UDC 355.23(47)"18/19":94(47).081/.083

Grebenkin A.N.,

Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

under the President of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Russian Federation, Orel)

RULES FOR ADMISSION TO MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1863-1917.

The article analyzes the rules of admission to Russian military educational institutions in 1863-1917. The author examines the main trends in social policy in the field of training of officer personnel using the example of changing requirements for social origin, etc. level of training. entering military educational institutions. The article concludes that the government is gradually moving away from. principle “military school is for. nobles" etc. makes a bet on creating a corps of hereditary officers who would... was constantly replenished with talented representatives of all classes.

Key words: Russian, empire, military education, cadet corps, nobility, officer.

The system of military educational institutions created in Russia in the first half of the 19th century was designed to provide the army and navy with well-educated officers. In addition, cadet corps also had an important social function, giving a “start in life” to the children of bankrupt nobles and orphans of officers killed in the war. For the cadets and cadets themselves, obtaining a military education was the first step towards a successful career, and not only a military one. The knowledge acquired in cadet corps and special schools could also be useful in the civil service. However, despite the fact that not only the heads of the military department, but also Nicholas I himself paid a lot of attention to military educational institutions, by the middle of the 19th century. The crisis in the military educational department became obvious. The cadet corps provided the army with only a third of the officers it needed, the rest received military training directly during their service. Among the cadets and cadets there were many over-aged, depraved youngsters who were tolerated within the walls of the military

these schools only because they belonged to the noble class. At the same time, non-nobles, even talented ones, were denied access to military education1.

The Milyutin military educational reform, aimed at separating general education from military special education and humanizing the relationship between teachers and students, provided for a radical restructuring of the old cadet corps. In 1863 - 64 their transformation into military gymnasiums and military schools began. New admission rules were also developed for newly created military educational institutions. These rules gave non-nobles, although on a very limited scale, the opportunity to receive military education.

Military gymnasiums, created on the basis of general classes of cadet corps, had the goal of “providing the children of nobles intended for military service with preparatory general education and upbringing”2; Thus, they, like the cadet corps, retained the status of privileged noble educational institutions. However, an exception was made to this rule - the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian military gymnasiums were not boarding schools for the nobility. In the first of them the sons of persons from the tax-exempt classes of the Orenburg region studied, in the second - the sons of officers and officials who served and served in the Siberian region. The special status of these two gymnasiums was emphasized by the fact that their graduates had to study at the specially established Fourth Military School in Orenburg.

Pupils of military gymnasiums were divided into state-owned, self-funded and visiting.

The following were credited to the treasury account: at the expense of the government - minor nobles in accordance with the merits of their fathers and the degree of orphanhood according to the seniority of the ranks (as was the case in the old cadet corps), at the expense of the government and various institutions - minor nobles according to special regulations (one - annually in a certain number, others - for special vacancies provided to them) and, finally, for specially donated capital - minor nobles on the basis that were

determined by patrons when donating these capitals3. In addition, young nobles aged 14 to 17 who successfully passed the exam were enrolled in gymnasiums at public expense, if they had previously received education at the expense of their parents4.

Self-paid and visiting pupils received education on a paid basis: a fee of 200 rubles was paid for a self-funded student. per year (in the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian gymnasiums - 125 rubles); the fee for a visitor was equal to the fee charged to a student at a civil gymnasium located in the same city. In the Siberian Military Gymnasium, the fee for self-cost was 25 rubles. silver per year. At the same time, the sons of persons of all classes were allowed to come to the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian gymnasiums.

Applications for admission to the public account were submitted to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions (for admission to the Siberian and Orenburg gymnasiums - to local governors-general), requests for determination of their own costs and those who came - to the directors of the gymnasiums. The nobles had to provide a certificate of nobility from the heraldry or a copy of the minutes of the noble deputy meeting on the sending to the heraldry of documents on the basis of which the minor was included in the noble genealogy book; for children of persons who received nobility by rank and order, service records of their fathers or decrees on their resignation were required. For minors of non-noble origin, certificates of state rights were required. In addition, it was necessary to provide a metric certificate of birth and baptism and a signature of the petitioner with an obligation to take the minor back at the request of the gymnasium.

Applicants took an entrance exam according to the program of the class they were supposed to enter in accordance with their age (10-12 years old - in 1st grade, 11-13 - in 2nd grade, 12-14 - in 3rd grade, 13-15 - in the 4th, 14-16 - in the 5th and 15-17 - in the 6th). Kyrgyz children were admitted to the Siberian Military Gymnasium without an exam.

To two-year military schools (1st Pavlovsk, 2nd Konstantinovsky and 3rd

Aleksandrovskoe), created on the basis of special classes of cadet corps, applicants were accepted both by exam and without an exam.

The following were accepted without an exam: 1) graduates of military gymnasiums; 2) hereditary nobles who received secondary education; 3) young people of all classes who received education in civil and religious higher educational institutions. Graduates of military gymnasiums were transferred to schools by order of the Chief Director of military educational institutions. Graduates of civilian educational institutions were admitted to admission on preferential terms, since there were too few graduates of military gymnasiums to ensure enrollment in schools. At the same time, applicants with higher education entered the 2nd Konstantinovsky Military School for 1 year in a special military class established for them5.

All applicants who did not have a certificate of secondary education were examined at the military schools themselves according to the programs established for the junior class of special schools.

Thus, the doors of military schools were wide open to non-nobles.

Young people who wanted to enter the school came personally to the boss and submitted an application to the highest name, attaching a metric certificate of birth and baptism and documents of origin; those entering without an exam were required to present certificates and diplomas. Those entering military schools had to be at least 16 years old; for health reasons they had to be fit for military service.

Applicants were also admitted to three-year special schools (Nikolayevskoye Engineering and Mikhailovskoye Artillery) both with and without an exam6.

According to the exam, all 3 classes (junior, middle and senior) were accepted into young people who belonged to hereditary nobles or enjoyed the rights of first-class volunteers upon entering military service, as well as cadets and first-class volunteers who were already in the military service.

be in the troops. Those entering the junior and middle classes had to be between 16 and 20 years old; those entering the senior class are from 17 to 24 years old.

The following were accepted without an exam: into the junior class - graduates of military gymnasiums, into the senior class - harness cadets and cadets who graduated from military schools and refused to become officers in order to continue their education.

The documents that young people who were not in military service had to present were identical to those presented by the parents of minors entering the military gymnasium (metric certificate and documents of origin). In addition, it was required to undergo a medical examination to determine fitness for military service.

Those entering the junior class were examined in knowledge of the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, general and Russian history, geography, drawing and one of the foreign languages ​​of their choice - French, German or English.

To be enrolled, it was necessary to obtain at least 8 points on average in all exam subjects (on a 12-point scale) and not have less than 6 points in any of the mathematical subjects7.

Those entering the middle class were additionally examined according to the junior class program, those entering the senior class were examined according to the junior and middle class programs8.

At the same time, graduates of secondary and higher educational institutions took exams only in military, natural and mathematical sciences, graduates of university mathematical departments were examined only in military and natural sciences, graduates of natural sciences - only in military and mathematical sciences.

All those admitted to special schools received full government support.

Finally, in 1864, two-year cadet schools were established, primarily intended for the training of officers9 from persons who did not have a secondary education (who served in the regular troops of cadets and volunteers, and

also non-commissioned officers and chief officers’ children of irregular troops)10. It was possible to enter by exam, depending on the level of initial training, both in the junior and senior classes. Without an exam, those who had a higher or secondary education (including graduates of military gymnasiums), as well as those expelled from military schools for failure in science11, were accepted into the senior class. Those who had incomplete secondary education (6 classes of gymnasium) were accepted without competition, passing only one exam - in the Russian language. After the introduction of all-class conscription in 1874, “junker schools became the gates through which people from non-noble backgrounds, including peasant and bourgeois children, entered the officer corps”12. At the same time, representatives of the lower classes, who received their primary education in pro-gymnasiums and city schools and, thanks to their abilities and perseverance, entered the cadet schools, represented a more advantageous contingent than those who were expelled from secondary schools for failure or bad behavior. It should be noted, however, that graduates of cadet schools, who did not have good training and had almost no chance of receiving higher military education, found it difficult to make a good career - the ceiling for most of them was the position of company commander in the infantry and the rank of captain.

In 1867, the Regulations on military schools were approved: First (Pavlovsky), Second (Konstantinovsky), Third (Alexandrovsky), Fourth (in the city of Orenburg), Nikolaevsky Cavalry, Mikhailovsky Artillery and Nikolaevsky Engineering13. The schools accepted persons from classes that were not subject to conscription duties, and, in addition, those who served in the troops of cadets and non-commissioned officers of these classes. Graduates of military gymnasiums, as well as those who graduated from secondary educational institutions (the latter within a year after receiving a certificate) were accepted without exams. Preference was given to applicants who graduated from military gymnasiums. Graduates

military schools had the right to refuse promotion to officers and transfer as cadets to the senior class of special schools14. Young people of all classes who had received higher education were accepted into special classes at military schools (which were to be created in the image of a special military class at the Konstantinovsky School)15. Those who received a higher education in physics, mathematics or natural sciences could, after passing an exam in military sciences, enter the senior classes of special schools.

In 1873, two military gymnasiums were opened exclusively for incoming students (3rd St. Petersburg and Simbirsk); Representatives of all classes were admitted to them16. In 1874, the 3rd Moscow Military Gymnasium was added to them.

In 1877, the rules for admission to military gymnasiums were changed. The categories of minors entitled to education at government expense have been revised; children of military personnel who did not belong to the class of hereditary nobles were allowed to be admitted to the gymnasium, in accordance with the merits of their fathers and the degree of orphanhood (thus, the sons of military chief officers, who had lost their father or mother, enjoyed preference over the sons of colonels, and orphans of chief officers officers - an advantage over the sons of generals)17.

The cadet corps, recreated in 1882 on the basis of military gymnasiums, had the goal of “providing minors destined for military service in the officer rank, and mainly the sons of honored officers, with a general education and upbringing appropriate to their purpose”18. Thus, secondary military educational institutions lost their pro-noble character and began to focus on the children of officers, the proportion of hereditary nobles among whom was steadily falling.

All cadets were divided into interns, who were fully supported by the corps, and external students, who only attended classes. In turn, the interns were divided into state-funded, supported by government funds, fellows, supported by interest on capital donated

by different institutions and persons, and at their own expense, maintained at their own expense. Only scholarship holders and those on their own could be external students; an exception was made for the sons of persons in the military training service - they could be free externs of the corps in which their fathers served.

The sons of military and some non-military persons could become state-paid interns (according to the highest ranks, the orphans of generals and officers who died in the war belonged, the lowest included the sons of chief officers and priests who served at least 10 years in the military department), as well as those enlisted out of turn, according to the regulations, minors belonging to the following categories: 12 pupils from the children of officers of the Don Cossack Army, 2 pupils from the children of officers of the Astrakhan Cossack Army, 77 pupils from the children of officials who served in the Turkestan region, etc.19. The Siberian Corps included the sons of officers and officials who served in Siberia or the Turkestan region, and the Donskoy Corps included the sons of serving and retired officers and officials who belonged to the Cossack class of the Don Army.

Scholarship recipients were minors who met the requirements contained in the provisions of one of the scholarships.

All those who could be considered state-owned, and, in addition, the sons of all officers, the sons of officials of the military and civil departments who belonged to the hereditary nobility, and the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles could become self-kost. In addition, the sons of personal nobles, merchants and honorary citizens were accepted into the Nicholas Corps. The sons of civil officials who did not belong to the hereditary nobility were admitted to the Siberian Cadet Corps as self-paid interns.

The sons of officers, officials of the military and civil departments who belonged to the hereditary nobility, and the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles could become external students of the cadet corps. As an external student at the Nikolaevsky cadet

In addition, the sons of personal nobles, merchants and honorary citizens could enter the Simbirsk corps, the sons of persons of all classes.

The fee for self-employed interns ranged from 550 rubles. (in the Nikolaevsky building) up to 125 rubles. (in the Orenburg and Siberian buildings).

Those entering the cadet corps had to be between the ages of 10 and 18; they were enrolled in classes appropriate to their age and performance on the admissions exam20.

Changes made to the rules for admission to cadet corps during the reign of Alexander III were aimed at their unification and the creation of a corps of hereditary military personnel.

Particular attention was paid to external students, who, coming to the buildings only for classes, studied poorly, were difficult to influence by teachers and caused many problems. Under Alexander III, the number of cadet externs was reduced to a minimum, and cadet corps, converted from military gymnasiums, established at one time exclusively for newcomers, were either closed or transferred to boarding schools. Thus, in 1886, the Alexander Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg was transferred to a boarding school; in 1887, the general rules for admission to the Simbirsk Corps were extended21. The 3rd Moscow Cadet Corps was closed in 1892. Since 1887, only those who had the right to enter the state kosht began to be enrolled in external cadet corps; after the fourth grade they had to be transferred to interns. Thus, the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles lost the right to external education22. In 1890, it was clarified that only the sons of hereditary nobles who served in these corps in class ranks had the right to enter cadet corps as free external students23.

The Regulations on Military Schools of 1894 established a new procedure for admission. From now on, schools were staffed with graduates of cadet corps and young people belonging to the category of persons who were granted the right to

admission to cadet corps who have reached the age of 17 and received a certificate of knowledge of the full course of the cadet corps or other secondary educational institution24. Graduates of cadet corps had preference for admission. They were enrolled in schools in the first place, and those who graduated from civilian secondary educational institutions were enrolled only in the vacancies remaining after enrollment as cadets25. Thus, admission to military schools “from outside” was limited. In addition to the desire to create a corps of hereditary officers, this measure was dictated by the fact that the annual graduation from the cadet corps by that time was quite sufficient to ensure the filling of all vacancies in military schools, and the need to recruit graduates of gymnasiums and real schools, which, in contrast from former cadets who had no prior military training, was no longer needed.

In parallel, measures were taken to improve the level of training of officers. In 1886, a department with a military school course was created at the Moscow Junker School. Applicants who had at least 6 years of high school education were admitted there by exam. Subsequently, such departments were created at other cadet schools.

At the beginning of the 20th century. cadet schools began to transform into military schools, and by 1910 this process was completed. The training of “second-class” officers with primary general education and limited military training was discontinued. From now on, to become an officer, it was necessary to have at least completed secondary education. At the same time, the “old” military schools - Pavlovskoe and Aleksandrovskoe, as well as the Nikolaevskoe Cavalry School - continued to accept young people who had received an education in the cadet corps or had the right to do so. However, their graduates did not enjoy any advantages during their service26.

At the beginning of the 20th century, as the class structure eroded and the tradition of officer dynasties was destroyed, the cadet corps lost the remnants of its elitism.

In 1906, the right to education in cadet corps at the expense of the treasury was granted to the sons of serving and retired officers, military and naval doctors, military chaplains and persons who were or were in active educational service in the military educational department, including number of assistants at the departments and clinics of hospital and academic and doctors of the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, subject to their fathers having served for 10 years or acquiring the right to retain their uniform upon retirement27. The requirement for 10 years of service was not imposed if: 1) the applicants’ fathers died in the service and their children were left orphans; 2) were killed or died from wounds received in battle28; 3) suddenly died or lost their sight or mind while in service; 4) were awarded the Order of St. George.

On the eve of the First World War, the government took a number of measures that were actually aimed at turning the buildings into all-class educational institutions. In October 1912, the right to official education in cadet corps was given to the children of ensigns who participated in battles and were awarded the insignia of a military order or were under the patronage of the Alexander Committee for the wounded in the 1st or 2nd class29. From November 1912, in the places remaining after the enrollment of cadets who had the right to government education, it was allowed to accept sons of persons of all classes as self-employed pupils30. Similar changes were made to the rules for admission to certain military educational institutions. In the Khabarovsk Cadet Corps, 4 supernumerary self-cost vacancies were established for the sons of Cossacks of the unprivileged class of the Amur Cossack Army31. At the same time, children of civil officials of at least class VIII who graduated from one of the secondary educational institutions, as well as children of persons of all classes who received higher education, were admitted to the privileged Naval Corps.

At the beginning of the First World War, in conditions of an acute shortage of junior officers, the requirements for the educational qualifications of those entering military schools were lowered.

now first up to 6th grade of the gymnasium, then up to 5th grade and, finally, to city schools33. Soon the schools turned into 4-month courses for accelerated training of officers, which accepted students who had not completed their studies, men aged 40-45, and even girls. Undoubtedly, after the end of hostilities, the pre-war rules for recruiting military educational institutions would have been restored, but the revolution of 1917 led to the death of cadet corps and military schools.

Thus, the desire to create a professional officer corps that fully met the tasks facing it led to the government moving away from its traditional reliance on the hereditary nobility and placing the interests of the officer corporation at the forefront. If military gymnasiums were positioned as educational institutions of the nobility, then the post-reform cadet corps were no longer such. In an effort to build a clear scheme for officer training: military gymnasium (cadet corps) - military school, the government, however, in the 60s and 70s. XIX century was forced to resort to admitting graduates of civilian educational institutions to military schools. But as soon as the annual graduation from the cadet corps

allowed all vacancies in military schools to be filled, access to schools for young people “from outside” was practically stopped. The cadet schools that trained “second-class” officers had the same temporary nature: at the first opportunity they were transformed into full-fledged military schools. At the same time, interest in recruiting people with higher education prompted the creation of preferential conditions for them to receive military training in the shortest possible time.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when processes in Russian society began to undermine class barriers, it became clear that it was not possible to create an officer caste. The contingent of cadet corps began to expand due to the children of those who had at least some connection to the army - they received the right to be educated in military educational institutions at the expense of the treasury. By the beginning of the First World War, the class system had completely disintegrated, there was no longer any point in maintaining the previous privileges, and cadet corps began to turn into all-class educational institutions. Perhaps, over time, public military schools would have been created on their basis, but 1917 put an end to the history of military education in the Russian Empire.

1 Only since 1857 were non-nobles who had a higher education able to become external students in cadet corps and study military science for a year before being promoted to officer. However, there were very few such people.

2 clause 2 of the Highest approved Regulations on military gymnasiums // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XLI. Dept. 2nd. 43738.

3 Ibid. P. 6.

4 Ibid. P. 7.

5 §§ 1, 2, 4 of the Highest approved Rules for admission to military schools: 1st Pavlovsk, 2nd Konstantinovskoe and 3rd Aleksandrovskoe // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 42026.

6 clause 1 § 1 of the Rules for the admission of young people to the Nikolaevskoye-Engineering and Mikhailovskoye-Artillery schools, approved on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 41824.

7 Lit. “a” and “b” § 3 Additional rules for admission to the Nikolaevskoye-Engineering and Mikhailovskoye-Artillery Schools approved by the Highest on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 41824.

8 Note 1 to § 5 Rules for the admission of young people to the Nikolaevskoye-Engineering and Mikhailovskoye-Artillery Schools, approved by the Supreme on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 41824.

9 Unlike military schools, cadet schools graduated not officers, but ensigns - officer candidates who were forced to wait for a vacancy to open in their regiment, sometimes for several years.

10 Art. 1 department I of the Highest approved Regulations on cadet schools // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XLIII. Dept. 1st. 45612.

11 Ibid. Art. 13.

12 Mikhailov A.A., Filyuk S.O. Reforms of Russian military educational institutions in the 1860s. Alternative projects and results // Military History Journal. 2011. No. 6. P. 35.

13 The highest approved Regulations on military schools: First (Pavlovsky), Second (Konstantinovsky), Third (Alexandrovsky), Fourth (in the city of Orenburg), Nikolaevsky Cavalry, Mikhailovsky Artillery and Nikolaevsky Engineering // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XLII. Dept. 1st. 44723.

14 Ibid. Art. 10.

15 Ibid. Art. eleven.

16 Volkov S.V. Russian officer corps. M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. P. 148.

17 lit. “d” part II of the schedule of minors accepted for education in military gymnasiums, approved on July 11, 1877 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. LII. Dept. 3rd. Adj. to 57565.

18 hours 1 chapter I of the Highest approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T.VI. 3517.

19 Appendices 1 and 2 to the Highest approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T.VI. 3517.

20 tbsp. Chapters 7 and 11 III of the Highest approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T.VI. 3517.

21 On the application of general rules for the admission of minors to the Simbirsk Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. VII. 4357.

22 On changing the rules for admitting incoming students to cadet corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. VII. 4770.

23 On the right to enter cadet corps as free external students of children of high ranks serving in military educational institutions (Circular on military educational institutions of 1890, No. 18) // Pedagogical collection. 1890. No. 8. Official part. P. 34.

24 Art. Chapter 11 II of the Highest approved Regulations on military schools // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XIV. 11007.

25 Ibid. Art. 13.

26 Suryaev V.N. Officers of the Russian Imperial Army. 1900-1917. M.: “Russian Historical Society”, “Russian Panorama”, 2012. P. 17.

27 art. 2 Highly approved Rules on the admission to cadet corps of state-paid and self-paid interns and on the transfer of self-paid and incoming cadets on state support // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XXVI. Part 1. 28159.

28 Children of class officials of all departments who died in the war or died from wounds received in battles also received the right to government education in cadet corps.

29 Order of the military department of October 26, 1912 No. 583 // Pedagogical collection. 1913. No. 2. Official part. pp. 15-18.

30 Order of the Military Department of November 15, 1912 No. 628 // Pedagogical collection. 1913. No. 5. Official part. P. 55.

31 On the establishment in Khabarovsk of the Count Muravyov-Amur Cadet Corps of 4 supernumerary self-employed vacancies for the sons of Cossacks of the unprivileged class of the Amur Cossack Army // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XXXIII. Dept. 1st. 40706.

32 On changing the conditions for admission of students to the Marine Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XXXIII. Dept. 1st. 40543.

33 "Chuguevtsy". Historical and everyday collection of the association of the Chuguev Military School. Issue edited by I.A. Zybina. Belgrade, 1936 // GARF. F. R-6797. Op. 1. D. 2. L. 39 vol.

Grebenkin A.N., e-mail: [email protected]

Associate professor of the department of theory and history of state and law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Civil Service under the President of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Russian Federation, Orel). The paper analyzes the rules of admission to Russian military schools in 1863-1917. The author discusses the main trends of social policy in the field of officer training as an example of change of requirements to social background and the level of applicants" knowledge entering military schools. RULES OF ADMISSION TO MILITARY SCHOOLS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1863-1917 The article concludes that the government is moving away from the principle of "military school - for the gentry" and relies on the creation of the body of hereditary officers that would be constantly replenished with talented representatives of all classes.

Key words: Russian Empire, military education, military school, the nobility, officer.

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• Rules for admission to military schools and programs of educational subjects, drawn up in accordance with the requirements for the entrance exam to these institutions for 1872. Original title: Rules for admission to military schools and programs of educational subjects, drawn up in accordance with the requirements for the entrance exam? I was started in these in 1872...

1) Military Department - see Military educational institutions and.

2) Junker - see Military educational institutions.

3) Military - see Military educational institutions, Konstantinovsky Military School,.

The Alexander Military School was established in 1863, consisting of 300 cadets; was staffed by pupils of the following classes of cadet corps.

From 1864 to 1894 it was called the third.

In combat terms it was a battalion.

The composition of the school at the end of the 19th century. - 400 cadets. (orders for the Military Department: 1863 No. 330, 67 No. 243, 94 No. 188; St. V.P. 1869, book XV; St. State., 1893 book IV, No. 37 ; Military literature No. 1088).

Significant development at the end of the 19th century. artillery required increased staffing with officers; but the Mikhailovsky Artillery School could not satisfy this need, and the shortage of artillery officers had to be replenished by graduating them from infantry military schools. To eliminate this and in order to train artillery officers thoroughly familiar with their specialty, in 1894 the Mikhailovskoye Artillery Division was expanded (from 190 to 450 students), and the 2nd Konstantinovsky Infantry Division was converted into an artillery division; in the latter there were 425 cadets, who made up 2 batteries (order of the Military Department of 1894 No. 140).

4) Marine. - These schools appeared in Russia under Alexei Mikhailovich, when Ordyn-Nashchokin, being the governor of Livonia, was engaged in the formation of the fleet; but where exactly such a School was located is unknown.

Under Theodore Alekseevich, navigation was taught at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

In 1700, on January 14, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences was established in Moscow, in the Sukharev Tower. From here, in addition to sailors, engineers, artillerymen, teachers, surveyors, architects and others were graduated.

The set of pupils was 500 people, and it was ordered to accept the children of nobles, clerks, clerks, boyars and commoners; the latter, having learned to read and write, entered various positions: assistant architects, pharmacists, clerks..., and most of the nobles who completed the full course were assigned to the navy, then to engineers, artillerymen, Preobrazhensky...; the most capable and wealthy were sent abroad to improve in the sciences, under the name of navigators, who, upon returning, were examined and received ranks: the best - non-commissioned lieutenant, the mediocre - midshipman (at that time not an officer).

Together with the nobles, the children of commoners and minor nobles also went abroad to study the art of navigating, and upon returning to Russia they became navigators. With the acquisition of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea, when all naval forces were needed in these seas, the 2nd naval school, called the Maritime Academy, was founded on October 1, 1715, in St. Petersburg, for 300 people, called the naval guard. Mostly children of noble families and wealthy nobles entered this new academy. Having completed the course of science, they transferred to the midshipman company, which existed separately from the academy. For a long time this company did not have a permanent residence, it was transferred several times from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt and back, and only on December 15, 1752, by decree of Elizabeth, the Naval Academy and the midshipman company were united under the general name of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps, with a set of students of 360 people .

With the establishment of the corps, the Moscow school (in the Sukharev Tower) was abolished, and from it only noble children were taken into the corps, and commoners were assigned to the workshops of the school at the admiralty and to the navigation company. The entire staff of students in the corps was divided into 3 companies in combat terms, and into 3 classes in terms of training.

Midshipmen of the 1st class completed higher maritime sciences; 2nd class cadets went through navigation and began other sciences; 3rd class cadets studied trigonometry and other lower sciences. They were transferred from one class to another based on an exam, and only to open vacancies. To house the corps, a stone 2-story building (formerly) was granted at the corner of the Neva Embankment and the 12th line of Vasilyevsky Island, and it was ordered that the corps be built in all respects on the model of the land one. But in 1762, Peter III, wanting to give one general direction to all military educational institutions, ordered the combination of the Land and Engineering Schools under the main directorate of the city. Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov. However, with the accession of Catherine II to the throne, this decree was canceled; by August 8, 1762, she ordered the Naval Corps to be formed separately, on the basis of the previous staff. On May 23, 1771, during a strong fire on Vasilievsky Island, the buildings of the Naval Corps also burned down, as a result of which it was transferred to Kronstadt, to the premises of the Italian palace (later the Technical School), where it remained until 1796. The transfer of the corps from the capital was very unprofitable for the institution, since not a single excellent professor or teacher who did not serve in the building wanted to travel to Kronstadt to teach, and finally, the maintenance of the building itself was not comparatively more expensive. In 1783, on the occasion of the increase in our naval forces, it was ordered to create a new staff for the corps, for 600 people, and at the same time additional sciences were introduced into the teaching course: maritime practice, moral philosophy, law, foreign languages.

In 1796, upon accession to the throne, the Naval Corps was transferred to St. Petersburg, to the building in which it was located later.

On December 30, 1826, a new staff was approved for the corps, and the set was set at 505 pupils, and in 1835 another 100 boarders were added, with a tuition fee of 850 rubles. assign. in year; all students were divided into 5 companies, of which 1 was a midshipman.

Over the subsequent years, there was no specific set of students, and it depended on the number of admissions to the corps, but in general the figure fluctuated around 300 people.

Then the reception was limited to 35 people; 25 of them went to the state account, 7 were paid at a cost of 530 rubles. per year, and 3 - scholarship holders, with the same fee.

In terms of combat, the corps was divided into 5 companies, in training - into 6 classes, with the 6th and 5th being minors. 4th, 3rd and 2nd - general, 1st - midshipman.

Children accepted:

a) naval officers (past and present).

b) hereditary nobles.

Those entering the preparatory class must have 12-14 years of age. from birth.

Science course - 6 years; at the same time, in addition to general sciences and 3 foreign languages, all subjects related practically and theoretically to maritime art were taught.

The educational side left nothing to be desired. In terms of the wealth and variety of teaching aids, the building is one of the best European educational institutions of its time.

In the summer, cadets go sailing on ships belonging to the corps, and there young sailors see and perform in practice what they learned in classes in the winter (see Training ships). Moreover, the cadets were also trained in front-line service, i.e., each of them, having completed the course, can be not only a skilled sailor, but also a good land officer.

Those who completed the course were annually released into the navy as midshipmen. (In the last years of the 19th century, there were about 70 graduates.)

Those who were brought up in the corps and later transferred to the civil service enjoyed the rights and advantages of students of higher educational institutions.

The Nikolaev Naval Academy was established under the Naval Corps (see Military Academies); It teaches higher subjects in hydrography, naval art) and mechanical art.

Course - 2 years: number of students: in the hydrographic department - 10 (the best in the exam), shipbuilding - 5, mechanical - 5. (F. Veselago - “Essay on History for 100 Years”).

In addition, in the naval department there was also a technical school in Kronstadt, which was intended to graduate into the fleet officers specially trained in mechanical and shipbuilding departments.

This School dates back to 1734, when the President of the State Admiralty College, gr. Golovin, founded a navigational company, where navigation sciences were taught.

In 1793, during the general transformation of the fleet, the position and staff of the newly established 2 navigational schools were worked out, one for the Baltic Fleet, the other for the Black Sea.

A house was assigned for the Navigation School in Kronstadt, which previously housed the Naval Cadet Corps. In this building, although subsequently rebuilt, the Technical School was located later.

The Navigation School taught: spelling, arithmetic, geometry, drawing and drawing plans, trigonometry (plane and spherical), navigation (plane and Mercator), astronomy and English; in addition - evolution, geodesy and the use of maps and instruments.

The school was divided into 3 classes. Navigation students of the first 2 classes. were sent to practice every summer at sea.

Those who completed the course were promoted to officer rank as a navigator.

In 1801, with the transformation of the naval department, the structure of the navigational unit was developed and new regulations and staff of the Navigation School were drawn up.

The main reform was to reduce the number of students and increase the teaching program; The economic part of the Schools has also been improved.

Newly introduced into teaching: God's Law, grammar, rhetoric, logic, geography, history, German and Swedish.

The school was divided into 2 companies. It also trained 20 commercial apprentices to become skippers and navigators in the commercial fleet.

Since 1808, a meteorological journal was established at the School; students were on duty at the observatory and went to the authorities with reports.

In 1827, instead of the Navigation School, the 1st Navigation School was formed? crew, from 3 companies.

The 1st supplied the fleet with conductors, the 2nd manned the 1st, the 3rd was a reserve and manned the 2nd.

All students who were determined to? crew, initially entered the reserve company, and then were successively transferred to the rest.

The training consisted of classroom lessons, practical exercises and front-line exercises.

In 1851, a conductor company was established in the crew to supply the fleet with navigational officers. Finally, in 1856, the ?-crew was renamed the Navigation School, at which an artillery department was also opened to train artillery officers for the fleet. Soon it was decided to promote students, at the end of the course, instead of warrant officers, to conductors, and the companies were named: conductor - first, 1st - second, 2nd - third, 3rd - reserve.

With minor changes, the School existed until 1873, when it was renamed Technical, with the establishment of 4 specialties: navigation, mechanical, artillery and shipbuilding.

Around the same time, officers graduating from this School received the right to enter the Naval Academy.

Pavlovsk Military School (1894−6 November 1917) - infantry military school of the Russian Empire, in St. Petersburg. The school's temple holiday is May 21, the day of remembrance of Saints Equal to the Apostles Constantine and Helen. School holiday - December 23. Created in August 1863 by decree of Emperor Alexander II from special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, which donated its banner to the school. The future Minister of War, Major General Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky, was appointed head of the school.

Cadet of the 1st Cadet Corps. 1914

Chamber-page in a court uniform. 1900s

Juncker of the Pavlovsk School in the portrait hall. 1908.


Pupils of the 1st Cadet Corps at ballroom dancing classes. 1910s


Head of the Nikolaev Military Academy D.G. Shcherbachev with his son. 1909


Lieutenant General A.N. Kuropatkin with his son. 1910


Members of the British delegation on the occasion of the accession to the throne of King George V and their entourage in the park in front of the side facade of the Winter Palace. 1910


V.D. Butovsky - aide-de-camp, chairman of the examination committee, member of the Pedagogical Committee of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. 1913

Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk Military School on August 25, 1913. Pole vaulting


Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk Military School on August 25, 1913. Demonstration of bayonet fighting skills.


Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk Military School on August 25, 1913. Overcoming barbed wire barriers.


Junker of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School during field exercises. Red Village. 1913

Officer's Court of Honor of the Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade. 1913


Band of the Naval Guards crew on the parade ground before entering the parade. May 1912


A group of officers of the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment on the day of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Kulm. 1913


Marine guards crew. Officers in a car on Palace Square. 1914


Reception hall of the Smolny Institute. Among the visitors are students of military educational institutions. 1913.


Chief of the 3rd Elisavetgrad Hussar Regiment, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna with the wives of the regiment officers. Peterhof. August 5, 1913.


Performance by the orchestra of the 4th Imperial Infantry Battalion on the stage of the Lower Park in Peterhof. 1913.


Minister of the Imperial Court and Appanages Count V.B. Fredericks in the uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1913

A group of officers of the 8th Ulan Voznesensky regiment of Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna in front of the large Peterhof Palace. August 5, 1913


Before departure. Gatchina aviation school. 1913.


Military airplane competition. Aviators I.I. Sikorsky (right), Lieutenant General N.V. Kaultbars (center) in the world's first multi-engine airplane "Russian Knight". 1913


Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich and the commander of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, Major General S.V. Evreinov. 1914

Sergeant of the Siberian Fifty of the Third Hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment in ceremonial uniform. 1914


Fanfarists of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. 1914


Monument to the commander-in-chief of the Russian army on the Danube, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (senior) on Manezhnaya Square in St. Petersburg on the day of its opening on January 13, 1914


Baron P.N. Wrangel. 1914

Naval Minister Admiral, Adjutant General I.K. Grigorovich (center) with engineers of the Baltic Shipyard. 1914


Major General, commander of his own e.i.v. convoy, Prince Yu.I. Trubetskoy. 1914


Infantry General A.A. Brusilov. 1914

A platoon of palace grenadiers on Palace Square. 1914


A platoon of mounted officers and a cadet of the Nikolaev Cavalry School during a horse riding exercise. 1914


Head of the Academy, Major General D.G. Shcherbakov with a group of professors and teachers. 1914


Emperor Nicholas II and King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony walk around the guard of honor of the Life Guards Cuirassier Regiment at the Tsarskoye Selo station. June 7, 1914


A group of officers and soldiers with relatives before being sent to the active army. 1916


House of the Army and Navy. A group of officers on the stairs. March 1916

Russian cadets, 1864-1917. History of military schools Vorobyova Alla Yurievna

JUNKER UNIFORMS

JUNKER UNIFORMS

Junkers of military schools were privileged ranks - they had non-commissioned officer distinctions: metal-colored braid on the collar and cuffs and a button on the flap of the overcoat collar. They also wore basson buttonholes on their collars and cuffs: yellow guard buttonholes in the Nikolaev Cavalry School and white army buttonholes in the rest.

The cut of the uniform in the military and cadet schools corresponded to the type of troops for which the cadets were trained at this school, i.e. the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School wore a uniform modeled after the Guards Dragoons, the Elisavetgrad and Tverskoy - the army dragoons, and since 1908 - the army lancers. The rest of the schools had uniforms similar to those of the army infantry and artillery.

In 1909–1910 all military schools received one or another type of shako, and in terms of cadet status they were even closer to the elite of the Russian army - the Imperial Guard.

Rehearsal of the Aleksandrovsky Junker Choir.

Until 1917, the uniform of the cadets underwent repeated changes. So, in the early 60s. XIX century cadets of the newly created military schools wore a double-breasted uniform of dark green guards cloth, with a red rounded collar without buttonholes and piping, yellow copper buttons with a grenade without a number, around the collar and cuffs - gold braid 1/2 inch wide (2.2 cm ). Junkers of the Konstantinovsky Military School wore red shoulder straps with the letter “K” under the crown, Pavlovsky - light blue, with the letter “P” - under the crown, in Aleksandrovsky - white, with the letter “A” - under the crown. The shoulder straps were trimmed with narrow galloon. The cadets wore a belt made of black patent leather and a yellow copper belt plaque, with a grenade, without a number. Later, in 1872, the cadet uniform became single-breasted with an 8-button fastener.

Junker of the Pavlovsk Military School before leaving for the city. 1913

Initially, the cadets' headdress was a helmet - with a coat of arms and a device made of yellow copper and a black plume. In 1864, military schools, like all other infantry, received caps of the 1862 model.

The hat was of black cloth, with a red edging along the top, and a red band without piping, the coat of arms, buttonhole were made from non-commissioned officer braid and the chin strap was modeled after the army troops.

Junker trousers were divided into winter and summer. In winter, cadets wore trousers made of dark green guards cloth with red piping, and in summer, white trousers made of guards Flam cloth.

In winter, cadets wore an overcoat of gray guards cloth, with red flaps on the collar, from 1864 - with dark green piping, and in 1871 a button was added to them. The same buttons and shoulder straps were worn on the overcoat as on the uniform.

For classes on the school grounds in the autumn and winter, the cadets were given a short raincoat modeled on the sailor's uniform of that time, made of dark gray cadet cloth (which in reality was black). Here it is necessary to make a reservation that in 1864 an order was issued according to which, in order to save dye for the lower ranks of all branches of the military, dark green and dark gray uniforms were to be sewn from black cloth.

In winter, cadets wore mittens and a camel cap.

They were also provided with a cartridge bag, similar to the army one, made of black patent leather, and smooth-bore guns. Only sergeant majors carried a pistol.

In those same years, cadets of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School wore a double-breasted uniform with a black velvet collar and red piping around the collar. The cadets' shoulder straps, trimmed with narrow braid with the letter "M" under the crown, were red. The belt plaque was smooth and blued. The artillerymen's hat differed from the hats of other military schools in that it had a black velvet band trimmed with red piping. To train in horse artillery formation, cadets wore leather-lined leggings. In addition to a pistol, artillery sergeants were entitled to a saber.

The uniform of the squadron of the Nikolaev Cavalry School of Guards Junkers was even more elegant. Double-breasted, lapel cut, it was fastened with 7 guards buttons. Cavalry cadets wore red shoulder straps with dark green piping, and in full dress uniform they wore metal epaulettes. They were also entitled to a hat, the crown of which was white and the band red. The hat was decorated with a plume of white hair. In 1864, the cadets of this school also received a cap with a black top, and an orange basson with a blue gap began to be sewn onto the band.

But the cadets of the 4th Orenburg Military School, created in the same year, 1864, wore a hat made of black lamb fur with a top made of red cloth in the winter, and a black cloth hat in the summer.

Officers of military and artillery schools wore uniforms similar to those of cadets, but they had two smooth sewn buttonholes on the collar and cuffs. On March 22, 1874, they received sewing for military educational institutions in 2 rows.

In 1882, after the accession of Emperor Alexander III to the throne, new uniforms were introduced for cadets of infantry and special schools. The device in the infantry and artillery schools is gold, in the engineering school it is silver. The cap was worn black, without a visor (the so-called peakless cap) with scarlet piping, and the band at infantry schools was scarlet, and at special schools it was black. There was a cockade on the band. Sergeants wore a cap with a visor. Junkers were entitled to a double-breasted uniform of the army infantry model of 1881. At special schools, the collar and cuffs of the uniform had scarlet piping. Bloomers were worn short or long, without piping. The winter uniform was complemented by a lambskin cap, model 1881, and a gray infantry overcoat.

In 1885, the cadets were assigned a gymnastic shirt of the cavalry and horse artillery type as a summer uniform.

Officers of military schools had a uniform of “royal” color (sea wave), on the collar and cuffs there was 2 rows of military school sewing.

Junker shoulder straps were edged with gold or silver galloon. At the Pavlovsk School they wore scarlet shoulder straps with a yellow stencil monogram of Emperor Paul I. Pupils of Konstantinovsky - light blue with the monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich in the form of the letter “K”; Alexandrovsky - white with the monogram of Emperor Alexander II “A II”, Mikhailovsky Artillery - scarlet with the monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich in the form of the letter “M”, Nikolaevsky Engineering - scarlet, with the monogram “H I”. The sash of the sergeants of the Mikhailovsky Artillery, Nikolaevsky Engineering and Pavlovsky Schools was scarlet, the Konstantinovsky School was light blue, and the Alexandrovsky School was white. Buttons and belt plaques of red copper with a grenada, and in Pavlovsky, Aleksandrovsky and Nikolaevsky engineering - with a crown.

In 1882, the Nikolaev Cavalry School received the following uniform: a gold device, a double-breasted uniform of the Guards Dragoon type, with scarlet piping, fastened with hooks. Bloomers are short and long, gray-blue with scarlet piping. Boots are high with spurs and low. The cadets had scarlet shoulder straps with gold braid along the free edges. The crown of the cap was dark green with scarlet piping and a scarlet band with dark green piping. Sergeants and cadets wore a sash, the outer stripes of which were scarlet and the middle stripe was black. In winter, cadets wore a gray overcoat of the guards cavalry type, which was decorated with scarlet collar flaps with black piping, and a cloth hat with a scarlet top and fur flaps. In full dress they were given a “boyarka” hat with a scarlet top and black lambskin lapels.

In 1890, the Cossack Hundred was established at the Nikolaev Cavalry School. The usual uniform of the hundred was a dark blue uniform with a silver device and blue Cossack trousers with a red stripe. The commander of a hundred wore the uniform of the unit of troops in which he was a member.

Until 1896, the cadets of two other cavalry schools - Elisavetgrad and Tver - were listed on the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, having only a narrow cadet braid on their shoulder straps. In 1896, they were given the uniform of the army dragoons of 1881. The device was silver, a cap with a visor, a dark green crown and scarlet piping. The band of the cap was scarlet. The students wore a double-breasted uniform without buttons, which was decorated with a collar with scarlet flaps and piping, scarlet shoulder straps, decorated with silver braid along the free edges. Junker trousers were gray-blue, without piping, and had a scarlet cloth sash. The winter uniform was complemented by a “boyarka” hat. On the front of the cap is the State Emblem. The cadets wore a gray overcoat without buttons along the sides, with scarlet collar flaps and dark green piping.

In 1885, the Military Topographical School was established. He was given a silver device. Double-breasted uniform of the 1881 Army Infantry pattern, the collar and cuffs of which had light blue piping. The school's cadets wore dark green shoulder straps, with light blue piping and a yellow code in the form of the letter "T". The free edges of the shoulder straps were decorated with silver braid. In winter, cadets wore a lambskin cap, model 1881, with a cockade and coat of arms.

Speech at the camp of the Vladimir Military School.

Until 1903, the Novocherkassk and Orenburg Cossack schools did not have a uniform uniform. Each cadet wore the uniform of his army. They were distinguished from the Cossacks and non-combatant officers only by the braid along the free edges of the shoulder straps.

In 1894, the Konstantinovsky Infantry Military School was transformed into the Konstantinovsky Artillery School. It received a uniform similar to that of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School and the monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich in the form of the letter “K” on the shoulder straps.

On October 20, 1894, Nicholas II ascended the throne. Three years later, in 1897, the gradual transformation of cadet schools into military schools began. They were given uniforms modeled after other military schools, with minor clarifications. The device became not gold, but silver. The cadets of the Moscow school wore scarlet shoulder straps, those of the Kyiv school wore light blue ones. The sergeant majors of the Moscow school wore a scarlet sash to match their shoulder straps, while those of the Kyiv school wore a light blue one. And instead of sewing military educational institutions, the officers had smooth sewn buttonholes.

The rest of the infantry cadet schools a little later, in 1901, were assigned the following uniform: gold device - yellow copper, in contrast to the infantry military schools, where the gold device for cadets meant red copper. Junkers wore a dark green (black) cap with scarlet piping and a light blue band with two scarlet piping. Double-breasted uniform of the 1881 Guards Infantry model, the collar and cuffs of which were decorated with gold army non-commissioned officer braid. Bloomers were short and long. In winter, cadets still wore a lambskin hat with a cockade and coat of arms.

Shoulder straps of cadet infantry schools.

In 1902, the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared on the belt plaque and buttons of infantry and special military schools, which was replaced by an eagle in 1904.

In 1907, the uniform of the cadets changed again: they began to wear a double-breasted uniform with scarlet piping along the sides and cuffs. On the back of the uniform there are pocket flaps. A little later, in 1909, dark green piping was added to the flaps of the overcoat collar and to the collar of the uniform.

Also in 1909, the St. Petersburg and Kazan infantry cadet schools were transformed into infantry military schools. They were given uniforms similar to those of the Pavlovsk and Aleksandrovsky military schools. At the same time, Alekseevsky and Kiev military schools received a gold device instead of a silver one. A year later, Odessa, Chuguev, Vilna, Irkutsk and Tiflis schools were transformed into military ones.

Shoulder straps of infantry military schools.

In 1909–1910 a significant event occurred. The cadets of the infantry, special and infantry cadet schools were given a shako of the guards infantry pattern of black felt, on which the coat of arms of military educational institutions was displayed on the front - an eagle with lowered wings in radiance. In full dress uniform, cadets wore a non-commissioned officer's pompom on their shako. The only exceptions were the cadets of the Irkutsk Military School who had a hat.

The changes also affected Cossack and cavalry schools.

In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School was given the uniform of the Don Cossack Cavalry Regiments. The shoulder straps are scarlet, with the code “N.U.” Orenburg Cossack Junker School - uniform of the Orenburg Cossack cavalry regiments. Scarlet shoulder straps, coded "O.U."

Review of the Nikolaev Engineering School on the occasion of the consecration of the banner. February 19, 1903

In 1912, the encryption on the shoulder straps of both Cossack schools was abolished; The shoulder straps of the Novocherkassk school remained scarlet, and those of the Orenburg school became light blue. The officers of these schools received military school embroidery on their collars.

In the same year, the cadets of the Nicholas Cavalry School were given a cap with a scarlet crown, scarlet piping and a scarlet band with dark green piping; double-breasted, lapel-cut uniform with scarlet piping and a scarlet folded lapel; collar and cuffs with gold non-commissioned officer braid; in full dress uniform - golden cavalry epaulettes. The undisputed decoration was the three-stripe sash: the outer stripes were scarlet, the middle stripe and the piping were dark green. And a year later, the Cossack Hundred was assigned the following uniform: a silver device, a black astrakhan hat. In front is a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance. Black patent leather chin strap. A cap with a scarlet crown and scarlet piping, a scarlet band with dark blue piping. Dark blue uniform of Cossack cut. The cadets were entitled to silver non-commissioned officer braid, dark blue trousers with a single-row scarlet stripe, they wore scarlet shoulder straps with silver braid along the edges, as well as a light blue sash.

At the beginning of the century, in 1901, the Elisavetgrad and Tver cadet schools had a silver device. The cadets wore a lambskin hat, the cloth bottom of which was scarlet, a cap with a dark green crown, scarlet piping and a scarlet band. Junkers were entitled to a dragoon double-breasted uniform of the 1897 model with scarlet piping and gray-blue shortened trousers. The shoulder straps of the Elisavetgrad School are scarlet with dark green piping, yellow coded “E.Yu.” The Tver School has light blue with dark green piping, coded “T.Yu.” Along the free edges there is silver galloon.

In 1904, the applied color of the Tver School changed. It became light blue instead of scarlet, the device remained silver. The hat has also changed: now its cloth bottom is light blue. Junkers of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School, as part of the Odessa Military District, wore a cap instead of a hat. And the eagle from the lambskin cap was fitted onto the crown, the color of which was scarlet with dark green piping and a dark green band, and for the “Tvertsy” the crown was light blue, the piping was dark green, the band was dark green. In 1910, the Tver Junker School was transformed into a cavalry school, and two years later, both schools were granted the coat of arms of military educational institutions instead of the State Emblem for Uhlan caps, and officers were granted the emblem of military educational institutions.

By the outbreak of the First World War, uniforms were divided into wartime uniforms and peacetime uniforms.

Wartime uniform

Wartime uniforms included:

1) marching cloth shirt of protective cloth with shoulder straps or jacket - for cavalry and Cossack schools;

2) black shortened trousers, for cavalrymen - gray-blue;

3) a waist belt with a badge in infantry, artillery and engineering schools. Junkers of other schools wore a single-pin belt;

4) shoulder harness for cadets of artillery and cavalry schools;

5) a saber with a lanyard (in artillery and cavalry schools), a bayonet or cleaver for cadets’ sword belts in infantry and engineering schools;

6) high boots and spurs (if such were required by the school);

7) a khaki cap with a visor;

8) brown gloves (in service - to whom such were assigned; when leaving on leave - optional);

9) an infantry or cavalry overcoat;

10) a revolver holster with a revolver and a cord for it (in artillery schools, sergeant majors of infantry and engineering schools and sergeants of cavalry schools); in other schools, cadets carried a rifle;

11) headphones;

12) hood.

Note. The wartime uniform was worn by cadets by order of the head of the school.

Peacetime uniform

The peacetime uniform was divided into: a) front uniform; b) ordinary; c) official; d) homemade.

The peacetime uniform included: First of all, a dress uniform, which included: a uniform, short trousers, a waist belt, for sergeants a white leather belt (in reality it was a fawn leather belt), in artillery and cavalry schools - a saber, an officer's lanyard to whom it was assigned, high boots, spurs - in artillery and cavalry schools, a shako with a pompom and tassels, awards and badges, white suede gloves, an overcoat, headphones by special order.

The dress uniform was worn by cadets:

1) those present at reviews and parades of military units;

2) those present at parades on church holidays, unit holidays, as well as on school holidays;

3) those present at the consecration of banners and standards;

4) on the days of the accession to the throne of the Sovereign Emperor, the Holy Coronation of their Majesties, the birth and namesake of their Majesties;

5) best men participating in the marriage ceremony;

6) at the burial of generals, staff and chief officers, as well as at the burial of lower ranks;

7) going on vacation on holidays.

The ordinary uniform differed from the dress uniform in that the cadets wore a shako without a pompom and brown gloves instead of white. As for overcoats, they, as with the dress uniform, were supposed to be worn only with sleeves.

Cavalry cadets with this uniform wore shoulder straps instead of epaulettes. The plume was removed from the uhlan's cap or shako and the lapel was unfastened.

The usual uniform was worn by cadets:

1) those present during the nailing of banners and standards in the Highest presence;

2) those present at church ceremonies on Sundays and holidays;

3) those present at the foundation stone and consecration of churches and government buildings;

4) those present at the marriage ceremony, recipients from the font and during the removal of the Holy Shroud;

5) at official balls and dance evenings in educational institutions;

6) at the burial of civil officials of all departments, civilians and ladies;

7) at official funeral services;

8) in all cases when there was an order from superiors to be in military uniform.

The cadets also had a service uniform, which they wore when going out for drills and in all cases when no other uniform was specified, with all official outfits, when leaving on ordinary days, as well as on country leave. You were supposed to show up at your boss's apartment in your official uniform. In this case, it was necessary to take off the overcoat, put on the weapon and waist belt over the uniform, and hold the headdress in the hands. This uniform was also worn by cadets during the holidays, when they came to the commandant's office to present a vacation ticket.

The service uniform included: a uniform, which, as a rule, at the location of the school, on the orders of the head of the school, was replaced by a shirt, shortened trousers, a waist belt, high boots, a visor (the sergeants had a cap with a visor), military awards and badges, brown gloves, an overcoat in sleeves or saddle wrap, headphones on special occasions, hood on special orders.

For everyday internal life, schools also had the so-called home uniform. It was worn by cadets during lectures, rest and some drills; During lunch, cadets always had to wear their home uniform. It included a khaki-colored gymnastics shirt with shoulder straps (and until 1908 - a uniform), long black trousers, a waist belt, short boots, a cap when leaving the school building, awards and badges - optional, an overcoat - also optional, if There was no special order to put on an overcoat when leaving the school building.

Junkers had 3 types of hats: a shako, a peakless cap and a summer cap. Junkers of the Cossack schools and the Irkutsk Military School - hats.

When out of formation, the removed headdress was supposed to be held in the left lowered hand as follows: the shako - bottom forward, with the coat of arms up, the thumb on the outside, towards the coat of arms, and the remaining fingers inside; cap - behind the crown, cockade forward, chin strap removed; a cap with a visor - by the visor, bottom first, thumb on top of the visor, towards the cockade, the rest of the fingers inside.

In all cases, when the headdress was removed, the glove from the right hand was also removed. It was placed on the visor or on the crown of the headdress and held with the hand. In formation, the removed shako was held on the left bent arm at waist height, with the coat of arms (cockade) to the right. The cap of infantry and engineering schools is in the outstretched and lowered left hand, with the cockade forward.

As for the overcoat, it served as outerwear for all forms without exception. It could be worn in sleeves, saddled, or rolled up and thrown over the left shoulder (for equestrian ranks it was tied to the saddle).

At temperatures above +10 °C, all cadets had to be without overcoats when going on vacation; from +5 to +10 °C the cadets wore overcoats; below +5 °C - they were worn in sleeves. Only the cadets in service had rolled up overcoats. The cadets present at the reviews and training put on their overcoats the same way the troops did. Junkers were not allowed to wear waterproof coats and capes. Hats and headphones were worn in temperatures below -10 °C. In this case, the bashlyk could be worn under shoulder straps, or on the head, or tied around the neck in the form of a stand-up collar. Hats or headphones were worn in formation by special order.

The cadets of most military schools had one more uniform accessory, which they were very proud of and which other lower ranks were not supposed to have. These are gloves. In full dress and when attending balls, theaters, and concerts, cadets were allowed to wear white suede gloves. In other cases, brown gloves were worn: kid gloves or cotton gloves in the summer and wool gloves during the rest of the year. In the ranks, brown thread or wool gloves were worn by sergeants and senior cadets. Other cadets, while in the ranks, wore brown woolen gloves only in frosts greater than -10 °C, by special order.

Pupils of cavalry and artillery schools wore spurs. They were relied upon by all cadets of non-commissioned officer rank when going on leave.

Emperor Nicholas II inspects the formation of cadets in the Krasnoselsky camp. 1912

When going on leave, cadets were also required to carry weapons. For infantry cadets it was a bayonet in a sheath, for cavalrymen and artillerymen - a saber, for cadet cadets - a cleaver with an officer's lanyard and a revolver for artillerymen. In addition to a revolver, sergeant majors were entitled to a saber with an officer's lanyard. At the location of the school, only sergeants and cadets were allowed to wear spurs with high boots. They also carried a revolver in a revolver holster. An officer's lanyard was attached to the uniform of the cadet commanders.

It is necessary to say a few words about the insignia of sergeants and cadets. Thus, sergeants were assigned shoulder straps made of wide gold or silver galloon (depending on the type of troops); they had a cap with a visor and additional braid along the upper edge of the outer rim of the shako. Senior cadet belts were assigned 3 straps on shoulder straps made of basson braid, junior ones - two stripes. An officer-style lanyard was also required.

The cadets, who were vice-sergeants or vice-non-commissioned officers while still in the cadet corps, were kept on their shoulder straps: the first - a longitudinal stripe, the second - a transverse stripe along the bottom of the shoulder strap made of narrow galloon. These same ranks were supposed to take off their weapons when visiting church, at balls and dances.

The cadets were required to wear awards on his chest in full dress and ordinary uniform in all cases, but in service uniform - only on leave. Crosses and medals were worn either on a uniform, or on a tunic, or were attached to an overcoat worn in the sleeves.

Exam in higher mathematics at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

The badges established for persons who graduated from higher or secondary educational institutions of the civil department, cadets had the right to wear in all forms of clothing, when this was announced in the order of the school.

The cadets had the right to wear badges and prize watches with a chain issued for competitive shooting at the school in full dress and ordinary uniform, as well as in service uniform - on leave. Junkers could wear glasses only when out of formation. They were forbidden to wear pince-nez, rings, and key chains. Since 1911, cadets were allowed to wear watches without displaying the chain.

The uniform was fastened with all buttons and both collar hooks. Bloomers were supposed to be pulled up with a corset; slouching was not allowed. The overcoat, worn in the sleeves, was fastened with all the hooks, saddle-stitched with the collar hooks and the top side hook. During walks in the school premises, it was allowed not to fasten the collar hooks when the overcoat was saddled, and not to put a waist belt over the overcoat when it was worn in the sleeves. The cap was supposed to be worn so that one finger passed between it and the right eyebrow, and four fingers above the left ear. During horse riding, the chin straps were lowered and adjusted so that they lay close to the chin; at all other times they were removed. The shako and cap were put on straight, without tilting.

The gymnastics shirt was fastened with all buttons and belted with a waist belt. The shirt collar was allowed to be unbuttoned only in smoking rooms and in bedrooms during the afternoon rest.

The cap was worn under the shoulder straps, the cap was folded flat on the back, the ends crossed on the chest (with the left one on top), bent and tucked into the waist belt. If the hood was worn on the head, its ends were wrapped around the neck. If it was tied around the neck, the ends were tied with a knot in front of the collar.

The block with awards was located on a double-breasted uniform - in the middle of the chest, on a single-breasted uniform, an overcoat worn in the sleeves, and on a gymnastics shirt - on the left side of the chest. Breastplates established for graduates of civilian higher educational institutions and some secondary educational institutions were worn on the right side of the chest on the uniform, gymnastics shirt and overcoat worn in the sleeves. The competitive shooting badge was also worn on the right side of the chest.

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