What are anaerobes. anaerobic infection. Etiology, pathogenesis, antibiotic therapy. Culture media for anaerobic organisms

Anaerobic infections give the patient a lot of trouble, as their manifestations are acute and aesthetically unpleasant. The provocateurs of this group of diseases are spore-forming or non-spore-forming microorganisms that have fallen into favorable conditions for life.

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria develop rapidly, can affect vital tissues and organs, so their treatment should be started immediately after diagnosis in order to avoid complications or death.

What it is?

Anaerobic infection is a pathology, the causative agents of which are bacteria that can grow and multiply in the complete absence of oxygen or its low voltage. Their toxins are highly penetrating and are considered extremely aggressive.

This group of infectious diseases includes severe forms of pathologies characterized by damage to vital organs and a high mortality rate. In patients, manifestations of intoxication syndrome usually predominate over local clinical signs. This pathology is characterized by a predominant lesion of connective tissue and muscle fibers.

Causes of anaerobic infection

Anaerobic bacteria are classified as conditionally pathogenic and are part of the normal microflora of the mucous membranes, digestive and genitourinary systems and skin. Under conditions that provoke their uncontrolled reproduction, an endogenous anaerobic infection develops. Anaerobic bacteria that live in decaying organic debris and soil, when released into open wounds, cause exogenous anaerobic infection.

The development of anaerobic infection is facilitated by tissue damage, which creates the possibility of penetration of the pathogen into the body, the state of immunodeficiency, massive bleeding, necrotic processes, ischemia, and some chronic diseases. Potential danger is represented by invasive manipulations (tooth extraction, biopsy, etc.), surgical interventions. Anaerobic infections can develop as a result of contamination of wounds with earth or other foreign bodies entering the wound, against the background of traumatic and hypovolemic shock, irrational antibiotic therapy that suppresses the development of normal microflora.

In relation to oxygen, anaerobic bacteria are divided into facultative, microaerophilic and obligate. Facultative anaerobes can develop both under normal conditions and in the absence of oxygen. This group includes staphylococci, E. coli, streptococci, shigella and a number of others. Microaerophilic bacteria are an intermediate link between aerobic and anaerobic, oxygen is necessary for their vital activity, but in small quantities.

Among obligate anaerobes, clostridial and non-clostridial microorganisms are distinguished. Clostridial infections are exogenous (external). These are botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, food poisoning. Representatives of non-clostridial anaerobes are the causative agents of endogenous purulent-inflammatory processes, such as peritonitis, abscesses, sepsis, phlegmon, etc.

Symptoms

The incubation period lasts about three days. Anaerobic infection begins suddenly. In patients, symptoms of general intoxication predominate over local inflammation. Their health deteriorates sharply until local symptoms appear, the wounds become black in color.

Patients have fever and shivering, they experience severe weakness and weakness, dyspepsia, lethargy, drowsiness, apathy, blood pressure drops, heartbeat quickens, the nasolabial triangle turns blue. Gradually, lethargy is replaced by excitement, restlessness, confusion. Their breathing and pulse speed up.

The state of the gastrointestinal tract also changes: the tongue of patients is dry, lined, they experience thirst and dry mouth. The skin of the face turns pale, acquires an earthy tint, the eyes sink. There is a so-called "Hippocratic mask" - "fades Hippocratica". Patients become inhibited or sharply excited, apathetic, depressive. They cease to navigate in space and their own feelings.

Local symptoms of pathology:

Edema of the tissues of the limb progresses rapidly and is manifested by sensations of fullness and fullness of the limb.
Severe, unbearable, growing pain of a bursting nature, not relieved by analgesics.
The distal parts of the lower extremities become inactive and practically insensitive.
Purulent-necrotic inflammation develops rapidly and even malignantly. In the absence of treatment, soft tissues are rapidly destroyed, which makes the prognosis of the pathology unfavorable.
Gas in the affected tissues can be detected using palpation, percussion and other diagnostic techniques. Emphysema, soft tissue crepitus, tympanitis, slight crackle, box sound are signs of gas gangrene.

The course of anaerobic infection can be fulminant (within 1 day from the moment of surgery or injury), acute (within 3-4 days), subacute (more than 4 days). Anaerobic infection is often accompanied by the development of multiple organ failure (renal, hepatic, cardiopulmonary), infectious-toxic shock, severe sepsis, which are the cause of death.

Diagnosis of anaerobic infection

Before starting treatment, it is important to determine exactly whether an anaerobic or aerobic microorganism has caused the infection, and for this it is not enough only to assess the symptoms externally. Methods for determining an infectious agent can be different:

ELISA blood test (the efficiency and speed of this method is high, as is the price);
radiography (this method is most effective in diagnosing infection of the bones and joints);
bacterial culture of pleural fluid, exudate, blood or purulent discharge;
Gram stain of taken smears;

Treatment of anaerobic infection

With anaerobic infection, an integrated approach to treatment involves radical surgical treatment of a purulent focus, intensive detoxification and antibiotic therapy. The surgical stage should be performed as early as possible - the life of the patient depends on it.

As a rule, it consists in a wide dissection of the lesion with the removal of necrotic tissues, decompression of surrounding tissues, open drainage with washing of cavities and wounds with antiseptic solutions. Features of the course of anaerobic infection often require repeated necrectomy, opening of purulent pockets, treatment of wounds with ultrasound and laser, ozone therapy, etc. With extensive tissue destruction, amputation or disarticulation of the limb may be indicated.

The most important components of the treatment of anaerobic infections are intensive infusion therapy and antibiotic therapy with broad-spectrum drugs highly tropic to anaerobes. As part of the complex treatment of anaerobic infections, hyperbaric oxygenation, UBI, extracorporeal hemocorrection (hemosorption, plasmapheresis, etc.) are used. If necessary, the patient is injected with antitoxic antigangrenous serum.

Forecast

The outcome of anaerobic infection largely depends on the clinical form of the pathological process, premorbid background, timeliness of diagnosis and initiation of treatment. The mortality rate in some forms of anaerobic infection exceeds 20%.

Organisms that are able to obtain energy in the absence of oxygen are called anaerobes. Moreover, the group of anaerobes includes both microorganisms (protozoa and a group of prokaryotes) and macroorganisms, which include some algae, fungi, animals and plants. In our article, we will take a closer look at anaerobic bacteria that are used to treat wastewater in local wastewater treatment plants. Since aerobic microorganisms can be used along with them in wastewater treatment plants, we will compare these bacteria.

What are anaerobes, we figured it out. Now it is worth understanding what types they are divided into. In microbiology, the following classification table for anaerobes is used:

Facultative microorganisms. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are called bacteria that can change their metabolic pathway, that is, they are able to change respiration from anaerobic to aerobic and vice versa. It can be argued that they live facultatively.
Capneistic representatives of the group able to live only in an environment with a low content of oxygen and a high content of carbon dioxide.
Moderately strict organisms can survive in an environment containing molecular oxygen. However, they are unable to reproduce here. Macroaerophiles can both survive and multiply in an environment with a reduced partial pressure of oxygen.
Aerotolerant microorganisms differ in that they cannot live facultatively, that is, they are not able to switch from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration. However, they differ from the group of facultative anaerobic microorganisms in that they do not die in an environment with molecular oxygen. This group includes most butyric bacteria and some types of lactic acid microorganisms.
obligate bacteria quickly perish in an environment containing molecular oxygen. They are able to live only in conditions of complete isolation from it. This group includes ciliates, flagellates, some types of bacteria and yeasts.

Effect of oxygen on bacteria

Any environment containing oxygen aggressively affects organic life forms. The thing is that in the process of life of various forms of life or due to the influence of certain types of ionizing radiation, reactive oxygen species are formed, which are more toxic in comparison with molecular substances.

The main determining factor for the survival of a living organism in an oxygen environment is the presence of an antioxidant functional system that is capable of elimination. Typically, such protective functions are provided by one or several enzymes at once:

cytochrome;
catalase;
superoxide dismutase.

At the same time, some anaerobic bacteria of a facultative species contain only one type of enzyme - cytochrome. Aerobic microorganisms have as many as three cytochromes, so they feel great in an oxygen environment. And obligate anaerobes do not contain cytochrome at all.

However, some anaerobic organisms can act on their environment and create a suitable redox potential for it. For example, certain microorganisms reduce the acidity of the environment from 25 to 1 or 5 before breeding. This allows them to protect themselves with a special barrier. And aerotolerant anaerobic organisms, which release hydrogen peroxide in the course of their life, can increase the acidity of the environment.

Important: to provide additional antioxidant protection, bacteria synthesize or accumulate low molecular weight antioxidants, which include vitamins A, E and C, as well as citric and other types of acids.

How do anaerobes get energy?

Some microorganisms obtain energy from the catabolism of various amino acid compounds, such as proteins and peptides, as well as the amino acids themselves. Typically, this process of releasing energy is called putrefaction. And the environment itself, in the energy exchange of which many processes of catabolism of amino acid compounds and amino acids themselves are observed, is called a putrefactive environment.
Other anaerobic bacteria are able to break down hexoses (glucose). In this case, different splitting methods can be used:
- glycolysis. After it, fermentation processes occur in the environment;
- oxidative pathway;
- Entner-Doudoroff reactions that take place under the conditions of mannanoic, hexuronic or gluconic acid.

In this case, only anaerobic representatives can use glycolysis. It can be divided into several types of fermentation, depending on the products that are formed after the reaction:

alcoholic fermentation;
lactic fermentation;
type of enterobacteria formic acid;
butyric fermentation;
propionic acid reaction;
processes with the release of molecular oxygen;
methane fermentation (used in septic tanks).

Features of anaerobes for a septic tank

Anaerobic septic tanks use microorganisms that are able to process wastewater without oxygen. As a rule, in the compartment where the anaerobes are located, the processes of wastewater decay are significantly accelerated. As a result of this process, solid compounds fall to the bottom in the form of sediment. At the same time, the liquid component of the wastewater is qualitatively cleaned from various organic impurities.

During the life of these bacteria, a large number of solid compounds are formed. All of them settle at the bottom of the local treatment plant, so it needs regular cleaning. If cleaning is not carried out in a timely manner, then the efficient and well-coordinated operation of the treatment plant can be completely disrupted and put out of action.

Attention: the sludge obtained after cleaning the septic tank should not be used as fertilizer, as it contains harmful microorganisms that can harm the environment.

Since anaerobic representatives of bacteria produce methane during their life activity, treatment facilities that work with the use of these organisms must be equipped with an effective ventilation system. Otherwise, an unpleasant odor can spoil the surrounding air.

Important: the efficiency of wastewater treatment using anaerobes is only 60-70%.

Disadvantages of using anaerobes in septic tanks

Anaerobic representatives of bacteria, which are part of various biological products for septic tanks, have the following disadvantages:

The waste that is generated after the processing of sewage by bacteria is not suitable for fertilizing the soil due to the content of harmful microorganisms in them.
Since a large amount of dense sediment is formed during the life of anaerobes, its removal must be carried out regularly. To do this, you will have to call the vacuum cleaners.
Wastewater treatment using anaerobic bacteria is not complete, but only a maximum of 70 percent.
A sewage treatment plant operating with these bacteria can emit a very unpleasant odor, which is due to the fact that these microorganisms emit methane during their life.

The difference between anaerobes and aerobes

The main difference between aerobes and anaerobes is that the former are able to live and reproduce in conditions with a high oxygen content. Therefore, such septic tanks are necessarily equipped with a compressor and an aerator for pumping air. As a rule, these local wastewater treatment plants do not emit such an unpleasant odor.

In contrast, anaerobic representatives (as the table of microbiology described above shows) do not need oxygen. Moreover, some of their species are able to die with a high content of this substance. Therefore, such septic tanks do not require pumping air. For them, only the removal of the resulting methane is important.

Another difference is the amount of sediment formed. In systems with aerobes, the amount of sludge is much less, so the cleaning of the structure can be carried out much less frequently. In addition, the septic tank can be cleaned without calling the vacuum trucks. To remove thick sediment from the first chamber, you can take an ordinary net, and to pump out the activated sludge formed in the last chamber, it is enough to use a drainage pump. Moreover, the activated sludge from the treatment plant using aerobes can be used to fertilize the soil.

Bacteria are present everywhere in our world. They are everywhere and everywhere, and the number of their varieties is simply amazing.

Depending on the need for the presence of oxygen in the nutrient medium for the implementation of vital activity, microorganisms are classified into the following types.

Obligate aerobic bacteria, which are collected in the upper part of the nutrient medium, the flora contained the maximum amount of oxygen.
Obligate anaerobic bacteria, which are located in the lower part of the environment, as far as possible from oxygen.
Facultative bacteria mainly live in the upper part, but can be distributed throughout the environment, as they do not depend on oxygen.
Microaerophiles prefer a low concentration of oxygen, although they gather in the upper part of the environment.
Aerotolerant anaerobes are evenly distributed in the nutrient medium, insensitive to the presence or absence of oxygen.

The concept of anaerobic bacteria and their classification

The term "anaerobes" appeared in 1861, thanks to the work of Louis Pasteur.

Anaerobic bacteria are microorganisms that develop regardless of the presence of oxygen in the nutrient medium. They get energy by substrate phosphorylation. There are facultative and obligate aerobes, as well as other types.

The most significant anaerobes are bacteroides

The most important aerobes are bacteroids. About fifty percent of all purulent-inflammatory processes, the causative agents of which can be anaerobic bacteria, are bacteroids.

Bacteroides are a genus of Gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacteria. These are rods with bipolar coloration, the size of which does not exceed 0.5-1.5 by 15 microns. They produce toxins and enzymes that can cause virulence. Different bacteroids have different resistance to antibiotics: there are both resistant and susceptible to antibiotics.

Energy production in human tissues

Some tissues of living organisms have increased resistance to low oxygen content. Under standard conditions, the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate occurs aerobically, but with increased physical exertion and inflammatory reactions, the anaerobic mechanism comes to the fore.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) It is an acid that plays an important role in the body's energy production. There are several options for the synthesis of this substance: one aerobic and as many as three anaerobic.

Anaerobic mechanisms of ATP synthesis include:

rephosphorylation between creatine phosphate and ADP;
transphosphorylation reaction of two ADP molecules;
anaerobic breakdown of blood glucose or glycogen stores.

Cultivation of anaerobic organisms

There are special methods for growing anaerobes. They consist in replacing air with gas mixtures in sealed thermostats.

Another way is to grow microorganisms in a nutrient medium to which reducing substances are added.

Culture media for anaerobic organisms

There are common nutrient media and differential diagnostic nutrient media. Common ones include the Wilson-Blair medium and the Kitt-Tarozzi medium. For differential diagnostic - Hiss medium, Ressel medium, Endo medium, Ploskirev medium and bismuth-sulfite agar.

The basis for the Wilson-Blair medium is agar-agar with the addition of glucose, sodium sulfite and iron dichloride. Black colonies of anaerobes are formed mainly in the depth of the agar column.

Ressel's (Russell's) medium is used in the study of the biochemical properties of bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella. It also contains agar-agar and glucose.

Wednesday Ploskirev inhibits the growth of many microorganisms, so it is used for differential diagnostic purposes. In such an environment, pathogens of typhoid fever, dysentery and other pathogenic bacteria develop well.

The main purpose of bismuth sulfite agar is the isolation of salmonella in its pure form. This environment is based on the ability of Salmonella to produce hydrogen sulfide. This medium is similar to the Wilson-Blair medium in the technique used.

Anaerobic infections

Most anaerobic bacteria living in the human or animal body can cause various infections. As a rule, infection occurs during a period of weakened immunity or a violation of the general microflora of the body. There is also the possibility of infection pathogens from the external environment, especially in late autumn and winter.

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are usually associated with the flora of the human mucous membranes, that is, with the main habitats of anaerobes. Typically, these infections multiple triggers at once(to 10).

The exact number of diseases caused by anaerobes is almost impossible to determine due to the difficulty in collecting materials for analysis, transporting samples and cultivating the bacteria themselves. Most often, this type of bacteria is found in chronic diseases.

Anaerobic infections affect people of all ages. At the same time, the level of infectious diseases in children is higher.

Anaerobic bacteria can cause various intracranial diseases (meningitis, abscesses, and others). Distribution, as a rule, occurs with the blood stream. In chronic diseases, anaerobes can cause pathologies in the head and neck: otitis media, lymphadenitis, abscesses. These bacteria are dangerous to both the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. With various diseases of the urogenital female system, there is also a risk of developing anaerobic infections. Various diseases of the joints and skin can be the result of the development of anaerobic bacteria.

Causes of anaerobic infections and their symptoms

Infections are caused by all processes during which active anaerobic bacteria enter the tissues. Also, the development of infections can cause impaired blood supply and tissue necrosis (various injuries, tumors, edema, vascular disease). Mouth infections, animal bites, lung diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease and many other diseases can also be caused by anaerobes.

In different organisms, the infection develops in different ways. This is influenced by the type of pathogen, and the state of human health. Because of the difficulties associated with diagnosing anaerobic infections, the conclusion is often based on assumptions. Differ in some features of the infection caused by non-clostridial anaerobes.

The first signs of infection of tissues with aerobes are suppuration, thrombophlebitis, gas formation. Some tumors and neoplasms (intestinal, uterine and others) are also accompanied by the development of anaerobic microorganisms. With anaerobic infections, an unpleasant odor may appear, however, its absence does not exclude anaerobes as the causative agent of the infection.

Features of obtaining and transporting samples

The very first study in determining infections caused by anaerobes is a visual inspection. Various skin lesions are a common complication. Also, evidence of the vital activity of bacteria will be the presence of gas in infected tissues.

For laboratory research and establishing an accurate diagnosis, first of all, it is necessary to competently get matter sample from the affected area. For this, a special technique is used, thanks to which normal flora does not get into the samples. The best method is aspiration with a straight needle. Obtaining laboratory material by smears is not recommended, but possible.

Samples not suitable for further analysis include:

sputum obtained by self-excretion;
samples obtained during bronchoscopy;
smears from the vaginal vaults;
urine with free urination;
feces.

For research can be used:

blood;
pleural fluid;
transtracheal aspirates;
pus obtained from the abscess cavity;
cerebrospinal fluid;
lung punctures.

Transport samples it is necessary as soon as possible in a special container or plastic bag with anaerobic conditions, since even a short-term interaction with oxygen can cause the death of bacteria. Liquid samples are transported in a test tube or in syringes. Swabs with samples are transported in test tubes with carbon dioxide or pre-prepared media.

In the case of diagnosing an anaerobic infection for adequate treatment, it is necessary to follow the following principles:

toxins produced by anaerobes must be neutralized;
the habitat of bacteria should be changed;
the spread of anaerobes must be localized.

To comply with these principles antibiotics are used in treatment, which affect both anaerobes and aerobic organisms, since often the flora in anaerobic infections is mixed. At the same time, when prescribing drugs, the doctor must evaluate the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora. The agents that are active against anaerobic pathogens include: penicillins, cephalosporins, champhenicol, fluoroquinolo, metranidazole, carbapenems and others. Some drugs have a limited effect.

To control the habitat of bacteria, in most cases, surgical intervention is used, which is expressed in the treatment of affected tissues, drainage of abscesses, and ensuring normal blood circulation. Ignoring surgical methods is not worth it because of the risk of life-threatening complications.

Sometimes used ancillary therapies, and also because of the difficulties associated with the exact determination of the causative agent of the infection, empirical treatment is used.

With the development of anaerobic infections in the oral cavity, it is also recommended to add as many fresh fruits and vegetables to the diet as possible. The most useful are apples and oranges. The restriction is subjected to meat food and fast food.

All living organisms are divided into aerobes and anaerobes, including bacteria. Therefore, there are two types of bacteria in the human body and in nature in general - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobes need to get oxygen to live while it is not needed at all or not required. Both types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic waste. But among the anaerobes, there are many species that can cause health problems in humans and animals.

Humans and animals, as well as most fungi, etc. are all obligatory aerobes that need to breathe and inhale oxygen in order to survive.

Anaerobic bacteria, in turn, are divided into:

optional (conditional) - need oxygen for more efficient development, but can do without it;
obligate (mandatory) - oxygen is deadly for them and kills after a while (it depends on the species).

Anaerobic bacteria are able to live in places where there is little oxygen, such as the human mouth, intestines. Many of them cause disease in those areas of the human body where there is less oxygen - the throat, mouth, intestines, middle ear, wounds (gangrene and abscesses), inside acne, etc. In addition, there are also useful species that help digestion.

Aerobic bacteria, compared to anaerobic bacteria, use O2 for cellular respiration. Anaerobic respiration means an energy cycle with less efficiency for energy production. Aerobic respiration is the energy released in a complex process where O2 and glucose are metabolized together inside the cell's mitochondria.

With strong physical exertion, the human body may experience oxygen starvation. This causes a switch to anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle, during which lactic acid crystals are produced in the muscles, since carbohydrates are not completely broken down. After that, the muscles later start to hurt (krepatura) and are treated by massaging the area to speed up the dissolution of the crystals and washing them out naturally in the bloodstream over time.

Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria develop and multiply during fermentation - in the process of decomposition of organic substances with the help of enzymes. At the same time, aerobic bacteria use the oxygen present in the air for energy metabolism, compared to anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen from the air for this.

This can be understood by doing an experiment to identify the type by growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in liquid culture. Aerobic bacteria will congregate at the top to take in more oxygen and survive, while anaerobic bacteria tend to congregate at the bottom to avoid oxygen.

Nearly all animals and humans are obligatory aerobes that require oxygen for respiration, while staphylococci in the mouth are an example of facultative anaerobes. Individual human cells are also facultative anaerobes: they switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available.

Brief comparison of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to stay alive.
Anaerobic bacteria need minimal or even die in its presence (depending on the species) and therefore avoid O2.
Many species among those and other types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic matter - they are decomposers. But mushrooms are more important in this regard.
Anaerobic bacteria are the cause of a variety of illnesses ranging from sore throats to botulism, tetanus, and more.
But among the anaerobic bacteria, there are also those that are beneficial, for example, they break down vegetable sugars that are harmful to humans in the intestines.

Probably, you will not surprise anyone with the information that bacteria live in any organism. Everyone knows very well that this neighborhood can be safe for the time being. This also applies to anaerobic bacteria. They live and, if possible, slowly multiply in the body, waiting for the moment when they could attack.

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria

Anaerobic bacteria differ from most other microorganisms in survivability. They are able to survive where other bacteria will not last even a few minutes - in an oxygen-free environment. Moreover, with prolonged contact with clean air, these microorganisms die.

Simply put, anaerobic bacteria have found a unique loophole for themselves - they settle in deep wounds and dying tissues, where the level of protection of the body is minimal. Thus, microorganisms get the opportunity to develop freely.

All types of anaerobic bacteria can be conditionally divided into pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic. Microorganisms that pose a real threat to the body include the following:

peptococci;
clostridia;
peptostreptococci;
some types of clostridia (anaerobic spore-forming bacteria that occur naturally and live in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals).

Some anaerobic bacteria not only live in the body, but also contribute to its normal functioning. A good example is bacteroids. Under normal conditions, these microorganisms are an essential component of the microflora of the colon. And varieties of anaerobic bacteria such as Fusobacteria and Prevotella provide a healthy oral flora.

In different organisms, anaerobic infection manifests itself in different ways. It all depends on the state of health of the patient, and on the type of bacteria that struck him. The most common problem is infection and suppuration of deep wounds. This is a vivid example of what the vital activity of anaerobic bacteria can lead to. In addition, microorganisms can be causative agents of such diseases:

necrotic pneumonia;
peritonitis;
endometritis;
bartholinitis;
salpingitis;
epiema;
periodontitis;
sinusitis (including its chronic form);
infections of the lower jaw and others.

Treatment of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria

Manifestations and methods of treatment of anaerobic infections also depend on the pathogen. Abscesses and suppurations are usually treated with surgery. Dead tissue must be removed very carefully. After that, the wound is disinfected no less thoroughly and regularly treated with antiseptics for several days. Otherwise, the bacteria will continue to multiply and penetrate deeper into the body.

You need to be ready for treatment with potent drugs. Often, it is not possible to effectively destroy anaerobic, as, in general, any other type of infection, without antibiotics.

Anaerobic bacteria in the mouth require special treatment. They are what cause bad breath. In order for the bacteria to stop receiving nutrients, you need to add as many fresh vegetables and fruits as possible to your diet (oranges and apples are considered the most useful in the fight against bacteria), and it is advisable to limit yourself in meat, fast food and other junk food. And of course, don't forget to brush your teeth regularly. The particles of food remaining in the gaps between the teeth are favorable soil for the growth of anaerobic bacteria.

By following these simple rules, you can not only get rid of the unpleasant, but also prevent the appearance of plaque.