Each organism is individual in terms of protein composition, and the immune system "guards" this individual composition.
Immunity- the ability of the organism to preserve the individual composition of proteins inherited; a way to protect the body from genetically alien living bodies and substances.
Types of immunity:
1. non-specific directed against any foreign substance (antigen). It manifests itself in the form of humoral, due to the production of bactericidal substances, and cellular, as a result of which phagocytosis and a cytotoxic effect are carried out.
2. Specific directed against a specific foreign substance. It is realized in two forms - humoral (production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells) and cellular, which is realized mainly with the participation of T-lymphocytes.
organs of the immune system. The immune system in the narrow sense of the word is usually understood as the mechanisms of protection against a genetically alien substance that are implemented with the participation of lymphocytes. The immune system is a combination of lymphoid immunocompetent organs, tissues and cells (thymus gland - thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic tissue of the appendix and Peyer's patches of the intestine, tonsils of the nasopharynx, bone marrow, lymphocytes and macrophages), providing immunity mechanisms. The immune system recognizes foreign agents or antigens. Antigens- large molecular substances with a genetically alien structure or spatial configuration. Antigens: proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, polymerized nucleic acid.
Types of lymphocytes:
1) cells that recognize a foreign antigen and give a signal to start an immune response - antigen-reactive cells, or immunological memory cells;
2) effector cells that directly carry out the process of elimination of genetically alien material - cytotoxic cells, or killer (killer) cells, or HRT effector cells;
3) cells that help the formation of effectors - helpers;
4) cells that inhibit the beginning and carry out the interruption, the end of the body's immune response - suppressors;
5) B cells that produce immunoglobulins
In total, a person has 10 12 lymphocytes or 10 6 clones. The number of possible antigens is about 10 4 . This means that some of the lymphocytes are "free" and ready to meet with yet unknown antigens.
Immunity is provided by immunocompetent cells, among which there are:
1. antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, monocytes, endotheliocytes, dendritic phagocytes), the main function of which is to prepare antigenic determinants for recognition;
2. regulatory cells - lymphocytes (helpers or assistants, suppressors or suppressors of the immune response, memory);
3. effector cells - immune defense lymphocytes (killers and antibody producers).
The main immunocompetent cells are lymphocytes, among which thymus-dependent or T-lymphocytes and bursa-dependent or B-lymphocytes are distinguished. The term "bursa" originated from the Fabrician bag of birds; in mammals and humans, the analog of the bursa of birds is the bone marrow. T- and B-lymphocytes provide, respectively, cellular and humoral immunity.
T-lymphocytes. Their development first in the red bone marrow, and then in the thymus. 1. Helpers - Th (I and II); 2. Cytotoxic (CTC) - killers; 3. Regulatory (RL) - suppressors. They learn in the thymus, training is "strict" in 2 stages: they learn to recognize their own proteins and learn not to react with them, but are able to react with others; 99% die as a result of poor training.
B-lymphocytes. In birds in the "bursal bag", in mammals in the red bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes; specific immunity - directed against a specific protein; learns first to recognize a foreign antigen, and then to produce antibodies against them. Clones of trained B-lymphocytes - most of them turn into plasma cells, from which immunoglobulins are synthesized; it takes 7 days to breed; memory cells.
Nonspecific immunity - against all antigens and does not always help: cellular immunity associated with phagocytosis; compliment system - a group of 20 proteins that are in the plasma, the next. Proteins attack: c-reactive protein; cytokines - interferons α, β, ƴ - have antiviral activity.
Phagocytosis- a process in which specially designed cells in the blood and tissues of the body (phagocytes) capture and digest solid particles. It is carried out by two types of cells: granular leukocytes (granulocytes) circulating in the blood and tissue macrophages. The discovery of phagocytosis belongs to I. I. Mechnikov, who revealed this process by doing experiments with starfish and daphnia, introducing foreign bodies into their bodies. For example, when Mechnikov placed a spore of a fungus in the body of a daphnia, he noticed that it was attacked by special mobile cells. When he introduced too many spores, the cells did not have time to digest them all, and the animal died. Mechnikov called cells that protect the body from bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, etc. phagocytes.
In humans, there are two types of professional phagocytes:
Neutrophils
Monocytes (in tissue - macrophages)
The main stages of the phagocytic reaction are similar for both types of cells. The phagocytosis reaction can be divided into several stages:
1. Chemotaxis (stage of convergence). The phagocyte approaches the object of phagocytosis, which may be the result of a random collision in a liquid medium. But the main mechanism of convergence, apparently, is chemotaxis - directed movement of the phagocyte in relation to the object of phagocytosis. Active movement is clearly observed in the presence of the supporting surface of the cell. A tissue serves as a similar surface in natural conditions. In the phagocytosis reaction, a more important role belongs to positive chemotaxis. Earlier than other cells, neutrophils migrate to the focus of inflammation, and macrophages arrive much later. The rate of chemotactic movement for neutrophils and macrophages is comparable, the differences in the time of arrival are probably associated with different rates of their activation.
2. Adhesion of phagocytes to the object (adhesion stage). It is due to the presence on the surface of phagocytes of receptors for molecules presented on the surface of the object (own or associated with it). Touching the object, the phagocyte attaches to it. Leukocytes adhering to the vessel wall in the focus of inflammation do not come off even at a high blood flow rate. The surface charge of the phagocyte plays an important role in the adhesion mechanism. The surface of phagocytes is negatively charged. Therefore, the best adhesion is observed if the objects of phagocytosis are positively charged.
3. Stage of absorption. The object of phagocytosis can move in two ways. In one case, the phagocyte membrane at the site of contact with the object is drawn in and the object attached to this section of the membrane is drawn into the cell, and the free edges of the membrane close over the object. The second absorption mechanism is the formation of pseudopodia, which envelop the object of phagocytosis and close over it so that, as in the first case, the phagocytosed particle is enclosed in a vacuole inside the cell. Macrophages use pseudopodia to engulf microbes.
4. Stage of intracellular digestion. Lysosomes are attached to the vacuole containing the phagocytosed object (phagosome), and the inactive enzymes contained in them, being activated, are poured into the vacuoles. A digestive vacuole is formed. It sets a pH of about 5.0, which is close to the optimum for lysosome enzymes. Lysosomes have a wide range of enzymes, including those that break down biological macromolecules of ribonuclease, protease, amylase, and lipase.
Antibodies. They perform the recognition and specific binding of the corresponding antigens and the effector function: the antibody induces physiological processes aimed at destroying the antigen (lysis, stimulation of specialized immunocompetent cells). All antibodies can be divided into 5 large classes - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.
ImmunoglobulinsIgG contained in serum, have two antigen-binding sites, precipitate water-soluble antigens, cause agglutination of corpuscular antigens, cause their lysis, but on condition that there is a complement on the antigen. Due to the peculiarities of the structure, they are able to pass through the placenta. Due to this, during pregnancy, the fetus receives antibodies from the mother against a number of pathogens of infectious diseases. All other immunoglobulins are not able to normally pass through the placental barrier.
ImmunoglobulinsIgM found in serum and lymph. They are able to precipitate (precipitate), agglutinate (glue) and lyse antigens. This class of immunoglobulins has the greatest capacity for complement fixation.
ImmunoglobulinsIgA found in serum and mucous membranes. They cannot precipitate, agglutinate and lyse corpuscular antigens. Under their influence, complement is activated, resulting in opsonization of bacteria, which facilitates their capture by phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages).
ImmunoglobulinsIgD in serum, they are unable to bind complement. Their role is still not clear.
ImmunoglobulinsIgE are detected in serum, do not bind complement, obviously participate in allergic reactions, since under these conditions their concentration in the blood increases significantly.
The body's defense systemprotectsus from harmful influences from the outside, is called immunity. The stronger, the stronger the protective force, the healthier the person. There is a non-specific specific immunity each type is equally important. In order for our body to cope with bacteria and viruses in time and prevent the development of the disease, immunity must be constantly strengthened. The formation of immunity, its renewal occurs throughout life. In the article we will analyze in more detail how a specificand non-specificimmunity. What needs to be done so that he copes with his protectivefunction?
The concept of specific immunity
Both specific and non-specific immunity begins to form from stem cells. In the future, their paths diverge: the non-specific one sends its cells to the spleen, the specific path - to the thymus or thymus gland. There, each of them turns into antibodies that already perform their protective functions. The more nbutOn its way, the immune system encounters microorganisms, the more antibodies it has to fight various diseases. This is the answer to the question why domestic, pampered children are more likely to get sick than those who grow up in nature, in the fresh air.
Acquired(Specific) immunity is the ability of the body not to perceive certain infections, it is formed throughout life. Specific immunity in medicine is divided into two types: active and passive. How is specific immunity created? ? Specific immunity is associated with phagocytosis. It appears after past illnesses or during vaccination, when weakened bacteria and viruses are introduced. As soon as the immune system encounters a pathogen, antibodies are produced. A repeated illness caused by the same viruses will pass in a milder form or completely bypass the body. Antibodies already existing in the body quickly neutralize enemies.
Passive specific immunity
For formation, ready-made antibodies are artificially introduced into the body. For example, breastfeeding also forms passive immunity, along with mother's milk, the child already receives ready-made protective antibodies.
Active specific immunity is a response for a specific pathogen. So, for example, it appears after vaccination against smallpox. It should be remembered that the presence of antibodies in the blood, their active work, resistance to pathogens depend on the general state of the immune system, its health.
Nonspecific immunity
Formation of non-specific, as with specific immunity is associated with phagocytosis. Congenital is transmitted tomfrom parents with genes, it makes up 60% of all our defenses.
Phagocytes are cells that absorb foreign organisms. Formed from stem cells, "instruction" takes place in the spleen, where they learn to recognize strangers.
Nonspecific immunity operates effectively and simply: it detects antigens and immediately removes them. An important mission and feature of nonspecific immunity is the ability to fight and destroy tumor cancer cells.
How is the defense in our body organized?
On the way of microbes, our skin, as well as mucous membranes, is the first barrier. In addition to mechanical protection, they also have bactericidal properties, provided that they are not damaged. Protection is provided by the secrets of the sebaceous and sweat glands. For example, after 15 minutes, upon contact with healthy skin, the causative agent of typhoid fever dies. Mucous secretions are secreted, which are extremely detrimental to microbes.
If the microbes are highly pathogenic or their attack is too massive, the mucosal and skin barriers become insufficient. In such cases, bacteria and viruses enter the body. Inflammation occurs, in which the complex mechanisms of immunity are turned on. Leukocytes, phagocytes are taken to work, special substances (immunoglobulin, interferon) are produced to fight the “enemy”. Such reactions of the body are caused by nonspecific immunity.
At the same time, specific immunity is activated, which forms protective factors - antibodies aimed at fighting a specific microbe. In many ways, the effectiveness and speed of antibody production will depend on whether the pathogen has already visited the body.Specific immunity is providedalready existing antibodies. Familiar pathogens will be quickly destroyed. If there has not yet been a collision, then the body needs time to produce antibodies and to fight a new unfamiliar “enemy”.
Structure of the immune system
Specific immunity is provided by lymphocytes one of the ways: humoral or cellular. The entire immune system is represented as a complex of lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs. They belong here:
Bone marrow;
spleen;
thymus;
The lymph nodes.
The immune system also includes:
nasopharyngeal tonsils;
lymphoid plaques in the intestine;
lymphoid nodules located in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, respiratory tube;
lymphoid diffuse tissue;
lymphoid cells;
interepithelial lymphocytes.
The main elements in the immune system can be called lymphoid cells and macrophages. Lymphoid organs are "warehouses" for lymphoid cells.
What weakens the immune system
Because of what happens in a person The body loses its protective properties due to a number of reasons,towhich can include:
malnutrition, lack of vitamins and minerals;
abuse of hormonal drugs and antibiotics;
chronic stress and fatigue;
exposure to radiation conditions, atmospheric pollution.
In addition, immunity can decrease after surgery, anesthesia, with large blood loss, burns, injuries, intoxications and infections, with frequent colds, chronic diseases. Especially a decrease in immunity is manifested after SARS and influenza.
Separately, it is necessary to highlight children's immunity. During the development of a child, there are five stages when immunity can drop to a critical level:
age up to 30 days;
from 3 to 6 months;
at 2 years of age;
from 4 to 6 years;
in adolescence.
In pediatrics, there is even the concept of FCI (frequently ill children), these includekids,who fall ill four times a year or more.
Strengthening immunity
In order to strengthen the protective functions, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen the non-specific and specific immunity.
Nonspecific immunity is strengthened if the overall resistance of the body increases. Usually when they sayhthen you needstrengthen the immune system, they mean precisely the non-specific appearance. What is required for this:
compliance with the daily routine;
good nutrition - the content in food of the required amount of minerals, vitamins, amino acids;
zanYatiyasports, hardening of the body;
ateata drugov,strengtheningXand reinforcingimmunity, for example with beta-carotene;
escapeitefrequent use of antibioticsthTefrombdoctor's orders only.
Strengthening (creation) of specific immunity
Specific immunity is created by introduction of the vaccine. It acts purposefully against any disease. It should be borne in mind that during active vaccination, that is, when weakened pathogens are introduced, the body's defense reactions are immediately directed to the production of antibodies to fight the disease. As a result, the body's response to other infections is temporarily weakened. Therefore, before vaccination, it is necessary to increase and strengthen one's own nonspecific immunity. Otherwise, there is a chance of quickly picking up a virus.
The ability of the immune system to resist any "invasion" largely depends on such a factor as a person's age. For example, the immunity of a newborn has only those antibodies that were transmitted to him from his mother, so there is a high probabilityvarious diseases. It has long been customary not to show the baby to strangers in the first month and not to take it out of the house in order to protect it from various specific antigens. In older people, the activity of the thymus gland decreases, so they often become defenseless against various viruses. When choosing immunocorrection, these features of ages must be taken into account.
Vaccinations
Vaccination is a reliable way to acquire specific immunity and an opportunity to protect yourself from a specific disease. Active immunity is formed due to the production of antibodies to the introduced weakened virus. By itself, it is not capable of causing a disease, but it contributes to the inclusion of immunity, which reacts specifically to this disease.
It is important to remember that after any vaccination, a reaction can occur,as well asminor mild side effects. This is normal, don't panic. Atweakenedchildren often exacerbate chronic diseases after vaccination, because the forces of the main immunity are sent to developantibodiestointroduceddrug.respond better, the incidence of side effects does not exceed 2%. In order to avoid complications, it is necessary to prepare the body, normalize nonspecific immunity. For this, all the measures described above are suitable.
TOPIC 21. MAN. ORGANS, ORGAN SYSTEMS: musculoskeletal, integumentary, blood circulation, lymph circulation. REPRODUCTION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Basic concepts of the topic:
The musculoskeletal system and its functions, Bone structure, Skeleton structure, Features of the human skeleton, Muscle groups, Skeleton damage, Structure, functions and skin damage, The structure of the heart and blood vessels, Circulatory circulation, Blood composition, Blood cell functions, Blood types, Immunity , Lymphatic system, Human reproduction and development
1. The composition of the belt of the upper limbs includes
2. Proteins are involved in the contraction of muscle fibers
3. Muscles attach to the skin
4. Curves of the human spine are associated with
5. Derivatives of the epidermis of the skin include
1) sebaceous and sweat glands
2) nails and hair
3) mammary glands
4) subcutaneous adipose tissue and receptors
6. The epidermis is called
1) the outer layer of the skin
2) the inner layer of the skin
4) subcutaneous adipose tissue
7. Systemic circulation begins at
8. The pulmonary circulation is called
9. Arteries are the vessels through which
1) only arterial blood moves
2) only venous blood moves
3) blood moves towards the heart
4) blood moves away from the heart
10. The internal environment of the body is formed
1) enzymes, water and mineral salts
2) lymph, blood and tissue fluid
3) tissue fluid and hormones
4) hormones and blood plasma
11. Blood serum is
1) intercellular substance
2) plasma without fibrinogen
3) saline
4) lymph without fibrinogen
12. Immunity is provided by phagocytosis and the body's ability to produce
15. Formed elements that provide blood clotting are called
16. Natural acquired immunity occurs after
3) diseases
4) vaccinations
17. Artificial passive immunity occurs after
1) the introduction of the vaccine
2) introduction of therapeutic serum
3) diseases
4) vaccinations
18. When providing first aid to a person with frostbite, it is necessary
1) rub the damaged part of the body with snow
2) warm the injured part of the body with hot water
3) apply a heat-insulating bandage and give a plentiful hot drink
4) rub the damaged part of the body with snow, and then warm the damaged part of the body with hot water
19. In case of damage to the spine of the victim, one should put
1) face down on a hard surface
2) face down on a soft surface
3) face up on a hard surface
4) on a soft surface face up
20. Hypodynamia is the result
1) sedentary lifestyle
2) physical overvoltage
3) disease associated with overeating
4) dynamic damage to the skeleton
21. In AIDS patients and HIV-infected
1) the number of erythrocytes in the blood decreases
2) the body's immune system is destroyed
3) the rate of blood clotting decreases
4) platelets are destroyed
22. Arterial blood turns into venous blood in
2) lymphatic vessels
4) hepatic vein
23. Venous blood turns into arterial blood in
1) capillaries of the pulmonary circulation
2) lymphatic vessels
3) capillaries of the systemic circulation
4) hepatic vein
24. The greatest efficiency is achieved when the muscle works in
1) fast pace with maximum load
2) slow pace with medium load
3) an average pace with an average load
4) fast pace with minimal load
25. The best prevention of venous blood stasis is
26. When injured with a rusty nail, the victim should
1) treat the wound and get vaccinated against tetanus
2) treat the wound and inject anti-tetanus serum
3) only disinfect the wound
4) send the victim home, bandaging the wound
27. Natural immunity is practically not developed against
28. On what grounds can a diagnosis be made: sickle cell anemia?
1) absence of lymphocytes
2) decrease in the number of leukocytes
3) change in the shape of red blood cells
4) increase in hemoglobin level
29. To determine the rate of blood clotting, it is necessary to do an analysis on
30. Lose cores in the process of specialization
31. A large circle of blood circulation in humans ends in
IN 1. Blood is sent from the left ventricle
A) to the lungs
B) along the arteries
B) through the veins
D) in the pulmonary circulation
D) to the digestive, excretory and musculoskeletal systems
E) in the systemic circulation
IN 2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the glands and their type
Answer table:
Answer table:
Answer table:
AT 5. Establish the sequence of blood vessels that carry blood in the systemic circulation
A) left ventricle
B) Right atrium
B) capillaries
D) Vena cava
E) Medium and small arteries
AT 6. Determine the sequence of passage of a portion of blood through the circulation circles in chimpanzees, starting from the left ventricle of the heart.
A) right atrium
B) left ventricle
D) lungs
D) left atrium
E) right ventricle
AT 7. Select the features characteristic of blood leukocytes
A) live 120 days
B) live 10 days
B) non-nuclear
D) 1 mm3 5 million cells
E) 1 mm3 8000 cells
C1. How will the blood composition change in a climber who has been at high altitude for a week? Why?
C2. A person calmly eats eggs, meat and other foods containing proteins. Why are meat and egg proteins not injected directly into the bloodstream?
C3. Why do veins need valves?
C4. What tissues form the human skin? How are these fabrics different?
Target: To study the protective properties of the body.
Tasks:
- To uncover material on the protective properties of the body.
- Introduce types of immunity.
- To find out the preventive role of vaccinations in the fight against infectious diseases and the role of vaccines in the development of immunity.
- Explain essence of AIDS.
Type of lesson: learning new material.
Lesson type: problem-search.
Lesson forms: combined lesson.
Lesson methods: visual, verbal
During the classes
Teacher.What is immunity?
When during an epidemic one person falls ill and another does not, the second is said to be immune to infection or immunity, while the first has little or no immunity. That is why the question: what is immunity- most often they say: this is a state of immunity of the body to infection.
Someone else's skin was transplanted into a man. What then? The body seeks to destroy or reject substances foreign to it. This is the manifestation of immunity. In this way, immunity- this is the force that protects the internal constancy of the body from the invasion of living and dead foreign bodies. Thanks to immunity, not a single epidemic has destroyed the whole of humanity. People who have been ill become even more resistant to the action of microbes. The causative agents of the disease receded. With them, the body's defenses at a new meeting dealt with more easily.
What is the main immune force of the body?
Students are asked to comment on the drawing.
If a lot of foreign bodies have penetrated into the body, then phagocytes, absorbing them, greatly increase in size and are destroyed. At the same time, substances are released that cause a local inflammatory reaction, accompanied by an increase in temperature. Pus, with angina, which is formed in the tissues during inflammation, this is an accumulation of dead leukocytes.
Phagocytosis and antibody production is a single defense mechanism called immunity. If a lot of foreign bodies have entered the body, then phagocytes, absorbing them, greatly increase in size and, in the end, are destroyed. Protection of the body from foreign bodies is carried out not only with the help of phagocytosis. The body also produces special proteins - antibodies, disinfecting foreign bodies and their poisons. Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte.
Output: phagocytosis and antibody production is the only defense mechanism called immunity.
Students name the mechanisms (learned earlier) that prevent infections from entering the body: protective barriers body against infections?
a) 1st barrier - skin, mucous membranes (saliva, tears, sweat);
b) 2nd barrier - elements of the internal environment: blood, tissue fluid, lymph.
What blood cells perform a protective function? ( Leukocytes).
What is the name of the method of protecting the body from living microorganisms and foreign substances that enter the body? ( Immunity).
Why does organ transplant rejection occur? ( Also due to immunity - in particular protein incompatibility).
Students independently study the material of the textbook. 122 and fill in the scheme "Types of immunity":
Checking the correctness of the task with the scheme of the textbook shown on p.124.
Teacher. natural innate immunity- this is the body's immunity to many diseases, given to a person from birth. For example, people do not get sick from animal distemper.
Natural acquired immunity produced as a result of past illnesses. For example, having been ill with whooping cough, measles, chicken pox, people, as a rule, do not get sick with these diseases again.
artificial active immunity It is produced as a result of the introduction into the body of killed or severely weakened pathogens in the form of a vaccine. In this case, the body produces antibodies against this infection, and after vaccination, a person most often does not get sick or gets sick more easily. Similar vaccinations are made against diphtheria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, etc.
Passive artificial immunity- this is the introduction of ready-made antibodies to a sick person in the form of a therapeutic serum. Therapeutic serum is obtained from the blood plasma of animals or humans who have had an infectious disease. Such a therapeutic serum is used, for example, in a severe infectious disease - diphtheria.
The immune properties of organisms were first discovered - Edward Jenner, English physician (1749-1823) made the first vaccination against smallpox. Student message.
In 1883 I.I. Mechnikov formulated the theory of immunity. Student message.
Before humanity is the question "How to protect a person from infection with an infectious disease." Student's report on diphtheria.
Students are introduced to the concept of vaccine, inoculation, therapeutic serum from. 122 textbooks.
To protect a person from infection with a particular infectious disease, such as dysentery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, artificial immunity is developed. For this, a person is vaccinated - they are injected with killed or severely weakened pathogens.
If a sick person needs to be helped quickly, he is usually injected with ready-made antibodies in the form of a therapeutic serum. Therapeutic serum is obtained from the blood plasma of animals or people who have had an infectious disease. A therapeutic serum is also used against diphtheria.
Output: The immune system performs the following functions:
- the ability to detect any foreign agents that have entered the body and reject them;
- reject foreign cells that arise in the body itself due to mutations;
- the ability to form an immune memory that can exist throughout life and provide a protective response to the re-introduction of microorganisms.
Students are invited to remember what infectious diseases they know or what they themselves were ill with? Infectious (viruses, bacteria) - acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, influenza, bird flu, AIDS, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, measles, smallpox.
Teacher. What terrible disease do you know that destroys the entire immune system? ( AIDS).
Deciphering the concept of AIDS is given. Students make reports about this dangerous disease.
Diagram of the structure of the AIDS virus
"You must know preventive measures HIV/AIDS"
- Abstinence.
- Maintain mutual loyalty.
- Use a condom.
- Avoid casual sex.
- Do not use drugs.
So, you got the most important thing - the concept of immunity.
Anchoring: p.125 of the textbook.
Control
- The vaccine is:
a) culture of microbes;
b) culture of weakened microorganisms;
c) blood plasma from recovered people or animals. - He made the first smallpox vaccination:
a) E. Jenner;
b) I.I. Mechnikov;
c) E. Paul. - Who discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis?
a) E. Jenner;
b) I.I. Mechnikov;
c) E. Paul. - What is immunity?
a) immunity of the body to infectious diseases;
b) formation of antibodies;
c) the process of phagocytosis. - Name the types of immunity:
a) natural;
b) acquired;
c) artificial.
Students are invited to solve problems (if they did not have time to solve in class, finish at home).
- Preschooler Igor contracted mild measles and soon recovered, although no vaccinations were given to him. How can this be explained?
- A. He has natural innate immunity.
- B. He has natural acquired immunity.
- Q. He has artificial immunity.
- D. He has platelets.
- D. He has red blood cells.
- Ten young workers who did not receive a preventive vaccination against dysentery in time became seriously ill with this disease, were treated in the hospital free of charge at the expense of the state and did not work for a whole month. By what amount did they give the people the goods they needed, if one worker produces on average 150,000 rubles a month? What is the damage caused by them to the state, family, their health?
Homework: p.122 of the textbook. Workbook task 96.
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