What kind of otolaryngologist? Otolaryngologist - what kind of doctor, what diseases does he treat? What procedures are performed in the ENT doctor’s office?

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What kind of doctor is an ENT doctor?

ENT ( otorhinolaryngologist) is a doctor who studies and treats diseases of the ear, throat, nose, and nearby areas of the head and neck. The tasks of an ENT specialist include timely detection of pathologies in specified areas of the body, making the correct diagnosis, prescribing adequate treatment, as well as preventing the development of complications from various organs.

Which organ diseases does an “adult” ENT treat?

As follows from the above, ENT specialists treat diseases of several organs and systems at once. This is explained by the fact that damage to any of the listed organs is almost always accompanied by disruption of the functions of others closely related to it ( anatomically and functionally) structures.

The areas of activity of an otorhinolaryngologist include:

• Ear diseases. This group includes not only diseases of the auricle, but also pathologies of the external auditory canal, tympanic cavity and inner ear ( structure responsible for converting sound waves into nerve impulses that travel to the brain, creating the sensation of sound).

• Diseases of the nose. The nasal passages belong to the initial section of the upper respiratory tract. Thanks to their special structure, they provide cleansing, warming and humidification of the inhaled air. Damage to the nasal mucosa may be caused by infectious agents ( bacteria, viruses) or other factors ( injuries, diseases of the spine and so on).
• Diseases of the pharynx. The pharynx is the section of the throat that connects the nose, mouth, larynx and esophagus. Diseases of the pharynx include infectious and inflammatory lesions of its mucous membrane, caused by the development of pathogenic microorganisms ( bacteria, viruses) and a decrease in the body's defenses. ENT specialists also treat pharyngeal injuries, burns or other injuries.
• Diseases of the larynx. The larynx belongs to the upper respiratory tract and is located between the pharynx and trachea ( connects them). The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, represented by two vocal cords. When a person speaks, the vocal cords stretch and vibrate ( from exposure to exhaled air), resulting in the formation of sounds. Any diseases of the larynx, as well as speech impairment associated with damage to the vocal cords, are treated by ENT.
• Tracheal diseases. The trachea belongs to the upper respiratory tract and provides air passage to the bronchi, from where it enters the lungs. Damage to the trachea can be observed with a variety of colds, with infectious and inflammatory lesions of the pharynx or oral cavity, and so on. In all of these cases, the ENT specialist can take part in the treatment process ( along with other specialists).

Pediatric ENT

It is worth noting that the anatomical structure and functions of the ENT organs in children differ from those in adults. Also, in children of the first years of life, some diseases and pathological processes may occur differently than in a teenager or adult, which must be taken into account when making a diagnosis and prescribing treatment. That is why there was a need to create such a narrow specialty as a pediatric otolaryngologist. This doctor treats the same ear, nose and throat diseases in children that occur in adults.

ENT surgeon

The responsibilities of an ENT specialist include not only conservative, but also surgical ( operational) treatment of many pathologies of the ear, nose and throat ( such as deviated nasal septum, removal of various growths from the nasal cavity, removal of purulent-infectious foci that are not amenable to drug treatment, and so on). It is worth noting that the specialist must not only perform the operation itself, but also monitor the patient in the postoperative period, prescribing further drug treatment, dealing with issues of preventing the development of complications, rehabilitation, and so on.

ENT oncologist

Oncology is a field of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of tumor diseases.

An ENT oncologist diagnoses and treats:

• laryngeal cancer;
• tonsil tumors ( organs of the lymphatic system located in the pharynx);
• tumors ( including cancer) pharynx;
• benign neoplasms of the nasal cavity;
• malignant tumors of the nasal cavity;
• tumors of the paranasal sinuses;
• ear tumors.

It is worth noting that every otorhinolaryngologist should be able to suspect the presence of a tumor in a patient, however, only an oncologist can carry out a full diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Also, any tumors in the listed areas should be removed only after consultation with an oncologist. The fact is that the tactics of surgical treatment of benign and malignant tumors are significantly different, which is why if the diagnosis is made incorrectly, serious complications may develop ( such as tumor metastasis - the spread of tumor cells throughout the body).

Audiologist

This is a doctor who studies and diagnoses hearing disorders, and also takes part in the rehabilitation of patients with this pathology. It is worth noting that the causes of hearing loss can be very different ( damage to the auricle, damage to the eardrum or tympanic cavity, diseases of the nerve structures that ensure the functioning of the auditory analyzer, and so on). The audiologist does not treat all of these pathologies, but only determines the level of damage, after which he refers the patient to the necessary specialist for further treatment.

The responsibilities of an audiologist include:

• detection of hearing impairments;
• identifying the cause of hearing loss;
• referral for treatment;
• teaching the patient how to prevent disease progression.

ENT specialist

A phoniatrist is a doctor who identifies, diagnoses and treats pathologies associated with various speech defects.

Speech problems can be caused by:

• Damage to the vocal cords (performing a voice-forming function).
• Damage to areas of the central nervous system responsible for speech. In this case, neurologists, neurosurgeons and other specialists are also involved in the treatment process ( if necessary).
• Speech disorders associated with mental illness. In this case, psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuropathologists are involved in treatment.

Are ENT consultations paid or free?

Consultations with an ENT specialist in public medical institutions are free, however, for this you need to have a compulsory health insurance policy, as well as a referral to an ENT specialist from a family doctor ( if an existing health problem requires urgent medical attention, this referral is not necessary). Free medical services provided by an ENT specialist include patient examination, diagnostic and therapeutic measures. At the same time, it is worth noting that some studies are paid for, which the doctor must clearly warn the patient about and obtain his consent to perform these procedures.

Paid ENT consultations can be obtained in private medical centers, as well as by calling a doctor from such a center to your home.

What ear diseases does ENT treat?

An otorhinolaryngologist deals with the diagnosis and treatment of infectious, inflammatory, traumatic and other ear lesions.

Otitis ( external, middle, purulent)

This is an inflammatory disease of the ear, most often caused by a decrease in the body's defenses and the development of pathogenic microorganisms in various areas of the auditory analyzer.

Otitis may be:

• External. In this case, the skin of the auricle or external auditory canal is affected, with frequent involvement of the eardrum. The cause of the development of this disease may be non-compliance with personal hygiene rules ( that is, picking the ears with various dirty objects - pins, matches, keys, etc.). Treatment is predominantly local - ENT prescribes ear drops with antibiotics ( drugs that destroy pathogenic microorganisms). In case of complications ( that is, when an abscess forms - a cavity filled with pus) surgical treatment is indicated.
• Average In this case, the structures of the middle ear become inflamed ( tympanic cavity) - the eardrum and auditory ossicles, which ensure the transmission of sound waves. Without treatment, this pathology can lead to permanent hearing loss, so otorhinolaryngologists recommend starting to take anti-inflammatory drugs as early as possible. With the development of purulent otitis media ( that is, with the accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity) antibiotics are prescribed, and if they are ineffective, the eardrum is pierced and the pus is removed.
• Internal. Internal otitis ( labyrinthitis) is an inflammation of the inner ear, in which sound waves are converted into nerve impulses, which then enter the brain. This pathology may be accompanied by ringing or tinnitus, hearing loss, headaches, and so on. Treatment consists of prescribing antibiotics ( with a bacterial form of the disease), and if they are ineffective - in surgical removal of the purulent focus.

Ear wax plugs

Wax plugs are accumulations of earwax, which is secreted by special glands located in the skin of the external auditory canal. In case of violation of personal hygiene rules ( that is, if you don’t clean your ears for a long time) this wax can dry out, forming a dense plug that clogs the lumen of the ear canal. This leads to decreased hearing on the affected side and also promotes infection.

Treatment for wax plugs involves removing them. To do this, the ENT specialist can rinse the ear with warm water or remove the plug using special instruments.

Ear injuries

Injury to the auricle can occur under various circumstances ( during a fight, during a road accident, during a fall, etc.). This injury is not accompanied by hearing impairment and usually does not pose any serious threat to the life and health of the patient, but requires a thorough examination and stopping bleeding ( If there are any) and further observation.

In case of traumatic damage to the tympanic cavity or inner ear, more serious complications are possible associated with damage to the auditory ossicles, eardrum and other structures of the auditory analyzer. In this case, the patient may experience hearing loss, bleeding from the ear, headaches and dizziness ( caused by brain damage during trauma) and so on. Patients with such injuries should be hospitalized for a full examination, as they have a high likelihood of having skull fractures and other injuries. Treatment may be symptomatic ( relief of pain, removal of inflammatory tissue swelling, and so on) or surgical, aimed at eliminating existing lesions ( fractures, bleeding from damaged vessels, etc.).

What throat diseases does ENT treat?

If you experience pain, sore throat or any other symptoms in your throat, you should contact an ENT specialist. The doctor will be able to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment in a timely manner.

Tonsillitis ( sore throat, inflammation of the tonsils, tonsils)

Angina ( acute tonsillitis) is characterized by inflammation of the tonsils ( tonsil). These tonsils belong to the body's immune system and take part in the fight against pathogenic bacteria and viruses that enter the respiratory tract along with the inhaled air. Sore throat manifests itself as severe sore throat, as well as general symptoms of intoxication - general weakness, increased body temperature, and so on. Quite often, a white or gray coating may appear on the tonsils, which over time can turn into dense purulent plugs.

Treatment consists of prescribing antibacterial ( in case of bacterial sore throat) or antiviral drugs ( if a sore throat is caused by viruses) and in symptomatic therapy ( anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and other medications are used). An ENT specialist may also prescribe rinsing the throat with antiseptic solutions that destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Chronic tonsillitis develops in advanced, untreated cases of tonsillitis and is characterized by a long-term, sluggish inflammatory process in the area of ​​the palatine tonsils, which over time leads to disruption of their functions. Systemic manifestations ( such as increased body temperature) are usually absent, however, almost all patients experience a painful enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, constant hyperemia ( redness) mucous membrane of the tonsils, as well as their enlargement and painful thickening.

Conservative treatment of chronic tonsillitis involves the use of antibacterial drugs, but this does not always give the expected result. In case of frequent exacerbations of tonsillitis, as well as in case of ineffectiveness of drug therapy, the otolaryngologist may recommend surgical treatment ( tonsil removal), which will solve the problem of sore throat once and for all.

Pharyngitis

The cause of the development of pharyngitis ( inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa) may be bacterial or viral infections, as well as other irritants ( inhalation of hot air or steam, prolonged breathing through the mouth in the cold, inhalation of certain chemicals, and so on). The disease manifests itself as severe pain and sore throat. Sometimes there may be an increase in body temperature, headaches, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and so on. When examining the mucous membrane of the pharynx, the ENT specialist notes its pronounced hyperemia ( redness) and swelling.

Treatment consists of eliminating the root cause of the disease ( For a bacterial infection, antibiotics are prescribed, for a viral infection, antivirals, and so on.), as well as in symptomatic therapy ( anti-inflammatory drugs are used to relieve swelling of the mucous membrane and eliminate pain).

Laryngitis ( inflammation of the larynx)

This term refers to an inflammatory lesion of the larynx that develops against the background of colds or systemic infectious diseases ( measles, scarlet fever and others).

Laryngitis can manifest itself:

• Sore throat– due to swelling of the laryngeal mucosa.
• Hoarseness of voice- due to damage to the vocal cords.
• Difficulty breathing- due to swelling of the mucous membrane and narrowing of the lumen of the larynx.
• Dryness and sore throat.
• Cough.
• Systemic reactions– increased temperature, general weakness, headaches, and so on.

When treating acute laryngitis, the otorhinolaryngologist uses antibacterial, antiviral ( if necessary) and anti-inflammatory drugs. He may also prescribe gargling with antiseptic solutions several times a day ( if laryngitis develops against the background of a bacterial infection of the pharynx or nasal cavity). An extremely important point is to ensure complete rest for the vocal cords, so the doctor may recommend that the patient not talk for 4 to 6 days, and also not eat hot, cold or irritating foods ( that is, spicy seasonings and dishes).

Laryngeal stenosis

This is a pathological condition characterized by a narrowing of the lumen of the larynx as a result of the progression of the inflammatory process in its tissues. The cause of stenosis may be trauma ( for example, a swallowed sharp object that enters the child’s respiratory tract), burnt ( occurs when inhaling certain toxic substances, hot steam or air from fires), extremely severe allergic reactions, and so on.

The main manifestation of this pathology is respiratory failure associated with difficulty getting air into the lungs. In this case, breathing can become noisy, hoarse, and each breath is given to the patient with great effort. Over time, signs of a lack of oxygen in the body may appear - increased heart rate, bluish skin, psychomotor agitation, fear of death, and so on.

An important point is the prevention of laryngeal stenosis, which consists of timely and adequate treatment of inflammatory diseases of this organ. In case of severe stenosis, when conservative measures are ineffective, the ENT specialist may prescribe a surgical operation - laryngoplasty, designed to restore the normal lumen of the larynx and prevent its further narrowing.

Does ENT treat tracheitis and bronchitis?

Inflammation of the lower respiratory tract - trachea ( tracheitis) and bronchi ( bronchitis) may be a consequence of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose, pharynx or larynx. These pathologies are usually treated by a therapist or pulmonologist. At the same time, due to the anatomical and functional connection between the trachea, bronchi and ENT organs, otorhinolaryngologists can often take part in the treatment process.

What nasal diseases does ENT treat?

An otolaryngologist deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Adenoids

Adenoids are commonly referred to as an overly enlarged pharyngeal tonsil, which belongs to the organs of the immune system. The growth of this tonsil leads to blockage of the airways and disruption of normal nasal breathing, which is usually the reason for contacting an ENT specialist.

In most cases, adenoids appear in young children, which is due to the characteristics of their body ( in particular, an overreaction of the immune system to bacterial and viral infections). Frequent colds of the upper respiratory tract, which stimulate the activity of the immune system and lead to a gradual enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsil, can contribute to the development of pathology. Over time, it increases so much that it blocks most of the airways, as a result of which the child begins to experience difficulty breathing through the nose. Children may also experience a constant runny nose, cough, hearing loss, increased body temperature and other signs of an infectious and inflammatory process.

At the initial stage of development of the disease, an ENT specialist can prescribe conservative treatment, which is aimed at fighting the infection ( antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs) and to strengthen the general defenses of the child’s body ( immunostimulants, multivitamins). If drug treatment is ineffective, the adenoids enlarge, and it becomes more and more difficult for the child to breathe, an ENT surgeon performs surgical removal of the adenoids.

Polyps

Nasal polyps are pathological growths of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses, which protrude into the nasal passages, thereby disrupting normal nasal breathing, and also leading to a decrease in the sense of smell, frequent infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose, and so on.

The reasons for the formation of polyps are unknown. It is believed that frequent infectious and viral lesions of the nasal mucosa can contribute to the development of the disease. Polyps can appear as in children ( in this case, you should contact a pediatric ENT specialist), as well as in adults.

Drug treatment of polyps consists of prescribing steroid drugs. However, often conservative measures are not enough ( polyps continue to grow, increasingly disrupting nasal breathing), and therefore the ENT recommends removing them surgically. At the same time, it is worth noting that the relapse rate ( re-formation of nasal polyps) after surgery is about 70%.

Rhinitis ( acute, chronic, vasomotor)

Acute rhinitis is an acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the development of which is most often caused by viral and bacterial infections. Other causes of rhinitis may be dirty ( dusty) air, inhalation of certain chemicals, and so on. When irritants come into contact with the nasal mucosa, they activate the body’s immune system, resulting in characteristic manifestations of the disease - runny nose, nasal congestion ( due to swelling of its mucous membrane), increased body temperature, headaches, and so on.

With untreated or frequently recurring acute rhinitis, it can become chronic, in which signs of inflammation ( runny nose, nasal congestion) remain in the patient almost constantly.

A separate group should include vasomotor rhinitis, which develops with frequent allergic diseases of the nose, with impaired nervous regulation of the nasal mucosa, as well as with diseases of the vegetative ( autonomous) nervous system. All these causative factors lead to disruption of the functional activity of the nasal mucosa, which is accompanied by swelling and nasal congestion ( observed almost constantly), excessive mucus discharge from the nose, itching ( burning) in the nose and so on.

Treatment of ordinary acute rhinitis comes down to eliminating the cause of the disease, as well as symptomatic therapy. An ENT specialist can prescribe anti-inflammatory, antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and to normalize nasal breathing - vasoconstrictor drops ( they constrict the vessels of the nasal mucosa, as a result of which the severity of its swelling decreases). Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis usually requires a more detailed examination, long-term drug therapy and the participation of other specialists involved in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system ( neurologists, neuropathologists).

Sinusitis ( sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, sphenoiditis)

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, located in the bones of the skull around the nasal passages. The paranasal sinuses are important for the normal formation of the voice, and also take part in humidifying and warming the inhaled air. That is why their defeat can lead to the development of serious respiratory complications. Any inflammatory processes in the nose associated with swelling of its mucous membrane can contribute to the development of sinusitis. These diseases manifest themselves as pain in the affected sinuses, nasal congestion, runny nose, as well as increased body temperature and other systemic reactions.

Depending on the location of the lesion, there are:

• Sinusitis. Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses, located in the cavities of the maxillary bones. When the mucous membrane of the sinuses becomes inflamed, it swells, as a result of which the normal ventilation of the sinuses themselves is disrupted, and favorable conditions are created for the development of infection. For the treatment of non-purulent ( catarrhal) for sinusitis, the ENT prescribes antibiotics, nasal rinsing with antiseptic solutions, and anti-inflammatory drugs. If the disease progresses and pus forms in the maxillary sinuses, puncture may be required ( puncture) and removal of pus.
• Frontit. Inflammation of the frontal sinus, manifested by severe headaches, eye pain, lacrimation, increased body temperature, and so on. Treatment of frontal sinusitis is carried out with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. If they are ineffective, as well as in the case of accumulation of pus in the frontal sinus, the ENT specialist can also puncture the sinus.
• Ethmoiditis. It is characterized by inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid labyrinth located in the ethmoid bone of the nose. It manifests itself as pain in the bridge of the nose, headaches and pain in the eyes, and increased body temperature. Treatment of ethmoiditis is carried out with antibiotics, and if they are ineffective, the otolaryngologist performs surgery ( opening the source of infection, removing pus and local application of antibacterial drugs and antiseptic solutions).
• Sphenoiditis. It is characterized by inflammation of the sphenoid sinuses located in the posterior parts of the nose. The main symptoms are headaches in the parietal region and in the occipital region. Systemic signs of the disease do not differ from those of other sinusitis. Untreated sphenoiditis can quickly become complicated by damage to the optic nerves and visual impairment, and therefore treatment ( medical or surgical) should be started as soon as possible.

Deviated nasal septum

It’s worth noting right away that there are no people with a completely straight nasal septum ( everyone has it slightly curved). At the same time, its excessive curvature or deviation in one direction or another can significantly disrupt nasal breathing, causing the development of many diseases.

Manifestations of a deviated nasal septum may include:

• Difficulty in nasal breathing– through one nostril ( if the partition is tilted to one side) or through both nostrils ( if the septum is curved in several areas, as a result of which the passage of air in both nasal passages is disrupted).
• Chronic rhinitis– constantly present signs of inflammation of the nasal mucosa ( runny nose, nasal congestion, etc.).
• Dry nose– as a result of uneven distribution of air, one of the nostrils will always be dry.
• Decreased sense of smell– a person has difficulty identifying odors through one or both nostrils.
• Frequent rhinitis– as a result of changes in the nasal passages, their protective function is disrupted, which contributes to the development of bacterial and viral infections.
• Changing the shape of the nose– typical if the curvature of the nasal septum occurs as a result of injury.

In case of severe curvature of the nasal septum, which impairs nasal breathing and leads to a deterioration in the patient’s quality of life, surgical correction is indicated. Drug treatment of this pathology is ineffective and can only be prescribed during the period of preparation for surgery ( vasoconstrictors are used to facilitate nasal breathing).

Nose injuries

Traumatic injuries to the bones and tissues of the nose occur quite often in ENT practice. In this case, the doctor must correctly assess the extent of damage and provide the patient with urgent assistance ( if necessary), order additional examinations, and also promptly call specialists from other fields of medicine for consultation.

In case of traumatic injury to the nose, the following may occur:

• Closed soft tissue injury. May be accompanied by contusion, bruising or bruising in the area of ​​injury. Serious treatment is usually not required - just apply cold to the damaged tissue for a few minutes.
• Fracture of the nasal bones. A formidable condition that may be accompanied by damage to the orbit, paranasal sinuses and other adjacent tissues.
• Fracture of the walls of the paranasal sinuses. May be accompanied by a violation of their structure and functions.
• Deviation of the nasal septum. Usually occurs simultaneously with fractures of the nasal bones. It can be extremely pronounced, requiring surgical correction.

Treatment of nasal injuries is prescribed by an ENT specialist after performing all the necessary tests and making a diagnosis, taking into account the opinions of other specialists ( a maxillofacial surgeon for fractures of the facial skull bones, a neurosurgeon for damage to nearby nerves, an ophthalmologist for damage to the orbit and eye, and so on).

Does ENT remove foreign bodies from the ear, nose and throat?

Entry of a foreign body into the nasal passages, external auditory canal or respiratory tract ( into the larynx, trachea) is most often observed in children, as they like to put various small objects in their nose, mouth and ears. The removal of foreign bodies from the nose and ear is usually carried out by an ENT specialist, who can use special devices for this ( forceps, scissors and so on). If a foreign body is stuck in the nostril, there are usually no difficulties. If the child cannot “blow it out” on his own, the foreign object is removed with forceps. At the same time, when removing a foreign object from the ear, you should be extremely careful, since careless manipulation can lead to damage to the eardrum.

The situation with foreign bodies of the larynx is much more complicated. The fact is that a large number of special nerve receptors designed to protect the respiratory tract are concentrated in this area. If any foreign object of sufficiently large size enters the larynx ( e.g. small toy, coin, bead), laryngospasm may develop - a pronounced contraction of the muscles of the larynx, accompanied by a tight closure of the vocal cords. In this case, breathing becomes impossible, as a result of which, without emergency medical assistance, the person dies within a few minutes. In this condition, you should not wait for an ENT specialist, but you need to call an ambulance as soon as possible or take the child to the nearest medical center.

Symptoms of diseases of the ENT organs ( runny nose, cough, hearing loss, ear congestion, tinnitus, headache, fever)

As mentioned earlier, the main task of an otorhinolaryngologist is to make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment for diseases of the ENT organs. At the same time, any person should know the symptoms and signs that may indicate damage to these organs and, if they occur, they should consult with an ENT specialist as soon as possible.

The reason for contacting an ENT specialist may be:

• Runny nose. A sudden runny nose most often indicates the presence of acute rhinitis. At the same time, a long, sluggishly progressing runny nose can be a sign of chronic nasal diseases.

• Cough. A dry, painful cough, accompanied by a sore or sore throat, may be a sign of sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis or bronchitis. At the same time, a cough accompanied by yellow or greenish sputum may indicate the presence of pneumonia ( pneumonia), which requires consultation with a therapist or pulmonologist.
• A sore throat. May indicate inflammatory diseases of the pharynx, tonsils or larynx.
• Hearing loss. This symptom can be observed in diseases of the external auditory canal, tympanic cavity or inner ear.
• Ear congestion. The appearance of this symptom can often be associated with ordinary events that do not require medical intervention ( for example, during takeoff or landing of an airplane, or when water gets into the ear while swimming). At the same time, if ear congestion persists for a long time, it is recommended to visit an ENT specialist who can identify the cause of this phenomenon ( wax plugs, inflammatory diseases of the external auditory canal or tympanic cavity, and so on) and help eliminate it.
• Noise ( ringing) in the ears. Noise or ringing in the ears may occur with prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds ( for example, when listening to loud music). This phenomenon usually does not cause serious harm to health and does not require seeing a doctor, but with frequently repeated noise exposure it can cause hearing loss. Other causes of this symptom may be diseases of the tympanic cavity, inner ear, or nerve fibers through which impulses travel from the organ of hearing to the brain.
• Headache and increased body temperature. These symptoms most often indicate the presence of an infectious-inflammatory process in the body. Quite often, similar symptoms occur with a common cold, without requiring a visit to the doctor. At the same time, if the temperature becomes too high ( more than 38 – 39 degrees), and headaches do not go away for several days in a row, it is recommended to consult a specialist.

Is an ENT consultation necessary during pregnancy?

If before pregnancy a woman did not suffer from any chronic diseases of the ENT organs, and during pregnancy there is no damage to these organs, consultation with an otolaryngologist is not required. At the same time, it is worth remembering that most infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose or throat are almost always accompanied by systemic signs of infection and quite often require drug treatment ( the use of antibiotics that can harm the fetus). That is why, throughout pregnancy, a woman is advised to closely monitor her health, and if the first signs of a cold or sore throat appear, immediately consult a doctor without self-medicating.

Preventative visit to ENT

Healthy people who do not have signs of diseases of the ENT organs may require preventive visits to this specialist only during the passage of the medical commission necessary for employment in certain positions ( for example, doctors, chefs, etc.). At the same time, in the presence of any chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract, as well as after performing operations on the ENT organs, patients are recommended to regularly visit an otolaryngologist within the time frame established by the doctor in order to promptly notice and prevent the development of possible complications.

How is an appointment with an ENT specialist at the clinic?

During a patient’s appointment at the clinic, the doctor gets to know him and then carefully questions him about the symptoms of the disease that has arisen. Then he examines the patient, and, if necessary, prescribes additional laboratory and instrumental tests to confirm or refute the diagnosis.

What questions can an ENT specialist ask?

When meeting a patient for the first time, the doctor is interested in the circumstances of the onset of the disease, its course, as well as the patient’s general health.

During the first consultation, the doctor may ask:

• How long ago did the first signs of the disease appear? cough, runny nose, stuffy ears, etc.)?
• What contributed to the appearance of the first symptoms ( hypothermia, cold, injury)?
• Has the patient taken any self-medication? If so, what was its effectiveness?
• Has the patient had similar diseases before? If yes - how often ( how many times in the last year) and what treatment did you take?
• Does the patient suffer from any chronic diseases of the ENT organs? If yes, how long ago and what treatment did you take?
• Has the patient had any surgery on the ENT organs ( removal of tonsils, removal of adenoids and so on)?

What instruments does the ENT use when examining a patient?

After a thorough interview, the doctor moves on to an objective examination of the patient, during which he often uses certain instruments. Today, the list of devices that can be used in the diagnosis of ENT diseases is quite large. However, there are standard instruments that are available in the office of any otolaryngologist and which he almost always uses when examining a patient.

The main tools of ENT are:

• Forehead reflector. It is a round mirror with a hole in the center. This device helps the doctor visually examine the patient's throat, as well as the narrow nasal passages and external auditory canal. The essence of his work is this: using special fasteners, the doctor installs a mirror so that the hole is directly in front of his eye. Next, he sits down opposite the patient and turns on the lamp, which is usually located on the side of the patient. The light from the lamp is reflected from the mirror and hits the area under study ( in the nasal passage, in the throat, in the ear), and the doctor sees everything that happens inside through the central hole.
• Medical spatula. This is a long thin plate that can be plastic or wood. During a throat exam, the doctor uses a spatula to press down on the root of the patient's tongue, which allows them to examine deeper parts of the throat. It is worth noting that most medical spatulas used today are disposable. Reusable iron spatulas are used somewhat less frequently.
• Otoscope. Conventional otoscope ( ear examination device) is a lens system, a light source and a special ear specula. All this is attached to the handle, which makes the device convenient to use. Using an otoscope, the doctor can examine the external auditory canal and the outer surface of the eardrum, and also remove foreign bodies or wax plugs. More modern otoscopes can be equipped with video cameras, which allows them to be used for more complex and delicate manipulations.
• Nasal speculum. This is a metal device shaped like scissors, but instead of cutting surfaces it is equipped with two longitudinal blades connected in the form of a funnel. A mirror is used to examine the nasal passages and is applied as follows. The doctor inserts the working end of the device into the patient's nostril, and then squeezes its handle. As a result of this, the blades expand, pushing apart the walls of the nasal passage, which allows a more thorough examination of the nasal cavity.
• Mirror for posterior rhinoscopy. Rhinoscopy is a procedure during which the nasal cavity is examined. Posterior rhinoscopy is performed using special round mirrors attached to a long thin handle. The doctor asks the patient to open his mouth, and then inserts this mirror into the throat, pointing it upward. This allows you to visually examine the nasopharynx and posterior sections of the nasal cavity, identifying the presence of an inflammatory process, polyps or adenoid growths.
• Ear or nasal tweezers. They have a special curved shape and are designed to remove foreign objects from the external auditory canal or nasal passages, and are also used during surgical procedures.
• Surgical instruments. In surgical practice, the otorhinolaryngologist uses special instruments designed to remove adenoid growths ( adenotom), palatine tonsils ( tonsillitis), nasal polyps ( loop for nasal polypotomy) and so on.

Examination of the ear by an ENT specialist

During the examination, the ENT sequentially evaluates the condition of the auricle, after which he begins to examine the external auditory canal and eardrum ( using an otoscope). In this case, the doctor pays attention to the presence of visible skin damage in the areas being examined, as well as to the presence of signs of an infectious and inflammatory process.

After examination, the ENT specialist may press lightly on the auricle or behind the ear area. If the patient feels pain, he should inform the doctor about it. The doctor also palpates ( probes) behind the ear, occipital and cervical lymph nodes, determining their size, consistency and soreness.

How does an ENT check hearing?

Hearing testing can be carried out using speech, as well as through the use of special equipment. In the first case, the patient stands at a distance of 6 meters from the doctor ( The ear being examined should be facing towards the doctor), after which the ENT specialist begins to whisper various words. Under normal conditions, the patient will be able to repeat them, while a person with hearing loss will have difficulty distinguishing low-pitched sounds.

Hearing examination using special equipment ( audiometry) provides more accurate data regarding the condition of the patient’s auditory analyzer. The essence of the method is as follows. The patient sits on a chair, and a special earphone is put on the ear being examined. Next, a sound signal of varying intensity begins to flow through the earphone ( at first barely audible, and then louder and louder). As soon as the patient distinguishes the sound, he must inform the doctor about it or press a special button. The study is then repeated on the second ear.

It is worth noting that today there are many modifications of audiometry that make it possible to identify a wide variety of hearing impairments.

What does the ENT see when examining the throat?

To perform this procedure, the doctor asks the patient to open his mouth, stick out his tongue and say the letter “a” or yawn. If necessary, he may also use a medical spatula.

When examining the throat, the ENT specialist pays attention to the condition of the mucous membrane of the pharynx - detects its hyperemia ( redness), swelling, the presence of pathological plaque ( its color and location are assessed) and so on. In addition, the doctor evaluates the condition of the palatine tonsils ( tonsil), taking into account their size, shape and the presence or absence of signs of inflammation. The presence of plaque in the tonsil area may indicate acute tonsillitis ( sore throat). After examining the throat, the ENT will also palpate the cervical and other lymph nodes.

Examination of the nose by an ENT specialist

When examining the nasal passages ( anterior rhinoscopy) the doctor usually uses a sterile nasal speculum, which he inserts into each nostril one by one, while directing light from the frontal reflector into it. During the examination, the doctor evaluates the size of the nasal passages ( aren't they narrowed?), condition of the nasal concha ( are they enlarged?) and nasal septum ( Isn't it crooked?), and also reveals polyps, adenoid growths ( this may require a posterior rhinoscopy) and other pathological changes.

If the patient has a stuffy nose. Rhinoscopy can be performed only 5 to 10 minutes after using vasoconstrictor drops, since otherwise the swollen and hyperemic mucous membrane may be traumatized, which can lead to bleeding.

After the examination, the doctor feels the walls of the nose, and also lightly presses with his fingers in the area of ​​the maxillary and frontal sinuses. If the patient feels pain, there is a high probability that he has sinusitis or frontal sinusitis.

What tests can an ENT specialist prescribe?

Quite often, a competent specialist can make a preliminary diagnosis based on data from a survey and clinical examination of the patient. At the same time, in some cases additional research is required ( often instrumental). The value of laboratory tests is relatively small and boils down to identifying signs of the presence of an infectious-inflammatory process in the body ( Why is a general blood test sufficient?). Other tests ( biochemical blood test, urine test and so on) are prescribed only in the presence of concomitant pathologies or when preparing the patient for surgery.

smear ( sowing) on microflora in ENT infections

If a patient has an infectious-inflammatory disease of the ENT organs, it is extremely important to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection, since the outcome of treatment largely depends on this. For this purpose, a bacterioscopic or bacteriological examination is performed.

The essence of bacterioscopy is as follows. From the surface of the affected mucous membrane ( nose, throat, tonsils and so on) or a sample of material is taken from the external auditory canal. To do this, glass rods or sterile cotton swabs can be used, which are rubbed once over the surface of the area under study. Next, the samples are placed in a special tube and sent to the laboratory under sterile conditions. In the laboratory, the obtained samples are stained using a special technique and then examined under a microscope. This allows you to determine the form of the infectious agent and, in some cases, make a diagnosis.

Bacteriological examination is carried out simultaneously with microscopy. Its essence is as follows. The material obtained from the patient is inoculated on special nutrient media ( To do this, a cotton swab is passed several times over the surface of the dish with the nutrient medium), after which it is placed in a thermostat, which creates optimal conditions for the growth and reproduction of bacteria. After a certain time, the dishes with nutrient media are removed and the colonies of microorganisms that appear on them are examined. This allows you to accurately determine the type of pathogen, as well as assess its sensitivity to certain antibiotics, which is extremely important in the process of prescribing antibacterial therapy.

Examination of ENT organs ( X-ray, computed tomography, MRI, endoscopy)

Quite often, to confirm the diagnosis or exclude a disease ( for example, bone fractures due to injury to the nose) the doctor may prescribe additional instrumental studies.

During diagnosis, the ENT may use:

• X-ray of the ear. Can be prescribed to identify pathological processes ( for example, collections of pus) in the tympanic cavity. X-rays are also useful in diagnosing fractures and identifying radiopaque foreign bodies ( consisting of iron, stone and so on).
• X-ray of the sinuses and nasal cavity. Allows you to detect swelling of the mucous membrane of the nasal sinuses, as well as detect the accumulation of pus in them. In case of trauma, it is also possible to identify fractures of the walls of the sinuses and detect foreign bodies in this area.
• X-rays of light. This study is not intended to diagnose diseases of the ENT organs, but it allows us to exclude pneumonia, which can be a complication of bacterial and viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
• Computed tomography ( CT). This is a modern study based on the X-ray method combined with computer technology. CT scans can provide detailed, clear images of many internal organs and structures that cannot be seen on a regular X-ray. Bone formations are most clearly visible on CT, and therefore it is most often used to identify fractures of the bones of the nose or ear area, as well as to identify foreign bodies in the tissues of the head.
• Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). This is a modern study that allows you to obtain a layer-by-layer three-dimensional image of the area under study. Unlike CT, MRI can more clearly visualize soft tissues and fluids, and therefore it can be used to identify benign and malignant tumors of the ENT organs, to determine the extent of the purulent process in the tissues of the head and neck, and so on.
• Endoscopic examination of the ear, nose or throat. The essence of this method is as follows. To the study area ( into the external auditory canal, nasal passages, pharynx or larynx) a thin flexible tube is inserted, at the end of which a video camera is attached. As the tube advances over the area being examined, the physician can visually ( at multiple magnification) assess the condition of the mucous membrane, identify pathological changes or tissue growths.

Who can be admitted to the ENT department?

Patients who need urgent specialized care or planned surgical intervention on the ENT organs can be hospitalized in this department of the hospital. Also, those patients who develop ( or may develop) potentially dangerous complications of inflammatory diseases of the ear, nose or throat. In the hospital, such patients are under constant supervision of specialists and also receive the most effective treatment.

Indications for hospitalization in the ENT department are:

• Purulent sinusitis. The accumulation of pus in the paranasal sinuses can lead to the melting of the sinus wall and the spread of pus into the surrounding tissues, including the brain, which can cause the development of meningitis ( serious, often fatal complication).
• Purulent otitis media. As mentioned earlier, the accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity can lead to rupture of the eardrum or destruction of the auditory ossicles, which will lead to partial or complete deafness.
• Acute otitis in children of the first year of life. In children, infection can spread faster than in adults, which is why childhood infections require more attention from doctors.
• The presence of a foreign body in the respiratory tract or external auditory canal. If the foreign body is located shallowly and its removal is not difficult, hospitalization is not required.
• Injuries to the nose, ear or respiratory tract. The danger in this case is that when these organs are injured, blood vessels, nerves or skull bones could be damaged, which must be promptly identified and appropriate treatment initiated.
• Preoperative preparation. During this period of time, all necessary examinations are carried out and certain medications are prescribed.
• Postoperative period. After performing some complex operations, the patient must remain in the hospital, where doctors can prevent or promptly eliminate possible complications.

Is it possible to call an ENT specialist to your home?

As a rule, otorhinolaryngologists are not called to your home. In case of damage to the ENT organs, the patient should consult a family doctor, who will assess his condition and, if necessary, refer him to an ENT specialist. For a disease requiring urgent treatment ( for example, in case of injury, when a foreign body enters the respiratory tract) you should call an ambulance. Doctors who arrived at the scene of the incident will provide emergency care to the patient, and if necessary, take him to the hospital, where he can be examined by an ENT specialist.

At the same time, it is worth noting that some private clinics practice visiting a specialist to your home ( for a fee). In this case, the doctor can take with him all the necessary tools in order to examine the patient, make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment. In severe cases, when the doctor doubts the correctness of the diagnosis, he may recommend that the patient visit the clinic and undergo additional examinations.

For what ENT diseases are antibiotics prescribed?

Antibiotics are special drugs that can destroy various microorganisms, while having virtually no effect on the cells of human tissues and organs. In the practice of an ENT doctor, these drugs are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections of the ear, throat, nose, or paranasal sinuses.

When choosing an antibiotic, the doctor is first guided by information about the disease itself, as well as about the microorganisms that most often cause it. When a bacterial infection is detected, broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against a large number of different bacteria are prescribed. At the same time, it is recommended to collect material for bacteriological testing, according to which the doctor can select the drug that will be most effective against a specific infectious agent.

It is worth noting that in case of viral diseases ( for example, with the flu) antibiotics are ineffective because they have no effect on viral particles. In this case, the use of antibacterial drugs is justified only for preventive purposes ( to prevent the development of bacterial infections) for a short period of time determined by the doctor.

What procedures can an ENT perform?

As mentioned earlier, for some diseases, an otolaryngologist may prescribe special procedures for rinsing the nose, ears or throat.

Rinsing the nose and paranasal sinuses ( "cuckoo")

To rinse your nasal passages at home, you can use a regular syringe and salt water. To do this, dissolve 1 - 2 teaspoons of salt in a glass of warm water, then, throwing back your head, use a syringe ( without a needle) pour the solution into one nostril and “release” it through the other. This procedure has a disinfecting effect ( saline solution is toxic to pathogenic bacteria), and also helps cleanse the nasal passages and improve nasal breathing.

To rinse the nose in a clinic, an ENT specialist may prescribe a “cuckoo” procedure. Its essence is as follows. The patient lies down on the couch ( back down) and slightly throws his head back. The doctor takes a syringe and fills it with an antiseptic solution ( a substance that destroys pathogenic microorganisms - furatsilin, miramistin, and so on can be used). Next, the doctor inserts the tip of the syringe ( without needle) into one nostril, and a special vacuum aspirator ( a device that creates negative pressure in the nasal passages and thereby sucks fluid out of them). Then he begins to slowly press on the plunger of the syringe, the liquid from which enters the nasal passages, rinses them and is immediately removed using an aspirator. During the study, the patient must constantly say “ku-ku”. In this case, the soft palate is raised, which contributes to a more complete cleansing of the nasal passages.

Washing ( blowing) ears ( "steamer")

This procedure involves blowing out the auditory tubes ( small holes connecting the pharyngeal cavity with the tympanic cavity of the ear and ensuring the normal functioning of the auditory ossicles), which are often affected by infectious and inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs. The essence of the method is as follows. The doctor inserts a special device into the patient's nostril ( a kind of pear with a special tip that tightly blocks the entrance to the nostril), after which he asks to pronounce the word “steamer”. When the patient pronounces this word, his velum is positioned in such a way that it almost completely blocks the exit through the posterior sections of the nasal passages. At the same moment, the doctor presses forcefully on the bulb, creating increased air pressure, which exits through the posterior sections of the nasal passage at high speed and “blows through” the auditory tubes.

Washing the throat and tonsils

Throat rinsing can be done with conventional antiseptic solutions ( salt, soda) at home. Washing of the palatine tonsils ( if there are purulent plugs in them) performs ENT in a clinic setting. The fact is that these tonsils have peculiar gaps in their structure ( gaps), which fill with pus when they become inflamed. "Wash" it ( pus) from there it is impossible to use regular gargling, so the doctor uses special techniques for this - rinsing the lacunae of the tonsils with a special syringe or vacuum removal of pus. In the first case, a syringe with a special thin ( not spicy) with a needle that is placed directly into the lacuna, after which an antiseptic solution is injected under pressure, which “squeezes out” the pus. In the case of vacuum removal of pus, a special device is attached to the tonsil, which tightly grips its tissue, and then creates negative pressure, “pulling” pus from the lacunae ( This procedure is very painful and is therefore performed under local anesthesia.).

What operations can an ENT perform?

As mentioned earlier, an otolaryngologist can perform various operations on the ENT organs.

The ENT specialist's competence includes:

• Laryngoplasty– operations to restore the normal shape of the larynx.
• Otoplasty– correction of the shape of the ears.
• Septoplasty– elimination of deviated nasal septum.
• Tympanoplasty– washing the tympanic cavity and restoring the integrity and location of the auditory ossicles.
• Myringoplasty– restoration of the integrity of the eardrum.
• Stapedoplasty– replacement of the stapes ( one of the auditory ossicles) prosthesis.
• Adenoidectomy– removal of adenoids.
• Polypotomy– removal of nasal polyps.
• Tonsillectomy– removal of palatine tonsils ( tonsil).
• Repositioning of the nasal bones– restoration of the bone frame of the nose after fractures.

Jokes about ENT

Qualified doctors ( ENT, proctologist and gynecologist) will help teachers find cheat sheets for students during exams. Fast, high quality, cheap.

When examining a patient, the ENT decided to check his hearing and whispered:
- Twenty…
The patient shouts back:
- I hear from a fool!

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A runny nose appeared. I went to the ENT specialist, who prescribed me nasal drops. I bought it and read the list of adverse reactions - “drowsiness ( sometimes insomnia), eye pain, headaches, ringing in the ears, increased irritability, muscle pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, depression, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nosebleeds...” So I’m sitting and thinking - maybe this runny nose will go away on its own...

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Medical examination in first grade. The ENT specialist asks the child:
- Do you have any problems with your nose or ears?
- Yes, they prevent me from putting on a sweater...

Before use, you should consult a specialist.

Content

A doctor who treats diseases of the throat, nose and ear is called an otolaryngologist or ENT specialist. This specialist has deep knowledge in the field of physiology, anatomy, pharmacology, bacteriology, neurology, and biochemistry. An otolaryngologist deals with pathologies of other organs located in the neck and head.

ENT doctor

Not everyone knows who an otolaryngologist is, but what an ear, nose and throat doctor does is not difficult to guess. These organs often bother people from infancy to old age. An otolaryngologist, ear, throat, nose doctor treats pathologies of the pharynx, trachea, larynx and all anatomical areas bordering them. This specialist knows everything about the prevention of ENT diseases.

The correct functioning of the ENT organs is very important for a person, because the larynx, throat, nose, ears are at the crossroads of the respiratory tract and digestive tract, therefore they are the first to respond to bacteria, viruses and other foreign agents. Inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs are the first sign of decreased immunity. In order to know which specialist to contact during an illness, it is better to already have information in advance, an otolaryngologist - who he is.

What does an otolaryngologist do?

Inflammatory processes that cause pathologies of the ENT organs occur in both adults and children. Weak immunity allows infections that affect the nose, throat, and ears to pass through. If there is no adequate therapy, the virus penetrates further, sometimes causing irreversible consequences for the body. What does an otolaryngologist do? The specialist's competence includes surgical operations:

1. Pharynx and larynx. Tonsillectomy, adenotomy and others are performed thanks to a set of special instruments of the otolaryngologist.
2. Nasal cavities. An otolaryngologist surgeon performs puncture of the maxillary sinus, removal of polyps, correction of the nasal septum, and opening of abscesses.
3. Ear. An otolaryngologist surgically removes hearing problems and also performs polypotomy, tympanotomy and other operations.

What does ENT treat?

Otolaryngologist - who is he? An ENT doctor is trained to provide comprehensive treatment to patients with disorders and diseases affecting the ears, upper digestive and respiratory systems, and associated neck and head structures. An otolaryngologist may specialize in surgeries related to problems with the face, jaw, and respiratory tract. An ENT doctor can correct snoring, straighten the nasal septum, and remove a cyst. The competence of an otolaryngologist includes the treatment of pathologies such as:

• otitis;
• tonsillitis;
• throat diseases;
• pathologies of all ear parts;
• sulfur plugs;
• angina;
• sinusitis;
• allergic rhinitis;
• chronic and acute rhinitis;
• all diseases of the nasopharynx.

Throat diseases

As a result of drinking cold water, hypothermia, bacterial or viral infection, the larynx and throat are exposed to inflammatory diseases: tonsillitis, sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngitis. Sometimes pathologies such as scleroma, pharyngomycosis, and laryngospasm occur. In the absence of prevention, diseases of the throat and larynx can become chronic. There are other causes of pathologies of these organs that require consultation with an otolaryngologist:

• suffocation after inhaling chemical fumes;
• inhalation of smoke, dusty air, smoking;
• associated diseases: acute respiratory infections, influenza, whooping cough, scarlet fever;
• burns, injuries to the mucous membrane of the larynx or throat.

The most common cause of ENT diseases is an infection that causes inflammation in the larynx, tonsils, and nasopharynx. Pathogenic microorganisms enter the mucous membrane, causing its pathology. Bacteria can be in the human body and not manifest themselves in any way until immunity decreases. After hypothermia, overwork or stress, the pathogen begins to multiply, releasing harmful substances.

Ear diseases

In the practice of an otolaryngologist, ear diseases occupy an important place. They are of infectious, non-infectious origin or appear against the background of other pathologies. Diagnosis of ear diseases is difficult, because the human auricles have a complex structure. Ear diseases occur for various reasons, so the otolaryngologist must take them into account before prescribing a treatment regimen. The main factors for complications in the ear:

• decreased immunity;
• hypothermia;
• dental pathologies;
• strong physical activity;
• colds or viral diseases;
• mechanical damage;
• blockage of the ear canal;
• damage to the brain or disruption of blood circulation in it;
• neck pain as a result of osteochondrosis;
• tonsillitis;
• jaw pathologies;
• chronic or acute tonsillitis.

Diseases of the nose

Diseases of the nasal passages arise due to physical damage to the organ, infection, electrical, thermal, and chemical exposure. Main pathologies of the nose:

1. Cavity atresia. Fusion of tissues within an organ, which is treated surgically. During the operation, the otolaryngologist removes the fused areas and creates a new lumen of the cavity.
2. Deviated septum. It is characterized by changes in cartilaginous and bone structures, so the defect can only be corrected surgically by an otolaryngologist.
3. Frontit. For inflammation of the frontal sinus, the basis of treatment is vasoconstrictor, antibacterial, and decongestant drugs.
4. Ozena. Chronic foul runny nose is eliminated by rinsing the nose with saline solution.
5. Sinusitis. Therapy for inflammation of the maxillary sinus is aimed at washing, warming and instilling the nose with antibacterial drugs.
6. Rhinitis. Changes in the mucous membrane occur due to colds or allergies. The otolaryngologist prescribes local treatment with special sprays, turundas and rinsing with medicinal solutions.

All children are familiar with an otolaryngologist. This doctor must be on the list of specialists who need to be seen during a routine medical examination at school or kindergarten. The abbreviated name of this specialist is an ENT doctor, he treats diseases of the nasopharynx and ears. Most often, children are brought to this specialist, since infectious pathologies affecting the ENT organs are common in childhood. But middle-aged people sometimes forget what kind of doctor an otolaryngologist is and what he treats. At this age, many adults practice self-medication, which often results in the development of chronic tonsillitis or sinusitis.

What does an ENT doctor treat?

An otorhinolaryngologist is a highly specialized specialist who deals with the prevention and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose and throat. This doctor treats pathologies of all three organs, since they are anatomically connected. In addition, many infectious diseases require an integrated approach, since the infection spreads quickly.

An ENT specialist is a doctor you can contact with pain in the ears, a runny nose, or loss of smell or hearing. An otolaryngologist also treats throat diseases - tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and some others.

In certain cases, such a doctor is consulted with symptoms that are initially difficult to associate with diseases of the ENT organs. But, for example, dizziness can be caused by Meniere's disease, which develops due to inflammation in the middle ear.

An ENT doctor is correctly called an otorhinolaryngologist. The patient is referred to this specialist by the local therapist with the following diagnosis:

• Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous layer of the nose, which leads to a runny nose. The disease can occur in acute and chronic form.
• Sinusitis is an inflammatory pathology of the paranasal sinuses. This includes sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis and sphenoiditis.
• Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the mucous layer and lymphoid tissue of the throat. Sore throat can occur in different forms and have slightly different symptoms.
• Pharyngitis is a severe inflammation of the mucous layer of the pharynx.
• Otitis is an inflammation of the middle ear.
• Polypous growths in the nasal cavity.
• Ear plugs that lead to hearing impairment.

Patients with adenoiditis and various injuries of the ears, nose and throat are referred to an otorhinolaryngologist. A patient with chronic or acute bronchitis can be referred to this specialist for consultation.

Sometimes dentists refer patients to an otolaryngologist. An examination by a specialist is necessary for cysts of the upper front teeth, since in this case a perforation of the maxillary sinus often occurs.

How else can an ENT doctor be useful?

The list of what an ENT doctor can do can be expanded. This specialist treats injuries to the ENT organs, which include nasal fractures and damage to the tympanic membrane. The otolaryngologist also removes various foreign objects from the nose, ears and throat, which small children often insert into them.

An otolaryngologist is also needed to conduct routine medical examinations for employees of various enterprises, pregnant women and children. During routine medical examinations, pathologies are often revealed that a person did not even suspect about.

The patient may be referred to an otoneurologist. This is the name of a specialist who treats disorders of the vestibular system, which can be congenital or acquired.

If a child puts a bead in his nose or ear, you should immediately contact an ENT specialist.. You should not try to remove the foreign body yourself, as this can worsen the situation.

How does a doctor conduct an appointment?

An otolaryngologist and an otolaryngologist are no different. If the therapist referred you to such a specialist, then, simply put, you need to visit an ENT doctor.

At the first appointment, the specialist carefully listens to the patient’s complaints and examines him. During the examination, special devices may be used, with which the doctor can see the following disorders:

• Scars on the eardrum, which may indicate frequent otitis media.
• Overgrowth of adenoids. This condition is more typical for young children; in the adult population, the proliferation of lymphoid tissue is diagnosed extremely rarely.
• The presence of various neoplasms in the nasal cavity.
• Enlarged tonsils.
• The presence of pathological changes on the walls of the pharynx.
• Inflammation of the mucous layer in the nose.

Based on the results of the examination, additional examination may be prescribed, which includes x-rays, ultrasound, rhinoscopy and pharyngoscopy. A referral for a blood test is required to assess the general condition of the body. After the diagnosis is clarified, the doctor prescribes the necessary treatment. In some cases, treatment can be done at home, but according to a doctor’s indications, hospitalization in a hospital is also possible.

At repeated appointments with the ear, nose and throat doctor, the results of treatment are assessed. If the prescribed therapy does not produce an effect, the doctor changes the list of medications used.

When should you visit an otolaryngologist?

It is easier to treat any disease if it is at an early stage, so you should visit an ENT specialist for any symptoms that are somehow related to the ear, nose and throat. The following conditions may serve as a signal to contact this specialist:

• inability to breathe normally through the nose;
• regular discharge from the nasal passages of various types;
• severe pain in the bridge of the nose, roots of the teeth or near the wings of the nose;
• impaired sense of smell;
• severe pain in the forehead and temples, which often radiates to the back of the head;
• swelling of the forehead and eye area;
• swelling of the lips and cheeks;
• ear pain;
• high temperature, which is accompanied by one of the above symptoms;
• sharp pain in the throat, which intensifies when swallowing;
• change in voice timbre.

It is also necessary to immediately visit a specialist in case of injuries to the ENT organs.. You shouldn’t hope for chance and expect that everything will go away on its own; don’t forget that the ear, throat and nose are in close proximity to the brain.

It is also necessary to visit an otolaryngologist if you snore regularly at night. Breathing sounds often occur with diseases of the nasopharynx. And snoring can lead to apnea.

Why visit an ENT specialist if you have the flu?

If the flu is very severe, then consultation with an otolaryngologist is necessary in the following cases:

• If your body temperature exceeds 40 degrees.
• If there are ulcers and rashes on the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and throat.
• If you experience nosebleeds.
• In the event that the patient’s consciousness is impaired and fainting occurs.

Flu often causes complications such as sinusitis or otitis media. In this case, the ENT doctor will prescribe the necessary treatment and monitor the recovery process.

When to take your child to an ENT specialist

The symptoms of many infectious diseases in children differ from those of an identical disease in adults. This is due to the imperfection of the immune system. Thus, influenza in children can occur with nausea and vomiting, which indicates severe intoxication of the body; for adults, this course of the disease is atypical. Respiratory diseases in children often cause complications in the nasopharynx and ears. It is not uncommon for laryngitis or sinusitis to be treated for a long time after a cold.

It is necessary to consult a doctor if your child snores during sleep, has trouble breathing through the nose, or complains of pain in the ears. The baby needs to be shown to a specialist if he has become whiny and does not allow his ears to be touched.

If an ENT specialist advises removing overgrown adenoids from a child, you should listen to the doctor’s advice. Now there are low-traumatic methods for removing lymphoid tissue, so children tolerate such operations quite well.

The otolaryngologist also needs to see the child after various facial injuries. You need to understand that Severe bruises to the nose can lead to a significant deviated nasal septum.

An otolaryngologist is a doctor who can help treat diseases of the ear, nose and throat. Patients of all age groups can contact him. This doctor will be able to correctly diagnose based on the patient’s complaints and examination.

An ear, nose and throat doctor is called an otolaryngologist. This word is translated from Latin. The word ENT has the same meaning.

What diseases does an otolaryngologist treat?

This doctor treats organs that are functionally dependent on each other. This is the nose and sinuses, the entire hearing system, as well as the pharynx and throat area, the upper respiratory tract. ENT deals with the treatment of diseases that are caused by viral or bacterial infection, injury or developmental pathologies.

Pathologies of the nose and its appendages

This disease appears as an allergic reaction of the body to some external irritant. The patient’s immune system perceives some harmless substance as a threat and begins to fight it. The disease may be associated with seasonal irritants such as pollen or with persistent irritants.

It could be household dust or cat hair. Especially often such irritants are household chemicals or food. It becomes difficult for the patient to breathe, he constantly sneezes and constantly wants to clear his throat. The disease quite often leads to the death of the patient. Swelling of the airways develops rapidly. If a person is sleeping, he simply will not notice it. Breathing becomes completely impossible, and the person dies from suffocation. Everything happens quickly and takes no more than one hour.

Another form of this disease is called vasomotor rhinitis. It occurs after a flu or cold that has not been properly treated. The patient complains of fatigue and drowsiness, loss of appetite and headache. If this disease is not treated, it will lead to depression of respiratory function, and then to disturbances in the functioning of the heart and early death from myocardial infarction.

In all people, the nasal septum is not perfectly straight, but when this phenomenon begins to cause inconvenience, we talk about its curvature. This pathology can be caused by injury, occur from uneven bone growth, or be a complication of rhinitis. Surgical treatment is indicated for patients.

The disease is unpleasant with a strong stench spreading from the patient's nose. The patient loses his sense of smell, and his hearing acuity sharply decreases. This is a chronic disease and cannot be cured radically. The doctor prescribes treatment that eliminates the consequences of the disease. Eliminates stench, restores sense of smell and hearing.

Polyps develop on the nasal mucosa. This disease is associated with the long-term effect of some negative factor. It is difficult for the patient to breathe through the nose. This makes him sleep poorly, he constantly has headaches and stuffy ears. To cure, it is necessary to detect and remove the pathogenic factor. The polyps are removed and treatment is completed with medications.

This disease occurs because the sinuses become inflamed. This happens as a result of the consequences of an injury or after suffering another illness. The patient has a stuffy nose all the time, a headache and a fever. The disease is dangerous because pus accumulated in the sinuses can break into the head and cause inflammation of the brain.

Developed meningitis leads patients to death or dementia. The patient's sinuses need to be pierced, the pus released, and then the patient is given a course of antibiotics.

Ear diseases

Ear diseases in humans are divided by doctors into three groups:

• Infectious diseases
• Functional disorders
• Traumatic lesions

All ear diseases lead to a decrease in hearing acuity, are accompanied by excruciating pain, and become chronic if left untreated.

Infectious diseases

1. Otitis. The disease is accompanied by very severe pain. In terms of intensity, this pain ranks second after toothache. In the depths of the ear canal there is an inflammatory process and from this pus is formed. The pus puts pressure on the eardrum, causing the patient pain and a partial decrease in hearing acuity. To alleviate the patient's suffering, the doctor makes a puncture in the membrane and releases pus. In less acute cases, therapeutic treatment is possible.
2. Fungal infections. The infection can affect the inner and outer ears. The causative agent of the disease can also nest in the middle ear. The cause of the disease is reduced immunity. To cure, the immune system is stimulated with medications.

Functional disorders

These diseases are associated with heredity or age-related changes in the body. Most often these are the following diseases:

• Neuritis of the cochlear nerve.

A radical cure for these diseases is almost impossible. The doctor takes measures to reduce their negative manifestations.

Traumatic lesions

These diseases occur from mechanical damage to the external and internal auditory system. Occur after bruises, wounds, sudden pressure surges or very loud sound exposure.

These include:

• Rupture of the eardrum.
• Burns.
• Hematomas.

The doctor provides immediate assistance and then monitors the healing process of the injury.

In order to prevent the development of ear diseases, you need to take simple measures:

• Wear a hat in cold weather
• Wear headphones in loud noises
• Do not use hard objects to clean your ears
• Treat colds until they are completely cured

Throat diseases

The main distinguishing symptom of this disease is excruciating sore throat. It intensifies when the patient swallows and tries to talk and does not stop even in a calm state. Palpation of the throat is painful for the patient. Enlarged tonsils can be felt. Externally, the throat is red with white or yellow purulent rashes.

Sore throat is especially dangerous due to its numerous complications. The target organs are the heart, kidneys, and joints. Antibiotics and therapeutic procedures are used for treatment.

The disease is initiated by local hypothermia in the pharynx. This happens if you drink cold liquid, especially in hot weather, or if you inhale air with your mouth open in severe frost. The pain in the throat is very strong, pinpoint, and stinging.

It gets worse with swallowing, talking and deep breathing. The disease is fraught with complications on adjacent organs. It is likely that sinusitis or otitis media will develop. The doctor prescribes therapy and medication to the patient.

The patient feels pain in the cervical region, but cannot accurately determine its location. A characteristic sign of the disease is a barking cough that cannot be stopped with antitussive drugs. The occurrence of the disease is usually associated with traumatic lesions of the larynx during medical research, a fish bone or a stale bread crust. To cure, you need to suppress the cough reflex and relieve inflammation.

What are the doctor's areas of expertise?

Laryngology is the science that studies the human throat.

Otology- a science that studies things related to human ears.

Rhinology is a science that explores questions about the human nose.

Allergology- a science that studies the body's reactions to allergens.

When to contact an ENT specialist?

You need to visit a doctor if suddenly:

1. A runny nose may not go away for more than two weeks.
2. Trouble when swallowing.
3. Unexplained dizziness.
4. Noise in ears.
5. If a foreign object gets into your nose, ear or throat.

How a doctor receives and examines patients

The ENT specialist begins the patient's appointment by asking questions aimed at identifying the patient's ailments and his well-being. Then the doctor begins to examine the patient. In his practice, the doctor uses instruments and lights that allow him to look deep into the patient's ears, nose and throat. After completing the external examination, the doctor collects material for analysis. If this is not necessary, the doctor makes a diagnosis and determines the procedure for treatment.

What are the main types of diagnostics performed by an ENT specialist?

The doctor checks the patient's hearing acuity. Through a visual examination, the doctor identifies visible pathologies in the patient’s mouth and pharynx. From the outside, the visitor's throat is examined by an ENT specialist using palpation.

What laboratory tests does the otolaryngologist order?

Most diseases are caused by viral or bacterial infections. In order to choose the right medications, the doctor needs to know what pathogen causes the patient’s illness. To collect laboratory material, swabs are taken from the patient’s nose and throat, and samples of the substance are also taken from his ears.

How is the office equipped?

The doctor's office contains a binocular loupe, an otorhinoscope, an otoscope and a rhinoscope. There must be a balloon for blowing out the ears.

An otolaryngologist's tool kit, which necessarily includes:

• Nasal dilators;
• nasal planum;
• ear funnels;
• frontal mirror;
• smooth and fenestrated spatulas for examining the pharynx and pharynx.

List of procedures performed

All medical manipulations in the area of ​​the patient’s ears, nose and throat are the responsibility of an otolaryngologist.

1. Stopping nosebleeds.
2. Removing foreign bodies from the ears, nose and throat.
3. Rinsing the nasal cavity.
4. Puncture of the eardrum due to otitis media.
5. Washing "cuckoo".
6. Toilet the ear with external otitis.
7. Rinsing to remove wax from the ear.
8. Suction of pathological secretion from the nose according to Pass.
9. Blowing the auditory tube.
10. Other ENT procedures.

What childhood diseases does ENT treat?

Young patients cannot clearly explain to the doctor where it hurts and how they feel. The small size of a child's body makes it difficult for instrumental access to examine their organs. Diseases in children occur quickly and become acute.

Organs in young patients grow unevenly. Each age has its own diseases. Added to this are possible developmental pathologies and constant changes in the hormonal levels of children. Modern medicine has ambivalent views on the need to remove tonsils in childhood. On the one hand, they are one of the body’s defense lines. On the other hand, the tonsils themselves serve as a source of inflammation.

Conclusion

An otolaryngologist is a doctor who treats the interdependent organ system, including the ears, nose and throat.

Only an ENT specialist can perform an examination and make the correct diagnosis. Failure to see a doctor in a timely manner can lead to deviations in the development of the child’s body and complications in diseases in adults.

All ailments treated by an otolaryngologist can lead to extremely unpleasant complications:

1. Meningitis.
2. Pneumonia.
3. Kidney damage.
4. Development of rheumatism of the joints.
5. Cardiac diseases.
6. ENT diseases can be caused by:
7. Viral infection.
8. Bacterial infection.
9. Injury.
10. Random mechanical disruption of the mucous membranes.
11. Allergic reactions.
12. Severe stress.
13. Entry of a foreign object.

A good specialist in the field of otolaryngology must have a higher medical education and experience working with patients in his field. Besides, ENT specialty is divided into several categories, each of which has specific nuances of patient management. An otolaryngologist is a surgical doctor, but to obtain full qualifications, he constantly needs to attend special courses.

It is easier to make an appointment with a specialist in private clinics. But you should choose an institution carefully, based on the provided data on doctors’ ratings and reviews of trusted people. In a government institution appointments with an otolaryngologist are made by referral from a therapist, who initially examines the patient and determines the need to visit a specialist doctor. The visitor must understand that an otolaryngologist is a specialist who treats only a certain list of pathologies; for example, he does not treat rhinitis due to ARVI, since an ordinary doctor can handle them.

What does an otolaryngologist treat?

A doctor of this profile deals with the management of patients with diseases of the organ of hearing, throat (larynx and pharynx) and nose (together with the sinuses). A person must clearly understand who he is and what the otolaryngologist treats in order to contact him for an appointment in a timely manner. The doctor's specialization includes the following common diseases:

• Otitis. Inflammatory processes in the middle, outer or inner ear. They are dangerous due to the proximity of blood vessels and thin bone structures that prevent penetration into the brain.
• Sinusitis. Inflammatory processes in the sinuses, sometimes requiring invasive treatment. The most common form is sinusitis, in which there is also a risk of meningitis.
• Tonsillitis. Pediatric otolaryngologists and ENT specialists for adults most often deal with acute and chronic inflammation of the tonsils. It is these doctors who have to raise the question of removing these structures.
• Adenoids. The growth of specific vegetations that block the air flow in children. The disease requires surgery and occurs only in children under 12 years of age.
• Foreign bodies in the ears, throat or nose. Most often, a pediatric otolaryngologist deals with this problem. Sometimes major surgery is required.
• Swallowing problems. This includes pathologies of the nervous system of the pharynx, muscle structures and obstructive processes.
• Allergic reactions. An otolaryngologist treats atopic rhinitis, which is most often caused by seasonal flowering of plants.

In addition, an otolaryngologist deals with congenital problems and acquired anatomical defects, that is, he performs some corrective operations on the nose and other organs.

When to contact an otolaryngologist?

In order to consult a specialist in time, the patient must understand what symptoms indicate the presence of an ENT disease. Even understanding that an otolaryngologist treats this or that pathology, a person cannot independently diagnose himself.

Patients should be aware of the following symptoms:

• a sore throat;
• soreness in the ear area;
• dry nasal mucosa;
• worsening nasal breathing;
• hoarseness of voice;
• severe snoring and attacks of sleep apnea (stopping breathing);
• frequent nosebleeds;
• headache (changes with bending, changing the projection of the body in space and is most often localized in the forehead);
• purulent discharge from the nose or ears;
• hearing impairment (regardless of the reasons);
• dysphagia (swallowing disorder);
• redness and swelling of the ears, nasal passages, and throat;
• increase in temperature (in combination with the above symptoms).

Separately, one should highlight such a specialty as an otolaryngologist surgeon. Patients can be brought to this doctor urgently, for example, with prolonged blockage of the airways at the level of the larynx. The main symptom in such patients is suffocation with pronounced panic and diffuse cyanosis of the face.

If a foreign body is suspected, the doctor performs a conicotomy, which allows air to pass freely and further understand the causes of the pathological condition.

How does an appointment with a specialist work?

An otolaryngologist conducts an appointment according to generally accepted diagnostic principles in medicine. First, the doctor talks with the patient, asking him about complaints and features of the course of the disease. At an appointment with an otolaryngologist, the patient will have to talk about the function of all three organs that are part of the doctor’s specific activities. The problem is that many pathologies affect several structures at once, and sometimes the main symptoms noted by the patient only mask the underlying disease.

After the conversation, the doctor proceeds directly to the examination:

• First, the otolaryngologist checks the functions of all organs using clinical examination methods. He examines the nasal passages, tonsils and throat as a whole, the outer and middle ear, and the eardrum. Based on the data obtained, a preliminary diagnosis is made and additional examinations are prescribed.
• Laboratory diagnostic methods include: clinical blood test, clinical urine test, many biochemical indicators (for example, markers of inflammation), bacterial studies of smears and swabs, serological methods.
• Among the instrumental techniques that have proven their informativeness: radiography, computed tomography, MRI.

The otolaryngologist examines the research results independently, regardless of the conclusions. Only after a full examination is a final diagnosis established and treatment prescribed, which can be either conservative or surgical.