There is no better entertainment for humanity than playing with these 365 (or however many) days its planet revolves around the Sun. Then the Mayans will get tired of counting the years ahead and the current pessimists are already screaming - the end of the world! Then the Romans cannot figure out the division into months and come up with all sorts of ideas when it is more convenient to kill Caesar. And with the names of the months in Greece and Rome, real disgraces were happening. Somehow, June, July and August, named after persons, have survived to this day. And sooner or later some successful commander will appear, so the sycophants rush to rename them for months. There were Alexandrius, and Demetrius, and Pompey... But it seemed to have settled down. People are used to considering December as the twelfth month, although the name is translated from Latin as “tenth”.
And don’t feed the revolutionaries bread, let them make fun of the calendar. The Jacobins abolished the previous names of the months, introduced Germinal, Thermidor, etc. Well, a new era has arrived. The era lasted 12 years. The Bolsheviks were also not long in coming with calendar reforms. First, they famously switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. And after January 31, 1918, February 14 immediately came. But it was right. The world revolution is upon us, and we have a discrepancy with the whole world. But then something more incomprehensible happened.
With the beginning of the revolutionary movement, one of the first demands of the proletariat was a reduction in the working day. For the first time in Russia, an 11.5-hour day was legally established in 1897. The Bolsheviks introduced the long-awaited one-hour day and a 48-hour week.
But industrialization came, the first five-year plan, intensification and reforms began. In 1929, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the introduction of a “five-day week” from 1930. The year was divided into 72 five-day weeks, each of which had a day off at the end. The main trick was that the staff of each enterprise was divided into five parts. And for each unit, the working year began on different days of the first five-day period. It turned out that the enterprise or organization worked without days off at all. With such a system, the order of the days of the week lost meaning and Mondays and Tuesdays disappeared altogether. Instead, “the first day of the five-day week”, “the second day of the five-day week”. One of the goals of the reform was anti-religious. Sundays disappeared among Christians, Saturday among Jews, Friday among Muslims.
“When the methodological and pedagogical sector switched to a continuous week and, instead of pure Sunday, Khvorobyov’s days of rest became some purple fifths, he disgustedly spent his pension and settled far outside the city.” (I. Ilf, E. Petrov “Golden Calf.”)
But the confusion with the division of work collectives into parts, with the distribution of vacations, with cases of absence on sick leave turned out to be too great. If enterprises with a continuous production cycle did not have common days off, then why was this necessary at school, at the theater or at the Glavuprban? In 1931, the five-day period was replaced by a six-day period. The 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of each month were common holidays. We were working on the 31st, and in absence on February 30th we went out on March 1st. But they still lived without Sundays and Saturdays. Only six holidays a year did not depend on the new order. The modern viewer does not understand what the title “the first day of the six-day period” means in the film “Volga-Volga,” but then it was clear to everyone.
Only on June 26, 1940, the seven-day week returned again and the days returned to their previous names. Everything falls into place.
Pavel Kuzmenko
Ecology of knowledge: The five-day work week is the result of the industrial revolution of the 18th–19th centuries. Then there was a transition from an agricultural economy to industrial production, and
The five-day work week is a result of the industrial revolution of the 18th–19th centuries. Then there was a transition from an agricultural economy to industrial production, and many factories and manufactories appeared, the work of which needed to be regulated. At first, their workers worked during daylight hours, 12 hours a day. However, with the advent of electricity, working hours increased; this resulted in protests and led to the formation of the first labor associations - for example, the National Union of Labor in the USA, which advocated shorter working hours.
Saxon Engineering Factory 1868 © wikipedia
In an agrarian society, the only traditional day off was Sunday - on this day it was customary to go to church. The industrial world also at first adhered to the established six-day system, but then Western society began to gradually move away from it under the pressure of public protests and the authors of the first scientific studies, which confirmed that a ten-hour working day without a break for lunch leads to exhaustion, which has a bad effect on labor results. As early as 1926, Ford Motor Company founder Henry Ford began closing his factories on Saturday and Sunday. By this point, the number of working hours per week in the United States had already been reduced from 80 to 50. Ford concluded that it was easier to divide this volume into 5 rather than 6 days, freeing up more time for leisure - and increased consumer demand.
Henry Ford © wikipedia
In Russia the picture was different. At the end of the 19th century, working hours here were still not regulated in any way and amounted to 14–16 hours a day. Only in 1897, under pressure from the labor movement, especially from the weavers of the Morozov manufactory in Ivanovo, the working day was for the first time legally limited to 11 and a half hours from Monday to Friday and to 10 hours on Saturday for men, as well as to 10 hours every day for women and children. However, the law did not regulate overtime, so in practice working hours remained unlimited.
Changes occurred only after the October Revolution of 1917. Then a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued, which determined the work schedule of enterprises. It stated that working hours should not exceed 8 hours per day and 48 per week, including the time required to care for the machines and work area. Nevertheless, the working week in the USSR after this point remained six days for another 49 years.
From 1929 to 1960, the Soviet working day went through several major changes. In 1929, it was reduced to 7 hours (and the working week to 42 hours), but at the same time they began the transition to a new time calendar - in connection with the introduction of a continuous production system. Because of this, the calendar week was shortened to 5 days: four working days, 7 hours each, and the 5th day off. The country even began to publish pocket calendars, with the Gregorian week printed on one side and the time week on the other. At the same time, for the People's Commissariats and other institutions, since 1931, the schedule became special: here the calendar week was six days, and within its framework the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of each month, as well as 1 March were not working.
Five-day calendar © wikipedia
The Gregorian calendar returned to the Soviet Union only in 1940. The week again became seven days: 6 working days, one (Sunday) - a day off. The working hours increased again to 48 hours. The Great Patriotic War added to this time compulsory overtime work from 1 to 3 hours a day, and vacations were cancelled. Since 1945, wartime measures ceased to apply, but only by 1960 the working week returned to its previous volumes: 7 hours a day, 42 hours. Only in 1966, at the XXIII Congress of the CPSU, a decision was made to switch to a five-day workday with an eight-hour working day and two days off: Saturday and Sunday. In educational institutions, the six-day period has been preserved.
1968 Rudkovich A. Don’t waste your working minutes! © wikipedia
“The idea of introducing a 40-hour working week in the world took shape around 1956 and in the early 60s was implemented in most European countries,” says Nikolai Bai, professor of the department of civil law at the Law Institute of the RUDN University. - Initially, this idea was proposed by the International Labor Organization, after which leading and developing economies began to apply it in practice. In different countries, however, the amount of working time still remains different: for example, in France the week is 36 hours. The main reason is that the degree of economic development differs from country to country. In a developed economy, it makes no sense to force people in, and a shorter work week is possible so that people can devote more time to themselves, their health and family. By the way, in the recent past in Russia, Mikhail Prokhorov proposed introducing a 60-hour work week in Russia. In response to this, the government asked the question: “Do you want another revolution to take place in our country?”
I’ll start another debunking of liberal myths.
Today we will talk about the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1940 “On the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week and on the prohibition of unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions”
Today this decree is presented as follows:
Volodya Rezun-Suvorov curses him louder than anyone else. “The labor legislation of 1940 was so perfect that during the war it did not have to be adjusted or supplemented.
And the working day became fuller and wider: a nine-hour day imperceptibly turned into a ten-hour day, then into an eleven-hour day. And they allowed overtime work: if you want to earn extra money, stay in the evening. The government prints money, distributes it to people who work overtime, and then pumps this money back out of the population through defense loans. And people again lack money. Then the government meets the people halfway: you can work seven days a week. For lovers. Then, however, this was introduced for everyone - to work seven days a week." ("Day M" http://tapirr.narod.ru/texts/history/suvorov/denm.htm)
"The weekend was cancelled.
In June 1940, an appeal to workers appeared in the Soviet press calling on them to switch to a seven-day working week. Of course, this was a “initiative from below”, signed by hundreds of representatives of class-conscious progressive workers and progressive intelligentsia. The rest of the population understood that war was coming. It should be noted that since the early 1930s, the Soviet Union had a six-day working week with a seven-hour working day. In other countries they worked longer - with a six-day work week, workers worked 9-11 hours a day. On June 26, 1940, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, an eight-hour working day, a seven-day working week and criminal liability for being late for work by more than 21 minutes were introduced. Dismissal at will was prohibited. For workers and employees, criminal penalties were established for violation of labor discipline. For being late for work you could get five years in the camps, for arguing with your superiors you could get a year, and for marriage you could get up to ten years in a strict regime regime. In 1940, it was very easy to be late for work in Moscow - there was not enough public transport, commuter trains and buses physically could not accommodate all passengers, especially during rush hour. People hung in clusters on the external handrails, which sometimes broke off while moving and passengers flew under the wheels. Sometimes real tragedies occurred when people who were hopelessly late threw themselves under the transport. The seven-day period was abolished in 1946, and criminal liability for being late was abolished in 1956." (Finance magazine." http://www.finansmag.ru/64351)
"...in 1940, the USSR abolished days off at enterprises"("From victory to defeat - one step" http://www.ruska-pravda.com/index.php/200906233017/stat-i/monitoring-smi/2009-06-23-05-54-19/pechat .html)
Home-grown fighters against Stalinism are not far behind
“A six-day week is 6 working days out of 7 with one day off, a 7-day week is NO days off!”("To the Stalinists: Decree prohibiting the unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions" http://makhk.livejournal.com/211239.html?thread=2970407)
Well, okay, enough examples, now I’ll explain.
The peculiarity of the Soviet calendar of the 30s was that there was a six-day week (the so-called shestidnevka) with a fixed day of rest falling on the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of each month (March 1 was used instead of February 30, every 31st considered as an additional working day). Traces of this are visible, for example, in the credits of the film “Volga-Volga” (“the first day of the six-day period,” “the second day of the six-day period,” and so on).
The return to the seven-day week occurred on June 26, 1940 in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week and on the prohibition of unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions.”
And the Decree sounded like this:
1. Increase the working hours of workers and employees in all state, cooperative and public enterprises and institutions:
from seven to eight o'clock - in enterprises with a seven-hour working day;
from six to seven o'clock - at jobs with a six-hour working day, with the exception of professions with hazardous working conditions, according to lists approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR;
from six to eight o'clock - for employees of institutions;
from six to eight o'clock - for persons over 16 years of age.
2. Transfer work in all state, cooperative and public enterprises and institutions from a six-day week to a seven-day week, counting seventh day of the week - Sunday - day of rest. http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/Article/perehod8.php
So, the transition from a six- to seven-day calendar is today actively used by anti-Sovietists as a crime of Stalinism and the enslavement of workers.
As always, we draw our own conclusions
The request to submit an amendment to the labor market committee of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP) regarding a 60-hour work week came not from employers, but from work teams, said businessman Mikhail Prokhorov, who heads the committee, in an interview with the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper.
In most cases, a person's work is measured by working hours. Labor legislation most often uses units of measurement such as a working day (shift) and a working week.
A further reduction in working hours was provided for by the RSFSR Law of April 19, 1991 “On increasing social guarantees for workers.” In accordance with this law, employees' working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week.
The duration of daily work is 8 hours, 8 hours 12 minutes or 8 hours 15 minutes, and for work with hazardous working conditions - 7 hours, 7 hours 12 minutes or 7 hours 15 minutes.
In April 2010, Russian businessman Mikhail Prokhorov proposed changing labor legislation and introducing a 60-hour work week instead of a 40-hour one. In November 2010, the RUIE board of directors approved amendments to the Labor Code, which met fierce resistance from trade unions. However, later the document was to be sent for consideration to a Russian tripartite commission with the participation of employers, trade unions and the government.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
Lately the following text has been floating around the internet:
“Comrade Stalin sets a great task - to achieve a 5-hour working day. If we achieve this, it will be a great revolution. I started work at nine - at 2 o'clock it was already over, without a break. I had lunch and had free time. We can bypass capitalism on this alone, they can’t do that, give them profits, and give them the workers - but how can Russians live well in 5 hours?
No, give us socialism and Soviet Power too, we also want to live like people. This will be the peaceful offensive of communism.” “Communism is possible if the number of communists in life grows, not for fear, not for bonuses, but for conscience - those who are interested in working and living, who know how to work and relax, but not like a dance, but with their souls, to develop." “Sport is a must for everyone; If the working day is 5 hours, there will be enough for everything; you will have to study all your life. 10 years have passed - sit down at your desk again for a couple of months, remember history, geography. And if you know, pass the exam and walk for two months. We don’t need ignoramuses, we need communists without exception, and what kind of communist are you if you don’t know anything and are clutching your heart at the age of forty? We didn’t have time, but you have it, come on, develop, dear, the Soviet Power gave you, use it and strengthen it yourself.” “And so - all over the world”
From the notes of L.P. Beria. (1952)
People are rolling their lips, imagining how great it would be if...
In pre-revolutionary Russia, until the end of the 19th century, working time was not limited by law and amounted to 14-16 hours a day.
In 1897, under the pressure of the labor movement in Russia, for the first time the working day was legally limited to 11.5 hours (10 hours on Saturday), and for women and children - 10 hours with six working days a week. Vacation was not provided. The law did not limit overtime work, which negated the limitation on the length of the working day.
After the October Revolution, on October 29 (November 11), 1917, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree “On the eight-hour working day.” The decree established that working hours should not exceed 8 working hours per day and 48 hours per week.
In 1928-1933. a transition to a 7-hour working day was carried out. In the early 1930s, a six-day cycle was introduced (a five-day working day with a sixth day off). The day off fell on the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of each month, and in March also on the 1st. (At the same time, the 31st was considered additional working days.)
In 1940, in connection with the outbreak of World War II, a decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week (six working days and one day off). The working week was 48 hours.
At the end of the post-war recovery period in 1956-1960. The working day in the USSR was again reduced to 7 hours (in a number of industries and industries - to 6 hours) with a six-day working week, and then a transition was made to a five-day working week with two days off. The working week was 42 hours.
In 1977, the Constitution of the USSR established a 41-hour working week.
The RSFSR Law of April 19, 1991 “On increasing social guarantees for workers” established working hours of no more than 40 hours per week.
In fact, at the moment Russia has the shortest working week and the longest vacation in the entire history of the country.
Under Stalin, since 1936, the duration of the minimum vacation was only 6 days. Lenin established two weeks, and Stalin cut it off. It was not until 1970 that paid leave increased to three working weeks. Since 2002, vacation began to be calculated based on 28 calendar days.
We count roughly, offhand.
Under Stalin: 365 days a year, 55 days off and holidays, 6 days of vacation. We get 304 working days of 5 hours (in dreams, in dreams!). 1520 working hours per year.
Today. In 2015, there are 118 days off and holidays, 28 days of vacation. We get 219 working days of 8 hours. 1752 hours per year.
Very close. In order to finally catch up with Stalin’s dream (which he never realized), you need to shorten the working day by about 1 hour.
In fact, at the moment Russia has the shortest working week and the longest vacation in the entire history of the country.
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