Dangers in the city and in the countryside. City as a source of danger. Features of the city as a habitat In the city of man to be dangerous

Life safety lesson in grade 5.

Slide 2

Questions studied in the lesson:

1. Dangers of the surrounding world.

2. Dangers of the big city and their causes.

3. How to act in case of danger in the city?

Slide 3

What dangers do you know about the world around you?

Danger is a possibility, threat of an event or phenomenon that can cause harm to a person, physical and psychological injury, illness and even death.

Slide 4

Natural hazards

Decrease or increase in air temperature
Precipitation
Solar radiation
Lightning
Encounters with wild animals (stray dogs)
Natural phenomena (earthquakes, floods, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes)

Slide 5

Technogenic hazards

Industrial accidents
Accidents on main pipelines
Accidents at nuclear power plants and chemical plants
Destruction of buildings and structures
Road traffic accidents
Fires, explosions

Slide 6

Slide 7

Social dangers

Wars
Act of terrorism
Large gatherings of people (meetings, demonstrations)
Crimes
Alcoholism, drug addiction, AIDS
Hunger, poverty

Slide 8

Dangers of the big city

What dangers can there be in our city?

Slide 9

What is the danger of the situations shown?

Slide 10

Tell us about your safe way to school.

Slide 11

Be careful on bodies of water!

What reservoirs of our city do you know?

Slide 12

stress
addiction
bad habits
rats and stray dogs
traffic accidents

What other dangers do you know?

Slide 13

Why are cities often called "stone jungles"?

Is it possible to get lost in Rostov-on-Don?

Slide 14

Indian and citizen. Who is more adapted to the dangers?

Who will answer this question?

Slide 15

What is the citizen counting on?

For timely medical assistance.
For uninterrupted supply of water, gas, electricity.
For reliable operation of transport
For timely assistance to the police, the Ministry of Emergency Situations
What else does the citizen depend on? Think!

Slide 16

Let's repeat the main reasons for urban dangers:

The dependence of the city dweller on the work of public services.
Special psychological conditions of life.
A large number of urban transport.
The presence of hazardous industrial plants.
Environmental pollution.
The complexity of the transfer of natural disasters and natural inclement weather.
Increased crime.

Slide 17

My actions in case of danger

What will you do when you hear an intermittent siren sound outside the window?

Slide 18

Let's remember the safety formula:

Slide 19

Don't be in a hurry to answer. Think!

It is necessary to study the dangers of the city and how to protect against them in the lessons of life safety!

Why, knowing about the dangers, people around us, unfortunately, often behave unreasonably?

Literature:

Textbook "Fundamentals of Life Safety" for grade 5 (edited by Yu.L. Vorobiev, publishing house "Astrel"), teaching materials on the subject of life safety for grades 5-9 (authors V.V. Markov et al., Publishing house "Drofa"), textbooks "Fundamentals of life safety" for the 5th class (authors AT Smirnov and others, publishing house "Education").
Textbook OBZH grade 5 A.T. Smirnov, B.O. Khrennikov. Moscow. "Enlightenment" 2006-10

View all slides

In the twentieth century, cities grew at an incredible rate and the urban population increased, sometimes even referred to as the century of urbanization (Fig. 1).

The city has a lot of entertainment, a lot of interesting things. There is a theater, cinema, zoo, playgrounds and much more. But at the same time, the city is also fraught with many dangers. Let's think about which ones. It may seem that the city is much safer than, for example, in the desert, where a person risks dying from thirst, hunger or poisonous snakes.

But the city is fraught with many dangers. It, in comparison with the countryside, provides certain advantages, but also has disadvantages.

If you compare life in a village and in a city, you will notice many differences. For example, due to physical labor, rural residents are stronger, less influence of pollutants ensures better health. Usually villagers can provide their own food more easily because they grow their own vegetables; can keep warm by collecting brushwood in the nearest forest; construct a temporary shelter if necessary. In the case of deprivation of some of the benefits of civilization, such as gas, electricity, water supply - it is easier for rural residents to cope than people in the city (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Villagers are less attached to communications ()

In a healthy body healthy mind

Villagers tend to be in better physical shape than city dwellers. This can be explained by the fact that in the city most people are engaged in mental work, and schoolchildren do not want to attend physical education lessons.

But you need to understand that sports are not only good for your health, but may someday save your life.

For example, Denis from Arkhangelsk never thought that his athletics training would be useful to him in everyday life (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Sports activities will never be superfluous ()

Returning home late, the guy walked past a tipsy company. Young people began to behave aggressively towards Denis and already wanted to rob the student, but thanks to his dexterity, he got out of their hands and was able to escape. His pursuers were less prepared physically, so the guy remained unharmed.

Boys often think fleeing is a shame, but don't forget that the best fight is the one that didn't take place. Especially if there are many more attackers.

The townspeople do not possess many useful skills that the villagers possess, because they are simply not needed in the city. The residents of the city have everything at hand: gas is supplied directly to the stoves, in order to collect water, it is enough to open the tap; any food can be bought at the nearest supermarket.

There are many people in the city, but among them there are not so many acquaintances among themselves, often even the neighbors do not know each other. In the village, everyone knows each other, they know who the antisocial element is. If there is any danger, everyone instantly becomes aware of it, the same applies to new people.

Life in the city is much more dynamic. Many people have to get to work for an hour or two, using public transport or personal vehicles. This often causes stress and fatigue in people, and it is necessary to return from work in the same way, which only increases stress and negatively affects a person's behavior (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Clashes between drivers lead to stress ()

Road and danger

You all know that the greatest danger on the road is faulty vehicles and careless drivers. You are told from an early age that it is dangerous to play near the road, that you need to look left and right before crossing the road.

In addition to hazardous vehicles, there are other hazards on the road. The road is very dangerous in winter: due to snowfalls, visibility may deteriorate. Ice, which is a frequent occurrence on our roads, is dangerous for injuries (Fig. 5). Therefore, in winter, both pedestrians and drivers need to be extremely careful on the roads.

Rice. 5. Ice is dangerous with injuries ()

Dangers on the road are also open sewers, potholes in the road (you may not notice it due to bad weather and injure your leg, or your parents can drive into a pothole and damage cars or even get hurt themselves). Tram tracks on the roads are dangerous because they can be tripped over and injured.

A rural dweller most of the time works near his home, so he does not experience the inconveniences that are in the city. Also, life in the village is more predictable and, therefore, quieter.

Entertainment, which abounds in the city, takes place in the evening, so people have to return home at a later time, which increases the risk of meeting with criminals.

The health of the townspeople is threatened by many factories and factories located in the cities. Natural disasters can easily deprive city dwellers of communications, the absence of which greatly complicates life. And accidents at various communal enterprises threaten the life and health of city residents (Fig. 6). Hail, rain, ice, snowstorm increase the number of road accidents.

Rice. 6. Factory emissions are harmful to health ()

Many of the problems described are less relevant for the villagers, because they are less tied to communications. However, the villages have their own problems. Villages suffer from natural phenomena much more often. For example, floods, storms, severe hail can deprive the entire village of the harvest (Fig. 7). In emergencies, it is more difficult for rescuers to provide assistance to the injured.

Rice. 7. Consequences of bad weather for cereals ()

Powerful cataclysms can wipe out an entire settlement from the face of the earth. Although especially dangerous disasters, such as earthquakes or floods, can cause huge damage to the city, which is especially vulnerable due to the density of the population and dense buildings.

Comparing the features of life in the city and in the countryside, we can highlight the main dangers of the city and their causes:

The presence of many communications and the possibility of accidents on them;

People with evil intentions and asocial elements;

The abundance of transport and its vulnerability in bad weather;

Pollution from factories, factories and vehicles;

The need to often be in crowded places.

Summing up the lesson, we can conclude that all types of unfavorable factors affect both townspeople and villagers: man-made, natural and social. But rural residents are less vulnerable to man-made and social hazards.

Learn useful skills

We said that villagers are more adapted to life in nature and have many useful skills. You can get them too.

You will be taught the skills of lighting a fire in nature, how to equip an overnight stay in the forest, recognize edible and inedible mushrooms and plants in the "Young tourist" circle. In addition, it is very interesting, because, even traveling around your native land, you will discover a lot of new and interesting things.

Also useful will be the knowledge gained in the lessons of life safety and biology, natural science.

Rice. 8. Screen adaptation of the book "The Mysterious Island" ()

Remember the heroes of the adventure novels by Jules Verne (Fig. 8), they survived thanks to knowledge and skills. The heroes of the novel "The Mysterious Island" were very useful in the extensive knowledge of one of the heroes in natural science. Thanks to the young naturalist, the heroes knew which plants are useful and which are poisonous, and they knew which animals were better to hunt.

As they say, do not carry knowledge behind you, so try to learn as much as possible, knowledge and skills can be useful to you both in everyday life and in extreme situations.

synopsis http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/obzh/5-klass

Files

There are no additional materials available for this lesson.

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Hazardous areas ………………………………… ... 4

1.1 Street ……………………………………………………………………… .. 4

1.2 Modern dwelling ………………………………………………… ... 4

1.3 Places of crowds of people ..................... 5

1.4 Transport ……………………………………………………………… .. 6

Chapter 2. Negative impact of the urban environment …………………. 7

2.1 Man-made hazards …………………………………………… ...... 7

2.2 Environmental hazards ………………………………………………. 8

2.3 Social hazards …………………………………………… ...... 12

Chapter 3. Security system ………………………… 14

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………........16

Bibliography ………………………………………………………...17

Introduction.

At the present stage of development, mankind faces the acute problems of big cities.

The city, as an artificial habitat created by man, differs significantly from the natural environment. If in nature a person is faced with the influence of external natural conditions, then in a society, the most complex phenomenon of which is the city, external influences come primarily from people or from the circumstances caused by them.

The city includes components, which include natural components (relief, climate, water, flora and fauna), an artificially created component - the technosphere (industrial enterprises, transport, residential buildings) and an obligatory part of the urban environment - the population.

During a long historical development in cities, humans have formed a special habitat. In the process of life, a person is inextricably linked with the urban environment, making up an interacting system with it. This interaction gives both positive (comfort of life) and negative results. The negative result of human interaction with the city is determined by the dangers - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly acting in the “person - urban environment” system.

A positive result determines that the city, as an artificial habitat created by man, allows a person to depend to a lesser extent than before on extreme natural factors. The city provides ample opportunities for improving the comfort of living conditions, for the development of the spiritual and creative activity of each person.

In connection with the special role of cities in the development of mankind, the question arises of how to do so in order to maximize the positive and minimize the negative effects of the city on a person. The solution to this issue will be the goal of this work. To solve this issue, it is necessary to determine the zones of increased danger in the city, to talk about the negative impacts of the urban environment on a person, their consequences and ways of dealing with them. And the same indicate the services that are part of the city's security system.

Chapter 1. Zones of increased danger.

Knowing and taking into account areas of increased danger allows you to predict the development of a possible extreme situation, provide for appropriate rules of behavior and thereby ensure your safety.

1.1. Street

This danger zone includes non-residential buildings, backyards, deserted streets, vacant lots, alleys.

At later, at night, it is better to bypass such dangerous places: let the path be lengthened, but the degree of danger will decrease. But if you had to walk along a side street, you need to stay close to the edge of the sidewalk and away from dark entrances, where a sudden intruder can drag you. You should walk with a confident look, holding an umbrella or a lantern in your hands, just in case.

Walking along the highway, you must keep to the side where the traffic is moving towards you - this way you will not be able to be dragged into a car that has pulled up from behind.

If possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. When there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If it was not possible to escape, one must fight back using the available means at hand for self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber, rapist, you should try to remember his face, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.

Also, on the street, you should carefully look at only on the sides, but also at your feet. City roads and sidewalks can become slippery for a number of reasons and, as a result, there are large numbers of injured people, especially the elderly.

1.2 Modern dwelling.

In the city, even the houses themselves are potentially dangerous, especially multi-storey ones, from the roofs of which icicles are torn down in winter and spring, and various objects can fall out of windows and balconies.

Entrances and elevators of apartment buildings, where attacks are most often carried out, are also dangerous. In order not to become a victim of them, certain precautions should be taken:

You should not enter the staircase, elevator with strangers, suspicious people;

Once alone with a stranger in the elevator, you should immediately go out;

When attacking, you need to call for help, ring someone's door.

Modern dwelling- the focus of various networks of communal and individual household services. In a modern, well-maintained apartment, a closed, branched out electrical wiring has been laid, water supply, heating, and sewerage networks have been laid. for the removal of various household waste. Many kitchens are equipped with gas stoves, which are supplied with gas through pipelines. In these conditions, a variety of extreme situations are possible. All pipelines in which, as a result of long-term operation, exposure to the environment, corrodes and wears out. Sometimes it is not at all necessary to be an expert in order to deal with a particular situation, to try to prevent serious consequences.

Flooding.

Each section of the pipeline has a central, intermediate and terminal taps (valves). In the event of a water leak from the tap, it is necessary to close the intermediate valve, and in the event of a serious accident, close the central valve, which is usually located in the basement of the entrance, the terminal and intermediate taps in the apartment. The same should be done in case of a heating system failure. All emergency cases must be reported to the house management, call specialists and try to prevent severe flooding of the apartment, since flooding can lead to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, and this, in turn, to electric shock and fire in the house.

Fire.

This situation is easier to prevent than to deal with its consequences. In the event of a fire, it is necessary to localize the fire source by preventing air from reaching the fire. If a fire broke out due to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, turn off the distribution electrical switch located on the landing of each floor, then, if possible, turn off the central entrance switch. Next, you need to call the fire brigade and start extinguishing the fire with the available means at hand (water, sand, etc.). The main thing in this situation is to notify the neighbors of the fire and save the people caught in the fire.

Destruction of the building.

This extreme situation can occur as a result of an explosion or due to the destruction of building structures. In this situation, it is necessary to show determination, courage, and most importantly endurance, to properly organize the rescue of people, to prevent panic (people who are often in a panic state rush out of the windows of the upper floors). With the destruction of buildings, flooding, fire, and electrical wiring can also occur. In any case, the most important thing in this situation is to organize the rescue of people, especially from the upper floors.

1.3. Crowded places.

Crowded places, where it is easy for criminals to commit crimes and hide, are areas of increased danger. It can be train stations , parks , cinemas , places of various festivities , underground passages, etc. .

At train stations, a criminal can hide, getting lost among people, having sat down any train. With their crowds, the stations attract mainly thieves and swindlers, "homeless people", since among a large number of people there are always simpletons who are easy to deceive. While at the train station, the following rules of safe behavior should be observed:

Do not leave things unattended;

Do not trust your belongings, luggage to strangers;

Do not exchange large bills for smaller ones without special need;

In order not to become a victim of deception, you should not play various lotteries, "thimbles", take part in draws and sweepstakes. After waiting a few minutes and looking closely at who is constantly playing and winning, you can personally make sure that these are the same faces.

Parks- favorite gathering places for young people, teenagers, various companies, places for drinking alcoholic beverages, and a person in a state of intoxication loses control over himself, attracts robbers and criminals of all stripes. It is easy for a criminal to hide in the park, so you should not go into secluded wilderness places, you should stay near people.

City Markets are also areas of increased danger. These are possible places of congestion of thieves, robbers, swindlers. Here, too, it is easy for a criminal to hide, getting lost in the crowd.

At later, at night, it is better to bypass the still dangerous places: let the path be lengthened, but the degree of danger will decrease. Whenever possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. When there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If this is not possible, then all available means at hand must be used for self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber, rapist, you should try to remember his faces, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.

1.4 Transport.

All people, regardless of age and position, use different types of vehicles. But not everyone thinks that modern transport is an area of increased danger. A feature of modern transport is its high energy saturation. The most energy-intensive types of vehicles are trams, trolleybuses, metro and rail transport.

Automobile transport firmly entered the category of the most dangerous. car accident (disaster) is one of the main causes of death in a modern city. In most cases, a car accident occurs due to non-observance of elementary safety measures and traffic rules, as well as due to insufficient information about the consequences of any violation of traffic safety rules. For example, few people know that a collision with a fixed obstacle at a speed of 50 km / h without a seat belt is tantamount to jumping face down from the 4th floor.

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations are still speeding, ignoring road signs, entering oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated.

Bad roads (mostly slippery), malfunctioning of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) often come to accidents. The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first 3 hours due to profuse blood loss.

A lot of traffic accidents are caused by pedestrians. One of the causes of accidents involving pedestrians is the misbehavior of pedestrians on the carriageway and incorrect prediction of the nature of their behavior by the driver. The following main violations of the rules of behavior by pedestrians and errors of drivers that led to the occurrence of an accident can be distinguished:

Unexpected exit of a pedestrian to the roadway;

Crossing the carriageway outside the pedestrian crossing;

Collision with a pedestrian "rushing" along the carriageway in the traffic. This is due to the fact that a pedestrian who is between streams of moving cars is very frightened, and his behavior is chaotic and defies reasonable logic;

Distracting the driver's attention while performing a maneuver.

Human. traveling in transport should also take some precautions that can reduce the risk of injury in the event of ARP:

In the event of an accident, safety is guaranteed by a stable, fixed position of the body - sitting in a chair, bend forward and put your crossed arms on the chair in front, press the dialect to your hands, move your legs forward, but do not push it under the chair, as a broken chair can injure your legs;

When falling, group, cover your head with your hands. Do not try to stop the fall by grasping the handrail or anything else. This leads to dislocations and fractures;

Do not fall asleep while driving - there is a danger of injury when maneuvering or sudden braking;

If a fire breaks out in the cabin, immediately inform the driver about it;

In the event of an accident, open the doors with the emergency door opener button. If this fails, break the side windows;

If possible, extinguish the fire yourself with a fire extinguisher located in the cabin;

After getting out of the burning salon, immediately start helping others.

Underground Is a huge artificial system, a well-coordinated working mechanism.

extreme situations in the metro can occur:

On the escalator;

On the platform;

In a train carriage.

The most dangerous thing is to violate the rules for using the metro on the escalator:

Hold the handrail while the escalator is moving;

Do not put luggage on the handrail, but hold it in your hands;

Don't run on the escalator;

Don't sit on the steps of the escalator;

Use the emergency brake lever if a passenger spills luggage, hesitates when exiting an escalator, or gets stuck in a gap between steps.

Extreme situations on the platform are less common, but it is still better not to come close to the edge of the platform. Someone on the run may accidentally push you, you

you yourself can slip; when boarding, the crowd can push a person into the opening between the cars.

If your train is in a tunnel due to a heating or technical problem on the line, first of all, stay calm and follow all orders of the metro workers.

Chapter 2. Negative impacts of the urban environment.

Solving the problems of achieving comfortable and material security, a person continuously influences the urban environment with his activities and products of his activity, generating man-made, environmental and social dangers in the city.

2.1. Technogenic hazards.

Technogenic hazards are created by elements of the technosphere - machines, structures, substances, etc. as a result of erroneous or unauthorized actions of a person or groups of people.

In large, and even more so in the largest cities, the historically formed functional zones of industrial, communal and residential areas historically formed through the floorboards are still preserved. The number of victims from accidents (disasters) in transport, industrial and other facilities is growing. Transport accidents (disasters) are described in detail in the previous chapter, therefore, below we will consider industrial accidents.

Industrial accidents(catastrophes) arise as a result of a sudden failure of parts, mechanisms, machines and assemblies or through human negligence and can be accompanied by serious disruptions to the production process, explosions, catastrophic flooding, the formation of fires, radioactive, chemical contamination of the area, injury and death of people. Particularly dangerous are accidents (catastrophes) at potentially hazardous production facilities: fire hazardous, explosive, hydrodynamically hazardous, chemically hazardous, radiation hazardous. At industrial facilities, emissions into the atmosphere or the spill of potent toxic substances are possible. There are no guarantees against radiation damage to people associated with possible accidents at nuclear power plants or military facilities with nuclear weapons. It is at these facilities that accidents (catastrophes) most often occur, accompanied by significant material losses, disruption of living conditions, injury and death of people.

A person is exposed to significant man-made hazards when entering the area of operation of technical systems, which include highways, radiation zones of radio and television transmission systems, and industrial zones. The levels of hazardous exposure to humans in this case are determined by the characteristics of technical systems and the duration of a person's stay in the hazardous area.

The technogenic activity of cities and the associated modifications of the human environment have led to the need for a closer study of the ecological problem. As a result of environmental problems in industrial cities, the health of the population worsens, the level of morbidity and mortality increases, and life expectancy is reduced.

There are measures for the rational organization of territories, taken in order to improve the ecological situation:

Technological (transition to more advanced, "clean" technologies);

Technical (improvement of devices for treatment of discharges into water bodies and emissions into the atmosphere);

Structural (closure and withdrawal of polluting industries outside the city and, conversely, the development of industries that are environmentally relevant for it);

Architectural planning (organization of industrial zones, creation of sanitary protection gaps).

2.2 Environmental hazards.

Cities are increasingly becoming places that are of little use for the healthy life of people, and indeed of all living things in general.

The ecological problems of cities, mainly of the largest of them, are associated with the excessive concentration of population, transport, and industrial enterprises in relatively small areas, with the formation of anthropogenic landscapes, which are very far from the state of ecological balance.

The vegetation cover of cities is usually almost entirely represented by "cultural plantings" - parks, squares, lawns, flower beds, alleys. It happens that vegetation also plays a negative role - in the pursuit of fast-growing and beautiful plants that tolerate the conditions of the urban environment, a large number of ornamental plants are brought in, which can cause various allergic reactions in the townspeople.

Birds, rodents, insects and microorganisms, which are vectors and sources of diseases, also cause a lot of troubles.

And yet, the greatest danger lies in poor-quality drinking water, polluted air, poor-quality food products, an increased level of radioactivity, and a strong effect of electromagnetic waves.

Today ¾ of the population of developed countries and almost half of the inhabitants of developing countries live in industrial centers. If in 1950 there were only 5 cities in the world with a population of more than 5 million people (totaling 48 million people), then in 1890 there were 36 such cities with a total number of 252 million inhabitants.In 2000, there were already about 60 cities with a population of over 5 million with a total population of 650 million. The growth rate of the world's population is 1.5 - 2.0 times lower than the growth of the urban population, which today includes 40% of the world's people.

A millionaire city annually receives about 29 million (excluding water and air) of various substances, which, during transportation, processing, give a significant amount of waste, some of which enter the atmosphere, the other part, together with wastewater, into water bodies and underground aquifers. horizons, another part in the form of solid waste into the soil.

Atmospheric air.

Scientists believe that every year thousands of deaths in cities around the world are associated with air pollution. Air pollution is responsible for up to 30% of the general diseases of the population of industrial centers. Over large cities, the atmosphere contains 10 times more aerosols and 25 times more gases, among which the most widespread are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. With a high content of gases and dust (soot) in the air and stagnant air over the industrial areas of cities, smog is formed. Smog is especially dangerous in the case of air pollution with sulfur dioxide. It affects the human respiratory system and reduces its resistance to the action of other harmful impurities in the air (smoke, soil, asphalt and asbestos dust). At the same time, 60-70% of gas pollution is provided by road transport. The car has become one of the main culprits in urban pollution. Up to 10 kg of rubber snout is released into the air from each car every year from tire wear. And how much poisonous substances are emitted from the exhaust pipe, how much oxygen is absorbed by the car engine and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are released. Lead in car exhaust emissions can cause brain damage and mental retardation in children.

District heating pipelines emit up to 1/5 of the heat passing through them. Heat transfer from factories and plants, furnaces and boiler houses, various mechanisms and devices also contributes to the heating of the air basin of cities, from these industries 2/5 of the energy of all burned fuel comes into the air. With low air mobility, thermal anomalies over the city cover atmospheric layers of 250 - 400 m, and temperature contrasts can reach 5 - 6 ° C. It is not surprising that smoke domes with low air humidity and high air humidity and high temperatures form over large cities. The number of condensation centers (10 times) and fogs (2 times) increases. Every fourth disease of city dwellers is associated with urban air pollution, and its saturation with carbon dioxide is such that inhaling it for several hours can disrupt the activity of the brain. Domestic air is no less serious danger to human health. According to scientists who compared the air in apartments with polluted city air, it turned out that the air in the rooms is 4-6 times dirtier and 8-10 times more toxic. This is caused by exposure to white lead, linoleum, plastic, synthetic carpets, washing powders, furniture, which contains a lot of synthetic adhesive, polymers, paints, varnish, etc.

The main sources of indoor air pollution can be conditionally divided into four groups:

1. Substances entering the room with polluted air.

2. Products of destruction of polymeric materials.

3. Anthropotoxins (human waste products).

4. Products of combustion of household gas and household activities.

Drinking water. Cities consume 10 or more times more water per person than rural areas, and water pollution reaches catastrophic proportions. The volume of wastewater reaches 1 m3 per day per person. Therefore, almost all large cities experience a shortage of water resources, and many of them receive water from remote sources.

Despite the fact that a person cannot live more than 9 days without water, it is water that is an important cause of cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms. Rather, not the water itself, but the toxic substances dissolved in it.

A special problem is water pollution with detergents - complex chemical compounds that are part of synthetic detergents. Detergents are difficult to clean, and usually up to 50-60% of their initial amount gets into water bodies.

Among industrial wastes discharged into water, in addition to organic compounds, the most dangerous for the body are salts of many heavy metals (cadmium, lead, aluminum, nickel, manganese, zinc, etc.). Even in low concentrations, they cause disruption of various functions of the human body. High concentrations of heavy metal salts cause acute poisoning.

The unsatisfactory sanitary and technical condition of water supply facilities and networks in cities is the cause of secondary microbial contamination of drinking water during transportation through the distribution system. The reasons for this are the deterioration of water supply networks (50 percent or more), untimely elimination of accidents and leaks, and the lack of preventive disinfection of water pipelines.

Do not drink chlorinated water;

Use only water purified with high-performance purifiers or freeze-dried;

Drink only boiled water!

Radioactivity. In recent years, the most attention has been paid to the issue of the impact of radiation on humans and the environment. Speaking about the stokers of the background radiation in living quarters, it is advisable to dwell in more detail on the meaning of such a gas as radon. The radiation hazard is created, first of all, due to the inhalation of alpha-emitting aerosols from the decay products of radon and sodium. A person comes into contact with radon and thorium everywhere, but mainly in stone and brick houses, when using gas for cooking and heating, with water. A great danger is the ingress of water vapors with a high content of radon into the lungs along with the inhaled air, which most often occurs in the bathroom, where, as studies have shown, the concentration of radon is 3 times higher than in the kitchen and 40 times higher than in residential rooms. Measures to preserve heat in winter can lead to a significant increase in the concentration of radon inside residential premises.

The danger of radon, in addition to the functional disorders it causes (difficulty breathing, migraine, dizziness, nausea, depression, early aging, etc.), also lies in the fact that due to internal irradiation of the lung tissue, it can cause lung cancer.

In order to reduce the risk of radon exposure, it is necessary to carry out protective measures:

Ventilate the premises thoroughly;

Use special coatings for floors;

Replace gas stoves in apartments with electric ones;

Use proven materials for the construction of new homes.

Electromagnetic fields as an unfavorable factor in the environment of residential and public premises. As a result of many years of observations, it turned out that electromagnetic fields (EMF) pose a huge danger to health, since with prolonged exposure to a person, they can cause cancer, leukemia, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis and other serious diseases. EMF generated by various devices that generate, transmit and use electrical energy are a widespread and ever-increasing negative factor in the urban environment.

Currently, there are a huge number of EMF sources located both outside residential and public buildings (power lines, satellite communication stations, radio relay installations, TV transmission centers, open switchgears, electric vehicles, etc.), and indoors (TVs, video recorders , computers, cellular radio telephones, household microwave ovens, etc.)

In cities, there is a significant change in the level of EMF intensity during the day: during the day, during the operation of industrial and communal enterprises, it increases, and decreases in the evening. Daily fluctuations of artificial EMF dramatically change the electromagnetic environment of the city as a whole. Naturally, this does not pass without leaving a trace for the residents of the city, many of whom are exposed to EMF in their workplaces. The main way to protect the population from the effects of external EMF in a residential area is distance protection, that is, there should be an appropriate sanitary protection zone between the EMF source and residential buildings. Another reliable way to protect the body from the harmful effects of EMF, the sources of which are household appliances and personal computers, is protection by time. That is, the operating time near such devices should be limited.

Noise in the residential environment. Austrian experts have established that the life expectancy of a person due to the noise of large cities is reduced by 10-12 years. According to sanitary standards, the noise in the residential area should be no more than 60 dB, and at night - no more than 40 dB. The limiting value for noise that does not cause harmful effects is 100 dB. However, on busy streets, noise often reaches 120-125 dB. Over the past decade alone, noise in large Russian cities has grown by 10-15 times.

The noisy "symphony" of the city is made up of many factors: the roar of railways and the hum of planes, the rumble of construction equipment, etc. The most powerful chords in it sound the movement of vehicles, which against the general background gives up to 80% of the noise.

Noise seriously affects the well-being and health of people. So, for many young people listening to loud music in the style of "rock", hearing can deteriorate forever. However, noise is not only harmful to hearing. A number of studies show that noise can increase blood pressure and damage the cardiovascular system. Excessive noise makes it difficult for students to assimilate the material, becomes the cause of irritability, fatigue, and a decrease in labor productivity.

The high levels of noise generated by televisions and radios in the home have been shown to inhibit the development of sensory motor skills in children during the first two years of life. Constant exposure to loud noises also hinders the development of speech and suppresses the exploratory instinct.

Statistics show that workers who are constantly in an atmosphere of noise are more likely to experience cardiac arrhythmias, disorders of the vestibular apparatus and other diseases. They often complain of fatigue and increased irritability.

Against a background of noise with a strength of about 70 dB, a person performing operations of medium complexity makes twice as many errors as in the absence of this background. It was also found that perceptible noise reduces the working capacity of people engaged in mental work by more than one and a half times, and physical work - by almost a third.

Of course, a lot in the fight against noise depends on us. For example, if you work in noisy industries, it is advisable to wear sound-absorbing headphones. If there is a strong source of noise inside the building, the walls and ceiling can be covered with sound-absorbing material such as foam. If you live in a house located on a street with heavy traffic, then during rush hours you should close the windows facing the street and open the windows facing the courtyard. And, of course, do not turn on television and radio equipment at full power, especially in the evening and at night.

To reduce noise in a residential area, the following principles must be observed:

Place low-rise buildings near noise sources;

Build noise protection facilities in parallel with the transport highway;

Group residential properties into closed or semi-closed quarters;

Buildings that do not require noise (warehouses, garages, etc.) should be used as barriers to limit the propagation of noise.

Vibration in the home.

Vibration as a factor in the human environment, along with noise, belongs to one of the types of its physical pollution, contributing to the deterioration of living conditions of the urban population.

Oscillations in buildings can be generated by external sources (underground and surface transport, industrial enterprises), in-house equipment of built-in trade enterprises and public utilities. Vibration in an apartment is often caused by the operation of the elevator. In some cases, perceptible vibration is observed during construction work carried out near residential buildings. Fluctuations of the floor, vibrations of walls, furniture, etc. regularly repeated after 1.5-2 minutes. disrupt the rest of residents, interfere with household chores, do not allow them to concentrate on mental work. People living in such houses experience increased irritability, sleep disturbance. The most susceptible to the negative effects of vibration are persons aged 31 to 40 years and with diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.

The most important direction in solving the problem of limiting the adverse effects of vibration in living conditions is the hygienic regulation of its permissible effects.

At present, we can confidently speak about the complex effect of a number of unfavorable factors, which have led to a decrease in the defenses of the body of a city dweller and an increased susceptibility to various diseases. There is a connection between the geochemical structure of urban pollution and the state of health of the population, which can be traced at all stages - from the accumulation of pollutants and the emergence of immunobiological shifts in the body to an increase in morbidity. As a function of many variables, the health of the urban population is an integral indicator of the quality of the environment.

2.3 Social hazards.

An unfavorable social situation arises as a result of epidemics, the resolution of social, interethnic and religious conflicts by non-parliamentary methods, the actions of bandit formations and groups, which leads to disruption of the normal life of the population, death of people, destruction and destruction of material and cultural values.

The consequences of an unfavorable social situation in cities can be very different: from the emergence of hazardous living conditions during an epidemic to destructions, fires, the emergence of extensive foci of chemical, biological, radiation contamination, mass death of people during military operations, during public unrest, committed terrorist attack.

The accumulation of people in cities is a fertile ground for the emergence of interpersonal and group conflicts, deterioration of the criminal situation, increased danger to human life and health. The number of delinquencies, terrorist attacks, riots is growing from year to year. The growth rate of crime in cities is 4 times faster than the growth rate of the population in them

A radical and sometimes painful reform of practically all spheres of life has given rise to a number of phenomena in cities that are becoming serious criminogenic factors. Among them:

Economic instability;

Increase in the unemployment rate;

Strengthening the stratification of the population by income level;

Change at the level of state policy of ideological attitudes in

relation to property, means of production and psychological

the unwillingness of many people to accept these changes;

Lack of power;

The manifestation of bureaucracy and the spread of corruption in the state

apparatus.

This obviously explains the high growth rates crime in recent years and, in particular, the increased incidence of mass antisocial manifestations, often accompanied by grave consequences (murders, bodily harm, arson, pogroms, destruction of property, disobedience to the authorities).

Serious social irritant and criminogenic factor are refugees, which are mainly concentrated in cities. Many of them, unable to cope with the difficulties, begin to raise funds for life by illegal means, engaging in theft, robbery, robberies and often organizing criminal associations for this purpose.

It is in large cities that various informal youth associations- metalheads, punks, fans, rockers, skinheads. Under certain conditions, the listed groups of young people can pose a real danger to the people around them, and this should be taken into account in everyday life. Informal associations are the main participants in the violation of public order in public places, that is, in mass disorders. One of the types of mass disorder - mass pogroms associated with violence, arson, destruction of property, the use of firearms, explosives or explosive devices with the provision of armed resistance to representatives of the authorities.

Another kind - mass spectacles, also always fraught with explosive danger. This applies to the greatest extent to rock music concerts, when the ecstasy of listeners, often drugged with drugs, leads to sad consequences. Quite a large number of fans die in stadiums, despite the security measures taken. Religious holidays are also often accompanied by human sacrifice. Demonstrations, political demonstrations, and national holidays are also potentially dangerous events.

The high degree of public danger of participants in mass performances is due to the fact of the existence of a difficult, controllable large gathering of people, the facts of damage to property and harm to the health of citizens (and sometimes death), the disorganization of the activities of government and administration.

From the above, we can conclude that any mass riots cause material and physical harm, disorganize the life of society.

A real threat to security in modern society has become terrorism... Terrorism in any form of its manifestation has become one of the most dangerous in scale, unpredictability and consequences of socio-political and moral problems. Basically, any form of manifestation of terrorism more threatens the security of large cities and their population, entails huge political, economic and moral losses, exerting strong psychological pressure on people and claiming more and more lives of innocent citizens.

Chapter 3. Security system.

Having considered the sources of danger in a modern city, it is necessary to name the services that help people cope with emergencies. Speaking about the city security system, it should be emphasized that there are city and district services.

Security services in the city:

Fire protection service (fire protection)

Law enforcement service (police)

Health service (ambulance)

Gas service

the main task fire service- having found a fire source, localize it, save people in trouble and, of course, put out the fire. Firefighters use fire trucks of different purpose: main, special and auxiliary. For each fire engine, a combat crew is assigned, consisting of a commander, a driver and firefighters. Combat crews on the main and special vehicles are called a squad. A squad built by a tanker truck, auto pump, or pump-and-hose truck is the primary tactical fire department. The latter is capable of independently performing tasks of extinguishing a fire, rescuing people, protecting and evacuating material assets.

The police are called upon to ensure the protection of public order, personal and other property, rights and legitimate interests of citizens, enterprises, organizations and institutions from criminal encroachments and other antisocial actions. The most important tasks of the police are prevention and suppression of crimes and other antisocial actions, prompt and complete disclosure of crimes, all possible assistance in eliminating the causes that give rise to crimes and other offenses.

Ensuring the safety of traffic and pedestrians on the streets and roads. entrusted to the road patrol service (DPS). The activities of the traffic police are aimed at carrying out measures to prevent and reduce the severity of road injuries, suppress offenses in the field of road safety and are built in accordance with the principles of legality, humanism, respect for human rights and transparency.

Among the main tasks of the traffic police:

Supervision of observance of traffic rules;

Traffic regulation;

Participation in the maintenance of public order and the fight against crime;

Implementation of urgent action on the road transport site

incidents, assistance to victims and their evacuation to

medical institutions;

Transportation of damaged vehicles from the accident scene.

Emergency has a team of doctors of various specialties, well-trained auxiliary personnel, a fleet of maneuverable cars. The main task of this service is to provide medical assistance to the victim and, if necessary, deliver him to the nearest medical institution. Modern medical equipment makes it possible to assess the condition of the victim (patient) in a qualified manner and help him in time.

The main task of the emergency gas service is to detect and eliminate gas leaks resulting from an emergency or related to improper operation of gas equipment.

It is very important, in case of an accident or a dangerous situation, to remember correctly the order of calling the appropriate service:

1. Pick up the handset and dial the desired number.

2. Inform the reason for the call.

3. State your first and last name.

4. Inform where to arrive and phone number.

District utilities include: water supply, electricity supply, gasification system, road service. In addition, each district is divided into microdistricts, where elevator services, services for electric networks, heating networks and sewerage networks operate under the operational departments. Ensuring life safety is a rather broad concept, this system should also include the sanitary and epidemic service, the water rescue service, the regional headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations. The courts and the prosecutor's office are guarding the honor and dignity of citizens, their property and housing inviolability.

Conclusion.

Thus, analyzing the role of the city in human life, we see that human life in a modern city is potentially dangerous. Even without being born, while in the womb, a person is exposed to constantly existing and active dangers of various kinds. And from the moment of birth, the dangers threaten the life and health of city dwellers much more in comparison with rural dwellers. This is due to the fact that human activities aimed at transforming nature and creating a comfortable artificial habitat, which is a city, often cause unforeseen consequences. All human actions and all components of the urban environment (primarily technical means and technologies) have the ability to generate, along with positive properties and results, dangerous and harmful factors. In this case, a new positive result, as a rule, is accompanied by a new potential danger.

Therefore, ensuring safety in a modern city of life is the main task for urban residents, enterprises, organizations and institutions. The solution to the problem of ensuring the safety of life consists in ensuring normal (comfortable) conditions for the activities of people, in protecting a person and his environment (urban, residential, industrial) from the effects of harmful factors that exceed the normatively permissible levels. We can say that the task of ensuring the safety of human life in a city as an environment is not to eliminate existing dangers, but to reduce the potential level of hazards and reduce the consequences of their actions. Realized in space and time, the dangers of the city threaten not only an individual, but also a particular social group.

How can you achieve security? The first and foremost way is to raise awareness among the people. From childhood, parents are obliged to teach their child how to behave in dangerous situations on the street, in public transport, when communicating with strangers, interacting with dangerous objects and poisonous objects and poisonous substances. To actively contribute to the formation of the foundations of an ecological culture and a healthy lifestyle.

In secondary educational institutions, teachers should pay special attention to the formation in the minds of children and adolescents of a heightened sense of personal and collective security, instilling skills in recognizing and assessing dangers, as well as safe behavior in emergency situations at home, at school, on the street.

For the prevention of dangers and protection against them, the development of an appropriate worldview and behavior of people is the science of "Life Safety". Its goal is to develop knowledge and skills to protect life and health in hazardous and emergency situations, to eliminate the consequences and provide self- and mutual assistance in case of danger; conscientious and responsible attitude to issues of personal safety and safety of others; the ability to recognize and assess the dangerous and harmful factors of the human environment, to find ways to protect against them.

Life Safety provides general safety literacy as an integral part of the training of a well-rounded personality.

Bibliography:

1. Life safety: Textbook for universities / L.A. Mikhailov, V.P. Solomin, A.L. Mikhailov, A.V. Starostenko et al. -SPb .: Miter, ts007.

2. Life safety: Textbook. textbook for universities / Ed. prof. L.A. Ant. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: UNITY - DANA, 2003.

3. Denisov V.V., Denisova I.A., Gutenev V.V., Montvila OI Life safety. Protection of the population and territories in emergency situations: Textbook. allowance. - Moscow: ICC "Mart", Rostov n / a: Publishing Center "Mart", 2003.

4. Mikryukov V.Yu. Life safety: Textbook / V.Yu. Mikryukov. Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2006.

5.Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: Textbook. manual for universities, secondary schools and colleges. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. / Yu.V. Novikov. - M .: FAIR-PRESS, 2002.

In the last lesson, we talked about special services that protect the public and distress alerts, as well as how to respond to danger signals. Today we will talk about the dangers that lie in wait for us near our homes.

In the twentieth century, cities grew at an incredible rate and the urban population increased, sometimes even referred to as the century of urbanization (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Buenos Aires ()

But the city is fraught with many dangers. It, in comparison with the countryside, provides certain advantages, but also has disadvantages.

Rice. 2. Villagers are less attached to communications ()

In a healthy body healthy mind

But you need to understand that sports are not only good for your health, but may someday save your life.

For example, Denis from Arkhangelsk never thought that his athletics training would be useful to him in everyday life (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Sports activities will never be superfluous ()

Boys often think fleeing is a shame, but don't forget that the best fight is the one that didn't take place. Especially if there are many more attackers.

Rice. 4. Clashes between drivers lead to stress ()

Road and danger

Rice. 5. Ice is dangerous with injuries ()

A rural dweller most of the time works near his home, so he does not experience the inconveniences that are in the city. Also, life in the village is more predictable and, therefore, quieter.

Entertainment, which abounds in the city, takes place in the evening, so people have to return home at a later time, which increases the risk of meeting with criminals.

Rice. 6. Factory emissions are harmful to health ()

Rice. 7. Consequences of bad weather for cereals ()

Comparing the features of life in the city and in the countryside, we can highlight the main dangers of the city and their causes:

The presence of many communications and the possibility of accidents on them;

People with evil intentions and asocial elements;

The abundance of transport and its vulnerability in bad weather;

Pollution from factories, factories and vehicles;

The need to often be in crowded places.

Learn useful skills

We said that villagers are more adapted to life in nature and have many useful skills. You can get them too.

Also useful will be the knowledge gained in the lessons of life safety and biology, natural science.

Rice. 8. Screen adaptation of the book "The Mysterious Island" ()

As they say, do not carry knowledge behind you, so try to learn as much as possible, knowledge and skills can be useful to you both in everyday life and in extreme situations.

Bibliography

Fundamentals of life safety: 5th grade: textbook for educational institutions / MP Frolov [et al.] Ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013, 174 p .: ill. Polyakov V.V., Kuznetsov M.I. and others, ed. V.N. Latchuk Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 5. - 2012, 160 p.
Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 5. - 2012, 191 p.

Vigivanie.com ().
Video.yandex.ua ().
Vetkaivi.ru ().

Homework

Answer the questions on page 25. Fundamentals of life safety: 5th grade: textbook for educational institutions / MP Frolov [et al.] Ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013, 174 p .: ill.
Make a comparison chart of rural versus urban life with all the pros and cons
* Describe the ideal city to live in.

Slide 1

Life safety culture Grade 5 Section I. Human safety and protection in hazardous and emergency situations Chapter 1. City as a source of danger

Slide 2

Topic: City as a source of danger. Features of the city as a habitat. City security systems.

Slide 3

1. Features of the city as a human habitat Differences between a city dweller and a rural dweller in terms of life safety: A rural dweller is forced to be a jack of all trades in order to maintain his economy - a city dweller is usually a specialist in a narrow field and not all systems of his apartment have access; A citizen rarely works near his home, so on the way to work and home - he is either a pedestrian or a driver; A villager knows not only the closest neighbors, but sometimes everyone in the village - the townspeople often do not even know their neighbors in the stairwell, and this helps the criminal to easily enter the house and leave unnoticed;

Slide 4

Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) in the city can lead to serious consequences and large casualties (density of construction, multi-storey buildings); There are usually many different enterprises located in the city, and some of them (especially chemical and machine-building plants) significantly worsen the ecological situation, which adversely affects the health of citizens. since with a minor emergency in such a place, panic and crush may occur;

Slide 5

Cities have become a concentration of various emergencies that claim a large number of human lives: Transport accidents; Criminal situations; Drug distribution; Attempted suicide; Large fires; Explosions; Building collapses; Mass panic; Social conflicts.

Slide 6

While increasing their wealth, people are afraid of losing it. Therefore, dogs became popular in the city as guards for people and homes. They import and breed dogs of fighting, guard breeds with increased viciousness. They can be dangerous to city dwellers. The appearance of a dog in public places accompanied by a child can become a source of serious danger. A large crowd of people in cities leads to a high rhythm of life, an increase in the number of cars, a strong development of transport, energy, and industry. The saturation of the city with electric, gas, utilities and industrial communications also leads to a large number of various accidents, disasters and fires.

Slide 7

2. City safety systems To help people who find themselves in dangerous situations, various services have been created in cities. In order to contact the service you need, you need to know its phone number. You must know by heart the telephone numbers of the city security services: Fire protection system (fire protection) - 01; Law enforcement system (police) - 02; Health protection system (ambulance) - 03; Gas service - 04.

Slide 8

If you are asking for help by phone, please state briefly: The reason for the call; Your name and surname; Phone number and address. Do not hang up until the end of the conversation. Signal "Attention to all!" notifies of the occurrence of a dangerous situation that threatens the life of people in a certain area or the whole city and is the inclusion of horns of enterprises and sirens on special cars plying the streets After hearing the signal "Attention to all!" it is necessary: Turn on the TV (radio) and listen to the message (recommendations); Fulfill all recommendations of the headquarters of civil defense and emergency situations.

Slide 9

Signal "Attention to all!" notifies of the occurrence of a dangerous situation that threatens the life of people in a certain area or the whole city and is the inclusion of horns of enterprises and sirens on special cars plying the streets After hearing the signal "Attention to all!" it is necessary: Turn on the TV (radio) and listen to the message (recommendations); Fulfill all recommendations of the headquarters of civil defense and emergency situations.

Slide 10

Slide 11

Topic: City as a source of danger Dangerous situations are situations in which a threat to life and health is possible or has already occurred for at least one person, his property and home, and the natural environment. An emergency is a situation that has developed in a certain area as a result of an accident, catastrophe, natural or other disaster, which may or has entailed human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruptions to the living conditions of people. Security systems for residents of the city: Fire protection system (fire protection) - 01; Law enforcement system (police) - 02; Health protection system (ambulance) - 03; Gas service - 04;

Slide 12

If you are asking for help by phone, please state briefly: The reason for the call; Your name and surname; Phone number and address. Do not hang up until the end of the conversation. It is advisable to call the helpline: In case of a difficult situation for you or your friends (but not requiring quick action by rescuers); On special occasions when you are in a difficult situation. Signal "Attention to all!" notifies of the occurrence of a dangerous situation that threatens the life of people in a certain area or the whole city and is the inclusion of horns of enterprises and sirens on special cars plying the streets After hearing the signal "Attention to all!" it is necessary: Turn on the TV (radio) and listen to the message (recommendations); Fulfill all recommendations of the headquarters of civil defense and emergency situations.