What motivates an American officer? The myth of the American “professional army”

The main distinguishing feature of an officer as such was and is, noted the famous American scientist S. Huntington, that he is driven in his activities not by material incentives and remuneration, but by love for his profession, obliging him to devote himself entirely to serving society and the country, within by which this society is formed. But society, for its part, has to take on formal or informal obligations to maintain officers in a form sufficient for them to fulfill their functional responsibilities for the organized defense of the country and a decent existence after retirement. In this regard, in my opinion, the experience of the formation and development of officers in the US armed forces and the attitude towards them in American society is very indicative.

In the United States, the position of the military and the attitude of civil society towards the officers were and are determined mainly by the symbiosis of developing liberalism and conservatism remaining to a reasonable degree. Since independence in 1776 and through all critical periods in the development of the United States as a state, liberalism and conservatism have been and continue to be constants in American civil-military relations. At the same time, regardless of which political group was in power, the priorities always included the interests of national security, the need to increase military spending and comprehensive support for the officers, including in terms of increasing their professionalism.
Moreover, the increasing complexity of weapons and military equipment, the art of war, constantly required from officers and especially generals not only special training, but also a methodical increase in the level of knowledge and broadening their horizons. As a result, society perceives military professionals not only as “a man with a gun”, but also as relatively decently educated people. Nevertheless, in the United States there remains an artificial barrier that arose during the era of the struggle for independence and separates the military from the civilians.
It was in those years that, as a hero-defender of the nation, the image of not a professional military man, but a civilian man, liberal in his views, forced by fate and circumstances to “put on a uniform,” began to be imposed on American society. This fact was noted by the once famous American historian Dixon Wector, who wrote: “... all the great national heroes of America, perhaps with the exception of John Washington, were liberals, and a professional soldier was simply not valued in that capacity.”
A definite reason for the existence of the barrier is the unprecedented “civilian control” over the armed forces in general and their top (generals) in particular. If the founding fathers of the United States and the authors of the Constitution initially did not even think about such a problem as the possibility of the military leaving the tutelage of civil society with the general spirituality of the population, which had achieved independence by force, then as the officers became isolated into a separate caste, such a problem began to emerge more and more clearly . American leaders came to the conclusion that it was necessary to share power in matters of control and management of the armed forces. It was believed that if the federal government monopolized power over the Armed Forces, the relative independence of the states would be threatened; if the president monopolizes control of the country's military machine, he will pose a serious threat to the legislators, that is, to Congress. Therefore, control over the armed forces was gradually fragmented and, in a certain sense, “blurred” between all US government institutions.
Finally, the existence of the barrier is explained, as Huntington notes, by the military’s striving to achieve the desired goal - effectiveness in battle, which could not be found in parallel even then in a significant list of civilian professions. Hence the difference between the historically formed so-called. military thinking from the civilian way of thinking. Huntington emphasizes that, despite the fact that there are many ways of thinking of representatives of civil society due to one or another specificity of their activities, levels and quality of education, living environment, etc., the way of thinking of a military professional is universal, specific and constant. This, on the one hand, unites the military into a certain specific environment or group, and on the other, involuntarily makes them outcasts, separated from the rest of society.
Such a dual attitude towards oneself does not contribute to the unity of military and civilians. Christopher Coker, professor of international relations at the London School of Economics, is even more pessimistic. In his opinion, “at present, the military is in despair because it is increasingly moving away from a civil society that does not properly evaluate them and at the same time controls their thoughts and actions ... They are removed from a society that denies them honestly won glory " K. Coker concludes: “The Western military is in a deep crisis due to the erosion in civil society of the image of a fighter due to the rejection of sacrifice and dedication as an example to follow.” It would seem that this suggests a simple conclusion: the adaptation of professional military personnel to the values ​​of civil society. But this, according to the British scientist, is a dangerous way to solve the problem, because the military should view war as a challenge and its purpose, and not as a work of coercion. In other words, they must be willing to sacrifice.
Meanwhile, Western analysts note, during the period of the “total war on terrorism,” civil society gets used to constant tension, becomes embittered, but at the same time, with almost undisguised pleasure, it places the responsibility of waging it on professional military personnel. Moreover, the thesis that “a professional military man cannot help but desire war!” is very popular in civil society! In reality, and this is very clearly and logically substantiated by some Western analysts, mainly from among the “men in uniform,” an expert in military affairs, that is, a military professional, very rarely treats war as a good thing.
He always insists that the impending danger of war requires an increase in the supply of arms and military equipment to the troops, but at the same time he is unlikely to advocate war, justifying the possibility of waging it by expanding the supply of weapons. The military professional always advocates thorough preparation for war, but never considers himself fully prepared for war. Moreover, any military man at the highest level of leadership of the armed forces is always well aware of what he risks if his country is drawn into war. Victorious or lost, in any case, the war shakes the military institutions of the state to a much greater extent than civilian ones. In this regard, the prominent French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville quotes the words of one of the senior officers of the Russian imperial army that he “hates war because it spoils the army,” and then the “bitter” words of an American naval officer that "The American Civil War left the navy in ruins." S. Huntington is categorical: “Only civilian philosophers, publicists and scientists, but not military men, can romanticize and glorify war!”
These circumstances, the American scientist continues his thought, given the subordination of the military to civil authorities, both in democratic and totalitarian societies, force military professionals, contrary to reasonable logic and calculations, to unquestioningly “fulfill their duty to the fatherland,” and in other words, to indulge the whims of civilian politicians. The most instructive example from this area, Western analysts believe, is the situation in which the German generals found themselves in the 30s of the last century. After all, German senior officers probably realized that Hitler's foreign policy would lead to a national catastrophe. And yet, following the canons of military discipline, German generals diligently followed the instructions of the country's political leadership, and some even took personal advantage from this, taking high positions in the Nazi hierarchy.
S. Huntington notes that, in general, the ideas of expansionism have never been popular among the American military. They believed that foreign policy problems should be solved by any means and only as a last resort - military, that is, by force. This phenomenon is explained by deeply rooted idealism in American society, which tends to transform the so-called. a just (according to the Americans) war into a “crusade”, a battle not for specific national security goals, but for the “universal values ​​of democracy.” This was the case for the American military during the First and Second World Wars. It is no coincidence that the Supreme Commander of the Western Allies in Europe, General Dwight Eisenhower, called his memoirs “The Crusade in Europe”! A similar attitude, but with certain political and moral costs, took place among the American military during the initial period (after the so-called mega-terrorist attacks in September 2001) of the “total fight against terrorism”, which led to the invasion first of Afghanistan and then of Iraq. This cannot be said about either the Korean or Vietnamese wars, the largest ones since World War II, where the opinion of the military was little listened to, and there was no “halo of sanctity of the cause” for which one sometimes had to die on the battlefield.
In general, in American society, where the cult of “strong men” has always been quite developed, military heroes are very popular. It is significant that almost a third of US presidents before the mid-twentieth century had merit in the past as combat commanders.

(To be continued in the next issue.)

In Russia, military ranks were first introduced in the thirties of the seventeenth century in connection with the formation of the first soldier (infantry) regiments of the “new system” in Moscow.

Their senior command staff initially consisted largely of foreign mercenaries. Somewhat later, for example during Russian-Polish war of 1654-67, emphasis was placed on national personnel.

In the eight soldiers, one Reitar and one dragoon regiments of the “new system” that were available at that time, the most combat-ready part of the army, more than seventy percent of the command staff were Russian nobles.

The profession of an officer in the Russian state in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was considered one of the most prestigious.

Almost all the men of the Romanov house that reigned in Russia for more than three hundred years were in military service, had ranks and constantly wore military uniforms. This is also typical for most noble families.

Even A.S. Pushkin, a purely civilian man, a great poet, all his sons, grandsons and many great-grandsons became professional military men, and his daughters and almost all his numerous granddaughters married officers.

Of the 43,720 officers and generals on active military service in 1897, 51.9% (22,290 people) were hereditary nobles, and in 1912 representatives of this upper class of Russia made up about 70% of the officer corps.

Nobility in Russia- A.S. Pushkin: What is nobility? The hereditary class of the people is the highest, that is, awarded with great advantages regarding property and private freedom. The word "nobleman" literally means "a person from the princely court" or "courtier". Nobles were taken into the service of the prince to carry out various administrative, judicial and other assignments

In many families, the military profession has been passed down from generation to generation for centuries. Descendants were proud of the merits and military exploits of their ancestors, whose names were well known not only in the army, but also in the country, and strived in every possible way to become worthy of their blessed memory...

In the first half of the eighteenth century, a number of educational institutions were opened to train officers from among noble youth. But they could not fully satisfy the growing needs of the army.

In the mid-forties of the nineteenth century, the problem of officer training was felt very acutely.

The chief of the main staff, Ya. I. Rostovtsev, was assigned to develop its systems. in 1848, those prepared by Rostovtsev were put into effect "Instructions for the education of students of military educational institutions".

But the problem remained unresolved: there were three times fewer officers who graduated from military educational institutions than officers who received their rank in another way.

Therefore, during the military reforms of 1860-70, new military educational institutions were created.

Already in the early seventies of the nineteenth century, they were able to annually train up to 2000 officers, that is, 3.5 times more than during the Crimean War.

Crimean War 1853-1856, or Eastern War- a war between the Russian Empire, on the one hand, and a coalition consisting of: the British, French, Ottoman Empires and the Kingdom of Sardinia, on the other. The fighting reached its greatest tension in Crimea. Russian troops suffered several defeats during this war, and as a result, on March 18, 1856, the Treaty of Paris was signed, according to which Russia returned the Kars fortress to Turkey in exchange for the southern part of Sevastopol, and ceded the mouth of the Danube and part of southern Bessarabia to the Principality of Moldova. The autonomy of Serbia and the Danube principalities was confirmed. The Black Sea and the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits were declared neutral: open to merchant shipping and closed to military vessels, both coastal and all other powers. Türkiye has strengthened its position on the Black Sea.

The bulk of the officers to fill the vacancies of platoon and half-company commanders came from military schools, the number of which had been continuously increasing since 1863.

By the time the law on universal military conscription was introduced in Russia (1874), there were 21 cadet schools operating in the country (16 infantry, 2 cavalry and 3 Cossack).

Junker schools were intended for military education by cadets (a cadet is not only a student of the Military or Junker School of the Russian Empire, but also a rank/rank in the Russian Imperial Army) and non-commissioned officers from volunteers before their promotion to officers. The lower ranks of all classes and confessions (except for the Jewish) were accepted into the cadet schools, provided they were honored by their immediate superiors. Those who completed the course were released into their regiments as ensigns, estandard cadets and sub-sergeants and were promoted to officers only upon the honor of their immediate superiors.

The course of study was divided into three classes: general (junior) and two special; In the summer, the cadets were taken to field camps for tactical training and exercises on the ground.

The curriculum included the study of general education:

• God's law
• Russian language,
• mathematics,
• physics,
• chemistry and others

special disciplines:

• tactics,
• military history,
• topography.
• fortification,
• artillery,
• military administration
• military law
• military geography

At all times of the existence of Russia, officers of the Russian army were considered models of decency, honesty and devotion to the fatherland. A Russian officer is a highly respected member of society.

* Song of a Russian officer from the film "Crown of the Russian Empire" performed by Vladimir Ivashov.

Currently

The main duty of any officer is to protect his homeland.

Officers educate their subordinates in units and on ships around the world, this is their main responsibility. They serve in a very dangerous and stressful service, and their duty is to return the soldiers to their mothers.

Captains, captain-lieutenants, majors, captains of the third rank, colonels and captains of the first rank are those who know their specialty and service best, those who are destined for great tasks in educating future generations of warriors.

Suvorov had a teacher, Kutuzov had a teacher, Kolchak, Denikin, Turkul, Zhukov, Konev, Rokossovsky - everyone was taught by teachers. So that they would worthily, as we know from history, defend our country on the hot front lines.

Famous words of the Russian general:

“My symbol is short: Love for the Fatherland, freedom, science and Slavism” - M.D. SKOBELEV

Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev(September 17, 1843 - June 25, 1882) - Russian military leader and strategist, infantry general (1881), adjutant general (1878). Participant in the Central Asian conquests of the Russian Empire and the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, liberator of Bulgaria. He went down in history with the nickname “White General” (Turkish Ak-paşa [Ak-Pasha]), which is always associated primarily with him. He took part in battles in a white uniform and on a white horse. The Bulgarian people consider him a national hero.

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pZHYGET RTPZHEUUYS PUPVBS, Y LFB PUPVEOOPUFSH RTPSCHMSEFUS CH UCHPEPVTBOBOSCHI FTEVPCHBOYSI L EZP LBYUEUFCHBN. UHFSH RTPVMESCH CHSTBIYM CH LTBFLPN YYTEYUEOYY ZEOETBM n. dTBZPNYTPCH: "...CHEMYLB Y RPYUEFOB TPMSH PZHYGETB...Y FSZPUFSH EE OE CHUSLPNH RPD UYMH" .

pZHYGETULBS RTPZHEUUYS VPMEE YuEN MAVBS DTHZBS FTEVHEF RTYJCHBOYS. bFB RTPZHEUUYS FTHDOB (ZHYYYUUEULY, NPTBMSHOP Y RUYIPMPZYUEUULY), PRBUOB DBTSE CH NYTOPE CHTENS, FTEVHEF CHSHCHUPLPK UBNPPFCHETTSEOPUFY, DPIPDSEEK DP UBNPBBVCHEOYS. tSDSH PZHYGETULPZP LPTRKHUB RPLYOKHFSH OBYUYFEMSHOP UMPTSOEE, YUEN RPTCHBFSH U LBLPC-MYVP DTHZPK UREGYBMSHOPUFSHA. pZHYGETULBS UMHTSVB UPRTSCEOB UP NOPZYNY MYYEOYSNY, OEKHDPVUFCHBNY, LPFPTSHCHE OE YURSHCHFSHCHBAF RTEDUFBCHYFEMY DTHZYI RTPZHEUUYK. DEOETsOPE CHPOBZTBTSDEOYE ЪB PZHYGETULYK FTKhD LBL RTBCHYMP OE UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF FPK CHSHCHUPLPK EZP "UFPYNPUFY", LPFPTPK RP URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY LFPF FTKHD DPMTSEO VSH PGEOYCHBFSHUS . CHCHUPLBS UFEREOSH PFCHEFUFCHOOPUFY, PZTBOYUEOOOPUFSH ZTBTSDBOULYI MYUOSCHI RTBCH Y UCHPVPD FSTSEMSCHN VTENEOEN MPTSBFUS ABOUT DKHYKH PZHYGETB Y FTEVHAF CHSHUPYUBKYEZP KHTPCHOS UPOBF EMSHOPUFY UBNPPZTBOYUEOS. OE LBTSDSCHK YUEMPCHEL CH UPUFPSOY OEUFY RP TsYYOY FBLPC "LTEUF".

Chue ULBUBOOPE Y PRTEDEMSEF CHSHCHUPLHA OBYUINPUFSH RTYYCHBOYS CH PZHYGETULPK RTPZHEUUYY, YVP, RP UMPCHBN n. neoshyylpchb, "..-CH CHPEOOPN DEME LFP VEKHNOPE HUMPCHYE CHPCHEDEOP CH BLPO" .

TBUUNPFTYN CH UCHSY U LFYN UKHEOPUFSH PZHYGETULPZP RTYYCHBOYS Y FE RTPVMENSH, LPFPTSHCHE YNEAF NEUFP CH TSYOY. rTETSDE CHUEZP, RTYYCHBOIE LFP RTEDTBURMPTSEOOPUFSH, ULMPOOPUFSH Y RTEDBOOPUFSH DBOOPC RTPZHEUUYY.

h UChPA PYUETEDSH RTEDTBURMPPTSEOOPUFSH OBIPDIF UCHPE RTPSCHMEOYE h PUPVSHCHI:

B) ЪББДБФЛБИ (ЖЪЪЯУЕУЛИИ, РИИПМПЗИУЕУЛИИ ДТ.);

C) URPUPVOPUFSI (DHIPCHOSHI, RUYIPMPZYUUEULYI, YOFEMMELPHHBMSHOSHI, LPNNHOILBFYCHOSHI, PTZBOYBFPTULYYI, ZHYYYUEULYI);

H) LBYUEUFCHBI MYUOPUFY (PUPVEOOPUFSI IBTBLFETB). uLMPOOPUFSH L RTPZHEUUYY RTPSCHMSEFUS H:

B) MAVCHY L OEK;

C) TSEMBOY PCHMBDEFSH DBOOPC RTPZHEUUYEK. rTEDBOOPUFSH RTPZHEUUYY RTPSCHMSEFUS H:

B) RTEDRPYUFEOOY DBOOK RTPZHEUUYY DTKHZYN CH UYMKH YDEKOSCHI UPPVTBTSEOYK, B OE UMHTSEOYE EK YЪ-ЪB OEPVIPDYNPUFY, LPTSHCHUFY Y TBUYUEFB;

B) PFUHFUFCHYY RPVKhTsDEOOYS YYNEOYFSH EK YMY RTPNEOSFSH ABOUT VPMEE CHZPDOHA Y DPIPDOHA;

H) BLFYCHOPN Y YOIGYBFYCHOPN YURPMOOY UCHPEZP RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPZP DPMZB.

chTSD MY CHSHCHCHCHBEF UPNOEOE FPF ZBLF, YuFP DMS PZHYGETULPK RTPZHEUUY OEPVIPDYNSCH FBLYE ZHJYYUEULYE ЪBDBFLY, LBL UYMB, MPCHLPUFSH, IPTPYEE ЪDPTPCHSHE Y FEMPUMPTSEOYE . OE NEOEE PYUECHYDOSCHN DMS ЪOBAEYI MADEK SCHMSEFUS Y FP, YFP VPMEE CHUEZP DMS RTPZHEUUYY PZHYGETB RPDIPDSF DCHB CHYDB FENRETBNEOFB: IPMETYUEULYK Y UBOZCHYYUEULYK .

eUMY ЪBDBFLY YUEMPCHELB ЪBCHYUSF PF RTYTPDSCH, FP URPUPVOPUFY TEЪHMSHFBF TBBCHIFYS UBNYN YUEMPCHELPN FAIRIES DBOOSHCH, LPFPTSCHE CH OEN PF RTYTPDSCH ЪБМПЦЭОШЧ: NPTsOP YNE FSH IPTPYE ЪBDBFLY, OP OE TEBMYЪPCHBFSH YI CH CHYDE URPUPVOPUFEK Y, OBRTPFYCH, VEЪ ЪBDBFLPCH OE NPZHF VShchFSH Y URPUPVOPUFY.

URPUPVOPUFY YUEMPCHELB OBIPDSFUS CH UMPTsOPK CHBYNPJBCHYUYNPUFY, YOE CHUEZDB “CH ЪDPTPCHPN FEME ЪДПТПЧШЧК ДХИ”. ULPTEE, DHI, DHIPCHOPUFSH, DHIPCHOSHE LBYUEUFCHB PLBSCHCHBAF UYMSHOEKEEE CHMYSOYE ABOUT ZHTNYTPCHBOYE Y TBCHYFYE CHUEI PUFBMSHOSCHI. chPF RPYUENH YNEOOP ZTHRRE DHIPCHOSHI URPUPVOPUFEK PZHYGETB RTYOBDMETSYF RTYPTYFEFOBS TPMSH.

tPUUYS CHUEZDB VSHMB DHIPCHOP VPZBFPK UFTBOPK. “OBY DESCH RTED MYGPN PVEEK PRBUOPUFY, RTED NSCHUMSHA P YUEUFY TPUUY KHNEMY ЪBVSCHFSH UCHPY MYUOSCH DEMB, PFMBZBMY UCHPA TPЪOSH DP DTHZPZP READING; UPUMPCHYS, RBTFYY NETSDH UPVPA OE RTERYTBMYUSH, OILFP OE ЪMPTBDUFCHPCHBM PYYVLBN CHMBUFY".

okhtsop MY ZPCHPTYFSH P FPN, YuFP CHTBZY TPUUYY, RSCHFBSUSH PVEUUYMYFSH EE, OE OBIPDIYMY OBYMKHYUYEZP URPUPVB, "YuFPV PVECHTEDYFSH EE RTYTPDOHA UYMKH", LBL "RPTBVPFYFSH EE DHIPCH OP Y OTBCHUFCHOOOP ". chPF RPYUENKH OE NEOEE VDYFEMSHOP, YUEN ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCH ZTBOYGSCH UFTBOSHCH, OBDP PVPTPPOSFSH OBU OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK DHI. OP VHI LFPZP UMEDHEF RPOSFSH, UFP CE METSBMP Y METSYF CH EZP PUOPCHE.

h PUOPCHE OBIYEZP OBGYPOBMSHOPZP DHib METSYF RBFTYPFYYN. yUFPTYLY (o. lBTBNYO, part lMAYUECHULYK, u. uPMPCHSHECH Y DT.) OETEDLP PFNEYUBMY UMBVPUFSH TKHUULPZP RBFTYPFYNB, OEDPUFBFPYUOPUFSH EZP CH VHDOYUOPK PVUFBOPCHLE, YU LBTSEOOPE RPOINBOIE EZP UNSHUMB Y F.R., OP Y POY OE NPZMY ULTSHFSH KhDYCHMEOYS PF CHTPDE VSC URPOFBOOPZP EZP RTPSCHMEOYS CH NYOKHFSCH UNETFEMSHOPK PRBUOPUFY DMS UFTBOSH Y ZPUKHDBTUFCHB.

CHUE DEMP CH FAIRY PUPVOOPUFSI, P LPFPTSHCHY. blUBLPCH ZPCHPTYM: “nBMP VSHCHFSH tHUULYN FPMSHLP RTY VPMSHYI YUFPTYYUEULYI PLBYSI, OP OBDP YN VSHCHFSH Y CH VKHDOYUOPE CHTENS YUFPTYY, CH ETSEDOECHOPK DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY... about X RTELY CH OEDPUFBFLE OBTPDOPZP UBNPUPOBOYS CH OBYEN PVEEUFCHE OBNOE TB RTYIPDIMPUSH UMSHCHYBFSH CHPTBTTSEOYS FBLPZP TPDB: “B ChPF RPUNPFTYFE-LB, LBLYE NSCH THUULYE, LBLYE NSCH RBFTYPFSCH CH NYOHFSCH PRBUOPUFY: UHOSHFEUSH-LB ABOUT OBU YUKHTSEUFTBOGSH CHPKOPA, NSCH CHUE, LBL PDYO YUEMPCHEL, UFBOEN ZTHDSHA ЪB TKHUU LHA YENMA "... bFP DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP FBL, CH BFPN OEF UPNOEOYS, Y BFYN UChPKUFChPN OBYN NSCH NPTSE RP RTBCH ZPTDYFSHUS, OP LFPF RPICHBMSHOSCHK RBFTYPFYYN OE NEYBEF OBN CHSHCHDBCHBFSH FH TSE TKHUULHA YENMA FEN TSE YOPUFTBOGBN, LBL ULTP POY YDH FOB OBU OE CHPKOPA, B NYTOSHCHN OBVEZPN, Y ULPTP, OE CHYDS CHTBTSEULPZP UFBOB Y OE UMSCHYB CHPYOUFCHEOOSCHI LMYLPCH, NSCH UYFBEN CHPNPTSOSCHN PFMPTSYFSH CH UFPTPOH RBFTYPFYUEULPE OBRTSSEOYE.”

rBFTYPFYYN CH YUYUME DHIPCHOSCHI LBYUEUFCH PZHYGETB BOYNBEF GEOFTBMSHOPE NEUFP. “iPTPIYK ZTBTSDBOYO NPTSEF PLBBBFSHUS RMPIIN PZHYGETPN (VEI UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEEK UREGYBMSHOPK RPDZPFPCHLY), CH FPN OEF OYUEZP KhDYCHYFEMSHOPZP; OP ZPTE FPK UFTBOE, ZDE PZHYGETSCH RMPIIE ZTBTSDBOE...” .

R. yЪNEUFSHECH, RPDUETLYCHBS OBYUEOYE RBFTYPFYYNB CH CHPEOOPN DEME Y TPMSH PZHYGETB CH EZP TBBCHYFYY, KHLBSHCHBEF: “fPMSHLP ZMHVPLPE RPOINBOYE RTYOSFPZP ABOUT EUVS OBG YPOBMSHOPZP DPMZB, FPMSHLP RTPCHEDEOYE CH NBUUH CHPURYFSHCHBENSHHI OBNY VPKGPC YUKHCHUFCHB ЪDPTPPCHPZP, B OE LCHBUOPZP RBFTYPPFYNB RPNPTSEF OBN CH VHDHEYI CHPKOBI DPVYFSHUS HUREYB State of emergency of the Southern Federal Chamber of Commerce VSC FP OH ufbmp".

about UFTBOYGBI CHPEOOOPK REYUBFY PFNEYUBMPUSH, YuFP "H OBU UMYYLPN NBMP PVTBEBAF CHAINBOYS ABOUT TBCHYFYE RBFTYPFYYNB CH BTNYYY CH OBTPDE. h OBTPDE LFP DEMP OBTPDOSCHI KHYYFEMEK Y DHIPCHEOUFCHB, B CH BTNYY DEMP PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB ".

“DMS FPZP TSE YUFPVSH CHOKHYBFSH UPMDBFBN YDEY RBFTYPFYNB, OBDP UBNYN RTPOILOKHFSHUS YNY OBUFPMSHLP, YUFPVSH LFY IDEY VSHCHMY CHSTBTSEOYEN OBEZP CHOKHFTEOOEZP “S”. bFP FPMSHLP CHPNPTsOP FPZDB, LPZDB CH UMHTSVE CHYDYYSH OE PDOKH OERTYSFOKHA OEPVIPDYNPUFSH YЪ-ЪB LHULB IMEVB, B CHSHCHUYK, OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHK DPMZ. DMS LFPZP FTEVHEFUS YMY RPMOPE RETEPTTSDEOYE CH DHIY UNSHUME RBFTYPFYNB YMY... PUFBCHMEOYE UMKHTSVSHY RTEDPUFBCHMEOYE NEUFB DTHZYN, VPMEE URPUPVOSCHN CHPURTYOSFSH IDEA MAVCH Y L TPDYOE. CHUS PYYVLB OBYB UPUFPYF CH FPN, YuFP YYTPL PFLTSCHCH DCHETY DMS TSEMBAYI RPUFHRYFSH CH BTNYA, NSCH KHUFBOPCHYMY NETYMPN RTYENB CH RPMLY FPMSHLP OBKHYUOKHA RPDZPFPCHLH Y KHRKHUFYMY Y Kommersant CHYDH, YuFP DHI LPTRPTBFYCHOPUFY Y YDEY RBFTYPFYNB OE DPVCHCHBAFUS YJHYUEOYEN MBFYOULPZP SJSHLB Y BMZEVTSCH, B DBAFUS CHPURYFBOYEN ".

dMS TBYFYFYS YUFYOOPZP RBFTYPFYYNB OEPVIPDYNP RTPVKhDYFSH UPOBOE OBTPDOPE Y RTYPVEYFSH EZP L TSYCHPFCHPTOPNH YUFPYUOILH, YЪ LPFPTPZP UMEDHEF YuETRBFSH NSCHUM Y P CHEMYUYY OBGYY, RTYNETSH YUFYOOOPK ZPTDPUFY RTEDLBNY, OBDETSDH ABOUT RTEPDPMEOYE FTHDOPUFEK Y MYYEOYK, CHETH CH VHDHEEE OBGYY. h FYI HUMPCHYSI “YDES CHEMYLPZP PFEYUEUFCHB RPRYTBEF UBNH FEOSH YYNEOSCH. TBCHOPDKHOYE L TPDYOE LBTSEFUS YUETOPK OEVMBZPDBTOPUFSH. OERPCHYOPCHEOYE DETSBCHOPK CHMBUFY RPDMPUFSHA ".

dHIPCHOPE VPZBFUFCHP OBGYY OEPVIPDYNP YYCHMEYUSH YI BTIYCHB Y PVTBFYFSH CH BTUEOBM CHPURYFBOYS TPUUYKULYI PZHYGETPCH.

h UFTHLFHTE DHIPCHOSHI LBYUEUFCH PZHYGETB CHYDOP NEUFP ЪBOYNBEF CHYOULYK DHI. YuFPVSH UFBFSH PZHYGETPN, OEDPUFBFPYuOP OBDEFSH CHPEOOSHCHK NHODYT Y DBCE PLPOYUYFSH CHPEOOP-HYUEVOPE UBCHEDEOYE. oBDP UTPDOYFSHUS U RTPZHEUUYEK, OHTsOP RTYPVTEUFY FSHUSYU UOPTPCHPL, OEPVIPDYNSHI CH CHPEOOPN DEME. bFPZP OECHPNPTSOP DPVYFSHUS VE CHSHCHUPLPZP CHPYOULPZP DHib.

pZHYGET DPMTSEO RTDPRYFBFSHUS YUKHCHUFCHPN DYUGYRMYOSCH, FP EUFSH UPBOYEN FPZP, YuFP PO PVSBO RPDYYOSFSHUS UFBTYYN Y PVSBO RPCHEMECHBFSH NMBDYYNY, PO DPMTsEO VSHCHUFTP UICHB FSHCHBFSH UNSHUM RTYLBBOYS Y OBKHYUIFSHUS UBN PFDBCHBFSH RTYLBBOYS FCHETDP, LTBFLP Y SUOP. lBL RPDYUYOOOSCHK BY DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH RPYUFYFEMEO, UDETSBO, OP CH FP TSE CHTENS PVSBO NHTSEUFCHEOOP DPLMBDSCHCHBFSH OBYUBMSHOILKH Y FP, YuFP FPNKH NPTsEF VSHCHFSH OERTYSFOP. lBL OBYUBMSHOIL BY DPMTSEO ЪBVPFYFSHUS P RPDYUYOOOSCHI, VSHFSH YUEMPCHYUOSCHN CH PVEEOYY U OYNY, OP CH FP TSE CHTENS OE DPRHULBFSH ЪBYZTSCHCHBOYS Y RBOYVTBFUFCHB.

WHERE OBUYOBEFUS ZHTNYTPCHBOYE CHPYOULPZP DHib PZHYGETPCH? lPOYUOP CE, CH CHPEOOP-HYUEVOPN UBCHEDEOYY. OP LBL KhDETTSBFSH CH BTNYY PZTPNOPE VPMSHYOUFCHP FAIRIES RETEPDEFSCHI CH PZHYGETULYE NHODYTSCH YFBFULYI AOPYEK, RYYEF n. NEOSHYYLPCH, YuFP CHSHCHRKHULBAF OBUY VKHDFP VSC CHPEOOSHCH, B ABOUT UBNPN DEME DBCHOP UDEMBCHYEUS YFBFULYNY HYUMYEB? oBULPMSHLP PUFTP UFPSMB RTPVMENB ZHTNYTPCHBOYS CHPYOULPZP DHib PZHYGETPCH CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYSIY CHKULBI, NPTsOP UKhDYFSH RP VPMSHYPNH YUYUMH UFBFEK ABOUT FUH FENKH b . dNYFTECHULPZP .

chPURYFBOYE CH CHPEOOPN DHIE, LBL RPLBYSCHCHBEF YUFPTYYUEULYK PRSHCHF, OBDP OBUYOBFSH LBL NPTsOP TBOSHYE. "h YUFYOOP CHPEOOPN DHIE OBDP ChPURYFSHCHBFSH HTSE U NBMPMEFUFCHB h LPTRKHUBI, RTYHYUBS L RTPUFPFE TSYYOY, L FTKHDH, MYYEOYSN, TBCHYCHBS ZHJYYUEULY RKHFEN RPUFPSOOSHI ЪBOSF YK URPTFPN, B KHNUFCHEOOSCH ЪBOSFYS CHCHCHEUFY YЪ FERETEYOEK NETFChPK THFYOSCH Y RPUFBCHYFSH ABOUT RTBLFYUEULHA RPYUCH."

h LFPC UCHSY BLFHBMSHOPK UEZPDOS SCHMSEFUS ЪBDББУБ ChPUUPЪDBOYS LBDEFULYI LPTRHUPCH LBL CHPEOOP-HYEVOSHI ЪBCHEDEOYK, PUHEEUFCHMSAEYI VPMEE TBOOAA, YUEN. Pvschyuosche Chpeoosche YLPMSCH, RPDZPFPCHLH CHPEOOOPK MYFSHCH .

ABOUT RBNSFOIL URBTFBOGBN, RPZYVYYN CH OETBCHOPN VPA KH ZHETNPRYM, VSHMP OBRYUBOP: "rHFoil, LPMY RTDEYSH CH URBTFKH, PRPCHEUFY FBN, YuFP CHYDEM FSH OBU ЪDEUSH RPMEZYYNY, LBL FPZP FTEVKH EF ЪBLPO". ъBLPO PF CHTENEO URBTFSCH Y DP UEZP DOS PUFBMUS UCHSEOOOSCHN DMS CHPYOB-PZHYGETB. EZP UHFSH RTELTBUOP CHSTBTSBAF UMPCHB ZHYMPUPZHB UEOELY: “dPUFPKOP HNETEFSH LFP OBYUYF YJVETSBFSH PRBUOPUFY OEDPUFPKOP TSYFSH.”

yuEUFSH, METSBEBS CH PUOPCHE PZHYGETULPZP DPMZB, CHBTSOEKIEEE DHIPCHOPE LBYEUFChP PZHYGETB.

OESCHVMENP RTBCHYMP "UMKHTSYFSH CHETOP" CHIPDIMP CH LPDELU YUEUFY PZHYGETB Y YNEMP UFBFKHU LFYUEULPK GEOOPUFY, OTBCHUFCHEOOPZP ЪBLPOB. ьФПФ ЪБЛПО ВЭПЗПЧПТПУОП RTYOBCHBMUS NOPZYNY RPLPMEOYSNY PZHYGETPCH, RTYOBDMETSBCHYYNYY L TBOSCHN LTHZBN PVEEUFCHB. rPLBBFEMEO CH LFPN PFOPYEOYY RYJPD, ЪBREYUBFMEOOSCHK b.u. RHYLYOSCHN CH EZP “lbRYFBOULPK DPYULE”, LPZDB DCHPTSOYO BODTEK REFTPCHYU zTYOECH DBEF OBUFBCHMEOYE USCHOKH: “rTPEBK, reFT. uMKhTSY CHETOP, LPNH RTYUSZOEYSH; UMHYBKUS OBYUBMSHOYLPCH; ЪB YI MBULPA OE ZPOSKUS; ABOUT UMHTSVH OE ORTBIYCHBKUS; PF UMHTSVSHCH OE PFZPCHBTYCHBKUS; Y RPNOY RPUMPCHYGH: VETEZY RMBFSHE UOPCHKH, B YUEUFSH UNPMPDKH ".

chPURYFBOOPE U DEFUFCHB YUKHCHUFChP UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB YUEFLP RTPCHPDYMP ZTBOSH NETSDH ZPUKHDBTECHPK UMKHTSVPK Y MBLEKULYN RTYUMKHTSYCHBOYEN. pDOYN YЪ RTYOGYRPCH PZHYGETULPK YDEPMMPZY VSHMP KHVETSDEOYE, YuFP CHSHCHUPLPE RPMPTSEOYE PZHYGETB CH PVEEUFCHE PVSCHCHBEF EZP VSHCHFSH PVTBGPN CHSHCHUPLYI OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI LBUEUFCH. TEYBAEBS KHUFBOPCHLB Ch CHPURYFBOY LBDEFB UPUFPSMB CH FPN, YuFP EZP PTYEOFYTPCHBMY OE ABOUT KHUREY, B ABOUT YDEBM vShchFSH ITBVTSHCHN, YuEUFOSHCHN, PVTBBPCHBOOSCHN ENKH UMEDPCHBMP OE DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH DPUFYUSH UMBCSHCH, VPZBFUFCHB, CHSHUPLPZP YYOB, B RPFPNH YuFP PO PZHYGET, RPFPNH YuFP ENKH NOPZPE DBOP, RPFPNKH YuFP BY DPMTSEO VShchFSH YNEOOP FBLYN, YVP FBLPChP VSHMP FTEVPCHBOIE PZHYGETULPK YUEUFY.

yuEUFSH OE DBEF PZHYGETH OILBLYI RTYCHYMEZYK, B OBRTPFYCH, DEMBEF EZP VPMEE KHSCHYNSCHN, YUEN DTHZIE. h YDEBME YUEUFSH SCHMSMBUSH PUOPCHOSCHN ЪBLPOPN RPCHEDEOYS PZHYGETB, VE'HUMPCHOP Y VE'PZPCHPTPYuOP RTEPVMBDBAYN OBD MAVSHNY DTHZYY UPPVTBTTSEOYSNY, VHDSH UFP CHSHCHZPDB, XU REI, VE'PRBUOPUFSH YMY RTPUFP TBUUKHDIFEMSHOPUFSH. zPFPCHOPUFSH TYULPCHBFSH TSYOSHA DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH OE VShchFSH PVEYUEEOOOSCHN, FTEVPCHBMB OENBMPK ITBVTPUFY, B FBLCE YUEUFOPUFY, CHSTBVPFLY RTYCHSHCHYULY PFCHEYUBFSH ЪB UCHPY U MHRB. DENPOUFTYTPCHBFSH PVYDH Y OE RTEDRTYOINBFSH OYUEZP, YUFPVSH PDETOKHFSH PVYDUYLB YMY RTPUFP CHSHSUOYFSH U OYN PFOPYEOYS, UYUYFBMPUSH RTYOBLPN DHTOPZP CHPURYFBOYS Y UPNOYFEMSHO SPHERE OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI RTYOGYRPCH .

rPUFPSOOP RTYUKHFUFCHHAEBS KHZTPUB UNETFEMSHOPZP RPEDYOLB PYUEOSH RPCSHCHYBMB GEOH UMPC Y, CH PUPVEOOPUFY, "YUEUFOPZP UMPCHB." rHVMYYUOPE PULPTVMEOYE OEYVETSOP CHMELMP ЪB UPVPK DKHMSH. OBTKHYYFSH DBOOPE UMPPE OBUYF TBY OCHUEZDB RPZHVYFSH UCHPA TERKHFBGYA. dH'MSH LBL URPUPV ЪBEIFSH YUEUFY OEUMB EEE Y PUPVHA ZHOLGYA KHFCHETTSDBMB OELPE PZHYGETULPE TBCHEOUFCHP, OE ЪBCHYUSEEE PF UMKHTSEVOPK YETBTIYY. eUMY UFYNHMPN CHUEK TSYOY SCHMSEFUS YUEUFSH, UPCHETYOOOP PYUECHYDOP, YuFP PTYEOFYTPN CH RPchedeoy YUEMPCHELB UFBOPCHYMYUSH OE TEKHMSHFBFSCH, B RTYOGYRSCH. dKHNBFSH PV LFYUEULPN OBYUEOY RPUFKHRLB, B OE P EZP RTBLFYUEULYI TEKHMSHFBFBI FTBDYGYPOOBS KHUFBOPCHLB TPUUYKULPZP PZHYGETUFCHB, PFMYUBAEBS EZP PF ЪBRB PZHYGETPCH BOARDS.

pZHYGETULYK DPMZ UYFBAF PUOPCHOSCHN “YNRKHMSHUPN VPECHPK BOETZY” (e. NEUUOET) . EZP UYUYFBAF CHEMYUBKYEK DPVTPDEFEMSHA CH ZMBBI ZPUKHDBTUFCHB. rTYЪOBCHBS CHBTsOPUFSH OBMYUYS YUKHCHUFCHB DPMZB CH LBTSDPN ZTBTSDBOYOE, PFNEFYN, YuFP FPMSHLP KH PZHYGETB YURPMOEOYE DPMZB CHEDEF L UBNPRPTSETFChPCHBOYA. pOP OE NPTSEF YDFY CHTBTE YMY CH PVIPD ЪBLPOB, OE DPRKHULBEF MPCHYUEOYS, OEVTETsOPZP YURPMOOYS UCHPYI PVSBOOPUFEK.

NPFYCHSH YURPMOOYS YUEMPCHELPN UCHPEZP DPMZB FBLPCSH:

B) UFTBI (VPSЪOSH OBLBBBOYS, RTEUMEDPCHBOYS, UBOLGYY, RPFETY PVTEFEOOPZP RPMPTSEOYS, UFBFKHUB, PUKhTsDEOYS PVEEUFCHEOOSCHN NOEOYEN Y F R.);

B) UPCHEUFSH (UPOBFEMSHOPUFSH);

H) LPTSCHUFSH (PVPZBEEOYE);

H) TBUYUEF (LBTSHETYYN);

D) LTBKOSS OEPVIPDYNPUFSH (UYFKHBGYS, LPZDB H YUEMPCHELB OEF YOPZP CHSHCHVPTB, LBL YURPMOSFSH CHP'MPTSEOOSCH ABOUT OEZP PVSBOOPUFY).

dMS PZHYGETULPZP DPMZB RTYENMENSCHN SCHMSEFUS FPMSHLP PDOP YURPMOEOYE DPMZB "OE ЪБ UFTBI, B ЪБ UPCHEUFSH". oEDBTTPN OBUFPSEEZP PZHYGETB OBSCHCHBAF "TSCHGBTEN VEJ UFTBIB Y KHRTELB."

WHY TEZKHMSFPTBNY UMKHTSEVOPZP RPCHEDEOYS CHCHUFKHRBAF:

B) RTEDHRTETSDEOOYS, CHSTBTSBENSHCHE UPCHEFPN Y OBUFBCHMEOYEN;

C) OBLBBOYE Y CHPЪNEЪDYE ЪB UPDESOOPE;

H) OZTBDSCHY RPPETEOYS.

ъBFTBZYCHBS YUKHCHUFChP UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB Y UBNPMAVYE, POY RPVKHTsDBAF YUEMPCHELB YЪNEOYFSH UCPE PFOPEYOYE L YURPMOEOYA UCHPEZP DPMZB.

yUIPDS Y ULBUBOPZP UMEDHEF RPDYUETLOKHFSH, YuFP TBCHYFYE UPCHEUFMYCHPUFY, YUKHCHUFCHB UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB, UBNPMAVIS Y YuEUFPMAVIS RPJCHPMSAF CHPURYFBFSH CH PZH YGETE CHETOPE YUKHCHUFCHP DPMZB.

uPCHEUFSH LFP CHOKHFTEOOYK ЪBLPO, TSYCHHEIK CH YUEMPCHELE Y KHDETTSYCHBAEIK EZP PF DKHTOSHI RPUFKHRLPCH, ЪMB Y UPVMBOPCH. MADI U YUYUFPK UPCHEUFSHA LFP FE, LPFPTSHCHE OE EBRSFOBMY EE YUEN-MYVP DPUFPKOSCHN PUKHTSDEOYS LBL MYUOSCHN, FBL Y PVEEUFCHEOOSCHN NOOOYEN. rTYCHEDEN OEULPMSHLP BCHFPTYFEFOSCHI UKhTsDEOOK RP RPCPDH UPCHEUFY:

OE DEMBK FPZP, YuFP PUKhTsDBEF FChPS UPCHEUFSH, Y OE ZPCHPTY FPZP, YuFP OE UPZMBUHEFUS U RTBCHDPK. uPVMADBK UBNPE CHBTsOPE, Y FSHCHCHRPMOYYSH CHUA OBDBYUKH UCHPEK TSYOY (nBTL bChTEMYK, YNRETBFPT DTECHOEZP TYNB, CHPYO Y ZHYMPUPZH).

CHEMYLP NPZHEEUFCHP UPCHEUFY: POP DBEF PDYOBLPCHP YUKHCHUFCHPCHBFSH, PFOINBS H OECHYOPCHOPZP CHUSLHA VPSOSH Y VEURTEUFBOOP TYUHS CHPPVTBTTSEOYA CHYOPCHOILB CHUE ЪBUMHTSEOOSCHY N OBLBBOYS (gYGETPO, DTECHOETYNULYK PTBFPT).

OBYB UPCHEUFSH UHDSHS OERPZTEYINSHCHK, RPLB NSCH EE OE KHVYMY (p. vBMSHBL, ZHTBOGKHULYK RYUBFEMSH).

UPCHEUFSH RPUFPSOOP OBRPNYOBEF YUEMPCHELH P EZP PVSBOOPUFSI Y LBTBEF RPUFPSOOSCHNY NHYUEOOYSNY CH UMKHYUBE YI OECHSCHRPMOEOYS. rP UMPCHBN y. nBUMPCHB, ЪBLPO PVTEM CHETOPZP RPNPEOILB CH UPCHEUFY, LPOFTPMYTHAEEK RPCHEDEOYE YUEMPCHELB . oBULPMSHLP LFP CHBTsOP DMS CHPEOOPZP DEMB, ZPCHPTYFSH OE RTYIPDIFUS.

rPOSFYE UPCHEUFY, PUPVEOOP RTYNEOYFEMSHOP L CHPEOOPNH DEMH Y CHPYOULPNH DPMZH, YJDBCHOB VSHMP RTEDNEFPN URELHMSGYY, U CHRPMOE PRTEDEMEOOSCHNY GEMSNY. h YUBUFOPUFY, RPD MPЪHOZPN "UPCHEUFY" RTEDRTYOINBMYUSH RPRSHCHFLY RPDCHEUFY "NYOH ЪBNEDMEOOOPZP DEKUFCHYS" RPD PUOPCHSHCHPEOOOPK DYUGYRMYOSCH. UHFSH RTPVMENSH Y PFOPYEOYE L CHPRPTPUKH UPCHEUFY CHPYOB Y PZHYGETB CHSTBYM e. NEUUOET:

“UEKYUBU, CH URPIKH CHUEPVEEK VEUUPCHEUFOPUFY (RPMYFYUUEULPK, ​​RBTFYKOPC, PVEEUFCHOOOPK, ATYDYUUEULPK Y F.D.) OPUSFUS U UPCHEUFSH ZTBTSDBOYOB-CHPYOB, LBL DHTEOSH U RYUBOPK F PTVPK. mЭЗБМЪХАФ DEYETFYTUFCHP FAIRIES, LFP YЪ RPVKhTSDEOOK UPCHEUFY... PFLBYSHCHBEFUS PF CHPEOOPK UMHTSVSHCH; RPPETSAF OERPCHYOPCHEOYE CH PYOUFCHE TBTEYOYEN RTPFYCHPRPUFBCHMSFSH UPCHEUFSH RTYLBYH; ЪBRKHZYCHBAF CHPYOB KHZTPЪPK UYUEUFSH EZP "CHPEOOSHCHN RTEUFKhROYLPN", LPMSH ULTP PO CHSHRPMOYF CHPYOULYK RTYLBYK, RTPFYCHPTEYUBEIK EZP ZTBTSDBOULPK UPCHEUFY. UP CHUEN LFYN OE NPTSEF NYTYFSHUS PZHYGETUFCHP. dMS OEZP DPMTSOP VShchFSH OESHCHVMENSCHN RTBCHYMP: UPCHEUFSH CHPYOB CH CHSHRPMOEOYY, RTYLBYB, B YOBS UPCHEUFMYCHPUFSH RTEUFHROB ".

dHNBEFUS, YuFP Y UEZPDOS FBLBS RPUFBOPCHLB CHPRTPUB CHRPMOE RTBChPNETOB. zTBOYGB NETSDH RPDYUYOOYEN RTYLBYH Y CHSHCHRPMOEOYEN CHEMEOYK UPCHEUFY RTPIPPDYF RP RPMA ЪBLPOB: "DEMBK, YuFP ЪBLPO RTYLBSHCHBEF, B RTPPHYCH ЪBLPOB OE RPUFKHRBK."

rPTSDPUOSCHK CHPEOOSHCHK, RP NOEOYA vBMBOYOB, OENSHUMIN VEYUHCHUFCHB UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB Y ZPTDPUFY, U U FYN OBDP PYUEOSH UYUYFBFSHUS Y U PUPVSHCHN CHOYNBOYEN Y DEMIL BFOPUFSHA TBVYTBFSHUS CH UMKHTSEVOSCHI RTBCHBI PZHYGETPCH .

R. vPVTPCHULYK, BOBMYYYTHS UPUFPSOYE CHPURYFBOYS CH AOLETULYI HYUMYEBI, PFNEYUBEF OETBCHYFPUFSH UPOBBOYS UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB X AOLETPCH, OEDPUFBFPL UBNPMAVIS, OBMYU YE H OYI FBLYI LBUEUFCH, LBL YICHPTPFMYCHPUFSH, OEPFLTPCHOOPUFSH Y F.R. .

sCHMEOYE LFP UFBMP OBUFPMSHLP UETSHESHOSCHN, YuFP CHSHCHBMP YIDBOYE PUPVPZP RTYLBB ZMBCHOPZP OBUMSHOILB CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSHI OBCHEDEOYK PF 24 ZHECHTBMS 1901 Z. P CHPURYFB OYY X LBDEF YUKHCHUFCHB UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB , LPFPTSCHK ЪBLMAYUBM CH UEVE UMEDHAEYE OBNEOBFEMSHOSH UFTPLY: “rPDDETSYCHBS CHUE UCHPY FTEVPCHBOYS U RTYOGYRYBMSHOP UFTPZ PUFSHA Y HUFTBYCHBS OBD CHOPCHSH RPUFKHRBAEYNY UBNSCHK VDYFEMSHOSHCHK OBDIPT, ЪBLTSCHFPE ЪBCHEDEOYE PVSЪBOP RP NETE OTBCHUFCHOOOPZP TPUFB UCHPYI CHPURYFBOoilPCH RPUFEREOOP RPDOINBFSH CH OYI UPBOYE YI YUEMP CHUEULPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB Y VETETSOP KHUFTBOSFSH CHUE FP, YuFP NPTsEF HOYYFSH YMY PULPTVIFSH LFP DPUFPYOUFCHP. fPMSHLP RTY LFPN KHUMPCHYY CHPURYFBOOYLY UFBTYYI LMBUUPCH NPZHF UFBFSH FEN, YUEN POY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH, GCHEFPN Y ZPTDPUFSHA UCHPYI ЪBCHEDEOYK, DTHЪSHSNY UCHPYI CHPURYFBFEM EK Y TBKHNOSHNY OBRTBCHYFEMSNY PVEEUFCHEOOPZP NOEOYS CHUEK NBUUSCH CHPURYFBOoilPCH CH DPVTHA UFPTPOH ".

OERTENEOOOSCHN HUMPCHYEN YUKHCHUFCHB UPWUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB SCHMSEFUS KHNEOYE PZHYGETB RPUFPSFSH ЪB UEVS, OE RTYVEZBS OH L YUSHENKH RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHH (r. yЪNEUFSHECH).

uBNPMAVYE RTYOBDMETSYF L YUYUMH DHIPCHOSCHI LBUEUFCH, OBYUEOYE LPFPTPZP TBUGEOYCHBMPUSH OE CHUEZDB PDOPOBYUOP. l RTYNETKH, chPMSHFET IBTBLFETYYPCHBM EZP FBL: “ubNPMAVYE EUFSH OBDHFSCHK CHPDDHIPN YBT, YЪ LPFPTPZP CHSTCHCHBAFUS VHTY, LPZDB EZP RTPLBMSCHCHBAF”.

UFPMSH OEMEUFOBS IBTBLFETYUFYLB UBNPMAVIS, LPOYUOP CE, PFOPUIFUS L FPNKH, YuFP NSCH OBSCHCHBEN "VPMEOOOSCHN UBNPMAVYEN" . OP RTEDUFBCHYFSH UEVE YUEMPCHELB VE UBNPMAVIS, F.E. YJCHEUFOPK DPMY UBNPKHCHBTSEOYS Y ZPTDPUFY ЪB UEVS, UChPK TPD, UCHPA RTPZHEUUYA Y F.R. OECHPNPTSOP. h UPYOOY ZEOETBMB y. NBUMPCHB "BOBMY OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI UYM VPKGB" BCHFPT KHLBSCCHBEF: "U RPFETEA KHCHBTTSEOYS L UEVE CHPYO, OEUNPFTS ABOUT UCHPE VETTPRPFOP RPDYUYOOYE OBYUBMSHOILBN, RETEUFBEF VSCFSH URPUP VOSCHN L VPA, FBL LBL X OEZP OEF DPVTPK CHPMY Y OEPVIPDYNPK OOETZYY, YUFPVSH PFUFBYCHBFSH OE FPMSHLP YOFETEUSCH UCHPEZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, OP Y MYUOP UBNPZP UEVS".

CHUE YЪMPTSEOOPE RP LFPNH CHPRPTPUH RPDCHPDYF OBU L CHSHCHPDH P OEPVIPDYNPUFY TBCHYFYS UBNPMAVIS PZHYGETPCH, THLPCHPDUFCHHSUSH RTY LFPN Y UMEDHAEYNY YDESNY:

“YUFYOOPE Y VMBZPTPDOPE UBNPMAVYE DPMTSOP RPDDETSYCHBFSHUS LPNBODITPN YUBUFY” (r. lBTGECH).

“UMEDHEF THLPCHPDYFSH, OE ЪBDECHBS UBNPMAVIS Y OE TPOSS UMHTSEVOPZP RPMPTSEOYS RPDYUYOOOSCHI; FPF, LFP OE EBDYF UBNPMAVIS NMBDYEZP, CHTEDYF UPVUFCHEOOPNH DPUFPYOUFCHH” (y. nBUMPCH).

“dBCHMEOYE ABOUT UBNPMAVYE EUFSH UIMSHOSCHK TSCHYUBZ DMS RPDOSFYS OTBCHUFCHEOOPZP HTPCHOS NPMPDETSY; LFYN RTYENPN DPMTSOP YYTPLP RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS Y YN NPTsOP NOPZPE UDEMBFSH” (zhetyemshnbo).

“UBNPMAVYE bTIYNEDPCH TSCHYUBZ, LPFPTSHCHN ЪENMA U NEUFB NPTsOP UDCHYOKHFSH” (y. fHTZEOECH).

OE NEOEE CHYDOKHA TPMSH CH CHPEOOPN RTYYCHBOY ЪBOYNBEF YuEUFPMAVYE, EUMY FPMSHLP POP RTPYUIPDYF PF TSEMBOYS CHSHLBЪBFSH UCPE KHNEOYE YURPMOYFSH RPTHYUBENPE CHPNPTsOP MHYUYE, B OE YJZPYUFYUEULPZP UFTENMEOYS ЪBFNYFSH ЪBUMHZY FPCHBTYEB. rTBCHYMSHOPE YUEUFPMAVYE (CH VMBZPTPDOPN OBYUEOYY LFPP UMChB) OE DPRKHULBEF MYUOSHI TBUYUEFPCH PE CHTED DTHZPNH:

“OYZDE TSBTsDB UMBCHSHY YUFYOOPE YUEUFPMAVYE, B OE FEEUMBCHYE, FBL OE CHBTSOSHCH, LBL CH PZHYGETULPN ЪCHBOYY” (y. nBUMPCH).

h "YOUFTHHLGYY TPFOSHN LPNBODITBN" ZTBZHB u. chPTPOGPPCHB PF 17 SOCHBTS 1774 Z. ZPCHPTYFUS: “eUMY RPMPTSEOYE CHPEOOOPZP YUEMPCHELB CH ZPUKHDBTUFCHE UYFBEFUS UTBCHOYFEMSHOP U DTHZYYY MADSHNY VEURPLPKOSCHN, FTHDOSHCHN Y PRBUO SCHN, FP CH FP TSE CHTENS POP PFMYUBEFUS PF OYI OEPURPTYNPA YuEUFSHHA Y UMBCHPA, YVP CHPYO RTECHPNPZBEF FTHDSCH YUBUFP OEUOPUOSCHE, OE EBDS UCHPEK TsYOY, PVEUREYUYCHBEF UCHPYI UPZTBTSDBO, ЪBEIEBEF YI PF CHTBZPCH, PVPPTPOSEF PFEYUEUFChP Y UCHSFKHA GETLPCHSH PF RPTBVPEEOOYS OECHETOSCHY Y FYN ЪBUMHTSYCH BEF RTYOBFEMSHOPUFSH Y NYMPUFSH ZPUKHDBTS, VMBZPDBTOPUFSH YENMSLPCH, VMBZPDBTOPUFSH Y NMYFCHSH YUYOPCH DHIPCHOSHI;

CHUE LFP DPMTsOP CHPNPTsOP YUBEE RPCHFPTSFSH Y FCHETDYFSH UPMDBFBN; UMEDHEF RTYMETSOP UFBTBFSHUS CHLPTEOSFSH CH OYI CHPNPTsOP VPMEE YuEUFPMAVIS, LPFPTPPE PDOP NPTsEF CHPVVHTSDBFSH L RTEPDPMEOYA FTHDPCH Y PRBUOPUFEK Y RPDCHYZOKHFSH ABOUT CHUSLYE UMB MORE FREQUENTLY RPDCHYZY. yuEUFPMAVICHSHCHK UPMDBF CHUE DEMBEF YЪ BNVYGYY Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CHUE DEMBEF MHYUYE.”

yuEUFPMAVYE YZTBEF CHYDOKHA TPMSH ABOUT CHPKOYE, LPZDB LBTSDSCHK TBUUYUYFSHCHBEF, YuFP RPUFKHRPL EZP VHDEF UBNEYUEO, RETEULBBO Y RPDICHBUEO UPPFEYUEUFCHEOILBNY, TsBDOP UMEDS EINY ЪB CHUENY RETIREFYSNY PPKOSHCH. PUPVEOOPUFSH THUULPZP YuEUFPMAVIS RPLBЪBOB CH RPZPCHPTLE, ZMBUSEEK, YuFP "OB MADSI Y UNETFSH LTBUOB". fBL LBL RPUFHRLY, OBYVPMEE RPTBTSBAEYE CHPPVTBTTSEOYE, YUBEE CHUEZP YNEAF NEUFP CH UTBTSEOYSI, FP RPOSPHOP, YuFP VPK SCHMSEFUS OBUFPSEIN RTBDOYLPN YUEUFPMAVIS. pFFPZP-FP yELURYT Y ZPCHPTYM RTP "ZPTDSCHE UTBTSEOYS, HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH CH LPFPTSCHI UYFBEFUS ЪB DPVMEUFSH, YUEUFPMAVYE".

dMS KhDPCHMEFCHPTEOYS YUEUFPMAVIS YNEEFUS GEMSHK BTUEOBM UTEDUFCH, OBUYOBS PF UPTECHOPCHBOYS Y LPOYUBS PTDEOBNY Y OZTBDBNY, LPFPTSCHNY CHUE CHEMYLYE RPMLLPCHPDGSH KHNEMY TBKHNOP RP МШЪПЧБФШУС.

RMHFBTI, RTYOBCHBS CHBTTSOPUFSH TBCHYFYS YuEUFPMAVIS CH MADSI, FEN OE NEOEE RTEDHRTETSDBEF PV PRBUOPUFSI: "yuFP DP YuEUFPMAVIS, POP, LPOYUOP, RPCCHCHIE RPMEFPN, YUEN MAVPUFSTSBOIE , OP ABOUT ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOKHA TSYOSH YNEEF DEKUFCHYE OE NEOEE VEDUFCHEOOPE; RTYFPN POP UPRTSCEOP U VPMSHYPK DET'PUFSH, YVP KHLPTEOSEPHUS RP VPMSHYEK YUBUFY OE CH TPVLYYY CHSMSHCHI, OP TEYYFEMSHOSHIY RSHMLYI DKHYBI, DB EEE CHPMOOYE FPMRSCH YBUFP TBURBMSEF EZP Y RPDIMEUFSHCHBEF RPICHBMBNY, DEMBS CHCHUE KhTs VEKHDETTSOSCHN Y OEPVPTOSHCHN.”

rMBFPO UPCHEFHEF U DEFUFCHB CHOKHYBFSH NPMPDSHCHN MADSN, YuFP YN OE RTYUFBMP PVCHEYYCHBFSH UEVS YJCHOE ЪPMPFPN YMY RTYPVTEFBFSH EZP, YVP CHOKHFTY OYI EUFSH ЪPMPFP, RT YNEYEOOPE L UPUFBCHH YI DKHY. rTPDPMTSBS DBMEE NSCHUMSH rMBFPOB, rMHFBTI ЪBLMAYUBEF: “fBL NSCH VKhDEN KHNYTPFChPTTSFSH Y OBEY YUEUFPMAVYE, CHOKHYBS UEVE, YuFP CH OBU UBNYI ЪBLMAYUEOP ЪPMPFP OEFMEOOPE Y OET BYTKHIYNPE, YUEUFSH YUFYOOBS, OEDPUFKHROBS Y OEDPUSZBENBS DMS ЪBCHYUFY Y IHMSCH, CHPTBUFBAEBS PF RPNSHCHYMEOYK Y CHPURPNYOBOIK P UPDESOOPN OBNY ZTBTSDBOULPN RPRTYEE" .

UMBCHPMAVYE YJDBCHOB PFNEYUBMPUSH CH TSDH FAIRIES, VE LPFPTSCHI OENSHUMYN YUFYOOSHCHK CHPEOOOSCHK YUEMPCHEL. zPChPTSF, PDOPNKH URBTFBOGKH RTEDMBZBMY ABOUT pMYNRYKULYI YZTBI VPMSHYKHA UKHNNKH U HUMPCHYEN, YuFPVSH PO KHUFKHRYM YUEUFSH RPVEDSCH. BY OE RTYOSM ITS RPUME FTHDOPK VPTSHVSH PDPMEM UCHPEZP RTPFYCHOILB. “YuFP RPMSHSHSH FEVE, URBTFBOEG, CH FCHPEK RPVEDE?” URTPUYMY EZP. “h UTBTSEOYY S RPKDH U GBTEN CHRETEDY CHPKULB”, PFCHEYUBM PO, KHMSHVBSUSH.

yuEUFPMAVYE RPVHTSDBMP URBTTFBOGB RTYOSFSH RTEDMPTSEOYE, B UMBCHPMAVYE PFCHETZMP EZP. b. ъШЛПЧ FBL RTPCHPDYF ZTBOSH NETSDKH LFYNY DCHHNS LBUEUFCHBNY: “UMBCHPMAVYE OBYUIFEMSHOP ZMKHVTSE Y CHPCHCHYEOOEE YuEUFPMAVIS, RPFPNKH YuFP FTEVHEF OBYUIFEMSHOP VPMSHYEZ P. yuEUFPMAVEG FHF CE RPMKHUBEF OBZTBDH RPYUEF. UMBCHPMAVEG OE NPTSEF EE RPMKHYUFSH, BY NPTSEF CH OEEE MYYSH CHETYFSH, FBL LBL EZP OZTBDSCH OBUYOBAFUS FPMSHLP RPUME EZP UNETFY. yuEUFPMAVEG TBBPYUBTPCHCHBEFUS, OE RPMHYUBS KHDPCHMEFCHPTEOYS, UMBCHPMAVEG OYLPZDB PF LFPP. UMBCHPMAVYE VPMEE UFPKLP, B FBL LBL UFPKLPUFSH PDOB Y CHEMYUBKYI TSYFEKULYI Y CHPEOOSCHI DPVTPDEFEMEK, FP UMBCHPMAVYE CH CHPEOOPN DEME CHZPDOEE YUEUFPMAVIS ".

хУИФШЧЧБС ПУПВЭOOПУФY OBEZP OBGYPOBMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB, CH CHPURYFBOY VHDHEYI PZHYGETPCH Y UPMDBF OEPVIPDYNP RTPCHPDYFSH NSCHUMSH P FPN, YuFP UMBCHB LFP OE UBUFMYCHSHCHK RPDBTPL UHDSHVSHCH, OE CHEYEOYE, B LTPRPFMYCHSHCHK Y FSTSLYK FTHD, CHSHUPYUBKYBS UBNPPFDBYUB Y RTEDBOOPUFSH DEMH. uMBChB OE RPUEEBEF MADEK OEFETREMYCHSHI. POB OE MAVYF MADEK RPCHETIOPUFOSCHI Y OEPUOPCHBFEMSHOSCHI. POB, LBL LBRTYOBS VBTSHCHYOS, PFCHPTBUYCHBEFUS Y HIPDYF VECHPCHTBFOP PF ZPTDEGPCH, OEVMBZPDBTOSHI Y ЪBOPUYCHSHI. POB MAVYF OETSDBOOP OZTBTTSDBFSH ULTPNOSHCHY OEBNEFOSHI FTTCEOILCH. MEOFSECH Y NEYUFBFEMEC POB PVIPDYF UFPTPOK.

YuKHCHUFChP TEBMYNB UPUFBCHMSEF FBLCE PDOP YI CHBTSOEKYI DHIPCHOSHI LBYEUFCH PZHYGETB. TEBMYЪN LFP SUOPE RPOINBOIE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY Y HUEF ITS PUOPCHOSHI ZBLFPTPCH CH RTBLFYUEULPK DESFEMSHOPUFY. pUOPCHH TEBMYNB UPUFBCHMSAF UMEDHAEYE ZBLFPTSCH.

4).

5).

6) xNEOYE CHCHPDYFSH TBKHNOSHCH LPTTELFYCHSHCH RP IPDH CHSHCHRPMOEOYS RPUFBCHMEOOOPK ЪBDBUYU KHUEFPN NEOSAEEKUS PVUFBOPCHLY.

7) pVYAELFYCHOPUFSH PGEOLY UDEMBOOZP, CHLMAYUBS UBNPPGEOLH ЪBFTBUEOOSCHI KHUMYK, YURPMSHЪPCHBOOSCHI UYM Y UTEDUFCH Y RPMKHYOOOSCHI TEKHMSHFBFPCH.

ohTsOP MY DPLBYSHCHBFSH FP, YuFP OBBOYS, KHLBBOOSCH CH DBOOPN RETEYUOE, PZHYGETH OEPVIPDYNP YNEFSH, B KHNEOSNY CHMBDEFSH chYDYNP, OILFP OE VHDEF PURBTYCHBFSH PYUECHYDOPZP. h FP TSE CHTENS EUFSH TSD CHPRTPUPCH, LPFPTSCHE Y CH YUFPTYYUEULPN RMBOE PLBBBMYUSH OETEEOOOSCHNY UTEDY OYI:

YuFP Y LBL YHYUBFSH Y CHPEOOOPK Y PVEEK YUFPTYY?

LBL PVEUREYUYFSH TBKHNOPE Y RTBLFYUOPE YHYUEOYE PUPVEOOPUFEK Y IBTBLFETOSHCHI YUETF UCHPEZP OBTPDB Y CHETPSFOPZP RTPFYCHOILB?

LBLYN PVTBBPN DPVYFSHUS RPBOBOYS VKHDHEYNY PZHYGETBNY CHPEOOOPZP DEMB U "ZHKHODBNEOFKH", LBL FPZP FTEVPHCHBM REFT CHEMYLYK?

LBL CH HUMPCHYSI CHPEOOSCHI HYUMYE UMEDHEF ZHTNYTPCHBFSH X PVKHYUBENSHI LBUEUFCHB MYDETB, URPUPVOPUFY THLPCHPDYFSH MADSHNY?

LBL RTBCHYMSHOP TBCHYCHBFSH CHPPVTBTTSEOYE, NSCHYMEOYE, RPOINBOYE, KHNEOYE RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS OBKHYUOSCHNYY BOBOYSNY CH TEEOOYY FYRYUOSCHI RTBLFYUEULYI OBDBYU?

LBL KHYYFSH RTYOINBFSH OEYBVMPOOSCHE Y CH FP TSE CHTENS TBHNOSHCHE Y CHSHRPMOYNSCH TEYEOYS RTY PUFTPN OEDPUFBFLE RTBLFYLY Y PRSHCHFB?

LBL TBYCHYCHBFSH UBNPLTYFYUOPUFSH, ЪDPTPPCHHA OEHDPCHMEFCHPTEOOPUFSH DPUFYZOKHFSCHN, TSEMBOIE RPUFEREOOP TBDCHIZBFSH KHNUFCHEOOSCHK ZPTYJPOF Y KHZMKHVMSFSH RPBOBOYS UBNP UFPSFEMSHOP?

хУИФШЧЧБС FP, YuFP TBULTSHCHFYE LFYI CHPRTPUPCH YMY DBTSE RTPUFPE LPNNEOFYTPCHBOYE CHSHCHIPDYF DBMELP UB TBNLY CHPNPTSPZP, RPDYUETLOEN, YuFP POY (LFY CHPRPTUSCH) OE OBDHNBOSCH Y OE SCHMSAFUS RTBDOSHNY. sing DBCHOP RPUFBCHMEOSCH CH RPCHEUFLH DOS, OP FBL Y OE TBUUNPFTEOSCHY OE TEYOSCH DP OBUFPSEEZP READING.

RETKDEN L UMEDHAEENH CHPRTPUKH. chPKOB LBL UFYYS PRBUOPUFY Y KHRTBCHMEOYE MADSHNY LBL VPTSHVB IBTBLFETPCH, NOEOYK, YOFETEUPCH, NPFYCHPCH CHUE LFP FTEVHEF PF PZHYGETB FCHETDPK Y OERTELMPOOPK CHPMY. rTYOINBS FBLCE PE CHOYNBOYE, YuFP RTPFYCHPCHUEUBNY UFTBIB SCHMSAFUS ZHYYYUEULBS VPDTPUFSH, OOETZYYUOSCHK FENRETBNEOF, UYMB CHPMY Y KHNB, OE DBAEYE TBCHYFSHUS YUKHCHUFCHH VEUUYMYS Y UPDEKUFCHHAEYE HUFTBOEOYA OETEYYFEMSHOPUFY, OEPVIPDYNP RTYOBFSH, YuFP CHPURYFBOYE CHPMY (YUKHCHUFChB NPEY RP o. lPTZHH) SCHMSEFUS CHBTsOPK ЪBDBUEK.

“chPURYFBOIE CHPMY, CHPPVEE, UYUYFBEF PO, NPTsEF DPUFYZBFSHUS PDOPCHTEENOOOP DCHHNS RHFSNY: YUIPDS YЪ UBNPZP YUEMPCHELB, YЪ TBVPFSH EZP DHib (CHOKHFTEOOYE URPUPVSH), CHPDEKUFCHYEN PLTHTSBAEEK UTEDSHY UREGYBMSHOPK PVUFBOPCHLY, RTYOPTPCHMEOOOPK DMS GEMEK CHPURYFBOYS.”

n. dTBZPNYTCH, RPMENYYYTHS U TSDPN CHPEOOSCHI RYUBFEMEC RP CHPRPTPUKH P UPPFOPEOOY KHNUFCHEOOSCHY CHPMECHSHI LBYEUFCH, EBNEYUBEF: “iBTBLFETPN, BOE KHNPN UPJDBAFUS PVEEUFCHB, TEM YZYY, YNRETYY. iBTBLFET DBEF OBTPDBN OBRTBCHMEOYS DMS YUKHCHUFCHPCHBOYK Y DEKUFCHYK; OYLPZDB SING NOPZP OE CHSHYZTSHCHBMY PF OBLMPOOPUFY NOPZP TBUUKHTsDBFSH Y DKHNBFSH ".

bFH NSCHUMSH RPDFCHETSDBEF Y o. zPMPCHYO: “...RPVEDYFEMEN SCHMSEFUS FPF, LFP VPMEE IPFEM RPVEDSH, F.E. FPF, X LPZP UYMSHOEE CHPMS ".

chPMS LFP URPUPVOPUFSH YUEMPCHELB RPUFBCHYFSH RPD LPOFTPMSH:

B. ЪCHEUFYEN;

C) CHPMA DTHZYI MADEK Y BUFBCHYFSH YI YURPMOSFSH RTYLBBOYS Y RTEDRYUBOYS VEURTELPUMMPCHOP.

chMBUFSH OBD UPVPK RETCHKYBS Y OEPVIPDYNBS UFHREOSHLB DMS HRTBCHMEOYS DTHZYYNY MADSHNY. lFP EUFSH OE YFP YOPE, LBL PVKhDBOYE UCHPYI BNPGYK, YUKHCHUFCH, RPFTEVOPUFEK Y KHNEOYE RTPFYCHPUFPPSFSH UPVMBOBN Y YULHYEOYOSN.

CHELB OE YYNEOMY PUOPCH BNPGYPOBMSHOPK RTYTPDSCH YUEMPCHELB. EZP YUKHCHUFCHB, UFTBUFY, YOUFYOLFSCH (Y NETSDH OYNY OBYVPMEEE NPZHEEUFCHEOOSCHK YOUFYOLF UBNPUITBOEOYS) UCPKUFCHEOOSCH YUEMPCHELH OBUFPSEEZP CHTENEY FBL CE, LBL PE CHTENEOB UBNSHCH D TECHOYE. YuKHCHUFCHB MAVCHY, UFTBIB, ZOECHB, OEOOBCHYUFY, TBDPUFY, REYUBMY, UFSHCHDB PUFBMYUSH OEYYNEOOOSCHNY URKHFOILBNY EZP TSYYOY. chMBUFSH OBD OBNY BNPGYK VEZTBOYUOB. ьNPGYS CHUEUMSHOB: RPCHYOKHSUSH EK, YUEMPCHEL, OE LPMEVMSUSH, YDEF ABOUT UNETFSH Y UFTBDBOYS.

eUMY YUKHCHUFCHB YZTBAF CHSHCHDBAEHAUS TPMSH CH DESFEMSHOPUFY YUEMPCHELB CHPPVEEE, FP CH VPECHPK DESFEMSHOPUFY POY RPMKHYUBAF EEE VPMEE RTEPVMBDBAEE OBYUEOYE, B CH RTPZHEUUY PZHYGETB YULMAYUYFEMSHOPE.

“rP UNSHUMH CHUEI CHPEOOSCHI ЪBLPOPRMPTSEOYK RPD RPOSFYEN “PZHYGET” RPDTBHNECHBEFUS YUEMPCHEL U CHSHUPLPTBCHYFPK OTBCHUFCHEOOPUFSHA Y CHPMEK; RPFPNH ЪБДББУБ ЧПЭOOПЗП UFTPS, ЪББДБУБ ПжйгоТУЛПК ЛПТРПТБГYY ХДБМИФШ ШУЕ ОЭЗПДОПЭ, UМБВПЭ, УРПУПВОПЭ CHOEUFY TBUFMEOYE, Y FPZDB OILBLYE ЪBDБУY DMS OBU OE VHDHF LBBBFSHUS OECHSCHRPMOINSCHNY".

fTEVPCHBOYE PF PZHYGETB CHSHCHUPLPK CHPMECHPK RPDZPFPCHLY CHRPMOE EUFEUFCHEOOP, OP, YuFPVSH UBCHPECHBFSH RTBChP CHEUFY MADEK CH VPK, OBDP PVMBDBFSH "BCHFPTYFEFPN CHPMY".

pVEUREYOOYE BTNYY CHPMEMESCHNY PZHYGETBNY DPUFYZBEFUS UMEDHAEYNY NETBNY:

B) PFVPTPPN NPMPDSCHI MADEK U UIMSHOSCHN IBTBLFETPN Y KHUFPKYUYCHPK RUYILPK;

C) KHNEMSCHN OBRTBCHMEOYEN CHPMECHPK RPDZPFPCHLY PVKHYUBENSHI CH CHPEOOSCHI YLPMBI;

H) LZHZHELFYCHOPK TBVPFPK CHPURYFBOoilPCH CHPEOOSCHI YLPM OBD UPVPK;

H) UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBOYEN CHPMECHPK RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH CHPKULPCHSCHI YUBUFSI.

GEOFTBMSHOSCHN NEUFPN CHPURYFBOYS CHPMY PZHYGETB SCHMSEFUS TBCHYFYE CH OEN KHNEOYS KHRTBCHMSFSH UPVPK, YuFP PVEUREYUYCHBEFUS:

1) PUPBOYEN YN OEPVIPDYNPUFY UBNPUPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBOYS Y CHPURYFBOYS CHPMY;

2) OBOYEN UCHPYI DHIPCHOSHI Y RUYIPMPZYUEULYI URPUPVOPUFEK Y CHNPTSOPUFEK;

3) RPOINBOYEN OBRTBCHMEOYK, RHFEK, NEFPDCH Y UTEDUFCH UBNPCHPURYFBOYS CHPMY;

4) TEZKHMSTOPK FTEOYTPCHLPK URPUPVOPUFEK Y KHNEOYK KHRTBCHMSFSH UCHPYNY BNPGYSNYY YUKHCHUFCHBNY;

5) YURSHCHFBOYEN CHPMECHSHI LBUEUFCH CH HUMPCHYSI PRBUOPUFY, TYULB, UFTEUUB Y F.R.;

6) OBLPRMEOYEN PRSHCHFB CHPMECHPZP RPCHEDEOYS CH PVSHYUOPK Y LUFTENBMSHOPK UYFKHBGYSI.

uFBTFPChPE OBYUBMP CHUENKH LFPNKH RTPGEUUH RTYYCHBOP DBFSH- RTERPDBCHBOYE RTBLFYUEULPK RUYIPMPZYY, RTETSDE CHUEZP, TBDEMB RUYIPMPZYY MYUOPUFY. UBNPRPBOYE, OBGEMEOOPE ABOUT RPOINBOYE UIMSHOSCHY UMBVSCHI UFPTPO YuEMPCHELB, PUPVEOOPUFEK OBGYPOBMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB, CHPTBUFOPK UREGYZHILYY NHTSULPK RUYIPMPZYY, UPJDBUF OE PVIPDYNKHA OBKHYUOP-RTBLFYUEULHA PUOPCHH DMS TBVPFSH CHPURYFBOOILPC CHPEOOSCHI YLPM OBD UPVPK.

yUIPDS YULBOBOPZP RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS GEMEUPPVTBOSCHN YYNEOOYE UYUFENSCH RUYIPMPZYUEULPK RPDZPFPCHLY CH CHPEOOSCHI YLPMBI: RETEIPD PF RPOBCHBFEMSHOP-PVTBBPCHBFEMSH OPK UYUFENSH L RTBLFYUEULY-GEMEUPPVTBOPK, PFCHEYUBAEEK RPFTEVOPUFSN DBOOPZP CHPTBUFB, RPMB, OBGYPOBMSHOPUFY Y RTPZHEUUYY. rTBLFYUEULBS OTBCHUFCHEOOBS RUYIPMPZYS DPMTSOB UFBFSH DMS PZHYGETB UFPMSH TSE RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOP-OBUYNPK, LBL Y UBNSCHK CHBTSOSHCHK RTEDNEF UREGYBMYBGYY.

ъBLBOYUYCHBS TBULTSHCHFYE UPUFBCHOSHI YUBUFEK RTYJCHBOYS PZHYGETB, UMEDHEF PFNEFYFSH VPMSHYKHA TPMSH CHPEOOOPK YLPMSCH CH ZHTNYTPCHBOYY MAVCHY L RTPZHEUUYY PZHYGETB Y RTEDBOOPUF Y EK. eUMY RTEDTBURMPTSEOOPUFSH (LBL UPUFBCHOBS YUBUFSH RTYYCHBOYS) YUIPDOBS DBOOBS, RTYCHOPUYNBS CH CHPEOOHA YLPMKH YYCHOE Y RPYUFY OEBCHYUYNBS PF ITS DESFEMSHOPUFY, FP MAVPCHSH Y RTEDBOOPUFSH RTPZHEUUYY PZHYGETB UPUFBCHOBS YUBUFSH RTYYCHBOYS PZHYGETB CHUEGEMP ЪBCHYUYF PF DESFEMSHOPUFY CHPEOOOPK YLPMSCH.

UZhPTNYTPCHBFSH UFPKLYE RPYFYCHOSHE NPFYCHSHCH NPTsOP FPMSHLP U KHUEFPN YOFETEUPCH, YDEBMPCH Y RPFTEVOPUFEK DBOOPZP CHPTBUFB (ChPTBUFOPK ZBLFPT); RPOINBOYS DCHYTSKHEYI UIM Y PUPVEOOPUFEK NHTSULPK RUYILY (ZBLFPT RPMB); IBTBLFETOSCHI RTPSCHMEOYK OBGYPOBMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB, NEOFBMYFEFB, PUPVEOOPUFEK OBGYPOBMSHOPZP CHPURYFBOYS, PVTBBPCHBOYS Y LHMSHFKhTSCH, RPMYFYUEULPZP Y LLPOPNYUUEULPZ P RPMPTSEOYS DBOOZP PVEEUFCHB (OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK ZBLFPT).

OE RPDYYOSFSH UCHPEK CHPME CHPURYFBOoilPCH CHPEOOOPK YLPMSCH, OE ЪBUFBCHMSFSH YI IPDYFSH RP UFTHOLE, OE YMYZHPCHBFSH NBUUSCH, B PVTBVBFSCHBFSH MYUOPUFY RTYJCHBOB CHPEOOBS YL PMB.

pZHYGETULBS RTPZHEUUYS LFP UCHPEZP TPDB BRPUFPMSHUFChP Y RPDCHYTSOYUEUFChP. h PVSHYUOPN RPOINBOY UMPCHB "BRPUFPMSHUFChP" LFP DESFEMSHOPUFSH, OBRTBCHMEOOBS ABOUT UMHTSEOYE Y TBURTPUFTBOEOYE LBLPK-MYVP YDEY, B "RPDCHYTSOYUEUFChP" DPVTPCHPMSHOPE RTYOSF YE ABOUT UEWS YUEMPCHELPN FSTSEMPZP FTHDB Y MYYEOOK TBDY DPUFYTSEOYS CHCHUPLPK GEMY .

h UCHSY U DBOOSCHN PRTEDEMEOYEN OBN UMEDHEF PFCHEFYFSH ABOUT FBLYE CHPRPTUSCH:

sCHMSEFUS MY CHPPVEEE NSCHUMSH PV BRPUFPMSHUFCHE Y RPDCHITSOYUEUFCHE RTYENMENPK DMS PZHYGETB?

lBLPK YDEEE UMHTSYF PZHYGET?

UTEDY LPZP ON RTYYCHBO TBURTPUFTBOSFSH UFKH IDEA?

lBLYNY PUPVSHCHNY LBYUEUFCHBN ON DPMTSEO CH UCHSY U LFYN PVMBDBFSH? h PRTEDEMOOOPK UFEREOY PFCHEF ABOUT RETCHSHCHK CHPRTPU YNEM NEUFP RTY TBULTSCHFY FENSCH RTYJCHBOYS PZHYGETB. oBUYOBS U UBNSHCH DBCHOYI CHTENEO OEPDOPLTBFOP KHFCHETTSDBMBUSH Y RPDFCHETTSDBMBUSH NSHUMSH PV YDEKOPC UFPTPOE CHPEOOOPZP YULHUUFCHB. UHFSH CHPRTPUB UPUFPYF CH FPN, YuFP RTY CHUEN PZTPNOPN OBYUEOYY PTHTSYS Y FEIOILY, LPMYUEUFCHB Y LBYUEUFCHB MYYUOPZP UPUFBCHB “OBYUEOYE TBVPF CHCHUYI TSYCHSHI BMENEOFPCH LPNBODOPZP UPUFBCHB, OBUYOBS U NMBDYI PZHYGETPCH Y DP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP CHUENY CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY UYMBNY ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, OE FPMSHLP OE KHNEOSHIBEFUS, B, OBRTPFYCH FPZP, KHCHEMYUYCHBEFUS, Y YUEN CHCHYE MYGP CH LPNBODOPK YETBTIYY, FEN OBYUEOYE EZP TBVPFSH VPMSHYE, Y LFP RPFPNKH, YuFP FEN VPMSHYE CH EZP TBVPFE YZTBAF TPMSH YDEY, RTYOGYR Shch, ЪBLPOSH" .

pZHYGET RTPZHEUUYS YDEKOBS. oBUFPSEYK PZHYGET UMKHTSYF OE TBDAY DEOOZ Y OBTSYCHSHCH, B TBDAY CHSHCHUPLPK YDEY ЪBEIFSH pFEYUEUFCHB, RPOINBS, YuFP LFP-FP DPMTSEO CETFCHBFSH UCHPYN YENOSCHN VMBZPRPMKHYU EN TBDY FPZP, YUFPVSH PUFBMSHOSHE YUKHCHUFCHPCHBMY UEVS URPLLPKOP Y KHCHETEOOP. u RPMOSHCHN RTBCHPN FBLPK PZHYGET Refinery VSCH ULBUBFSH CHUEN UPNOECHBAEINUS CH EZP NYUUYY UMPCHBNY REFTB CHEMYLPZP: “oe DPMTSOSCH CHSCH RPNSCHYMSFSH, YuFP LPTSHCHUFY TBDI YЪVTBM S CHPYOU LHA UMHTSVKH, B OEUKH S NPA OEMEZLHA PVSBOOPUFSH, UTBTSBSUSH ЪB VMBZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, ЪBEIFB LPFPTPZP noe CHCHETEOB, ЪB TPD UChPK, ЪB PFEUEUFChP, ЪB RTBCHPUMBCHOKHA CHETKH GETLPCHSH... b PVP NOE CHEDBKFE, YuFP TsYOSHNOE OE DPTZB, FPMSHLP VSCH TSIMB tPUUYS CH VMBTSEOUFCHE UMBCHE DMS VMBZPUPUFPSOIS CH BYEZP" .

yNEEFUS TSD CHBTSOSCHI HUMPCHYK HUREYOPZP ZHKHOLGYPOYTPCHBOYS YDEK:

1) YDES DPMTSOB VSCHFSH UZhPTNHMYTPCHBOB (B OE CHYFBFSH CH CHPDKHIIE), SCHMSFSHUS EUFEUFCHEOOSCHN PFTBTSEOYEN OBUKHEOPK RPFTEVOPUFY DOS Y VSHFSH UP'CHHYUOPK OBGYPOBMSHOPK CHETE (H YYTPL PN Y KHLPN UNSHUME UMPCHB), LHMSHFHTE Y FTBDYGYSN;

2) YDES DPMTSOB VSHFSH RPOSFOB, PUNSCHUMEOB, RTYOSFB CH LBUEUFCHE ZMBCHOPZP NPFYCHB RPCHEDEOYS Y DEFEMSHOPUFY (RTYOSFYE YDEY CH LBUEUFCH CHCHUYEK DHIPCHOPK GEOOPUFY);

3) POB DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH RTYOBOB Y PGEOEOB RP DPUFPYOUFCHH PVEEUFCHE, B FBLCE H ZTHRRE MADEK, U NEOYEN LPFPTPK YUEMPCHEL UYFBEFUS Y HUYFSHCHCHBEF EZP (RPDLTERMEOYE YDEY YICHOE);

4) YDES OE DPMTSOB RTYOTSBFSHUS, PRPYMSFSHUS, YULBTSBFSHUS, RPDNEOSFSHUS OH FENY, LFP EE UZhPTNHMYTPCHBM, OH FENY, LFP EE RTPCHPDYF CH TSYOSH (FTEVPCHBOYE YUYUFPFSCH YD EY YUYUFPFSCH THL, CH LPFPTSHCHE POB PFDBOB);

5) RTBCHYFEMY, OBYUBMSHOILY, UFBTYYE Y BCHFPTYFEFOSH MADI DPMTSOSCH RPLBYSHCHBFSH RTYNET DPVTPUPCHEUFOPZP UMHTSEOYS IDEE YMY TSE RPMPTSYFEMSHOPZP PFOPYEOYS L OEK (RPYFYCHO ShchK RTYNET LBL OZMSDOSHCHK PVTBEBEG Y DPRPMOYFEMSHOSHCHK NPFYCH DMS DTHZYI).

yday PVMBDBAF LPMPUUBMSHOPK UYMPK: SING NPZHF CHSHCHBFSH CHUEPVEYK RPDYAEN CHPPDHYECHMEOYS Y SCHYFSHUS RTYYUYOPK PVEEK BRBFYY; SING CH UPUFPSOY VHLCHBMSHOP CH UYUYFBOOSCH NYOKHFSCH "RETECHETOKHFSH" UPOBOE. pVTBFYNUS L PDOPNH YUFPTYUEULPNH RTYNETH.

ZMBDYBFPTSCH DTECHOEZP TYNB RTYCHSHCHLMY BUUPGYYTPCHBFSH NSCHUMSH P UCHPEK UNETFY Y YIDEEK ЪBVBCHSH TYNMSO Y, KHNYTBS ABOUT BTEOE GYTLB, OBIPDAYMY LFP CHRPMOE OPTNBMSHOSCHN. oBZTBDPA ЪБ ХДБУОХА VPTSHVH DMS OYI VSHMY BRMPDYUNEOFSH ЪTYFEMEK Y FBL KHOYI UPJDBCHBMPUSH UCHPEPVTBOPE UBNNMAVYE. OP CHPF NETSDH OYNY SCHMSEFUS PDYO, RP YNEOY URBTFBL , Y ZPCHPTYF: “eUMY OBN UKhTsDEOP KHNYTBFSH, FP MHYUYE KHNYTBFSH, DPVSCCHBS UEVE UCHPVPDH, YUEN ABOUT RPFEEH OBDNEOOSCHN TYNMSOBN.” fY UMPCHB YJNEOMY CHUSH IPD BUUPGYBGYY YDEK CH NPIZKH EZP FPCHBTYEEK, RTPYCHEMY CH UYMKH bFPZP RETECHPTPF YI CHOKHFTEOOEZP NYTB Y CHSHCHBMY YJCHEUFOSCHK CH YUF PTYY VHOF ZMBDYBFPTPCH .

oBDP YNEFSH CH CHYDH UMEDHAEHA PUPVEOOPUFSH ZHKHOLGYPOYTPCHBOYS Y YYNEOOYS YDEK: LBL RTBCHYMP, URPOFBOOPZP Y TELLPZP YYNEOOYS CH UP'OBOY MADEK OE RTPYUIPDYF; YЪNEOOYS ZPFPCHSFUS YURPDCHPMSH, RPUTEDUFCHPN OBLPRMEOYS, PFLMBDSHCHBSUSH CH RBNSFY DP FPK RPTSH, RPLB OE UP'TEEF OEPVIPDYNBS "LTYFYUUEULBS NBUUB". lBL TE'KHMSHFBF CH UP'OBOBOY RTPYUIPDYF "RETECHPTTPF", LPFPTSCHK ЪBCHETYBEFUS RPVEDPK OPChPK Y RPTBTSEOYEN UFBTPC YDEY. rPDPVOPE OBLPRMEOYE OPCHSHHI YDEK RTPYUIPDYF CH IPDE TBVPFSH UBNPZP YUEMPCHELB, FBL Y RPD CHMYSOYEN RTPRBZBODSCH, CHPDDEKUFCHYS RPCHEDEOYS, RPUFHRLPCH Y NSHUMEK DTHZYI MADEK ABOUT YUEMPCHELB. dTKHZYNY UMPCHBNY, LTHZ PVEEOYS YUEMPCHELB, CHPDEKUFCHHAEBS ABOUT OEZP RTPRBZBODB (OBCHSCHCHBOYE YDEK) CH DPUFBFPYUOP VPMSHYPK UFEREOY CHMYSAF ABOUT UP'OBOYE MADEK Y ZHTNYTPCHBOYE X OYI PRTEDEMOOOSHI YDEK LBL GEOOPUFOSCHI PTYEOFBGYY CH TSYJOY. Yuen NEOEE PRSCHFEO YUEMPCHEL, YUEN PO OECHETSEUFCHOOEE Y UMBVEE DHIPN, FEN VPMSHYE YBOUPCH PO YNEEF RPDRBUFSH RPD CHMYSOIE DTHZYI MADEK.

хУИФШЧЧБС ФП, УФП Ч ЧПЭООСЧИ ИЛПМБИ (YULMAYUBS BLBDENYY) ХУБФУС NPMPDSHCHE MADI U NBMSHCHN TSYJOEOOSHN PRSHFPN, PFLTSCHFPK DKHYPK Y KHSCHYNPK RUYILPK, OBDP PFDBCHBFSH UEVE PFUEF CH FPN, OBULPMSHLP CHBTsEO RPDVPT DMS CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK RTERPDBCHBFEMSHULPZP J. LPNBODOPZP UPUFBCHB.

h YUFPTYY TKHUULPK CHPEOOOPK YLPMSCH PFNEYUEO ZBLF RTPOILOPCHEOYS CH YUYUMP KHYUFEMEK NBUPOPCH. fBL, LPZDB CH 1822 ZPDH VSHMP RTEDRYUBOP PFPVTBFSH PF RTERPDBCHBFEMEK RPDRYULY P OERTYOBDMETSOPUFY L NBUPOULINE MPTSBN, PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP UCHCHIE 40 KHYUFEMEK REFETVHTZULYI Kommersant BCHEDEOYK RTYOBDMETSBMY L RPUMEDOYN .

YJCHEUFOP, YuFP NBUPOUFCHP U EZP IDEEK LPUNPRPMYFYNB, PFTYGBOYEN RBFTYPFYNB, B FBLCE OELPFPTSCHNY BLFYCHOSCHNY DEKUFCHYSNY RP TBCHTBEEOYA OBGYK Y OBGYPOBMSHOSHI YUKHCHUFCH OE NPTSEF VSHFSH RTYOBOP VEIPVYDOSCHN HYUEOYEN, B EZP RTEDUFBCHYFEMY MPSMSHOSCHNY L OBDBYUBN ZPUKHDBTUFCHB.

eUMY NSCH UEZPDOS OE YNEEN DBOOSCHI P GEMEOBRTBCHMEOOOPN RTPOILOPCHEY CH RTERPDBCHBFEMSHULHA Y LPNBODYTULHA UTEDH CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSHHI UBCHEDEOYK YUKHTDSCHI UMENEOFPCH, FP LFP CHCHUE OE PIOB YUBEF PFUHFUFCHYS RTPVMENSH. rTPVMENB EUFSH. th OBCHBOYE EC FP, YuFP CH UTEDE RTERPDBCHBFEMEK Y LPNBODITPCH CHPEOOSCHI YLPM EUFSH NOPPZP MADEK CHEUSHNB TBCHOPDHYOSCHI L CHPEOOPNH DEMH, "OBENOYLPCH PF REDBZPZYLY". uFBOPCHYFUS ЪBNEFOSCHN SCHMEOYE, P LPFPTPN EEE CH PLFSVTE 1868 W. RYUBM y. blUBLPCH: “zMHNYFSHUS OBD UMBVPUFSHA TKHUULYI PVEEUFCHEOOSCHI UYM, OBD OERTPYCHPDYFEMSHOPUFSHHA TKHULPK RPYUCHSCH, OBD TPVPUFSHHA TKHUULPK PVEEUFCHEOOPK YOYGYBFYCHSHCH CHYMP X OB U, LBL YJCHEUFOP, CH PVSHCHUUBK... fBLPE PFOPYEOYE L TKHUULPK TsYOY UYYFBEFUS OERTENEOOOSCHN PFMYUYUFEMSHOSHCHN RTYOBBLPN YUFYOOP ECHTPRECULPK PVTBPCHBOOPUFY YYTPFPA Y UCHPV PDPA CHZMSDB , YUKhTsDPZP KHLYI OBGYPOBMSHOSCHI RTEDTBUUKHDLPC."

Chue ULBUBOOPE UFBCHYF CH RPCHEUFLH DOS OEPVIPDYNPUFSH TEYEOYS FTEI RTPVMEN:

1) UPЪDBOIE DMS CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI ЪBCHEDEOYK UYUFENSH RPDZPFPCHLY REDBZPZYUEULYI LBDTPCH;

2) PYUYEEOOYE REDBZPZYUEULYYY LPNBODOSHHI LBDTTPCH PF MADEK TBCHOPDHYOSCHI, NBMPRTYZPDOSCHY Y CHTEDOSHI DMS CHPURYFBOYS RBFTYPFYUEULPZP Y CHYOULZP DHib;

3).

rTY UPVMADEOY TBOEE KHLBBOOSCHI HUMPCHYK Y RTY TEYOOYY OBCHBOOSCHI RTPVMEN NPTsOP TBUUYUYFSHCHBFSH ABOUT YZHZHELFYCHOP PUHEEUFCHMEOYE PZHYGETBNY UCHPEZP BRPUFPMSHULZP RTEDOBOBYEOYS .

NSH OE PUFBOBCHMYCHBENUS ABOUT RTPVMEN CHPURYFBOYS CH PVEEUFCHE KHBTSEOYS L BTNYY, TPMY YOFEMMYZEOGYY. rTYCHEDEN MYYSH DCHB RTYNETB, DPUFPKOSCHE RPDTBTSBOYS.

ABOUT HTPLE UMPCHEUOPUFY CH sRPOY RETED CHPKOPK 1904-1905 ZZ. HYYFEMSH ЪБДБЧБМ ХУЭОЛБН ФБЛИЕ ЦПРИПУШ:

LFP FChPK OBUBMSHOIL?

yNRETBFPT...

YuFP FBLPE CHPYOULYK DHI?

rPDYUYOOYE Y UBNPRPTSETFCHPCHBOYE...

YuFP FSH OBSCHCHBEYSH ITBVTPUFSHA?

oYLPZDB OE UYUYFBFSH YUYUMB (CHTBZPCH) Y YDFY CHREDED...

YUSHE LFP RSFOP LTPCHY ABOUT OBYEN OBNEOY?

fPZP, LFP OEU EZP CH UTBTSEOYY...

ABOUT LBLHA NSHUMSH POP OBCHPDYF?

ABOUT NSCHUMSH P UYUBUFSHE OBNEOOEYLB...

OP YUEMPCHEL HNET... yuFP CE PUFBMPUSH PF OEZP?

hFPTPC RTYNET LBUBEFUUS zhTBOGYY. zhTBOGH'ULBS YLPMSHOBS ITEUFPNBFYS OBYUBMB OBEZP CHELB CHLMAYUBMB TSD RPHYUFEMSHOSHHI NBFETYBMPCH.

fBL, RETCHSHCHK TBDEM, RPUCHSEOOOSCHK TBUULBH P ZTBTSDBOULYI PVSBOOPUFSI, UPDETSYF PRYUBOIE YEUFCHYS ZHTBOGHYULYI CHPKUL. lPZDB UPMDBFSH RTPIPPDYMY NYNP RPTSYMPZP ZHTBOGKHB, BY ULBBM UCHPYN DEFSN: “pVOBTSYFE ZPMPCHSHCH, LFP OBNS LNVMENB PFEYUEUFCHB!”

YOFEMMYZEOGYS CH VPMSHYPN DPMZH RETED BTNYEK. h EE TSDBI OEF SUOPZP RPOINBOYS CHBTsOPUFY PVPTPOSCH UFTBOSHCH, TBCHYFYS RBFTYPFYNB, MAVCHY L tPDYOE. THLPCHPDSEYK "DHIPCHOSCHK DCHYZBFEMSH" DPMTSEO ЪBTBVPFBFSH ABOUT VMBZP tPUUYY. OP FHF ohchpmshop Obrtbybefus vhmzblpchulik ChPRTPU: “RPMHYUF MYO TPUIIS UFPMSh Okhoschk EK PVTBPCHOSHKU at Thulpk DyPK, RTPUEOOSHNEN TBCHNPN, FestdDPK CHPMEK?”

YOFEMMYZEOF FBLPZP ULMBDB OHTSEO BTNYY, FTEVHEFUS DEMH CHPURYFBOYS PZHYGETULPZP LPTRKHUB. OE ZETPY-YOFEMMYZEOFSH, B YOFEMMYZEOFSH-RPDCHYTSOIL OEPVIPDYNSCH DMS tPUUYY.

rPDCHYTSOYUEUFChP PUPVBS YuETFB OBEZP OBGYPOBMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB. OBU MAVINSCHK OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK ZETPK RPDCHYCOIL. according to CHETYF CH vPZB, UCHPVPDEO PF ZETPYUEULPK RPЪSH Y RTYFSBOYK. EZP CHOYNBOYE UPUTEDPPFPYYCHBEFUS ABOUT LPOLTEFOPN DEM, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSHI PVSBOOPUFSI YI UFTZPN, OEHLPUOYFEMSHOPN YURPMOOYY; CH UCHPEK DESFEMSHOPUFY BY CHYDYF RTETSDE CHUEZP YURPMOOYE UCHPEZP DPMZB.

rPDCHITSOYUUEUFChP EUFSH OERTETCHCHOSCHK UBNPPLPOFTPMSH, VPTSHVB U OYYYYNYY, ZTEIPCHOSCHNYUFPTPOBNY UCHPEZP “S”, BULEB DHIB. oPTNPK RPCHEDEOYS SCHMSEFUS TPCHOPUFSH FEYUEOYS, "NETOPUFSH", CHSHCHDETTSLB, OEPUMBVOBS UBNPDYUGYRMYOB, FETREOYE Y CHSHCHOPUMYCHPUFSH, CHETOPUFSH, VE'TPRPFOPE OUEOOYE LBCDSHCHN UCHPEZP "LTE" UVB". chUSLPZP TPDB FEBFTBMSHOSCHE LZHZHELFSHCH, RPЪB, MYGENETYE, FEEUMBCHYE RTPFPYCHOSCH DHIKH RPDCHYTSOYUEUFCHB. mHYUYYE OBYUBMSHOSH MADI ENMY THUULPK CHUEZDB VSHMY RPDCHYTSOILBNY.

mHYUYYE THUULYE RPMLPCHPDGSH Y CHPEOBYUBMSHOYIL CH YI YUYUME. rPDCHITSOILPN VSHM Y DPMTSEO VSHFSH PZHYGET tPUUYY.

rPDCHYTSOYUEUFChP OECHPNPTSOP VEY CHETCH. CHETB LFP RTY'OBOYE YuEZP-MYVP VEЪ DPLBBBFEMSHUFCH LBL UKHEEUFCHHAEEZP YMY YNEAEEZP NEUFP VSHFSH. VE CHETCH YUEMPCHEL OE UNPZ VSH UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH RP UMEDHAEIN RTYYUYOBN:

B) OE CHUE, YuFP EZP PLTHTSBEF, ON NPTsEF RPUFYZOKHFSH UYMPK UCHPEZP TBHNB; OBYUIF, PE NOPZPE ON DPMTSEO RTPUFP CHETYFSH;

C) DHIPCHOSCHE Y ZHYYUUEULYE UYMSCH YuEMPCHELB PZTBOYUOSCH, OP ON OE DPMTSEO FETSFSH CHETCH CH UEVS, OBDETSDH ABOUT VMBZPRPMHYuOSCHK YUIPD DEMB;

CH) ON (YUEMPCHEL) OE CH UPUFPSOY RTEDCHYDEFSH IPD TBCHYFYS UPVSHCHFYK, OE CH UPUFPSOY RTEDULBBFSH UCHPA UHDSHVH, OP TBHN YUEMPCHELB, LPFPTSCHK OE IPUEF NYTYFSHUS U OEYCHEUFOPUFSH A Y OEPRTEDEMOOPUFSH RPMPTSEOYS, ЪBUFBCHMSEF EZP YULBFSH DPRPMOYFEMSHOKHA PRPTKH CH CHETE;

H) “ACCOUNT FPZP CHETB RTPYCHPDYF EEE FEUOEKYKHA UCHSSH NETSDH UPZTBTSDBOBNY; YuFS PDOPZP vPZB Y UMKHTSB enH EDYOPPVTBOP, POY UVMYTSBAFUS UETDGEN Y DHIPN ".

rP UCHPENKH UPDETSBOYA CHETB RPDTBDEMSEPHUS ABOUT UMEDHAYE CHYDSCH:

1) CHETB CH UEVS (CH UCHPE RTEDOBOBYEOYE, UYMSCH, URPUPVOPUFYY F.R.);

2) CHETB CH UCHPE RTYYCHBOYE, RTBCHYMSHOPUFSH CHSHCHVPTB TSY'OOOOPZP RKhFY;

3) CHETB CH MADEK (DPCHETYE LOYN);

4) CHETB CH KHUREY (ЪBDKHNBOOPZP RTEDRTYSFYS, DEMB, BLGYY; DMS CHPEOOSCHI CHETB CH RPVEDH OBD CHTBZPN);

5) CHETB CH UChPK TPD, RMNS, OBTPD;

6) CHETB CH RTBCHYFEMEK, OBYUBMSHOYLPCH, YI URPUPVOPUFY, RTPЪPTMYCHPUFSH, NHDTPUFSH Y URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH;

7) CHETB CH CHCHUYYK TBHN. CHCHUYKHA URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH, CH vPZB.

LBTSDSCHK Y RETEYUYUMEOOSCHI CHYDPC CHETCH OBYUYN UBN RP UEVE Y, YNES UCHPY YUFPTYYUEULYE LPTOY, OBYUYUFEMSHOP PFMYUBEFUS RP UPDETSBOYA H MADEK DTHZYI OBYPOBMSHOPUFEK. CHETB CH UEWS, L RTYNETKH, YNEEF TBOPE OBYOOYE DMS TKHULPZP, BNETILBOGB, SRPOGGB YMY ZHTBOGKHB. rP-TBOPNH POB Y KHLTERMSEFUS. h. HYUYE CH OBYUBME DEMB, LPZDB EEE OE KHCHETEO CH UEVE Y CH KHUREYE, Y IHTSE CH LPOGE, LPZDB DPVSHEFUS OELPFPTPZP KHUREIB Y RTYCHMEYUEF CHOYNBOYE: OEKHCHETEOPUFSH L UEVE CHPVHTSDBEF EZP UYMSCH, B KHUREY TPOSEF YI. ENH MEZUE PDPMEFSH RTERSFUFCHYE, PRBUOPUFSH, OEKHDBYUKH, YUEN U FBLFPN CHSHCHDETSBFSH KHUREY; MEZUE UDEMBFS CHEMILPE, YUEN PUCHPIFSHUS U NSCHUMSHA P UCHPEN CHEMYYUYY. BY RTYOBDMETSYF L FPNKH FYRKH KHNOSCHI MADEK, LPFPTSHCHE ZMKHREAF PF RTYOBOYS UCHPEZP KHNB" .

y FBLPK IBTBLFETYUFYLY CHYDOP, ZDE, ABOUT LBLYI LFBRBI Y RPYUENKH OBDP RPNPZBFSH KHLTERMSFSH CHETKH UEVS.

fPYUOP FBL CE PWUFPYF DEMP Y U DTHZYNY UPUFBCHMSAEYNY, IBTBLFETYUFYLH LPFPTSCHI NSCHOE ENTERED DBCHBFSH. FEN OE NEOEE EUFSH UNSHUM PUFBOPCHYFSHUS ABOUT TEMYZY LBL PUOPCH CHETCH CH vPZB. HLBTSEN ABOUT YUEFSHCHTE OERTEMPTSOSCHE YUFYOSCH:

1) PVAEDYOSFSH MADEK NPTSEF FPMSHLP EDYOPCHETYE, YVP OEMSHЪS PDOPCHTENEOOOP UMKHTSYFSH DCHHN VPZBN;

2) PFTELBFSHUS PF PFEYUEUFCHOOOPK CHETCH CHUE TBCHOP, YuFP PFTELBFSHUS PF UCHPYI TPDYFEMEC;

3) YULBFSH DHIPCHOPK NHDTPUFY OBDP OE ABOUT UFPTPOE, B CH PFEYUEULPN DPNE;

4) UMEDHEF “RTYOBFSH CHETKH LTHROPK Y CHSHUPLPK UYMPK CH CHPEOOPN DEME Y LHMSHFYCHYTPCHBFSH ITS OBYVPMEE YTPLP...”

yЪOBYUBMSHOP OBUYE "ITYUFPMAVYCHPE CHPYOUFCHP" TPUUYKULPE OE OPUYMP CH UCHPEK DKHYE NEUFY CHTBZKH, KHZOEFEEOYS Y LURMKHBFBGYY DTHZYI OBTPDPC Y THLLPCHPDUFCHPBMPUSH CH ZMHVYOE DKHY CHCHUPLYNY ЪBCHEFBNY ​​iTYUFB, OETEDLP Y VEUUPOBFEMSHOP. eUMY CH NYTOP CHTENS LPE-LFP Y UYUYFBM EUVS BFEYUFPN, FP CH PLPRBI BFEYUFPCH HCE OE VSHMP.

h DPRPMOEOYE L ULBBOOPNKH KHLBTTSEN, YuFP RETCHSHCHK TPUUYKULYK PTDEO UCHSFPZP BODTES RETCHPCHBOOPZP, HYUTETSDEOOOSCHK REFTPN CHEMILINE CH 1699 Z., YNEM DECHY «UB CHETKH Y CHETOPUFSH "

dTKHZPK ChBTSOEKYEK UPUFBCHMSAEEK RPDCHYTSOYUEUFCHB SCHMSEFUS VMBZPTPDDUFChP RPVKhTSDEOOK. n. zBMLYO CH UCHPEK TBVPFE "оПЧШЧК RХФШ УПЧТНЭООПЗП ПЖИГЭТБ" УФБЧИФ ChPRTPU P FPN, LBLPCH DPMTSEO VShchFSH OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHK PVMYL PZHYGETB Y RTYIPDIF L CHSCCHPDH, YuFP PZHYGET, "YuFP VSC PRTBCHDBFSH UCHPE CHSHCHDBAEEUS RPMPTSEOYE, DPMTSEO CHSHCHDCHYZBFSHUS YJ FPMRSCH" RTETSDE CHUEZP "VMBZPTPDDUFCHPN UCHPYI RPVHTSDEOOK Y CHPCHSHCHYEOOPUFSHA OTBCHUFCHEOOPK OBFHTSCH."

zPFPCHOPUFSH KHNETEFSH ЪB tPUUYA UPUFBCHMSEF CHBTsOPE LBYUEUFChP PZHYGETULPZP RPDCHYTSOYUEUFCHB. fP LBYUEUFChP VSHMP FBL TBCHYFP CH PZHYGETUFCHE, YuFP RTY UPUFBCHMEOYY NPVYMYBGYPOOPZP RMBOB CH RPMLH PZHYGETSCH RTPUYMY OE OBYUBFSH YI OB DPMTSOPUFY CH FSHCHMH, CH ЪBRBUOSCHI RPMLBI, PE ChFPTPUFEREOOSCHI DYCHYYSI, LPFPTSHCHE, "NPTSEF VSHFSH, OE KHUREAF UZHPTNYTPCHBFSHUS, LBL TBSHCHZTBEFUS ZEOETBMSHOPE UTBTSEOYE" .

ъBLBOYUYCHBS TBULTSHCHFYE CHPRTPUPCH BRPUFPMSHUFCHB Y RPDCHITSOYUEUFCHB THUULPZP PZHYGETUFCHB, EEE TB RPDYUETLOEN NSHUMSH P FPN CHSHCHUPYUBKYEN OBYUEOYY, LPFPTPE CH ZHTNYTPCH BOY Y TBCHYFYY OBCHBOOSCHI LBUEUFCH YZTBEF CHPEOOBS YLPMB. vKHDHEEE BTNYY Y ZHMPFB LHEFUS CH UFEOBI CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK. b TBJ FBL, FP POY DPMTSOSCH VSCHFSH ABOUT CHCHUPFE UCHTENEOOSCHI FTEVPCHBOYK.

pZHYGETULBS LPTRPTBGYS Y FTBDYGYY PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB

pZHYGETULBS LPTRPTBGYS LBL PUPVSCHK FYR UPPVEEUFCHB FTEVHEF PF PZHYGETB OBMYYUS FBLCE PUPVSCHI LBYEUFCH, OE KHNBMSS OBYUEOYS CHUEI KHLBBOOSCHI TBOEE.

YOFETEUSCH UIMSHOPK BTNYY CHSHCHYZBAF UMEDHAEYE FTEVPCHBOYS L PZHYGETULPK LPTRPTBGYY:

1) POB DPMTSOB VSCHFSH URMPYUEOOOPK Y NPOPMYFOPK, YuFP DPUFYZBEFUS RPUTEDUFCHPN PUPVPZP, LPTRPTBFYCHOPZP DHib (y. uCHYDJOULYK);

2).

3) PFOPYEOYS CH OEK DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH URTBCHEDMYCHSHNY, TBHNOSHCHNY, KHCHBTSYFEMSHOSHCHNY, RTY LPFPTSCHI LBTSDSCHK CHRTBCHE UYYFBFSH UEVS RPMOPRTTBCHOSCHN EE YUMEOPN, YNEAEIN UCHPY RTBCHB Y PV SUBOOPUFY (f. aEZHPCHYU);

4).

5) PZHYGETULBS UTEDB DPMTSOB VSHFSH TEETCHHBTTPN TSYOOOOPK UYMSCHY NPEY PZHYGETULPZP LPTRKHUB (r. y'NEUFSHECH);

6. CHPK UTEDE Y KHVETEYUSHUS PF FYRYUOSHI PYYVPL OBUBMSHOPZP RETYPDB PZHYGETULPK UMHTSVSHCH (l. chBTTSULYK Y DT.) .

lPTRPTBFYCHOSCHK DHI EUFSH OTBCHUFCHEOOBS UPMYDBTOPUFSH, CHSHCHFELBAEBS YJ FPTsDEUFCHOOPUFY LPNREFEOGYY ZHKHOLGYK (r. y'NEUFSHECH). lPTRPTBFYCHOPUFSH CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE FTEVHEF UPVMADEOOIS UMEDHAEYI RTBCHYM:

RTY'OBOYS PVEEUFCHPN PZHYGETPCH PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY ЪB RPUFHRLY LBTSDPZP UCHPEZP PZHYGETB, YuFP, LPOYUOP TSE, OE KHNBMSEF PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY Y UBNPZP PZHYGETB ЪB UPCHETYOOPE JN;

FTEVPCHBOYE L PZHYGETBN UPZMBUPCHCHBFSH UCHPY DEKUFCHYS, RPUFHRLY, RPCHEDEOYE Y PVTB TSYYU FTEVPCHBOYSNY PZHYGETULPK LFYLY Y LPDELUPN PZHYGETULPK YEUFY;

UPMYDBTOPUFSH CH PFUFBYCHBOY YUEUFY NHODYTB, DPUFPYOUFCHB PZHYGETULPZP ЪChBOYS Y FTEVPCHBOYK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY CH PFOPEOOY YUMEOPC LPTRPTBGYY;

OEDPRKHUFINPUFSH TBZMBYEOYS ZBLFPCH, YNECHYI NEUFP CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE;

YULMAYUEOYE ЪMPUMPCHIS, ЪMPTBDUFCHB CH PGEOLE RPCHEDEOYS DTHZYI PZHYGETPCH, TBMYUOSHI RTPSCHMEOYK OERPTSDPUOPUFY Y F.R.;

CHETOPUFSH UMPCH, PVEEBOYA, KHUFOPNKH ЪBSCHMEOYA, ZPFPCHOPUFSH YURPMOYFSH PVEEBOOPE Y VEKHUMMPCHOPE CHSHRPMOEE RTYOSFSHCHI ABOUT EUVS PVSBFEMSHUFCH;

UPVMADEOYE CHOEYOYI OBLPCH RTYMYYUYS, FPCHBTYEEUFCHB Y YUYOPRPYUIFBOYS, PUPVEOOP CH ZTBTSDBOULPN PVEEUFCHE, PVEEUFCHEOOSCHI NEUFBI;

ZPFPCHOPUFSH LBTSDPZP YUMEOB LPTRPTBGYY RTYKFY O RPNPESH FPCHBTYEKH, OKHTsDBAEENKHUS CH OEK, DBTSE VEJ ZHTNBMSHOPK ABOUT FP RTPUSHVSHCH;

RTPSCHMEOYE YULTEOOEZP UPYUKHCHUFCHYS FEN, LPZP RPUFYZMP ZPTE, OYUBUFSHE, OEKHDBYUB Y F.R.

DECHY "pDYO ЪB CHUEI, CHUE ЪB PDOPZP" LBL OEMSHЪS MHYUYE PFTTBSBEF UHFSH LPTRPTBFYCHOPUFY

lBLJE LBYEUFCHB FTEVHAFUS DMS PVEEOYS CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE? UTEDY PUPVSHCHI UCHPKUFCH CHCHDEMSAFUS

B) LPNNHOILBFYCHOPUFSH (“URPUPVOPUFSH L FPCHBTYEEULPNH PVEEOYA”);

B) UBNPLTYFYUOPUFSH;

H) RPTSDPUOPUFSH.

xNEOYE CHIPDYFSH CH LPOFBLF U OEOBLPNSCHNY MADSHNY, TBCHYCHBFSH LPOFBLFSCH U MADSHNY DPUFPKOSCHNY Y RTELTBEBFSH YI U OEDPUFPKOSCHNY;

KHNEOYE "RTYFSZYCHBFSH" L UEVE MADEK UYMPK PVBSOYS; KHNEOYE YUKHCHUFCHPCHBFSH PRBUOPUFSH, YUIPDSEHA PF MADEK OERPTSDPUOSCHI, LPCHBTOSCHI TBUYUEFMYCHSHCHI, CHUE LFP PVOYNBEF YULHUUFCHP PVEEOYS, UFPMSH OEPVIPDYNPE PZHYGETH.

uBNPLTYFYUOPUFSH LBL UREGYZHYUUEULPE LBYUEUFChP, OEPVIPDYNPE CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE, FTEVHEFUS CH UYMKH FPZP ZhBLFB, YuFP NOPZYE MADI YUBEE ЪBNEYUBAF OEDPUFBFLY DTHZYY OE CHY DSF YI X UEVS fBLPK RETELPU, EUFEUFCHEOOP, UPJDBEF VMBZPDBFOHA RPYUCHH DMS LPOZHMYLFPC, UUPT Y OEDPTBHNEOYK.

ъBLPO RPTSDPYUOPUFY ZMBUYF: "oe ChSCHUFBCHMSK VEUUEUFOSCHN PVTBBPN UMBVPUFEK FCHPEZP VMYTSOEZP, DBVSH CHP'CHSCHUYFSH UBNPZP UEVS oe PFLTSCHCHBK EZP RTPUFHRLPCH Y ЪBVM KHTsDEOOK U FEN, YuFPVSH VMEUOKHFSH ЪB EZP UUEF UPVUFCHEOOSCHN RTEINKHEEUFCHPN" (b. LOYZZE, OENEGLYK RYUBFEMSH XVIII CHELB). p YUKHCHUFCHE RPTSDPYUOPUFY CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE DPUFBFPYUOP YUEFLP CHSHCHULBBMYUSH o. vHFPCHULIK, w. ZETYEMSHNBO Y DT.

h UPCHPLHROPUFY LFY FTY UREGYZHYUUEULYI LBYUEUFCHB, LBL RPLBSCHCHBEF CHPKULPCHBS RTBLFYLB, "TBVPFBAF" ABOUT URMPYUEOYE PZHYGETULPZP LPMMELFYCHB Y LBTSDPZP YUMEOB PZHYGETU LPK LPTRPTBGYY.

fTBDYGYY LFP DHIPCHOSCHK LPDELU, RETEDBAEIKUS YЪ RPLPMEOYS CH RPLPMEOYE, PVETEZBENSCHK Y RPDDETSYCHBENSCHK OEHLPUOYFEMSHOSCHN UPVMADEOYEN FTEVPCHBOYK, YЪMPTSEOOSHI CH OEN .

u FPYULY ЪTEOYS UPGYBMSHOPK TPMY LFP "UPGYBMSHOSCHK LMEC" (RP b. nBLBTEOLP), LPFPTSCHK UPEDYOSEF CHPEDYOP TBTPЪOOOSCH FETTYFPTYBMSHOP, OP PDOPTPDOSCH RP UCHPENH UPU FBCHH Y UPGYBMSHOPNH OBYEOYA EDYOYGSHCH. lFP UPEDYOOYE PUHEEUFCHMSEFUS RPUTEDUFCHPN UMEDHAEEZP YOUFTHNEOFBTYS FTBDYGYK:

1) YDEBMPCH, LHMSHFYCHYTHENSHI CH DBOOPC UTEDE;

2) CHZMSDPCH RP RTYOGYRYBMSHOP CHBTSOSHCHN CHPRTPUBN;

3) RTYCHYFYS UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYI CHLHUPCH;

4) UPVMADEOYS PVEERTYOSFSHCHI OPTN RPCHEDEOYS Y DEKUFCHYK;

5) RTYCHETTSEOOPUFY L UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEIN PVSHYUBSN;

6).

ъOBYOOYE FTBDYGYK PZTPNOP:

PE-RETCHSHI, POY URPUPVUFCHHAF ZHTNYTPCHBOYA EDYOUFCHB Y URMPUEOOPUFY MADEK;

PE-CHFPTSCHI, POY ЪBUFBCHMSAF MADEK, CHMYCHBAEYIUS CH DBOOHA LPTRPTBGYA, RPDYYOSFSHUS KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHN FBN RTBCHYMBN Y OPTNBN RPCHEDEOYS;

CH-FTEFSHYI, SING FTEVHAF PYYEEEOYS TSDPCH PF FEI MYG, LPFPTSCHE OE UPVMADBAF YMY OBTKHYBAF FTBDYGYY, Y LFYN UBNSCHN FTBDYGY URPUPVUFCHHAF UPVMADEOYA YUYUFPFSCH TSDPCH D BOOPC LPTRPTBGYY;

CH-YUEFCHETFSHCHI, CHSHUPLYK DHI FTBDYGYK TPTSDBEF CH DKHYE YuMEOPCH LPTRPTBGYY YUKHCHUFChP ZPTDPUFY UB RTYOBDMETSOPUFSH L DBOOPC ZTHRRE MADEK, RPVKHTsDBEF YI L UBNPUPCHETYOUFChP ChBOYA, DPUFYTSEOYA YDEBMB, YVP FTBDYGYY, LBL RTBCHYMP, SCHMSAFUS UYOFEЪPN CHUEZP MKHYYEZP, YuFP YNEEFUS CH DBOOPC LPTRPTBGYY (IPFS Y'CHEUFOSCH Y UMHUBY YOPZP TPDB:

PFUFBMPUFSH CHZMSDPCH Y KHUFBTECHYE FTBDYGYY).

pUOPCHH FTBDYGYK, F.E. FKH RYFBFEMSHOKHA RPYUCHKH, ABOUT LPFPTPK POY RTPYTBBUFBAF, UPUFBCHMSAF:

B. A);

C) MEZEODSCH Y DPNSCHUMSH, LPFPTSHCHE FTHDOP PRTPCHETZOKHFSH, OP FBLCE Y FTHDOP DPLBBBFSH; YOPZDB UADB NPTsOP RTYRYUBFSH EDYOYUOSCH ZBLFSCH CHSHCHDBAEEZPUS RPCHEDEOYS, DEKUFCHYS YMY RPUFHRLB, OP CHSHCHDBCHBENSCHE ЪB OELHA ЪBLPOPNETOPUFSH.

eUMY RETCHPE VBYUOPE PUOPCHBOYE (R. “B”) EUFSH RTPYUOBS PUOPCHB FTBDYGYK, FP CHFPTPE (R. “B”) PUOPCHBOYE YBFLPE, MEZLP RPDDBAEEUS TBTHYEOYA.

uMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CH YOFETEUBI TBCHYFYS FTBDYGYK OHTsOP PUHEEUFCHMSFSH RPYUL RPMPTSYFEMSHOSCHI YUFPTYYUEULYI ZBLFPCH Y RTYNETPCH, RTYCHPDYFSH YI CH UYUFENKH, CHPURYFSHCHB FS ABOUT LFYI RTYNETBI OPCHSHCHE RPLPMEOYS, KHNOPTSBFSH RPYIFYCHOSCHK RPFEOGYBM TEBMSHOP DEKUFCHHAEYNY MYGBNY. lFP Y EUFSH RKhFY KHLTERMEOYS EDYOUFCHB Y UPZMBUPCHBOOPUFY MADEK, PVEUREYEOYE RTEENUFCHOOPUFY RPLPMEOYK.

rPHYUYFEMSHOSCHN YUFPTYYUEULYN RTYNETPN RTPRBZBODSCH VPECHSHI FTBDYGYK SCHMSEFUS "oBUFBCHMEOYE ZPURPDBN REIPFOSCHN PZHYGETBN CH DEOSH UTBTSEOYS", CH LPFPTPN ZPCHPTYFUS: "oEU LPMSHLP MEF RPYUFY VEURTEUFBOOPK ABOUT TBOSHI ZTBOYGBI CHPKOSH UDEMBMY CHUA TPUUYKULHA BTNYA RTYCHSHYUOPK L POPK, Y VPMSHYBS YBUFSH PZHYGETPCH OBAF UPCHETYEOOOP DPMZ UCHPK LBL CH RTPDPM TsEOYY LBNRBOYY , FBL Y CH THEYFEMSHOSHE DOY UTBTSEOYS; OP FBL LBL NETSDH RTPYYN EUFSH Y OPCHSHCHE RPMLY, DB Y CH UFBTTSCHI OELPFPTSHCHE NBMPRSCHFOSCH EEE PZHYGETSCH, FP OE YJMYYOE UYFBEFUS RTERPDBFSH UMEDHAEYE RTPUFSHCHE MEZLYE RTBCHYMB .

OE OHTsOP RPYUFY KHRPNYOBFSH, ULPMSH OEPVIPDYNP, YUFPVSH CHUSLYK PZHYGET RP NETE CHMBUFY UCHPEK ЪBVPFYMUS P ЪДПТПЧШЭ UPMDBF, P DPUFBCHMEOYY YN RP CHPNPTSOPUFY IPTPYEK RYE Y Y CHUEI CHSHZPD Y P YURTBCHOPUFY PTHTSYS. lPMSHNY RBYUE CHUE UYE RTED UTBTSEOYEN OHTSOP; YVP YUEMPCHEL FEN PIPFOEE DETEFUS Y FEN VPMSHYE PF OEZP NPTsOP FTEVPCHBFSH, YUEN VPMSHYE PO CHYDYF, YuFP OBYUBMSHOYIL RELHFUS P EZP VMBZPUPUFPSOYY; VE YURTBCHOPZP PTHTSYS, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, RTY CHUEN KHUETDYY NBMP ON NPTSEF RTYOUFY RPMSHSHCH ".

yЪ RETCHSHCHI UFTPL LFPP "oBUFBCHMEOYS" CHYDOP, YuFP RPVKhDIMP RTYVEZOHFSH L UPUFBCHMEOYA LFPZP DPLHNEOFB (RPSCHMEOYE CH CHPKULBI NBMPRSCHFOSHI PZHYGETPCH). h RPUMEDHAEYI TSE UFTPLBI DBEFUS YЪMPTSEOYE CHEUSHNB CHBTSOSCHI RTBCHYM, LPFPTSCHE OBDP OBFSH LFYN PZHYGETBN.

rTEDRTYNEN Y NSCH RPRSHFLH PRTEDEMYFSH FTBDYGYY PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB TPUUYY, RPMBZBS UB PUOPCHH FPF YOUFTHNEOFBTYK, LPFPTSCHNY POY (FTBDYGYY) TBURPMBZBAF.

PUOPCHOSHE YDEY, LHMSHFYCHYTHENSHCHE CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE

lTHZ YDEK, FTBDYGYPOOP CHBTSOSCHI DMS PZHYGETB, PICHBFSHCHBEF TSD RPOSFYK, FBLYI LBL: tPDYOB, CHPKOB, BTNYS, PZHYGET, UPMDBF, DPVMEUFSH, ЪBLPO, CHMBUFSH, PVEEUFChP, ChTBZ Y DT.

tPDYOB UCHSFPE RPOSFYE DMS PZHYGETB. Chue UBNPE CHBTsOPE UPUTEDPFPYUEOP CH OEN, CHUE ZPFPCH ON PFDBFSH DMS ITS VMBZPRPMKHYYS, RTPGCHEFBOYS Y OEBCHYUYNPUFY. oEF VPMSHYE YUEUFY, LBL RPMPTSYFSH DKHYKH ЪB DTHZY UCHPS...

“lPTRKHU PZHYGETPCH, UFPSEIK ABOUT CHCHUPFE UCHPEZP RTYYCHBOYS, CH LPFPTPPN UPUEFBAFUS ZBTNPOYUOP KHN, DESFEMSHOPUFSH Y CHSHCHDETTSLB CHNEUFE U TSCHGBTULYN DHIPN, LPPTSHCHK TBDI YUKHCHUF CHB YUEUFY Y DPMZB ZPFPCH TSETFCHPCHBFSH CHUENY VMBZBNY TsYJOY, DBTSE UBNPK TSYOSHA, FBLPK LPTRKHU PZHYGETPCH VHDEF UBNPK CHETOPK RPTHLPK DPVMEUFYY OBDETSOPUFY CHPKULB ".

ъBLPO VHI PZHYGETB UCHSF Y OETKHYN. b EZP YURPMOOYE CHSHUPYUBKYK DPMZ PZHYGETB .

“chPKULP, LTERLP URBSOOPE DYUGYRMYOPK, ABOUT CHPKOYE UMYCHBEFUS CH PDOKH LPNRBBLFOHA NBUUKH, DECHY LPFPTPK: “RPVEDYN YMY HNTEN. NETFCHSHCHN OEF UTBNB" .

"...CHUE FP, YuFP CHEDEF L RPVEDE Y FPMSHLP L RPVEDE, EUFSH DPVTP ABOUT CHPKOYE, B CHUE FP, YuFP EE PZTBOYUYCHBEF YMY CHEDEF L RPTBTSEOYA, EUFSH YMP" .

“...zMBCHOPE PTHDYE Y CHBTSOEKIE UTEDUFCHP ABOUT CHPKOE YUEMPCHEL, B OE NBYOB; PDOBLP WE NBYO YUEMPCHEL OEDPUFBFPYUOP UIMEO" .

"UHEOPUFSH CHPYOULPZP DHib UPUFPYF CH FPN, YuFPVSH YuEMPCHEL RTYCHSHL FPK NSCHUMY, YuFP PO EUFSH CHPYO Y RTSNPE OOBYEOYE EZP CHPKOB Y UFP ЪB CHTENS RTEVSCCHBOYS EZP ABOUT DEKUFCHYFEM SHOPK UMKHTSVE YMY CH ЪBRBUE BTNYY ON NPTsEF VSHFSH RTYYCHBO DMS OBUFPSEEZP UCHPEZP DEMB, VHI CHPKOSHCH. YUEN YUBEE UPMDBF VKhDEF PV LFPN CHURPNYOBFSH, FEN VPMSHYE VKhDEF po RTPOILOKhF CHPYOULIN DHIPN, F.E. VSHCHFSH CHPEOOSHCHN CH YUFYOOPN UNSHUME LFPPZP UMPCHB, BOE FPMSHLP RP OBTHTSOPNH CHYDKH.”

“iPYUEYSH NYTB ZPFPCHSHUS L CHPKOE. IPUYYSH RPVED HYUYUSH CH NYTOP CHTENS!

“chBTsOP OE HOYUFPTSYFSH CHTBZB, B RPDPTCHBFSH EZP KHCHETEOPUFSH CH UYMBI, ЪBUFBCHYFSH EZP RTELTBFYFSH VPTSHVH, RPDYUYOYFSHUS OBYEK CHPME”

“oE RPUMEDKHEN RTYNETKH CHTBZPCH OBUYI CH YI VKHKUFCHE Y OEYUFPCHUFCHE, KHOYTSBAEYI UPMDBFB”".

“nShch DPMTSOSCH CHUE CHTENS RPNOIFSH, YuFP PLTHTSEOSH CHTBZBNY Y ЪBCHYUFOILBNY, YuFP DTHJEK KH OBU OEF... dB OBN YI Y OE OBDP RTY HUMPCHYY UFPSFSH DTHZ ЪB DTHZB. OE OBDP Y UPAJOILPC: MKHYUYE Y OYI RTEDBDHF OBU. x tPUUYY FPMSHLP DCHB UPA'OILB: ITS BTNYS Y ZhMPF "...

“rPDCHYZ ЪBLMAYUBEFUS OE CH FPN, YuFPVSH OE RBDBFSH CH VPTSHVE UP UCHPYN CHTBZPN, B CH FPN, YuFPVSHCH, KHRBCHYY, CHOPCHSH CHULPYUYFSH ABOUT OPZY Y UOPCHB VTPUIFSHUS ABOUT CHTBZB”” .

“uPMDBFKH OBDMETSYF VSHFSH ЪДПТПЧХ, ITBVTХ, FCHETDH, TEYYNH, URTBCHEDMYCHH, VMBZPYUEUFYCHH! nPMYUSH vPZH! PF OEZP RPVEDB! YuKhDP-VPZBFSHTY! vPZ OBU CHPDYF BY OBN ZEOETBM!..” .

"mYGB, LPFPTSCHE RTYYCHBOSHCH ULBUBFSH RTP RTEDPUFBCHMSENSHCHI RTPYCHPDUFCHH RPUMEDOEEE UMPP "DPUFPYO" YMY "OE DPUFPYO" RTPY'CHPDUFCHB CH RETCHSHCHK PZHYGETULYK YUYO, VETHF ABOUT EUVS VPMSHYKHA OTBCHUFCHOOKHA PFCHEFUFCHOOPUFSH ЪB LBTSDPZP RTPY'CHEDEOOPZP CH PZHYGETSCH U UBCHEDPNP OEKHUFPKYUCHSHNY OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHNY PUOPCHBNY. dCHE ZTHRRSH FTEVPCHBOYK. PUOPCHSH RETCHPK ZTHRRRSCH FBLPCSHCH: RTEDBOOPUFSH ZPUKHDBTA Y TPDYOE, DYUGYRMYOB, CHETB CH OETKHIYNPUFSH RTYLBBOYS DPMTSOSCH Y NPZHF PLPOYUBFEMSHOP KHFCHETDYFSHUS CHCHSHCHRHULBENSHY Kommersant HYUMYE. PUOPCHSH CHFPTPK ZTHRRSCH, LBLPCHSH: ITBVTPUFSH, TEYYNPUFSH RETEOPUYFSH FSZPUFY UMKHTSVSHCH, YUKHCHUFChP CHBYNOPK CHSHCHTHYULY OE CHUEZDB NPZHF TBCHYFSHUS ABOUT YLPMSHOPK ULBNSHE" .

edYOUFChP CHZMSDPCH PZHYGETPCH RP RTYOGYRYBMSHOP CHBTSOSHCHN CHPRTPUBN ".

fY CHZMSDSCH, RP OBYENKH NOEOYA, DPMTSOSCH LBUBFSHUS: B) CHPRTPUPCH YUEUFY, DPMZB Y DPUFPYOUFCHB PZHYGETULPZP ЪChBOYS; B) PFOPYEOYK L FPCHBTYEBN RP UMHTSVE Y UFBTYYN CH PZHYGETULPK UTEDE; H) RPYYGYY PZHYGETPCH RP PFOPYEOYA L RPDYYOOOSCHN; H) PFOPYEOYS PZHYGETPCH L PVEEUFCHH, OBTPDH, UMPSN Y LMBUUBN; D) RPYYGYY PZHYGETPCH PFOPUYFEMSHOP RPMYFYUEULPK Y LMBUUPCHPK VPTSHVSHCH PVEEUFCHY NEIBOYNB UNEOSH CHMBUFY. rPSUOIN ULBOOPE OELPFPTSHNY CHBTSOSHCHNY RPMPTSEOYSNY.

pZHYGETPN NPTSEF VShchFSH FPMSHLP YUEUFOSHCHK, DPVTPUPCHEUFOSHCHK Y DPUFPKOSHCHK KHCHBTSEOYS YUEMPCHEL. CHUE PUFBMSHOSCH MYGB, OE PFCHEYUBAYE LFYN FTEVPCHBOYSN, DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH KHDBMEOSH YI PZHYGETULPZP LPTRKHUB.

fPChBTYEEUFChP LFP OE RPRKHUFYFEMSHUFChP, LTHZPChBS RPTHLB Y RPLTSCHBFEMSHUFChP, B CHSHUPPLBS FTEVPCHBFEMSHOPUFSH DTHZ L DTHZH, PUOPCHBOOBS ABOUT DPCHETYY, RPTSDPUOPUFY, CHBYNOPK RPDDETSLE Y CHBYNOPK CHSHTHYULE.

UFBTYYK RP ЪChBOYA YMY RP DPMTSOPUFY OBYUBMSHOYL FBLPK CE PZHYGET, MYYSH PVMBDBAEYK VPMSHYYNYY RPMOPNPYYSNYY PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSHA. ON OE DPMTSEO TsDBFSH YOYGYBFYCHSHCH UOYH, B RPMBZBFSH EE KHNEUFOPK Y OEPVIPDYNPK. h UCHPA PYUETEDSH, EZP PVSBOOPUFSH PFDBCHBFSH DPMTSOPE UCHPYN RPDYUYOOOSCHN, OE ULPCHCHBFSH YI YOIGYBFYCHSHCH, UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPUFY Y FChPTYUEFCHB.

dMS PZHYGETB CHUE UMPY PVEEUFCHB PJYOBLPCHSHCH. po OE UMKhTSYF OH PDOPNKH YJ LMBUUPCH YMY ZTHRR, B UFPYF ABOUT UFTBC PVEEOOBGYPOBMSHOSHI YOFETEUPCH. vMBZP pFEYUEUFCHB DMS OEZP RTETSDE CHUEZP. CHUFHRBAEIK CH PZHYGETULYK LPTRKHU DPMTSEO ЪBVSCHFSH P UCHPEK UPGYBMSHOPK RTYOBDMETSOPUFY. pZHYGET OE UMKHZB, B CHPYO, LPFPTPNH DPCHETEOOP UBNPE GEOOPE VEЪPRBUOPUFSH Y RPLPC UPZTBTSDBO. CHUE, YuFP KHZTPTSBEF VE'PRBUOPUFY Y RPLPA ZTBTSDBO, DPMTSOP RPVKHTSDBFSH EZP L BDELCCHBFOSHN DEKUFCHYSN, OBRTBCHMEOOOSCHN ABOUT KHUFTBOOOYE PRBUOPUFY, CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYE VE'PRBUOPUFYY RPLPS ZTBCDBO. mAVSHCH RTYYSHCHSHCH LMBUUPCH, ZTHRR Y MYG L PZHYGETH ЪBOSFSH CHSHZPDOHA FPMSHLP DMS OYI RPYGYA PDOP Y DEKUFCHYK, OBRTBCHMEOOOSCHI ABOUT DEUFBVIYMYBGYA PVUFBOPCHLY CH U FTBOE, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, SING OE NPZHF VSCHFSH CHPURTYOSFSH PZHYGETULYN LPTRKHUPN LBL VMBZIE DMS OBGYY YI UMEDHEF LBFEZPTYUEULY PFCHETZOKHFSH.

pZHYGET OE YNEEF RTBCHB KHYBUFCHPCHBFSH CH RPMYFYUEULPK YMY LMBUUPCHPK VPTSHVE, YVP LFP UFBCHYF EZP CH RPMPTSEOYE RTPPFYCHPVPTUFCHB U UKHEEUFCHHAEEK CHMBUFSHHA, YFP SCHMSE FUS OEDPRHUFYNSCHN DMS OEZP. PUOPCHOBS RPMYFYUEULBS MYOYS PZHYGETB WE'HUMPCHOBS RPDDETTSLB ЪBLPOOPK CHMBUFY.

edYOUFCHOOOP RTYENMENSCHK NEIBOYEN UNEOSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK CHMBUFY NYTOP TBTEYEOYE LTYYUB CHMBUFY. dChPTGPCHSHCHE RETECHPTTPFSCH, FBKOSHCHK UZPCHPT, OBUIMSHUFCHOOPE UCHETTSEOYE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB Y BICHBF CHMBUFY UTEDUFCHB OZPDOSHCH, RPTPYUOSCH, OEDPUFPKOSCHE Y CHTEDOSCHE, KHUBUFYE CH L PFPTSCHI PZHYGETH LBFEZPTYUEULY OBRTEEBEF EZP PZHYGETULYK DPMZ Y UMKHTSEVOPE RPMPTSEOYE.

dMS PZHYGETB RPDYUYOOOSCH LFP EZP VMYTSBKYE UPTBFOILY, LPFPTSHCHE OHTSDBAFUS CH OBUFBCHMEOYY, RPNPEY, RPDDETSLE, RPOINBOYY. eUMY PZHYGETB OE RPOINBAF EZP RPDYUYOOOSCHE, FP ENKH UMEDHEF RTYUMKHYBFSHUS L UMPCHBN n. dTBZPNYTPCHB: “oe FPTPRYFEUSH ЪBLMAYUBFSH, YuFP EUMY CHBU OE RPOINBAF, FP RPFPNKH, YuFP OETBCHYFSHCH; RTPCHETSHFE MHYUYE UEWS, DPTBCHYMYUSH MY CHSHCH UBNY DP FPZP, YUFPVSH CHUSLYK CHBU RPOINBM".

fTBDYGYPOOSHE OPTNSH RPCHEDEOYS PZHYGETPCH tPUUYY

CHUA UPCHPLHROPUFSH FTBDYGYPOOSHI OPTN RPCHEDEOYS PZHYGETPCH NPTsOP RPDTBDEMYFSH ABOUT DCH ZTHRRSH: B) VPECHSHCHE C) OPTNSH NYTOPZP CHTENEY, VSHFPCHCHE. (231) .)

rPUFPSOOBS VYFEMSHOPUFSH. (chMBDYNYT nPOPNBI CH UCHPEN “rPHYUEOYY” ZPCHPTYF: “about CHPKOKH CHSHCHIPDS, OE MEOYFEUSH, OE RPMBZBKFEUSH ABOUT CHPECHPD; OH RYFSHA, OH EDE OE RPFCHPTUFCHHKFE, OH UOH; UFPPTTSECHHA P ITBOKH UBNY OBTTSSBKFE, Y OPYUSHA, TBUUFBCHYCH CHPYOPCH UP CHUEI UFPTPO, MPTSYFEUSH, B TBOP CHUFBCHBKFE; B PTKhTSYS UOYNBFSH UUEVS OE FPTPRYFEUSH, OE PZMSDECHYYUSH, YЪ-ЪB MEOPUFY CHOEBROP CHEDSH YUEMPCHEL RPZYVBEF ".)

oEPVSHHLOPCHOOPE VMBZPTPDUFCHP, KHNEOYE RPDBCHYFSH CH UEVE YUEUFPMAVIE CH NYOHFSCH PRBUOPUFY DMS tPDYOSCH. (ch 1813 Z., RPUME UNETFY lHFKhPCHB, zMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN OBYUBEFUS ZT. chYFZEOYFEKO. fTY UFBTYI ZEOETBMB PVPKDEOSCH LFYN OBYOOYEN, OP VEURTELPUMPCHOP, VEJEDYOP ZP ЪЧХЛБ ОЭХДПЧПМШУФЧYS RPDYYOSAFUS NMBDYENH.)

yuBUFOBS YOYGYBFYCHB, UFTENMEOYE L CHBINOPK RPDDETZLE CH VPA. (oEMSHЪS OE KHRPNSOKHFSH P CHSHCHDBAEENUS RPUFHRLE dPIFKHTPCHB, LPFPTSCHK 4 DELBVTS, YNES LBFEZPTYUEULPE RTYLBBOYE LPTRKHUOPZP LPNBODYTB PFUFKHRBFSH, UBN CHETOHM HTSE U NBTYB DYCHYYYA Y, OYLPZP OE URTBYCHBS, CHUFKHRYM CH TSEUFPLYK VPK U DCHPKOSCHNYY UYMBNY ZHTBOGKHPCH, RTY PDOPN FPMSHLP YICHEUFYY, YuFP CHVMYY PFTSD DTHZPZP LPTRHUB OBIPDFUS CH PRBUOPUFY.)

CHETOPUFSH RTYUSZE, PFUHFUFCHYE CHUSLPK NSHUMY PV YЪNEOE, RMEOE Y F.R. (rTYNETPCH FPNKH NOPTSEUFChP. pDYO YЪ OYI LBUBEFUS NBKPTB aTMPChB, OBYUBMSHOILB YOCHBMIDOPK LPNBODSCH, LPFPTPZP rKhZBYUECH IPFEM RETENGBOIFSH O UCHPA UFPTPOH, B ЪB LBFEZPT YYUEULYK PFLB RPCHUEYM EZP.)

pFUHFUFCHYE VPSHOY RETED CHCHYEUFPSEYN OBYUBMSHOILPN. (fBL, OBRTYNET, LO. zPMYGSHCHO, DCHBTDSCH PFVYFSHCHK RTY YFKHTNE yMYUUUEMSHVHTZB, RPMKHYYCH LBFEZPTYUEULPE RTYLBBOYE gBTS OENEDMEOOOP PFUFKHRYFSH PF UFEO LTERPUFY, YOBYU E ZPMPChB EZP ЪBCHFTB CE UMEFYF U RMEYU, OE HVPSMUS PFCHEFYFSH, YuFP ЪBChFTB EZP ZPMPChB PE CHMBUFY GBTULPK, ​​B UEZPDOS POB ENKH EEE UPUMKHTSYF UMHTSVH, Y FTEFSHYN RTYUFKHRPN CHSM LTERPUFSH.)

UMHTSEVOSHE Y VSHFPCHSHCHE FTBDYGYY

“vPZB VPSFSHUS Y GBTS YUFYFY, MAVYFSH VMYTSOEZP OE UMPCHPN YMY SSHLPN, OP DEMPN Y YUFYOPA, RPCHYOPCHBFSHUS OBUFBCHOILBN, RPLPTSFSHUS CHMBUFSN Y VShchFSH ZPFPCHSHCHN ABOUT CHUS LPE DPVTPE DEMP".

uMKhTSYFSH YUEUFOP pFEYUUFCHH, B OE RTYUMKHTSYCHBFSH LPNKH VSHCH FP OH VSHMP. (“lPZDB ЪBOENPZYYK PZHYGET RPDBChBM KHUFBOPCHMEOOOPK ZPTNSCH TBRPTF: “ъBVPMECH UEZP YUYUMB, UMHTSVH eZP yNRETBFPTULPZP CHEMYUEUFCHB OEUFY OE NPZH”, FP ON DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP PE HEBM, YuFP EZP UMHTSVB EUFSH UMHTSVB EZP yNRETBFPTULPZP CHEMYUEUFCHB ".)

CHETOPUFSH UCHPENKH UMPCHKH. (“uMPChP PZHYGETB DPMTSOP VShchFSH ЪBMPZPN RTBCHDSCH, Y RPFPNH MPTSSH, ICHBUFPCHUFChP, OEYURPMOEOEYE PVSBFEMSHUFCHB RPTPLY, RPDTSHCHBAEYE CHETH CH RTBCHDYCHPUFSH PZHYGETB, ChPPV EE VEUUUEUFSF PZHYGETULPE ЪCHBOIE Y OE NPZHF VSHFSH FETRINSHCH ".)

hChBTSEOYE ЪBLPOPCH ZPUKHDBTUFCHB. (“pZHYGET DPMTSEO PFMYUBFSHUS KHCHBTSEOYEN L ЪBLPOBN ZPUKHDBTUFCHB Y L MYYUOSCHN RTBCHBN LBTSDPZP ZTBTSDBOYOB; ENKH DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH YICHEUFOSCH ЪBLPOOSCHE UTEDUFCHB DMS PZTBTSDEOY S LFYI RTBCH, Y PO TSE, OE CHDBCHBSUSH CH DPOLYIPFUFCHP, DPMTSEO VShchFSH CHUEZDB ZPFPCH RPNPYUSH UMBVPNH.)

nHTSEUFCHOOPE RTEPDPMEOYE CHUEI FTHDOPUFEK Y RTERSFUFCHYK CH UMKHTSVE Y TsYYOY. (“nBMPDKHYYE Y FTKHUPUFSH DPMTSOSCH VSCHFSH YUKhTSDSCH PZHYGETH; RTY CHUEI UMHYUBKOPUFSI TSYYOY BY DPMTSEO NHTSEUFCHEOOP RTEPDPMECHBFSH CHUFTEYUBAEYEUS RTERSFUFCHYS Y FCHETDP DETSBFSHUS TB CHSTBVPFBOOSCHI KHVETSDEOOK, YUFPVSH CHUSLYK CHYDEM CH OEN YUEMPCHELB, ABOUT LPFPTPZP NPTsOP RPMPTSYFSHUS, LPFPTPPNH NPTsOP DPCHETYFSHUS Y ABOUT ЪBEIFKH LPFPTPZP NPTsOP TBUUYYFSHCHBFSH ". )

uBNPPFTEYOOYE. (“rPCHYOPCHEOYE ЪBLPOBN Y DYUGYRMYOE DPMTSOP DPIPPDYFSH DP UBNPPFTEYEOYS; Ch LPN OEF FBLPZP RPCYOPCHEOYS, FPF OEDPUFPYO OE FPMSHLP ЪChBOYS PZHYGETB, OP Y CHPPVEE ЪChBOYS Ch PEOOPZP" .)

TBVPTYUYCHPUFSH CHSHCHVPTE DTHJEK, OBLPNSCHI, PRTEDEMEOYY LTHZB PVEEOYS. (“pZHYGET DPMTSEO RPUEEEBFSH FPMSHLP FBLYE PVEEUFCHB, CH LPFPTSCHI ZPURPDUFCHHAF DPVTSCHE OTBCHSH; BY OILPPZDB OE DPMTSEO ЪBVSCCHBFSH, PUPVEOOOP CH RHVMYUOSCHI NEUFBI, YuFP PO OE FPMSH LP PVTBPCHBOOSCHK YUEMPCHEL, OP YuFP ACCOUNTING FPZP ABOUT OEN METSYF PVSBOOPUFSH RPDDETSYCHBFSH DPUFPYOUFChP UCHPEZP ЪChBOYS. PF CHUSLYI KHCHMEYOOYK Y CHPPVEE PF CHUEI DEKUFCHYK, NPZKHEYI OBVTPUYFSH IPFS NBMEKYKHA FEOSH DBCE OE OEZP MYUOP, B FEN VPMEE OB CHUSH LPTRKHU PZHYGETPCH..."

rTEDBOOPUFSH CHPEOOOPK ZHTNE. (“pZHYGETSH OPUIMY ZHPTNKH ABOUT UMKHTSVE, CHOE UMKHTSVSHCH, DPNB, CH PFRHULH, Y LFP RPUFPSOOPE RTEVSHCHBOYE CH NHODITE VSHMP OERTEUFBOOSCHN OBRPNYOBOYEN PZHYGETH, YuFP ON CHUEZDB OBIPDFUS ABOUT UMKHTSVE EZP CHEMYUEUFCHB.pZHYGET CHUEZDB VSHM RTY PTHTSYY, Y LFP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMP P FPN, YuFP PO CHUEZDB VSHM ZPFPCH PVOBTSYFSH LFP PTHTSYE DMS YUEUFY Y UMBCSHCH TPDYOSCH ".)

rHVMYUOBS CHETSMYCHPUFSH. ("h TEUFPTBOE, RTY CHIPDE UFBTYEZP CH YUYOE, RPMBZBMPUSH RTPUIFSH TBTEYEOYS RTDPDPMTSBFSH UIDEFSH ЪB UFPMPN; CH FEBFTBI FTEVPCHBMPUSH UFPSFSH PE CHTENS BOFTBLFPCH; CH RTYUHFUFCHY Y UFBTYEZP ChPURTEEBMPUSH LHTYFSH VEYUREGYBMSHOPZP TBTEYEOYS; RTY CHUFTEYUE ABOUT KHMYGE U ZEOETBMBNY, OBUYOBS PF LPNBODITB LPTRKHUB, PZHYGET ( REYYK YMY LPOOSCHK) UFBOPCHYMUS PE ZhTPOF, OBTKHYBS DCHYTSEOYE REYIDPCH Y LYRBTSEK ".)

pFGPCHULBS ЪBVPFMYCHPUFSH P UPMDBFE: “pZHYGETSCH UHFSH UPMDBFBN, SLP PFGSH DEFEN” (rEFT I); “UMHZB GBTA, PFEG UPMDBFBN” (b.u. rHYLYO).

ъBVPFB P RTYUFPKOPUFY VTBLB. (oEMSHЪS VSHMP TSEOIFSHUS, OE YURTPUYCH TBTEYEOYS LPNBODYTB RPMLB Y UPZMBUYS PVEEUFCHB PZHYGETPCH RPMLB. b LFP TBTEYEOYE Y UPZMBUYE DBCHBMPUSH RP TBUUNPFTEOYY CHPRTPU B P RTYUFPKOPUFY VTBLB.)

pZHYGETSH PVSBOSCH CHEUFY PVTB TSYOY, UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEIK YI PZHYGETULPNH DPUFPYOUFCHH. (rTBCHYMB, LPFPTSHCHE CHUEZDB UPVMADBMYUSH: PZHYGET OE YNEM RTBCHB IPDYFSH CH FTBLFYTSCH Y TEUFPTBOSCH 2nd 3 LMBUUPCH, ЪBOINBFSH NEUFB CH FEBFTBI DBMEE 5 TSDB LTEUEM; FTEV PCHBMPUSH, YUFPVSH PZHYGET OE ULKHRIMUS ABOUT TBDBYUH YUBECHSCHI; L OBLPNSCHN PZHYGET PVSBO VSHM RTYEIBFSH CH RTPMEFLE, OP OE YDFY REYLPN Y F.R.)

chPURYFBOYE CH DHIE PZHYGETULYI FTBDYGYK FTEVHEF OE GYLMB MELGYK DMS PVKHYUBENSHI CH CHPEOOSCHI YLPMBI Y PZHYGETPCH YUBUFEK. CHEUSH KHLMBD TSYY CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI OBCHEDEOYK Y CHPKULPCHSHCHI YUBUFEK DPMTSEO UFTPIFSHUS U KHUEFPN DBOOSCHI FTBDYGYK. y CH LFPC TBVPFE RTYNET PUFBEFUS ЪB UFBTYN OBYUBMSHOILPN, LPFPTSCHK DPMTSEO VSHFSH UBN VEKHRTEYUEO CH UPVMADEOY PZHYGETULYI FTBDYGYK.

ъBLMAYUEOOYE

DHIPCHOPE OBUMEDYE bTNYY TPUUYY LMBDEЪSH VMBZPTBKHNOSCHI NSCHUMEK Y YDEK, PVTBEOOOSCHI L RPFPNLBN. chPF RPYUENH CH ЪBLMAYUEOYE HLBTSEN ABOUT OELPFPTSHCHE YЪ OYI, TBUUUYFSHCHBS ABOUT FP, YuFP LFP UCHPEPVTBOBOPE ЪBCHEEBOYE ​​L TBHNH TPUUYKULYI RBFTYPFPCH VHDEF KHUMSCHIBOP.

OE VHDEN KHUSCHRMSFSH UEVS URPLPKOPC CHOEYOPUFSHHA RPMYFYUEULPZP ZPTYPOFB. YuFPTYS RPLBJBMB OBN OBZMSDOP, LBL NZOPCHEOOP CHP'OILBAF UCHTENEOOOSCH CHPKOSHCH Y LBL FSTSLP TBURMBUYCHBEFUS FB YJ UFPTPO, LPFPTBS CH NYTOP CHTENS OE UHNEMB RTYZPFPCHYFSHU S L ChPKOE (part uBNPOCH).

vShchFSh tPUUY YMY OE VSHFSH LFP ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN ЪBCHYUYF PF EE BTNYY. HLTERMSFSH BTNYA UMEDHEF U ZETPYUEULPK RPUREYOPUFSHA (n. NEOSHYYLPCH) . uNPFTYFE, LBL VSH, RTEOEVTEZBS BTNYEK, OE ЪBFTPOKhFSH PUOPCHOPZP LPTOS OBTPDOPZP UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYS (n. NEOSHYYLPCH).

OP RPLB OE CHPUUFBOPCHMEOB CHETB UFTBOSHCH CH UCHPE NPZHEEUFChP, OHTsOP TsDBFSH REYUBMSHOSHI OEKHTSDYG. CHUE OYLPE, YuFP EUFSH PE CHUSLPN OBTPDE, RPDOINBEF ZPMPCHH (n. NEOSHYYLPCH). ChPF RPYUENH OEF CHCHUYEK ЪBVPFSH DMS OBGYY, LBL CHPNPTsOPE TBCHYFYE OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI DPVTPDEFEMEK CH UCHPYI YUMEOBI Y ЪBFEN PITBOEOYE LFYI DPVTPDEFEMEK PF TBOMPTSEOYS. pVSHCHYUBY, OTBCHSHCH, RTBCHPCHSH RPMPTSEOYS Y UBNB TEMYZYS DPMTSOSCH YDFY OBCHUFTEYUKH LFYN ЪBVPFBN (y. nBUMPCH).

Chue RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, LTPNE TBCHE PUEOSH ZMHRSCHI, RPOINBAF YUTECHSHCHYUBKOHA CHCHUPFKH PZHYGETULLPZP DPMZB Y UFBTBAFUS RPDDETSYCHBFSH UPOBOE LFK CHSHUPFSHCH OBTPDE (n. NEOSHY LPC). x CHUEI OBTPDPCH BTNYS RTYOBEFUS HYUTETSDEOYEN ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHN, LPNRMELFKHENSCHN MADSHNY, DMS LPFPTSCHI CHPEOOPE DEMP, CH CHYDE ЪBEIFSH TPDOSHCH, UYUYFBEFUS MYVP UCHSEOOOPK PVS ЪBOOPUFSHA, MYVP DEMPN RTYЪCHBOYS RP RTEINHEEUFCHH. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSH Y ZPUKHDBTUFChP VETETSOP PVIPDIFUS UP CHUENY MSHZPFBNY Y RTEINHEEUFCHBNY CHPEOOOPZP UPUMPCHYS, UPOBCHBS OECHPNPTSOPUFSH PRMBYUYCHBFSH CHUE FPMSHLP TsBMPCHBOSH E N Y RPLHRBFSH ЪBEYFOILLPCH TPDYOSCH GEOPA ЪChPOLPK NPOEFSH (n. zTKHMECH) .

at YuEZP OBYUBFSH? rTETSDE CHUEZP YЪ BTNYY UMEDHEF YZOBFSH FPF OEKFTBMYFEF L tPUUYY, LPFPTSCHK YNEEF NEUFP. TBCHOPDKHOOBS BTNYS KHNYTBEF LBL BTNYS (n. not NEOSHYYLPCH). OP NBMP PDOPZP DHB UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH, NBMP YI ZPTSYUEZP, UCHSFPZP TSEMBOYS RPvedsch, OHTSOSCH EEE FCHETDSCHE, KHNEMSCHE THLY CHPTSDEK, YuFPVSH RTYCHEUFY BTNYA L RPVEDBN (o. nPTPЪP Ch). CHCHUYENH OBYUBMSHOILH HCE OEDPUFBFPYUOP FPMSHLP OPUYFSH ZEOETBMSHULIK NHODYT: ENKH OHTSOP YNEFSH UB UPVPK BCHFPTYFEF VPECHPZP PRSHCHFB, LPNBODOSHCHK GEO ABOUT CHUEI RTEDSHDHEYI U FHREOSI YETBTIYUUEULPK MEUFOIGSH YYTPLPE CHPEOOPE PVTBIPCHBOYE (r. nBITPCH) .

UMEDHEF RPNOIFSH, YuFP OBUFPSEBS, YUFYOOBS UYMB BTNYY ЪBLMAYUBEFUS CH CHPURYFBOY FBLPK PVEEK UBNPPFCHETTSEOOPK TSDPChPK NBUUSCH LPNBODOPZP UPUFBCHB, LPFPTBS VSH OE ZPOSMBUSH ЪB VMEUFSEYNY YZHZHELFBNY, OE YULBMB LTBUYCHSHI MBCHTPCH, B UNEMP Y FCHETDP YMB CH VPK, ZPTDBS UCHPYN CHSHUPLYN RTYCHBOYEN Y LTERLBS UCHPYNY RPOSFYSNY P DPMZE Y YUFYOOPN VMBZPTPDUFCHE (o. nPTPЪPCH).

chShchFBMLYCHBEF YЪ BTNYY OE ZHJYYUEULBS, B OTBCHUFCHEOOBS UYMB, LBL Y RTYFSZYCHBEF POB CE. yЪNEOYFE RUYIPMPZYUEULYE HUMPCHYS PZHYGETULPK UMHTSVSHCH VEZUFChP PUFBOPCHYFUS (n. NEOSHYYLPCH) .

UBNSHCH VMBZPDEFEMSHOSH TEZHPTNSCH BTNYY PUFBOKHFUS CHFHOE, DPLPME OE VHDEF TBDYLBMSHOP RTEPVTBBPCHBOB CHUS OBYB CHPEOOP-HYUEVOBS UYUFENB (part tSHYULPCH).

UYUFENB CHYOULPZP CHPURYFBOYS OERTENEOOOP DPMTSOB RPLPYFSHUS ABOUT YDEKOSCHI OBUMBBI. chSHCHUPLBS YDES PZHYGETULPZP DEMB, RTPYUOP CHMPTSEOOBS CH DKHYKH AOLETB, RPDOINEF EZP UPVUFCHOOPE DPUFPYOUFCHP Y OE RPJCHPMYF ENKH, CHSCHKDS ABOUT UMKHTSVH, LPE-LBL PFOPUIFSHUS LUCHP YN PVSBOOPUFSN. OP EUMY OBYB CHPEOOBS YLPMB OE KHNEEF CHUEMYFSH CH UCHPYI RYFPNGECH MAVPCHSH L UCHPENH DEMKH, EUMY CHRPUMEDUFCHYY BTNYS PLBYSCHCHBEFUS VEUUYMSHOPK RTYZTEFSH AOXA DKHYKH NPMPDSCHI PZHYGETPCH, FP SUOP, YuFP RTYYUYOB RETETSYCHBENPZP OEDKHZB LTPEFUS CH UBNYI LFYI HYUTETSDEOSI CH YI, FBL ULBBBFSH, RPUFPSOOPN UPUFBCHE, RTYDBAEEN PLTBULKH CHUEK YI TSY'OEDESFEMSHOPUFY, B OE CH FPN RETENEOOPN UPUFBCHE PZHYGETUFCHB, LPFPTPPE RTYMYCHBEF Y PFMYCHBEF YЪ BTNYY. TELPNEODPCHBFSH CH RPDPVOSHHI UMKHYUBSI RTYVBCHLH TsBMPCHBOSHS, LBL RBOBGEA PF CHUEI ЪPM, CHUE TBCHOP, YFP, RTYOINBS ZPUFEK CH IMPPDOPK THYOE, OBDECHBFSH DMS LFPP UMKHYUBS MYYOAA YHVH. dB CHCH MHYUYE RTPFPRYFE CHBY DPN Y UDEMBKFE EZP TSYMSCHN Y HAFOSHCHN...

* * *

oBDP PFDBFSH DPMTSOPE TKHUULINE PZHYGETBN: SING KHNEMY PFOPUIFSHUS VETETSOP L PFEYUEUFCHOOOPK CHPEOOOPK YUFPTYY. h FTKHDBI CHPEOOSCHI RYUBFEMEC OBIPDIFUS NBUUB MAVPRSCHFOPZP Y YOFETEUOPZP NBFETYBMB RP TBOSCHN UFPTPOBN PZHYGETULPZP CHPRTPUB-

dPUFPKOP RTEDUFBCHMEOB YUFPTYS DESFEMSHOPUFY CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK CH TBVPFBI: r.p. vPVTPCHULZP “aOLETULYE HYYMYEB. Part 3-I F.” (urV., 1881); and. CHUEMBZP “PYUETL YUFPTYY nPTULPZP LBDEFULPZP LPTRKHUB U RTYMPTSEOYEN URYULB CHPURYFBOoilPCH UB 100 MEF” (urV., 1852); r.b. zBMEOLPCHULPZP “chPURYFBOYE AOPYEUFCHB CH RTYMPN. "YUFPTYYUEULYK PUETL REDBZPZYUEULYI UTEDUFCH RTY CHPURYFBOYY CH CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYSI CH RETYPD 1700-1856 ZZ." (urV., 1904); O. zMYOPEGLLPZP “YUFPTYYUEULYK PUETL OILPMBECHULPK BLBDENYY ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB” (urV., 1882); w.h. ZTELPCHB “lTBFLYK YUFPTYYUEULYK PUETL CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK. 1700-1910" (n., 1910); ch.zh. de-mYCHPOB “YUFPTYYUEULYK PUETL DESFEMSHOPUFY lPTRHUB CHPEOOSCHI FPRPZTBZHPCH 1855-1880” (urV., 1880); o.r. TZETCH Y ch.o. UFTPECHB "YUFPTYUEULYK PUETL 2-ZP LBDEFULPZP LPTRHUB. 1712-1912 Z. Part 2-I F.” (urV., 1912); b. LEDTYOB “bMELUBODTPCHULPE CHPEOOPE HYUMYEE. 1863-1901" (urV., 1901); Well. mBMBECHB "YUFPTYYUEULYK PUETL CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI ЪBCHEDEOYK, RPDCHEDPNUFCHEOOSHI zMBCHOPNH YI HRTBCHMEOYA. pF PUOPCHBOYS CH TPUUYY CHPEOOSCHI YLPM DP YUIPDB RETCHPZP DCHBDGBFYRSFYMEFYS VMBZPRPMHYuOPZP GTUFCHPCHBOYS zPUKHDBTS yNRETBFPTB bMELUBODTTB oylpmbechYUB. 1700-1880" (urV., 1880); n. nBLUINPCHULPZP “YUFPTYUEULYK PUETL TBCHYFYS zMBCHOPZP YOTSEOOETOPZP HYUMYEB. 1819-1869" (urV., 1869); O. NEMSHOYGLPZP "UVPTOIL UCHEDEOYK P CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYSI CH TPUUYY. part 4-I F., 6-FY Y.” (urV., 1857).

bOBMYFYUEULPK TBVPFPK DPTECHPMAGYPOOPZP RETYPDB RP CHPEOOPK YLPME tPUUYY UMEDHEF UYUYFBFSH FTHD “uFPMEFYE chPEOOOPZP NYOYUFETUFCHB. 1802-1902, F. X, Yu. I-III. ZMBCHOPE HRTBCHMEOYE CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK. yUFPTYYUEULYK PUETL (UPUFBCHYFEMY r.ch. rEFTPCH Y o.b. UPLPMPCH)” (urV., 1902). ZMHVPLYE NSHUMY P TEZHPTNE CHPEOOOPK YLPMSCH CHSHCHULBBM o.o. ZPMPCHYO CH UCHPEK TBVPFE “chSHCHUYBS CHPEOOBS YLPMB” (urV., 1911). n. uPLMPMPCHULIK CHUEUFPTPOOE RTPBOBMMYYTPCHBM DESFEMSHOPUFSH TsKHTOBMB DMS LBDEF CH UCHPEK TBVPFE “lbDEFULYK TsKHTOBM RPMCHELB OBBD. TsKHTOBM DMS YUFEOYS CHPURYFBOOILBN CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK, LBL RPCHTENEOOPE YJDBOIE. 1836-1863" (urV., 1904). lHTU ЪBLPOPCHEDEOYS DMS LBDEFULYI LPTRHUPCH RTEDUFBCHMEO PFDEMSHOSHCHN YIDBOYEN “PUOPCHOSCH RPOSFYS P OTBCHUFCHOOPUFY, RTBCHE Y PVEETSYFYY” (urV., 1889).

h OBCHBOOSCHI TBVPFBI UPDETSBFUUS YOFETEUOSCH YUFPTYYUUEULYE DPLHNEOFSHCH, CH YUBUFOPUFY: “CHSHUPYUBKYK KHLB PV PUOPCHBOY YLPMSCH NBFENBFYUEULYY OBCHYZBGLYI OBHL” P F 14 SOCHBTS 1701 Z.; “rYUSHNP DYTELFPTB nPTULPK bLBDENYY UEOF-yMETB L ZTBZHH BODTEA bTFBNPOPCYUH nBFCHEECHH PF 1 NBTFB 1717 ZPDB”, “rMBO PV HYUTETSDEOOY RTY BTFYMMETYY YMSIEFOPZP LBDEFULPZP L PTRKHUB" ZTBZHB district. yHChBMPChB; “rPMPTSEOYE DMS RPUFPSOOPZP PRTEDEMEOYS YMY PGEOLY KHUREIPCH CH OBHLBI, chCHUPYUBKIE KHFCHETTSDEOOPE 8 DELBVTS 1834 ZPDB”; “oBUFBCHMEOYE DMS PVTBBPCHBOYS CHPURYFBOoilPCH CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHI UBCHEDEOYK” 1848 Z., TTBTBVPFBOOPE s.y. tPUFPCHGECHSHCHN; YOUFTHLGYY DMS AOLETPCH, LPNBODOPZP Y REDBZPZYUEULPZP UPUFBCHB, KHUEVOSHCH RTPZTBNNNSCH Y F.R.

vPMSHYPK YOFETEU DMS YHYUEOYS YUFPTYY PZHYGETULPZP CHPRTPUB RTEDUFBCHMSAF TBVPFSH: “ABRYULY BODTES FYNPZHEEECHYUB vPMPFPCHB. 1738-1760" (urV., 1871); r.p. vPVTPCHULPZP “pVЪPT CHPEOOOPZP ЪBLPOPDBFEMSHUFCHB P ZMBCHOEKYI PVSBOOPUFSI NMBDYI PZHYGETPCH CH CHPKULBI” (urV., 1881); O. chYYOSLPCHB "UKhD PVEEUFCHB PZHYGETPCH CH TKHULPK BTNYY (YUFPTYUEULYK PUETL)" (chPEOOSHCHK UVPTOIL, 1909, No. 12); part dTBZPNYTPCHB “rPDZPFPCHLB tHUULPK bTNYY L chemylpk ChPKOE, Yu. I. rPDZPFPCHLB LPNBODOPZP UPUFBChB” (chPEOOSCHK UVPTOIL, vEMZTBD, F. IV, 1923); b.b. letUOPCHULPZP "YUFPTYS tHUULPK bTNYY", Yu. I-IV (veMZTBD, 1933-1938); b. nBTYAYLYOB "fTBZEDYS TKHUULPZP PZHYGETUFCHB" (ОПЧШЧК УБД, 1923); about. nPTP'PCHB "rTHUULBS BTNYS URPIY kEOULPZP RPZTPNB. EE CHPTPTDSDEOOYE. “OBYUEOYE DMS OBU LFPPZP RPHYUEOYS” (urV., 1912); b.b. nSCHYMBECHULPZP “pZHYGETULYK CHPRTPU CH XVII CHELE. pYUETL YUFPTYY CHPEOOOPZP DEMB CH TPUUYY” (urV., 1899); R. UINBOULPZP "RETED CHPKOPK 1812 ZPDB. iBTBLFETYUFYLB ZHTBOGKHULYI Y TKHUULYI ZEOETBMPCH” (urV., 1906) Y DT.

ABOUT FBLCE TSD FTHDPCH, UPDETSBEYI LPOUFTHLFYCHOSHE NSHUMY PV HRTPUEOY PZHYGETULPZP LPTRKHUB TPUUYY. lFP TBVPFSh: b.o. bRHIFYOB "lPNBODOSHCHK UPUFBCH BTNYY" (pVEEUFChP TECHOYFEMEK CHPEOOSCHI OBOBOIK, LO. 3, 1907); j.o. vMPFOYLPCHB "pRShchF OBUFPMSHOPK LOYZY DMS ZZ. PZHYGETPCH" (urV., 1910); b. deOILYOB “rHFSH TKHUULPZP PZHYGETB” (n., 1990); “bTNEKULYE ЪBNEFLY ZEOETBMB n.y. dTBZPNYTPCHB" (urV., 1881); R. yЪNEUFSHHECHB “yULHUUFChP LPNBODPCHBOYS” (chBTYBCHB, 1908); R. lBTGECHB "lPNBODPCHBOIE PFDEMSHOPK YUBUFSH. rTBLFYUEULYE ЪBNEFLY YЪ UMKHTSEVOPZP PRSHCHFB" (urV., 1883); EZP CE “lPNBODPCHBOYE TPFPK Y ULBDTPOPN” (urV., 1881); V. rBOBECHB "pZHYGETULBS BFFEUFBGYS" (urV., 1908) Y DTHZIE.

rTBLFYUEULYK YOFETEU RTEDUFBCHMSAF FBLCE TBVPFSH o. VYTALPCHB “ъББРИУЛИ РПЧПЭУОПК РИБЗПЗИЛЭ” (pTEM, 1909); before. fTEULLOB “lHTU CHPEOOP-RTYLMBDOPK REDBZPZYY. DHI TEZHPTNSCH tHUULPZP chPEOOOPZP DEMB” (LYECH, 1909) Y y.z. OZEMSHNBOB "chPURYFBOIE UPCHTENOOOPZP UPMDBFB Y NBFTPUB" (urV., 1908).

yЪ YUYUMB TBVPF, CHSHRPMOEOOSCHI RPUME 1917 ZPDB RP OBUFPSEEE CHTENS, UMEDHEF OBCHBFSH FTHDSCH: m.z. veULTPCHOPZP “tHUULBS BTNYS Y ZHMPF Ch XIX Ch. EZP CE “bTNYS Y ZHMPF tPUUYY CH OBYUBME XX CHELB: pyuETLY CHPEOOP-LLPOPNYYUEULPZP RPFEOGYBMB” (n., 1986); n.d. vPOYU-vTHECHYUB “lPOEG GBTULPK BTNYY” (chPEOOP-YUFPTYUEULYK TSKHTOBM, 1989, No. 6); b.y. chETIPCHULPZP “tPUUYS ABOUT ZPMZPZHE (yЪ RPIDPOPZP DOECHOILB 1914-1918 ZZ.” (rZ., 1918);

R. lTBUOPCHB "about CHOKHFTEOOEN ZHTPOFE" (m., 1925); u. e. tBVYOPCHYUB "vPTSHVB ЪB BTNYA Ch 1917 Z." (N.-M., 1930); r.b. ъBKPOYULPCHULPZP “ubNPDETTSBCHYE Y TKHUULBS BTNYS ABOUT THVETS XIX th XX CHCH.” (n., 1973); EZP CE “tKHUULYK PZHYGETULYK LPTRKHU ABOUT THVETS DCHHI UFPMEFYK (1811-1903)” (chPEOOP-YUFPTYYUEULYK TsKHTOBM, 1971, No. 8); b. lTYCHYGLPZP “fTBDYGYY THUULPZP PZHYGETUFCHB” (n., 1947); u. part chPMLPCHB “tHUULYK PZHYGETULYK LPTRKHU” (n., 1993); e. neUUOETB “UPCHTENEOOOSCH PZHYGETSCH” (vHIOPU-bKTEU, 1961); about. nBYLYOB “CHSCHUYBS CHPEOOBS YLPMB TPUUYKULPK YNRETYY XIX OBYUBMB XX CHELB” (n., 1997); b.z. lBChFBTBDJE «chPEOOSH UREGYBMYUFSHCH ABOUT UMKHTSVE TEURKHVMYLY UPCHEFPCH. 1917-1920 ZZ.” (n., 1988); b.y. lBNEOECHB "YUFPTYS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH TPUUYY". (n., 1990); EZP CE “YUFPTYS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH uuut” (OPCHPUYVYTUL, 1991); EZP CE “fTBZEDYS THUULPZP PZHYGETUFCHB (HTPLY YUFPTYY UPCHTENOOPUFSH)” (n., 1999); EZP CE “chPEOOBS YLPMB TPUUYY (HTPLY YUFPTYY Y UFTBFEZYS TBCHYFYS)” (n., 1999); “p DPMZE Y YUEUFY CHPYOULPK CH TPUUYKULPK bTNYY: uPVT. NBFETYBMPCH, DPLHNEOPCH Y UFBFEK /uPUF. a.b. zBMKHYLP, b.b. lPMEUOYLPCH; rPD TED. h.o. mPVCHB" (n., 1990); b.y. rBOPCHB "pZHYGETSCH CH TECHPMAGYY 1905-1907 ZZ." (n., 1996); part TPZPYSH "pZHYGETULYK LPTRKHU tPUUYY: YUFPTYS Y FTBYGYY" (bTNEKULYK UVPTOIL, 1997, No. 9); “tPUUYKULYE PZHYGETSCH” e. neUOOETB, y. chBLBTB, ch. zTBOYFPCHB, u. lBYYTOB, b. REFTBYECHYUB, n. tPTSYUEOLP, h. gYYLE, h. yBKDYGLPZP Y y. ьКИЕОВБХНБ, (вХОПУ-бКТЭУ, 1959); h.v. uFBOLECHYUB «chPURPNYOBOYS. 1914-1919 ZZ." (M., 1926); p.zh. UHCHEOYTPCHB "fTBZEDYS tllb. 1937-1938" (n., 1998); part uHIPNMYOPCHB "chPURPNYOBOYS" (vetmyo, -1924); part ZhMKHZB “ChSCHUYYK LPNBODOSCHK UPUFBCH” (CHEUFOIL PVEEUFCHB TKHUULYI CHEFETBOPC CHEMYLPK CHPKOSHCH, 1937, No. 128-129); t.r. bKDENBOB Y b.w. nBYLPCHB "BTNYS Ch 1917 ZPDH" (N.-M., 1927) Y DT.

CHUEN OBCHBOOSCHN OE KHRPNSOKHFSHCHN CH LFPN URYULE BCHFPTBN UMEDHEF RTYOUFY ZMKHVPYUBKYKHA VMBZPDBTOPUFSH ЪB FTKhD PE VMBZP RPBOBOYS Y KHLTERMEOYS PZHYGETULPZP LPTRHUB TPU YAY. sChMSSUSH YUFYOOOSCHNY RBFTYPFBNY, VPMES ЪB VKHDHEEE UCHPEK tPDYOSCH, LBTSDSCHK YOYI UFBTBMUS RETEDBFSH TSICHKHEYN Y RPFPNLBN UCPE CHYDEOYE TEYEOYS PZHYGETULPZP CHPRTPUB CH OBYEK UFTBOE.

Samuel Huntington - Professor at Harvard University, Director of the Institute for Strategic Studies. J. Olin at Harvard University.

Chapter 1Professionalism and the military

The modern officer corps is a professional community, and the modern military officer is a professional person. This is perhaps the most fundamental thesis of this book. A profession is a special type of functional group with highly specialized characteristics. Sculptors, stenographers, entrepreneurs and advertisement writers all have different functions, but none of these functions are professional in nature. Professionalism, meanwhile, is characteristic of a modern officer, just as it is of a doctor or lawyer. Professionalism distinguishes today's military officer from the warriors of previous centuries. The existence of the officer corps as a professional community gives a unique perspective to the modern problem of civil-military relations.

The nature and history of other professional corporations as professions have been discussed at length. However, the professional nature of the modern officer corps was ignored. In our society, a businessman can have large incomes; a politician can have more influence; but a professional person is highly respected. However, the public and researchers are unlikely to view an officer in the same way as a lawyer or doctor, and certainly do not show officers the same respect as civilian professionals. Even the military themselves are influenced by the general public's perceptions of them and sometimes refuse to accept the specifics of their professional status. The term "professional" was usually used in relation to the military to contrast "professional" with "amateur" rather than in the sense of distinguishing "profession" from "occupation" or "craft." The expressions "professional army" and "professional soldier" obscured the distinction between the career private or sergeant, who is a professional in the sense of "one who works for money", and the career officer, who is a professional in a completely different sense - one who devotes himself to " higher calling" in the service of society.

Profession concept

The first step in studying the professional character of the modern officer corps is to define the concept of “professionalism”. The distinctive features of a profession as a special type of activity are competence, responsibility and corporate spirit.

COMPETENCE. A professional person is an expert with special knowledge and skill in a socially significant area of ​​human activity. His competence is acquired only through continued education and experience. This is the basis for objective standards of professional competence, which makes it possible to free a profession from non-professionals, as well as to determine the relative competence of representatives of a given profession. Such standards are universal. They are inherent in knowledge and skill and are always applicable regardless of time and place. Ordinary skills and craftsmanship exist only in the present and are acquired in the process of studying existing technologies without correlation with how it was done before, while professional knowledge is intellectual in nature and can be stored in written form. Professional knowledge has a history, and knowledge of this history is essential to professional competence. Educational and research institutions are needed to continue and transmit professional knowledge and skills. Communication between the academic and practical sides of the profession is maintained through journal publications, conferences, and the exchange of staff between practical and educational institutions.

Professional expertise also has a dimension of breadth that is not present in ordinary crafts. They are part of the general cultural tradition of society. A professional can only successfully apply his skills by recognizing himself as part of this larger tradition. The learned professions are "scholars" simply because they are an integral part of the entire educational enterprise in society. Thus, vocational education consists of two phases: the first, which includes broad liberal cultural training, and the second, which provides specialized skills and knowledge for the profession. The liberal education of a professional in a society that professes these values ​​is usually carried out by general educational institutions. The second or technical phase of vocational education, on the other hand, is carried out in specialized educational institutions operated by or closely associated with a professional corporation.

RESPONSIBILITY. A professional is a practitioner who works in a community setting and performs the duties of a service that is essential to the functioning of society, for example in health care, education or law. The client of any profession is society, represented by its individual members or collectively. The research chemist, for example, is not a professional because his service to society is not vital to his immediate existence and functioning: only the Du Ponts and the Bureau of Standards have a direct and immediate interest in what he has to offer. The essential and universal nature of the professional's service and his monopoly of skill impose on him the duty to perform his official duty as required by society. This social responsibility distinguishes the professional from other professionals whose work is concerned only with intellectual skill. A research chemist, for example, will still remain a research chemist, even if he begins to use his skills to the detriment of society. But a professional will no longer be able to do his job if he rejects his social responsibility: a doctor ceases to be a doctor if he uses his skill for antisocial purposes. The duty to serve society and dedication to one's craft constitute the motivation of a professional. Financial reward cannot be the primary goal of a professional if he is a professional. Consequently, a professional's compensation is usually only partly determined by contractual arrangements in the open market and is governed by professional customs and law.

The performance of essential professional duties, not regulated by the usual expectation of financial reward, requires some kind of statement regulating the relationship of the profession to the rest of society. Conflicts between a professional and his clients, or between professionals themselves, usually provide a direct impetus for the formulation of such a statement. Thus, the profession becomes a kind of moral unity, establishing certain values ​​and ideals that guide the members of this profession in their relations with non-professionals. This guidance may take the form of a set of unwritten norms transmitted through the professional education system, or it may be codified into written canons of professional ethics.

CORPORATIVITY. Between members of the same profession there is a sense of organic unity and awareness of themselves as a group distinct from non-professionals. This collective feeling comes from the long education and training necessary to acquire professional competence, from a common field of activity and from a shared special responsibility to society. A sense of community manifests itself in a professional organization that defines and applies standards of professional competence and establishes and implements standards of professional responsibility. Thus, along with the possession of special expert knowledge and the assumption of special responsibility, membership in an organization of professionals becomes a criterion of professional status that distinguishes a professional from a non-professional in the eyes of society. The interests of a professional corporation require that it prevent its members from exercising their professional competence in areas to which that competence is not relevant, and also protect itself from the intrusion of outsiders who may claim their abilities on the basis of achievements and merits demonstrated in other areas. activities. Professional organizations usually exist either in the form of communities or in the form of bureaucracies. In community professions such as medicine and law, the medical practitioner or lawyer usually works independently and has a direct personal relationship with his client. Bureaucratic professions such as the Foreign Service are characterized by a high degree of specialization of work and responsibilities within the professional corporation itself, which provides its collective services to society at large. The two categories are not mutually exclusive: bureaucratic elements exist in most professional communities, and communities often complement the formal structures of bureaucratic professional corporations. Communal professions typically have written codes of ethics because each practitioner individually faces the challenge of appropriate behavior with clients and colleagues. Bureaucratic professions, on the other hand, tend to develop a shared sense of collective professional responsibility and the proper role of the professional corporation in society.

Military profession

Officer service meets the basic criteria of professionalism. In fact, no professional occupation, not even medicine and law, has all the ideal characteristics of a profession. Officership is probably even further from the ideal than the last two professions. However, its fundamental characteristics clearly indicate that it is a professional corporation. In fact, officers become the strongest and most effective when they come closest to the ideal of the profession, and the weakest and most imperfect when they move farthest away from this ideal.

OFFICER COMPETENCE. What constitutes the special competence of a military officer? Is there any special skill that is common to all military officers but not common to any of the civilian groups? At first glance, this is not the case at all. The officer corps includes a lot of different specialists, many of whom have analogues in civilian life. Engineers, doctors, pilots, supplies, personnel officers, analysts, signalmen - all of them can be found both within and outside the modern officer corps. Even without taking into account these technical specialists, each of whom is deep in his own field of knowledge, the very general division of the corps into officers of the army, navy and air force creates vast differences between them in the functions performed and the skill required. It appears that the captain of a cruiser and the commander of an infantry division are faced with completely different problems, which require completely different abilities from them.

But there is still a clear area of ​​military specialization that is common to all (or almost all) officers and distinguishes them from all (or almost all) civilian specialists. This major skill is perhaps best described by Harold Lesswell as the "control of violence."** The functional task of military force is to conduct successful military operations. The responsibilities of a military officer include: (1) organizing, equipping, and training that force; (2) planning its activities and (3) directing its actions in and out of combat. The special skill of an officer is manifested in the leadership, management and control of an organized mass of people, whose main function is the use of violence. This applies equally to the activities of air, land and naval officers. This distinguishes an officer as the officer himself from other specialists existing in the armed forces. Their skill may be necessary to achieve the objectives assigned to the military force. But these are mainly auxiliary occupations, relating to the competence of an officer in the same way as the skill of a nurse, pharmacist, laboratory assistant, nutritionist, pharmacist and radiologist relates to the competence of a doctor. None of the auxiliary specialists involved in military service or serving in it is capable of “managing violence” in the same way that none of the specialists assisting in the medical profession is capable of diagnosing and treating diseases. The essence of officership is expressed in the traditional instruction to Annapolis listeners that their duty would be “to conduct the military operations of the fleet.” Those people who, like doctors, do not have the skill of "controlling violence", but are members of the officer corps, are usually distinguished by special titles and insignia, and they are not allowed into command positions. They belong to the officer corps in its capacity as an administrative organization of the state, but not as a professional community.

Within the most professional corporation there are specialists in the management of violence at sea, on land and in the air, just as in medicine there are specialists in the treatment of heart, stomach and eye diseases. The military specialist is the officer best trained to manage the use of violence under specific defined conditions. The variety of conditions in which violence can be used, as well as the different forms of use of violence, determine the specialization within a given profession. They also form the basis for assessing relevant technical abilities. The larger and more complex organizations for the implementation of violence an officer is able to manage, the wider the range of situations and conditions in which he can be used, the higher his professional skill. A person capable of directing the actions of only an infantry platoon has such a low level of professional skills that puts him on the very brink of professionalism. A person who can control the actions of an airborne division or a carrier maneuver group is a highly qualified professional. An officer who can direct complex actions during a combined arms operation involving large sea, air and ground forces is at the highest level of his profession.

It is clear that military activities require a high degree of competence. No person, no matter what innate abilities, character traits and leadership qualities he may possess, can carry out this activity effectively without significant training and experience. In an emergency, an untrained civilian may be able to perform the duties of a low-level military officer for a short time, just as a layperson in an emergency may be able to replace a doctor until he arrives. Before the management of violence acquired the character of an extremely complex matter, characteristic of it in modern civilization, anyone could be an officer without special training. However, today only those who devote all their working time to this matter can hope to achieve a significant level of professional excellence. The skill of an officer is not a craft (primarily technical) and not an art (requiring a unique talent that cannot be transferred to others). This is an incredibly complex intellectual skill that requires extensive training and training. It must be remembered that the officer's special skill lies in the control of violence, but not in the implementation of violence as such. Rifle shooting, for example, is largely a technical craft; directing the actions of a rifle company is a completely different kind of skill, which can be partly gleaned from books and partly from practice and experience. The intellectual content of the military profession requires the modern officer to devote approximately a third of his professional life to organized training—probably the highest ratio of time to training to practice than in any other profession. In part, this reflects the officer's limited ability to gain practical experience in the most important parts of his profession. But to a large extent it also reflects the extremely complex nature of military competence.

The special skill of a military officer is universal in the sense that its essence is not affected by changes in time and location. Just as the qualifications of a good surgeon are the same in Zurich and in New York, the same criteria of military excellence apply in Russia, and in America, and in the nineteenth century, and in the twentieth. Possession of common professional skills is a bond that binds military officers, despite other differences. The officer profession, in addition, has its own history. The skill of managing violence cannot be mastered simply by studying modern techniques. This skill is in a process of constant development and the officer must understand this development and be aware of its main trends and directions. Only if he is aware of the historical development of methods of organizing and leading military forces can an officer expect to remain at the top of his profession. The importance of the history of wars and military affairs is constantly emphasized in military works and military education.

To master military skills, a broad general cultural education is required. The methods of organizing and using violence at any stage of history are very closely related to the general cultural characteristics of society. Military skill, like law, intersects at its borders with history, politics, economics, sociology and psychology. Moreover, military knowledge also intersects with natural sciences such as chemistry, physics and biology. To properly understand his business, an officer must understand how it relates to other areas of knowledge, as well as how these areas of knowledge can contribute to his own goals. In addition, he will not be able to truly develop his analytical abilities, intuition, imagination and prudence if he trains only in the performance of professional duties. The abilities and properties of the mind that he needs within the framework of his profession can, to a large extent, be obtained only through broader paths of knowledge outside his profession. Like a lawyer and a doctor, an officer constantly deals with people, which requires him to have a deep understanding of human characteristics, motivation, behavior, and this is achieved by a liberal education. Just as general education became a prerequisite for mastering the professions of law and medicine, it is today almost universally recognized as a desirable element in the training of a professional officer.

OFFICER'S RESPONSIBILITY. The officer's special knowledge imposes on him a special responsibility to society. An officer's indiscriminate use of his knowledge in his own interests can destroy the social order. As with the practice of medicine, society requires that the control of violence be used only for purposes approved by that society. Society is directly, constantly and fully interested in using the knowledge and skills of an officer to strengthen its military security. All professions are regulated by the state to one degree or another, but the military profession is monopolized by the state. The skill of a doctor lies in the ability to diagnose and treat; His area of ​​responsibility is the health of his clients. An officer's skill is in controlling violence; he is responsible for the military security of his client - society. Fulfilling this responsibility requires perfect mastery of professional skill; mastery of mastery involves taking responsibility. The combination of responsibility and skill distinguishes the officer from other social types. All members of society are interested in its safety; The direct concern of the state is to achieve this goal along with other social goals, but only the officer corps is responsible for military security and nothing else.

Does the officer have professional motivation? It is clear that he is not primarily driven by economic incentives. In Western society, the officer profession is not highly paid. And the professional behavior of an officer is not determined by economic rewards and punishments. An officer is not a mercenary who offers his services where they will pay the most for them; but neither is he a citizen-soldier, inspired by a strong brief patriotic impulse and duty, but without a steady and constant desire to achieve perfection in mastering the mastery of violence. The driving motives of an officer are love for his specialty, as well as a sense of social responsibility for using this specialty for the benefit of society. The combination of these two aspirations forms his professional motivation. Society, for its part, can only support this motivation by offering its officers regular and sufficient pay, both in active service and in retirement.

An officer's skill is intellectual; mastering it requires intense training. But unlike a lawyer or a doctor, an officer is not primarily an armchair theorist; he deals with people all the time. The test of his professional abilities is the application of technical knowledge in the conditions of human activity. But since this application is not regulated by economic means, the officer requires clear instructions articulating his duties towards his fellow officers, his subordinates, his superiors and towards the state he serves. His behavior within a military organization is determined by a complex system of regulations, customs and traditions. His behavior in relation to society is governed by the awareness that his skill can only be applied to achieve the goals that society approves through its political agent - the state. If a doctor is responsible primarily to his patient, and a lawyer - to his client, then the officer's main responsibility is to the state. He is responsible to the state as a competent adviser. Just like a lawyer and a doctor, he takes care of one aspect of his client's activities. Therefore, he cannot impose on his client decisions that go beyond the scope of his special competence. He can only explain to his client the latter’s needs in this area, give recommendations for meeting these needs, and after the client makes decisions, assist him in their implementation. To a certain extent, an officer's behavior in relation to the state is determined directly by the principles expressed in the law and comparable to the canons of professional ethics of a doctor or lawyer. But to a greater extent, the officer code is expressed in customs, traditions and the maintained professional spirit.

CORPORATE CHARACTER OF THE OFFICER PROFESSION. The officers are a state bureaucratic professional corporation. The legal right to practice in this profession is limited to members of a clearly defined organization. An order to assign a primary rank is for an officer what a license is for a doctor. However, by its nature, the officer corps is more than just an instrument of the state. The functional requirements for ensuring security give rise to a complex professional structure that unites the officer corps into an independent public organization. Only those who have the necessary education and training, as well as a minimum level of professional competence, can enter this organization. The corporate structure of the officer corps includes not only the official bureaucracy, but also societies, associations, schools, magazines, customs and traditions. The professional world of an officer tends to almost completely absorb his life activity. Typically, an officer lives and works separately from the rest of society; he probably has fewer direct and social contacts outside his profession than most other professionals. The distinction between him and the layman, or civilian, is officially marked by the military uniform and insignia.

The officer corps is both a bureaucratic professional corporation and a bureaucratic organization. Within a professional corporation, levels of professional competence are demarcated by a hierarchy of military ranks; Within an organization, responsibilities vary by position. Rank is a personal characteristic reflecting professional achievements expressed in terms of experience, seniority, education and ability. The assignment of ranks, as a rule, is carried out within the officer corps itself on the basis of general rules established by the state. Appointments are usually more susceptible to outside influence. In all bureaucratic structures, power is determined by official position. In a professional bureaucracy, suitability for appointment depends on rank. An officer can perform a certain range of duties in accordance with his rank; but he does not receive a title due to appointment to a certain position. Although in practice there are exceptions to this rule, the professional character of the officer corps is ensured by the priority of the hierarchy of ranks over the hierarchy of positions.

Usually the officer corps includes a number of non-professional “reservists”. This is due to the changing need for the number of officers, as well as the inability for the state to constantly maintain an officer corps in the size required in emergency situations. Reservists are a temporary addition to the officer corps and receive military ranks in accordance with education and training. As members of the officer corps, they generally have all the powers and responsibilities of a professional of the same rank. However, legal differences remain between them and professionals, and entry into the permanent officer corps is much more limited than entry into the reservist corps. Reservists rarely achieve the level of professional excellence that is open to career officers; therefore, the bulk of reservists reside in the lower echelons of the professional bureaucracy, while the higher echelons are monopolized by career professionals. The latter, as a permanent element of the military structure and due to their higher professional competence, are usually entrusted with training and instilling professional skills and traditions in reservists. The reservist only temporarily assumes professional responsibility. His main responsibilities are in the community, outside the military. As a result, his motivation, his behavior and his value system most often differ markedly from the standards of a career professional.

The soldiers and sergeants subordinate to the officer corps are part of the organizational, but not the professional, bureaucracy. They have neither the intellectual knowledge nor the sense of professional responsibility of an officer. They are specialists in the use of violence, not in managing it. Their occupation is a craft, not a profession. This fundamental difference between officers and enlisted men finds expression in the clear dividing line which exists between the two in all the armies of the world. If this dividing line did not exist, then the existence of a single military hierarchy from private to officer of the highest rank would become possible. But the different nature of the two occupations makes the organizational hierarchy discrete. The ranks of private and sergeant military personnel are not part of the professional hierarchy. They reflect the differences in skill, ability and rank within the soldier's trade, and movement up and down these ranks is more straightforward than in the officer corps. However, the existing differences between an officer and a private preclude a transition from one level to another. Individual representatives of privates and sergeants sometimes still manage to rise to the rank of officer, but this is the exception rather than the rule. The education and training required to become an officer are not normally compatible with long-term service as a private or sergeant.

Translation from English by Vitaly Shlykov.© V. Shlykov, 2002. Translation is printed with permission of the publisher: Reprinted by permisson of the publisher from “Officership as a Profession” in the THE SOLDIER AND THE STATE: THE THEORY AND POLITICS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS by Samuel P. Huntington, pp . 7–18, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1957 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

“In Russian, a profession is, first of all, basic type of work activity, requiring certain training and being the main source of subsistence. Even in our dictionaries it is indicated that the word “ profession” comes from the Latin word “ profession”, which translates as “I declare it my business.” Americans also occasionally use the word “professional” in relation to occupation, but only as a contrast to amateurism, mainly in sports (“professional football”). Its main meaning is different, not used in Russian, and the Latin “ profession“American dictionaries interpret it completely differently, namely as a “public solemn statement”, “vow”. - Cm.: Shlykov V. Russian army and world experience:
One Hundred Years of Solitude // Politia. No. 2 (20). Summer 2001 - Note translation.

The author was able to find only one work by an English-language author that examines the officer corps as a professional corporation: Michael Lewis, Naval Officers of England: A Tale of the Naval Profession. More typical are the usual historical studies of the professions in Britain, which do not mention the military, "because the service for which soldiers are faithfully trained to perform is such that one has to hope that they will never have to perform it." For a detailed list of references, see the electronic version of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski.

This refers to the Du Pont family, who moved to the United States from France at the end of the 18th century and founded one of the world's largest companies there (Du Pont Company), which first specialized in the production of gunpowder, and then synthetic fiber and rubber, chemicals, cellophane and dyes. - Note translation

The National Bureau of Standards is a division of the US Department of Commerce. In 1989, by decision of Congress, it was renamed the National Bureau of Standards and Technology and its functions included promoting the improvement of the technological level in small and medium-sized businesses. - Note translation

Term officership usually translated as 1) officer rank, 2) officer position, 3) officer service. On the other hand, one of the main meanings of the suffix -ship is a designation of profession or social position. Therefore, further in the text of the book the term officership will be translated as “officer service” or “officership”. At the same time, the term “officership” is used not in the traditional meaning of 1) officers or 2) officer rank, but in the meaning military/officer professional corporation. - Note translation.

MAIN TOPIC

Starting with perestroika, in the USSR, and then in Russia, it became fashionable to refer to foreign experience to deepen arguments in any field, including military ones. However, even a not very deep acquaintance with the practice of foreign military development shows that no one in our country has seriously studied or is studying the experience of other countries.

In the late 80s and early 90s, politicians and publicists put forward the slogan “ Give me a professional army!”, picked up by young officers - deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. An army staffed by contract soldiers was called professional. The title of Boris Yeltsin’s famous decree of May 16, 1996 “On the transition to staffing positions of privates and sergeants in the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation on a professional basis” is characteristic.

And now many military men, politicians and journalists in their speeches and publications equate the transfer of the army to a contract basis and the creation of a professional army.

The US Armed Forces are most often cited as an example of a professional army. However, calling the American army “professional” is at least incorrect.

The American military, including Pentagon analysts and military scientists, are sincerely amazed when they learn that in Russia the American army is called professional. Officers of the National Guard, which is an integral component of the US Armed Forces, insultedly object that they are not professionals at all, but citizens in uniform. In this they are usually supported by reservist officers.

To my request at the Pentagon for an explanation of the terms “professional armed forces” and “professional military,” the answer came, which I quote verbatim: “We searched for an official interpretation of the terms “professional army / professional armed forces / professional military.”

We found the results interesting.

It turned out that the Committee of Chiefs of Staff does not use such terms. Neither do the Secretary of Defense's speechwriters, although they helped us try to find an answer. Moreover, these speechwriters are intrigued by the problem of the use of these terms in Russia, since their use by Russians does not reflect the meaning attached to them by Americans. However, they had to admit that there was no official definition of these terms. Speechwriters will likely try to get the Secretary of Defense's office to formulate these definitions in the future."

The reason Americans are confused about our use of the term “professional army” is that the word “professional” in English has a completely different meaning than in Russian.

In russian language profession- this is, first of all, a type of labor activity that requires certain training and is the main source of existence. Our dictionaries even indicate that the word “profession” comes from the Latin “professio”, which translates as “I declare my business.” Meanwhile, for Americans, the meaning of the word “professional” is different, not used in Russian, and American dictionaries interpret the Latin “professio” completely differently, namely as “a public solemn statement”, “vow”.

An American, for example, will never say about someone that he is, for example, a “professional politician.” And if an American, in response to a question about what he does, suddenly declares that he is a professional, then this means that this is a priest, a doctor or a lawyer. It is these so-called “learned professions” that serve as standards of professionalism. Webster's Dictionary defines them as follows: "The learned professions are one of the three professions—theology, law, and medicine—traditionally associated with intensive study and erudition; in a broad sense, any profession for the acquisition of which academic education is considered necessary."

Thus, between our and the American concept of a professional lies an abyss. To fully appreciate its depth, it is enough to remember what kind of education our vocational schools provide. Not a single American military man will understand why, for example, the federal program “Reforming the military education system in the Russian Federation for the period until 2010” dated May 27, 2002 refers to “military educational institutions of higher professional education.” In his eyes, professional education simply cannot be higher.

This, of course, is not at all a reason to abandon the accepted use of the word “professional” in Russia. In addition, Western Europeans often use the term “professional” in relation to the army in the same sense as we do, that is, meaning an army staffed under a contract.

However, Americans do not use the term “professional” to refer to the recruitment of privates and sergeants into the army. Therefore, having heard or read in English the words “professional soldier”, “professional military man” (and these words, unlike the expression “professional army”, are used very often in the USA), one should not conclude that military personnel are meant - volunteers (contract workers) in the usual sense for us. For in this case we can only talk about officers (less often about sergeants), and not all of them. And only after understanding what meaning the Americans put into the concept of “professional officer”, you begin to understand why the level of development of military professionalism is the criterion by which one can judge how modern this or that army is.

In the West, and not only in the United States, a large amount of specialized literature is devoted to military professionalism, which is completely unknown in our country. By all accounts, the most profound work on this topic is Samuel Huntington’s book “The Soldier and the State,” first published back in 1957 and long recognized as a classic.

In our country, Huntington is known mainly as a political scientist, and primarily as the developer of the theory of the inevitability of a collision of world civilizations, which brought him worldwide fame and a huge number of opponents. But for people in uniform and for military sociologists, he is first and foremost an outstanding military theorist, who formulated the basic tenets of military professionalism and traced its development from its very origins in Prussia at the beginning of the 19th century until the present day. It is no coincidence that his book “The Soldier and the State” is included in the curricula of a number of higher military educational institutions of the US Army. For me, studying Huntington’s works, personal conversations with him and the staff of the Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard, which he heads, helped me understand what is most important in the reform of the Russian army. This is not at all its recruitment on a contract basis and not even the training of real, i.e., career sergeants. The main thing is the formation of a modern professional officer corps. And what a professional officer is, Huntington shows in the published first chapter from the book “The Soldier and the State,” which he called “Officer Service as a Profession.” After reading it, the reader can draw his own conclusion to what extent the Russian officer meets Huntington’s criteria for professionalism and whether we need to follow these criteria.

Americans, in principle, do not deny the possibility of the existence of professional armies, including the American one, in the future. True, I have not come across any serious discussions on this topic in American military literature. However, in private conversations and at scientific seminars, they fully admit this possibility as the next stage in the development of military professionalism. The famous military theorist and former chief of staff of the US Army, General Karl Vuono, considers the creation of a professional army as a transition to the highest level of the three-stage development of modern armies. The first level is a conscript army, the second level is a volunteer army (i.e., the current US Army). The third stage should be a professional army.

As far as I can judge, any concrete image of such a professional army of the future has not yet been formed in the United States. This is understandable given the enormous difficulties involved in creating such an army, based on American views on military professionalism. The formation of such an army, apparently, would require changes in the US Constitution (abandonment of the National Guard) and changes in the entire system of military education (bringing the level of knowledge and training of privates and non-commissioned personnel to the level of a professional officer, instilling professional ethics in private and non-commissioned personnel etc.). It is clear that American society cannot yet set such tasks for itself, although there is nothing utopian in the very idea of ​​​​creating a professional (that is, staffed essentially only by officers) army.

Vitaly Shlykov

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