New industrial society. M., 1969; Inozemtsev V.L. Modern post-industrial society: nature, contradictions, prospects. M., 2000; Polyakova N. L. 20th century in sociological theories of society. M., 2004.

Introduction

In the second half of the 20th century. in Western sociology, through the works of D. Bell, R. Aron, J. Fourastier, A. Touraine, J. Galbraith, Z. Brzezinski, O. Toffler and others, a three-stage typology of societies was created.

“In it, the evolution of society, based on anthropological data, is presented as having passed through three stages. The first stage is a hunting-gathering economy, where men were primarily involved in hunting and women were primarily involved in gathering. Ethnographers called this stage of development savagery. During the Neolithic revolution approximately 10 thousand years. ago there was a transition from hunting-gathering to agricultural-pastoral farming, when gathering was replaced by the cultivation of plants, and hunting by the breeding of animals. This period was called barbarism. With the advent of cities and writing, early civilizations emerged. Such a society was called agrarian or traditional. It existed until the industrial revolution of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, when, as a result of the use of steam power and the use of machines, the formation of an industrial society occurred."

Industrial society

The transition to an industrial society arises as a result of the industrial revolution. Consequently, industrial society was formed as a result and in the process of the development of machine production, the emergence of adequate forms of organization of human labor and the use of the achievements of technological progress. A peculiar redistribution of the labor force is taking place: a drop in employment in the agricultural sector from 74-80% to 12-15%, an increase in the share of employment in industry to 85%, as well as a significant increase in the urban population. If we talk about the signs and main features of an industrial society, then it is characterized by continuous, mass production, automation and mechanization of labor, the development of markets for services and goods, the humanization of all economic relations, the formation of an integral civil society, and a general increase in the role of management. The emergence of industrial society was due to profound changes in the political, economic and cultural life of people in the late Middle Ages.

Main features of industrial society

1. sharp increase in agricultural and industrial production;

2. accelerated development of means of communication;

3. invention of the printed press, radio and TV;

4. expanding opportunities for educational and outreach activities;

5. mass urbanization;

6. increasing the average life expectancy of people;

7. formation of monopolies, merging of banking and industrial capital;

8. increasing upward mobility of the population;

9. division of labor on an international scale;

10. a significant increase in vertical differentiation of the population (dividing society into regions and “worlds”).

Scientific literature contains many definitions of the concept “society”. So, in a narrow sense, it is a group of people who have united to perform some kind of activity and communication, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a country or people. In the broad sense, it is a part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, consisting of individuals with consciousness and will, including the ways of their interaction.

In the 20th century, R. Aron put forward a theory which was then improved by American sociologists and political scientists A. Toffler, D. Bell, Z. Brzezinski. It describes the progressive process of development of a backward society to an advanced one. In total, there were 3 stages: agricultural (pre-industrial), industrial and post-industrial.

Agrarian society is the first stage of civilized development. In some sources it is also called traditional. Characteristic of Antiquity and the Middle Ages. However, it is still common in some states today. To a greater extent, the countries of the “third world” (Africa, Asia).

The following characteristics of an agrarian society can be distinguished:

• The economy is based on primitive crafts and rural subsistence farming. Mainly hand tools are used. Industry is either very little developed or completely absent. Most of the population lives in rural areas, engaged in agriculture.
• The dominance of state and communal forms of ownership; and private property is not inviolable. Material benefits are distributed depending on a person's position in the social hierarchy.
• The pace is low.
• practically unchanged. A person is born into a certain class or caste and does not change his position throughout his life. The main social units are the community and the family.
• Conservatism of society. Any changes occur slowly and spontaneously.
• Human behavior is regulated by beliefs, customs, corporate principles and norms. Independence and individuality are not encouraged. determines the norms of behavior for the individual. A person does not analyze his situation, he strives to adapt to the environment. He evaluates everything that happens to him from the position of the social group to which he belongs.
• An agrarian society presupposes the strong power of the army and the church, and the ordinary person is removed from politics.
• A limited number of educated people, the predominance of oral information over written information.
• Priority over economic life, human life is perceived as the implementation of divine providence.

As a result of economic, political, social and spiritual development, agrarian society in most countries has moved to the industrial stage, which is characterized by an increase in labor productivity in agriculture and industry, an increase in the volume of fixed capital, and an increase in income of the population.

New classes emerge - the bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat. The number of peasants in the population is decreasing, and urbanization is taking place. The role of the state is increasing. Agrarian society and industrial society opposed each other in all directions.

The post-industrial stage is characterized by the development of the service sector, bringing them to the forefront, and increasing the role of knowledge, science and information. Class differences are being erased, and the share of the middle class is increasing.

Agrarian society, from a Eurocentric point of view, is a backward, closed, primitive social organism, to which Western sociology contrasts industrial and post-industrial civilizations.

An industrial society is a society in which the process of creating a large, technically developed industry (as the basis and leading sector of the economy) and the corresponding social and political structures has been completed. It grows out of traditional society. The term itself belongs to Saint-Simon and was used by Comte O. to contrast the new, emerging economic and social structure with the former, pre-industrial (patriarchal). Modern theories of industrial society represent a form of technological determinism.

Distinctive features of industrial society: Establishment of the industrial technological structure as dominant in all social spheres (from economic to cultural)

Changes in the proportions of employment by industry: a significant reduction in the share of people employed in agriculture (up to 3-5%) and an increase in the share of people employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and the service sector (up to 40-45%)

Intensive urbanization

The emergence of a nation-state organized around a common language and culture

Educational (cultural) revolution. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national education systems

Political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (including all suffrage)

Growth in the level of consumption ("consumption revolution", the formation of a "welfare state")

Changing the structure of working and free time (formation of a “consumer society”)

Changes in the demographic type of development (low birth rates, mortality rates, increased life expectancy, aging of the population, i.e., an increase in the proportion of older age groups).

Industrialization is the basis of a broader social process - modernization. The "industrial society" model has often been used as a catch-all to describe modern society, embracing capitalism and socialism as its two variants. The theories of convergence (rapprochement, convergence) emphasized the signs of rapprochement between capitalist and socialist societies, which ultimately become neither classically capitalist nor traditionally socialist.

4 DK 1948 by employees of the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences Brook I.S. and Rameev B.I. Certificates for a digital computer were received, which meant the start of work on the creation of a computer. The first computer in the USSR was launched on December 25, 1951. In Russia-USSR, an industrial society was created and strengthened throughout the twentieth century. The development of industrial society in Russia was evidenced by: the rapid modernization of the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the accelerated pace of industrial development, the growth of per capita production in leading industries, the completion of the industrial revolution, the closure of manufactories, the growth of factory production, the growth in the number of hired workers in the economy, especially in factories and factories, the emergence of new industries, the development of oil production, electricity production, rapid railway construction, the development of shipping companies, Russia's use of technical and technological achievements of the West

concentration of production and monopolization of the economy, the emergence of cartels and syndicates, banking and financial capital, increased investment of foreign capital in the Russian economy

The formation of an industrial society in Russia in the post-reform era was negatively affected by the following factors: half-hearted reforms of the 1860-1870s, the preservation of remnants of serfdom, insufficient development of market relations, which negatively affected the development of industry

preservation of the class-autocratic system, which hampered freedom of enterprise and the development of trade and industry

active intervention of tsarism in the economy, a large place of state capital in industry and finance

the colonial character of the Russian Empire, the use of internal colonies to develop capitalism “in breadth” and not “in depth”

spending significant funds to support landowners, maintaining a huge army of bureaucrats.

Industrial society

The modern stage, or era, in the development of mankind. Previous eras: primitive society, ancient agrarian society, medieval agrarian-industrial society. In the most developed Western European countries, the transition to I.o. began around the 15th century. and ended in the 18th century. For I.o. characterized by the following features: a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production, unimaginable in previous eras; the rapid development of science and technology, means of communication, the invention of newspapers, radio and television; a dramatic expansion of propaganda capabilities; sharp population growth, increasing life expectancy; a significant increase in living standards compared to previous eras; a sharp increase in population mobility; complex division of labor not only within individual countries, but also on an international scale; centralized state; smoothing of horizontal differentiation of the population (dividing it into castes, estates, classes) and growth of vertical differentiation (dividing society into nations, “worlds,” regions).

The radicality of the changes that took place already in the 20th century is evidenced, in particular, by the following facts: since the beginning of the century, the planet's population has more than tripled; in 1900 about 10% of the population lived in cities, by the end of the century - about 50%; 90% of all objects used by humans today were invented in the last hundred years; industrial production is 20 times higher at the end of the century than at the beginning; people use 600 million cars; more than 4,000 artificial Earth satellites have been launched; in 15 years, as many natural resources are consumed as have been used by man throughout his entire existence.

And about. is the beginning of the formation of a single humanity and, accordingly, the formation of world history in the proper sense of the word.

Sometimes I.o. of the last decades, which has achieved particularly effective economic growth is called post-industrial. D. Bell put forward the idea that with t.zr. implementation of various production technologies by society in world history, three main types of social organization can be distinguished: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. This division of history is, however, crude and superficial. It is based on only one feature of social development - the level of economic growth. As a result, the last three centuries of history are divided into two opposing eras, while the entire previous history, spanning many millennia, falls under the inexpressive rubric of “pre-industrial society.” The very difference between industrial and post-industrial types of society is significant only from the point of view. level of economic development. It turns out, however, to be of secondary importance when the holistic culture of developed societies of the last three centuries is taken into account. Post-industrial society is not an independent era, but only the modern stage of the industrial era, which has an undoubted internal unity.

Within each era, there may be one or more civilizations, which can be divided depending on their characteristic style of thinking, structure of feelings and unique collective actions into individualistic, collectivistic and intermediate (see: Individualistic society and collectivistic society). Individualistic civilization in I.o. represented by capitalism, collectivist - by socialism, two variants of which are communism and national socialism.

One of the main trends of I.o. - modernization, the transition from a traditional society to a modernized one. This trend became noticeable in the West.

Europe already in the 17th century, and later it spread to other regions. Traditional societies are characterized by reliance primarily on faith rather than reason, on tradition rather than knowledge, and a disdainful attitude towards economic growth, the introduction of new technologies and economic management. Modernizing societies rely primarily on reason, knowledge and science, carry out consistent industrialization, sharply increasing labor productivity, strengthen the role of management and, in particular, economic management, and give the development of productive forces a certain dynamism and stability. Modernization leads to an increase in the complexity of the social system, intensification of communications, and the gradual formation of a world community. The process of modernization is characteristic not only of capitalist but also of socialist countries. The latter also appeal to reason and science and strive to ensure sustainable economic growth. Moreover, they claim a much more effective modernization than that available to capitalist countries. Modernization is not a historical law that covers all societies and all eras. It characterizes only the transition from an agrarian-industrial society to an industrial one and represents a social trend that noticeably intensified in the 20th century, but may fade in the future under unfavorable circumstances (depletion of natural resources, worsening global problems, etc.).

Two fundamental oppositions (individualist society - collectivist society and traditional society - modernized society) allow us to distinguish four types of social structure: traditional collectivist society (China, India, etc.), traditional individualistic society, modernized collectivist society (communist Russia, National Socialist Germany, etc.) and modernized individualistic society (USA, Japan, etc.). Modern Russia is moving from a collectivist society to a modernized individualistic society.

This schematization shows the non-uniqueness of the so-called. zap. path and at the same time the non-uniqueness of the socialist, in particular communist, choice. There is no common road that each society must travel - albeit at different times and at different speeds. History of I.O. does not go in the direction once described by K. Marx - to socialism and then to communism. But it is not a repetition by all societies of the path that the Westerners took in their time. countries. Modern humanity is not a single, homogeneous whole. It is made up of very different societies at different levels of economic and cultural development. Societies belonging to different historical eras still exist today. In particular, pre-industrial, agro-industrial societies are widespread in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. Industrial societies differ significantly in their level of development. The gross national product per capita in Russia and Brazil is several times lower than in Italy and France, and in the latter it is almost two times lower than in the USA and Japan. The presence in the modern world of societies belonging to different historical eras, and significant differences between societies belonging to the same era, indicate that each era, including the industrial one, is always a certain heterogeneity and certain dynamics. An era is only a development trend for a fairly large and influential group of societies, capable of becoming a development trend for many other societies, and over time, perhaps the vast majority of them.