Growth hormone side effects. Growth hormone in modern clinical practice Growth hormone restores the liver

Growth hormone has a pronounced pleiotropic action. At present, its growth, anabolic, insulin-like, diabetogenic, fat-mobilizing, lactogenic and neurotropic activities are most fully characterized. In recent years, a new, previously unknown direction of the regulatory action of somatotropin (STH) has been identified - its necessary and significant participation in the sexual differentiation of many liver functions and a direct effect on a number of reactions of hepatic metabolism. This "unconventional" direction of STH effects is now attracting more and more attention of researchers, obviously not only for its novelty and unexpectedness, but also for its broad scientific and practical prospects.

What does STH have to do with the problem of sex dependence of liver functions?

First of all, it was found that STH has a powerful regulatory effect on almost all known semi-differentiated functions and processes that are reactive to the effect of large doses of sex steroids in the liver. The predominant part of the studied hepatotropic effects of growth hormone has a pronounced feminizing character, which made it possible to call this pituitary hormone "feminotropin". Apparently, the feminizing effect of STH on hepatic metabolism can be carried out both directly and due to the sensitization of hepatocytes to estrogens induced by it, due to an increase in the concentration of estrogen receptors in hepatic cells.

As a result, the introduction of STH or an increase in its secretion can (especially in males) significantly reduce the intensity of hydroxylation, conjugation and some other aspects of the metabolism of steroids, carcinogens, toxins and drugs, and vice versa, increase bile formation, the secretion of low-density apolipoproteins, transport proteins, pseudocholinesterase , the activity of beta-adrenergic receptors, receptors of the growth hormone itself and prolactin, some enzymes of the breakdown of amino acids and monoamines. Turning off the secretion of STH by the pituitary gland causes (especially in females) opposite effects and, in addition, significantly reduces the sensitivity of hepatocytes to the action of estrogens. In this case, both influences, respectively, are able to determine (partially or completely) reversible sexual dedifferentiation of these processes.

At the same time, it was found that STH can act as a masculinizing factor under certain conditions on some functions of the liver. Such, for example, is the effect of the hormone on the synthesis of OESD, which is detected in the liver only in males.

At the same time, STH, significantly increasing the level of estrogen receptors in liver cells, thereby probably sensitizing hepatocytes to the regulatory inhibitory effect of estrogens on the synthesis of AESD. Experiments on animals and with a primary monolayer culture of hepatocytes give strong grounds to believe that STH has a permissive (potentiating) effect on programming the synthesis of OESP by androgens. Apparently, the irreversible induction of the synthesis of this protein in liver cells by tesgosterone occurs only in the presence of STH. These data suggest that STH is not only a powerful regulator of sex-dependent functions of the liver, but also a hormone, which, along with androgens, is necessary for the initial sexual differentiation of at least some hepatic processes.

The regulatory effects of estrogens on the liver, as already noted, are also potentiated by STH. The above facts and provisions on the interaction of STH and sex steroids at the level of hepatocytes can be used as the basis for our general hypothesis about endocrine mechanisms that determine sexual differentiation of hepatic metabolism - the hypothesis of "primary sexual differentiation of hepatocytes".

All the above data allow us to conclude that the analysis of the regularities of the action of STH on liver function and their sexual differentiation, on the one hand, creates new aspects in the biochemistry and physiology of this hormone, on the other hand, it opens up prospects for the effective use of the hormone in "non-traditional" areas of clinical medicine ... These areas, apparently, include: sex-dependent systemic diseases (atherosclerosis, some forms of hypertension, cholecystitis, etc.), obstetrics and gynecology, andrology, toxicology. A wide range of experimental and clinical research is expedient here.

B. B. Pozen, O. V. Smirnova

"The effect of STH on the liver" and other articles from the section

Growth hormone, like all hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, has a pulsating type of secretion. Growth hormone (GH) is mostly produced from 8 pm to 4 am.

The half-life (T 1/2) GR is 20 minutes. Growth hormone takes about 30 minutes to get into its main target organ - the liver.

V the liver secretes the response to GH insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) binding proteins ( BPs), acid labile subunit ( ALS).

IGF-1 has a T1 / 2 of 8 to 10 minutes as a rule. This growth factor binds to "insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3" IGFBP-3, the latter extending the half-life of IGF-1 to 20-24 hours.

The circulating level of IGF-1 negatively regulates the expression of growth hormone, decreasing both somatoliberin (growth hormone releasing factor, GHRH) and acting on its receptors.

IGFBP-3 the most affinity insulin-like growth factor of the liver binding proteins (BPs). In peripheral circulation, IGFBP-3 prolongs the duration of IGF-1 action up to 24 hours as already mentioned.

Inside the cell, IGFBP-3 is closely related to p53 function, a protein that stops cell division in response to DNA damage (a well-known anti-tumor protein).

DNA damage - increased expression of p53 - IGFBP-3 binds IGF-1 in the nucleus, as IGF-1 interferes with cell apoptosis and promotes growth.

p53 has lost the status of the most important anti-tumor protein (in case of zinc deficiency, it does not work well, it can be suppressed by tumors or problems with melatonin, etc.).
But the fact is that the secretion of growth hormone does NOT lead to cancer. Growth hormone enhances the secretion of IGFBP-3, which is associated with p53 and apoptosis of damaged cells, in particular, by binding IGF-1 directly at the cell nucleus. Acid labile subunit ( ALS) binds to the IGF-1 / IGFBP-3 chimera and the triple molecule increases the half-life to 200 hours. There is no ALS test, so it ignores it. Somatostatin is produced in the hypothalamus. Somatostatin from the PVN of the hypothalamus enters the anterior pituitary gland, where it suppresses the secretion of GH and TSH.
Hypothalamic problems - deregulation of suppression of GH secretion. High dose of pyridoxine induces IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells and its induction is inhibited by the p53-specific inhibitor pifithrin-α.

Large doses of B6 had anti-tumor effects. Researchers have hypothesized the induction of IGFBP-3 within cells and their relationship between p53 and apoptosis.

Conclusions:

• For laboratory assessment, we can use morning values ​​of growth hormone, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 (in Russia there are, but not everywhere);
• Growth hormone that leads to cancer is not even a half-truth. IGFBP-3 prolongs the action of circulating IGF-1, but the intracellular ability of IGFBP-3 to bind IGF-1 is synergistic with the activity of p53: it stimulates apoptosis of cells with damaged DNA (including cancer);
• I wonder how B6 at high dosages will affect extracellular IGF-1 circulation, whether B6 can be used to prolong IGF-1 life and more muscle anabolism and less catabolism.

P.S. My first podcast in October-November will be with an endocrinologist about some of the nuances of the work of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland and methods of laboratory testing of their function. I don’t think it will be easy for perception. But I'll write the main titles under the podcast.

The synthesis of hormones by the liver is necessary to regulate the most important vital functions of the body, ensuring its health and longevity.

The liver is a unique organ that is responsible for the neutralization and elimination of poisons and toxins, the normal course of metabolic processes, the production of fatty acids, cholesterol, hormonal substances and digestive enzymes. The hormones produced by the liver are necessary to regulate the most important vital functions of the body, ensuring its health and longevity.

Any violation of the synthesis of hormonal substances immediately affects the well-being of a person and becomes the cause of the development of various pathologies on the part of the musculoskeletal, hematopoietic, nervous or digestive system. Today we'll talk about what hormones the liver produces and how they affect the vital functions of the human body.

Liver and hormone metabolism

The key role of the liver in the metabolism of hormones is that cholesterol is synthesized in this organ - a substance that is a building material for the cell membranes of all tissues and organs. It is from cholesterol that steroid hormones are formed - estrogens, androgens, aldosterone, corticosteroids. The liver's task is to inactivate these hormones. Any failures in the work of the gland lead to incomplete breakdown of these substances, which, accumulating in the body, trigger the mechanism for the development of various diseases.

How do hormones affect the liver? For example, when the metabolism of testosterone and estrogen is disturbed, spider veins appear on the skin, hair loss is noted, sexual dysfunctions occur - gynecomastia, baldness, female-type obesity in men and excessive hair growth, the development of tumor processes (cyst, uterine myoma), menstrual disruptions - in women. With an increase in the level of adrenal cortex hormones, the accumulation of the hormone aldosterone is noted, which leads to fluid and sodium retention in the body. Against this background, edema occurs, hypertension (high blood pressure) develops.

The reason for such failures in the liver is most often bad habits - alcohol abuse, smoking, regular stress, unhealthy diet, with a predominance of foods with preservatives, flavor enhancers and other carcinogenic additives.

In addition, the function of the liver includes thyroid hormones, antidiuretic and sex hormones. Any violation of these processes threatens with serious health problems. For example, if the liver is unable to utilize certain neurotransmitters (serotonin, histamine), the likelihood of developing severe mental disorders increases. Many hormones produced in the liver are involved in the metabolism of vitamins - A, D, C, E, PP, group B. If these processes fail, a person will be faced with vitamin deficiency and associated complications, since nutrients simply will not be absorbed by the body.

The effect of hormones on the liver cannot be overestimated, since they are directly involved in metabolic processes. For example, the growth hormone STH (growth hormone) has a wide range of biological effects and is involved in protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It activates the synthesis of proteins and glycogen in the liver, promotes the breakdown of fatty acids.

Under the influence of thyroid hormones (thyroxide and triiodothyronine), the oxidation of nutrients is accelerated, as a result of which glycogen stores in the liver are consumed more quickly, and the rate of all vital processes is activated. The hormone insulin accelerates the oxidation of glucose, and promotes its transfer to a reserve - in the form of glycogen stores in the liver. In contrast, glucocorticoid hormones inhibit this process.

One of the most important functions of the liver is secretory

Thanks to her, this organ is able to produce its own hormones. The synthesis of hormones in the liver occurs constantly, the main ones are:

• angiotensin;
• insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1);
• thrombopoietin;
• hepcidin.

Let us consider in more detail the role of each of them in the functioning of the liver.

This hepatic hormone maintains blood pressure levels and is by nature a potent vasoconstrictor. It constricts the walls of blood vessels and is responsible for their muscle tone. At its core, angiotensin is a serum derivative of a special protein called globulin, which is synthesized in the liver and binds to sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone), along with them entering the bloodstream. Angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortex, resulting in the release of another hormone, aldosterone. It is he who retains sodium in the kidneys and contributes to an increase in pressure.

Angiotensin is an important part of the renin-angiotensin system, which maintains normal blood volume, fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. This hormone is constantly synthesized by the liver, it is this hormone that causes the feeling of thirst that we all experience periodically. Any disruption in the production of this substance causes the blood vessels and surrounding muscles to contract, which leads to a jump in blood pressure. To reduce it, the patient is prescribed drugs for pressure from the group of ACE inhibitors, which dilate blood vessels and help lower blood pressure.

IGF-1

The molecular structure of insulin-like growth factor-1 or the hormone somatomedin is similar to that of insulin. The production of the hormone insulin in the liver occurs under the influence of somatotropin, that is, hepatocytes (liver cells) synthesize their own insulin-like analogue. Growth hormone (growth hormone) is produced by the pituitary gland and, together with IGF-1, is responsible for the growth and development of the connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system.

The rate of content of this substance in the blood depends on the age of the person. Somatomedin plays a special role in adolescence, when active growth and development of all body systems begins. If the liver produces an insufficient volume of an important hormone, pathologies associated with muscle tissue atrophy, decreased bone density and the development of osteoporosis, growth retardation and developmental delay in children develop. Patients with somatomedin deficiency suffer from anorexia, severe liver and kidney damage, and lipid metabolism disorders.

If IGF-1 is produced in excess, diseases such as gigantism (large growth) or acromegaly (disproportionate bone growth) develop. It is believed that this particular hormone plays a role in the aging of the body, and its high levels contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases and tumor processes.

Thrombopoietin

This hormone is a protein that is synthesized by the parenchymal cells of the liver, as well as by the kidneys, bone marrow stromal cells and muscle tissue. Its task is to control the functions of the bone marrow and regulate the process of platelet formation. If the platelet count goes down, a signal is sent to the liver and it starts making more thromboetin. With an increase in the number of platelets, the opposite process occurs, that is, the synthesis of the hormone is inhibited.

With a deficiency of thrombopoietin, circulatory processes are disturbed, symptoms of thrombocytosis occur. Due to thrombosis, small blood vessels (capillaries) burst and subcutaneous hemorrhages (hematomas) form.

If this hepatic hormone is produced in excess, signs of thrombocytopenia increase, blood clotting decreases and any injury threatens with profuse bleeding. A stable increase in the level of platelets caused by a congenital disorder of thrombopoietin synthesis can lead to the development of hemachromatosis. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of iron in the internal organs (liver, brain, heart), which leads to their damage and subsequent dysfunction. As a result, an excess of hepatic hormone can cause such severe pathologies as cirrhosis of the liver, heart failure, diabetes mellitus.

This peptide hormone of the liver was discovered as recently as 2000. It is considered the main regulator of iron homeostasis in the body. The amino acid peptide, synthesized by the liver, exhibits antimicrobial properties; therefore, an increase in its level is noted during inflammatory or infectious diseases. Hepcidin performs an important function - by blocking the absorption of iron in the small intestine and duodenum, it does not allow the body to lose a valuable trace element and contributes to an increase in its reserves.

How is the protective function of hepcidin manifested? During illness, this hormone regulates iron metabolism in such a way as to make it inaccessible to pathogenic pathogens, which need this trace element for further growth and development. Thus, hepcidin helps the body to increase its resistance to various infections.

Disruption of the production of this hormone can lead to the development of iron deficiency anemia. This condition is characterized by constant fatigue, pallor of the skin, frequent headaches, depression, deterioration of the skin, hair and nails. A person suffering from anemia constantly freezes, notes a lack of appetite, a change in taste preferences, general weakness, lethargy. This condition is treated by prescribing iron-containing preparations.

Thus, hepatic hormones are responsible for many important functions in the body associated with metabolic processes, tissue growth and development, hematopoiesis function, storage of glycogen, vitamins and nutrients. They regulate the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, maintain blood pressure levels, prevent iron loss, are responsible for platelet production and stimulate the brain.

The effect of hormones also extends to the urinary system, as these substances prevent the loss of potassium and retain sodium in the body, which helps to speed up renal filtration. Liver hormones are essential for the musculoskeletal system, as they are responsible for the normal growth and development of muscle and bone tissues in the body.

Liver treatment with hormones

Hormone therapy - this term refers to the use of hormones or their analogs for therapeutic (medicinal) purposes. Accordingly, such treatment is aimed at eliminating hormone imbalances. In a healthy body, the synthesis of liver hormones is carried out according to the following principle - if their level decreases, the liver begins to actively produce the missing substances. If this process is disrupted, there may be a deficiency of certain hormones, which indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the liver and a violation of its function.

If some hormones are produced in excess, this indicates that the organ is working too actively. The consequences of such disorders can be various diseases - from anemia and hypertension to more severe complications associated with damage to the vital systems of the body (cardiovascular, nervous, musculoskeletal).

When treating the liver, specialists resort to drugs of various groups, taking into account the existing problem. Including use and hormonal therapy. With hepatic pathologies, in some cases, they resort to glucocorticoid drugs. But the expediency of their use and effectiveness are still questioned, and experts do not have a consensus on this issue. Nevertheless, in some cases of chronic hepatitis, prednisolone is included in the complex therapy.

In addition, to eliminate hormonal imbalance, protein and lipotropic drugs, vitamin complexes, agents that improve metabolic and energy processes in liver cells, medicines with a choleretic or hepatoprotective effect can be used.

Hundreds of suppliers bring hepatitis C medicines from India to Russia, but only M-PHARMA will help you buy sofosbuvir and daclatasvir and professional consultants will answer any questions you may have throughout the therapy.

Liver hormones

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The liver in the human body is the most multifunctional organ, even somewhat unique. In parallel with other functions, the liver synthesizes some hormones that affect a full life and human health.

The liver produces hormones during the embryonic period, which affect the growth and development of the child. Throughout the entire life of a person, both men and women, hormones that are secreted by the liver affect well-being. Hepatic hormonal substances play an important role in maintaining pressure in the body, natural resistance. In other words, they support and stimulate the immune system.

Insulinone-like growth factor-1

The hormone IGF-1 (somatomedin), produced by liver cells, is similar to insulin, hence the name. Growth hormones push the liver to produce its own similar substance. Once in the bloodstream, it helps tissue growth. Somatomedin plays an important role in adolescence, when all systems begin to grow and develop intensively. IGF-1 is believed to play a significant role in aging. High levels of IGF-1 contribute to the growth of various tumors, the development of cardiovascular diseases. Its excess leads to the development of gigantism. If the liver is not producing enough of it, it is a consequence of poor nutrition or malnutrition, which leads to anorexia, kidney and liver disease. In early childhood, this deficiency leads to developmental delay and normal growth. In maturity, it is fraught with a decrease in bone density and a change in the chemical composition of fats.

Angiotensin

Angiotensin causes blood vessels to constrict, thereby causing an increase in pressure in them. This is because angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the hormone aldosterone, which in turn traps sodium in the kidneys, also increasing blood pressure. Angiotensin is a serum derivative of globulin, a protein that is produced by the liver and binds to testosterone and estrogen (male and female sex hormones) for transport into the blood. Medicines that lower blood pressure have a suppressive effect on the production of angiotensin. However, this hormone is important for the so-called renin-angiotensin system, which maintains the normal blood volume and blood pressure.

The substance is constantly synthesized, it plays a significant role in the electrolyte and water balance. It is angiotensin that is responsible for the occasional feeling of thirst. Excess may indicate an increase in estrogen levels in the body or prolonged use of contraceptives. The rates also increase during pregnancy, when female sex hormones are of great importance for the successful bearing of the fetus. A low level suggests the presence of liver disease or Addison's disease, where the adrenal glands do not synthesize the right amount of hormones.

Thrombopoietin

Thrombopoietin is a protein called growth factor. The hormone is produced by parenchymal hepatic cells. But this hormone is not only hepatic, to a lesser extent it is synthesized by the kidneys and muscles. It controls the functioning of the bone marrow and, as a result, the production of platelets. It is characterized by a feedback, namely: the production is influenced by the number of platelets: with an increase in their number, the process of synthesis of a substance is inhibited, with a decrease, on the contrary. It has an extremely low concentration in the blood, so it was isolated in its pure form not so long ago. At the end of the last century, thrombopoietin was synthesized. It is not used as a medicine, since the appearance of antibodies to it was noticed (that is, the reaction of the immune system to the hormone as to foreign inclusions). The drugs available today at the disposal of doctors act on the thrombopoietin receptors and new platelets are formed.

Iron-regulatory hepatic hormone hepcidin

Regulates iron metabolism in the body, increases resistance. The protective function of hepcidin is realized as follows: in case of illness, it interferes with the process of iron metabolism and makes it inaccessible to pathogenic microorganisms. So, microorganisms that need iron slow down growth and development. The intestinal epithelium and macrophages (cells that destroy foreign particles), thanks to hepcidin, stop the release of iron. This leads to a decrease in the concentration of the necessary trace element in the blood, which activates the effect of the hormone on hepatocytes. These liver cells accumulate iron and, if deficient, enters the blood plasma. The process is stimulated by inflammation. A reduced rate of hepcidin is found with anemia, alcoholism, or with an increased iron content. Slightly elevated levels of sequelae do not occur as long as iron is bound to proteins and not determined by the presence of toxic serum.

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Liver hormone impact

The hormones insulin and thyroxine increase the oxidation of glucose, and hormones related to glucocorticoids inhibit this process. The accumulation of glycogen in the liver, that is, the removal of sugar from the blood and its transfer to the reserve, is accelerated by insulin and glucocorticoids. The formation of fat from sugars is also, of course, monitored. Apparently, this process is regulated by adrenal hormones, i.e. steroid hormones. The whole mechanism as a whole works as follows: the pituitary gland, which produces hormones (tropines), acts on the endocrine glands and induces them, in turn, to form the hormones insulin, thyroxine, and corticosteroids. Under the influence of these hormones is the work of the liver, muscles, kidneys. As a result of their activity, the blood sugar level reaches a certain value.

Insulin, by its effect on the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, is, to a certain extent, an antagonist of adrenaline and sympatines. If these hormones stimulate the breakdown of glycogen in the liver with the formation of glucose, then the introduction of insulin, on the contrary, leads to a sharp decrease in the concentration of sugar in the blood (hypoglycemia). It is believed that insulin delays the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, promotes the deposition of sugar in muscles in the form of glycogen and the absorption of glucose as an energy material by tissues (Fig. 41).

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Liver and hormones. Woman's health

How does liver health compare to hormones and hormone-related complaints?

Very significant. The liver is the organ that enables the body to absorb the nutrients it needs and get rid of useless foods, toxins and excess hormones. It works as a filter for the blood, retains some vitamins and minerals, and forms enzymes, cholesterol and bile, which help break down foods and fats.

Bile salts also contain cholesterol, the raw material for steroid hormones. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the liver regulates blood and harmonizes emotions. However, it is the liver's relationship with estrogen that is the key to women's health. The liver breaks down excess estrogen so that it is eliminated by the digestive tract. Excess hormones can actually wreak havoc on the liver as it tries to cope with the overload.

Excess hormones are often to blame for many female symptoms and ailments, including PMS, endometriosis, breast cysts, uterine tumors, and probably some types of cancer.

There are several ways to keep your liver healthy. The best thing is to keep your alcohol consumption to a minimum. If you have overused, then for a while, red ginseng, evening primrose oil (or primrose) and borage seeds will help cleanse the blood and relieve heaviness in the liver. Milk thistle also helps to repair the damage.

Vitamins E and C will improve health and performance. Choline, inositol, and the amino acid methionine also help the liver to convert and emulsify not only the fats themselves, but also fat-soluble hormones such as estrogen.

Healing herbs for the liver can help treat even difficult-to-treat conditions like PMS.

These herbs can neutralize substances that damage the liver, reduce or reverse damage already done to the body, increase the production of enzymes that are good for the liver, and generally make the liver work more efficiently.

- Liver protectors and regenerators include milk thistle, lemongrass, ginger, turmeric and artichoke leaf and grape seed extract.

- Liver cleansers include Dandelion Root, Lemon Juice, Sorrel Root, Burdock Root. The recipe below will help you cleanse and strengthen your liver and increase the impact of any other therapy you are taking.

Liver Support Tea

Chris Wallace, Meryl Mitchell I enjoyed watching the online film New France. That's where true love is: beautiful and sublime.

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The role of liver hormones in the human body

The liver is the largest gland in the human body, which is responsible for digestion, detoxification and elimination of toxins, and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. The organ serves as a reserve blood depot, is responsible for the synthesis of hormonal substances and enzymes that break down food in the small intestine. If the production of liver hormones is impaired, the growth of bone tissue slows down, osteoporosis develops, blood pressure rises, blood clotting worsens, the supply is depleted or an excess of iron is observed.

The main functions of hormones

The liver cells produce an oligopeptide hormone - angiotensin, insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, thrombopoietin, hepcidin, which regulates iron levels.

Functional activity of hormones:

• From the nervous system: they cause a feeling of thirst, stimulate the synthesis of norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, ACT in the cells of the hypothalamus of the brain.
• Cardiovascular system: have a vasoconstrictor effect, regulate platelet aggregation, the level of iron in the blood.
• Urinary system: traps sodium and prevents potassium loss, increases the rate of renal filtration.
• Musculoskeletal system: responsible for the development, normal growth of cells and tissues of the body.

In addition, hormones have antibacterial properties, protect the body from attack by gram-positive, gram-negative microorganisms and fungi.

Hormone metabolism

The liver parenchyma takes part in the exchange of hormones, therefore, chronic diseases of this organ can lead to serious hormonal disorders. Hepacites inactivate the action of insulin and glucagon, thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland undergo deiodination. In the liver, tarragon is converted into estriol and estrone, after which they bind with glucuronic acid and are excreted from the body.

The following hormones are destroyed in the liver cells:

• insulin, glucagon;
• antidiuretic;
• testosterone;
• estrogens;
• corticosteroids;
• thyroxine, triiodothyronine.

The liver produces cholesterol - the basis of steroid hormones. In chronic diseases of the organ, the exchange of estrogen and testosterone is disrupted. Spider veins form on the patient's skin, hair falls out in the pubic and axillary regions, and testicular atrophy in men is observed.

Testosterone under the influence of 5α-reductase in the liver is transformed into androsterone and etiocholanolone, which form complexes with sulfates and in this form are excreted from the body along with urine. In some cases, the sex hormone in the fairer sex is not destroyed, but turns into female estrogen (aromatization).

Adrenaline and bradykinin stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, inhibits the production of glycogen in hepatocytes. The metabolism of these proteins leads to the formation of inactive metabolites.

IGF-1 hormone

Insulin-like growth factor (somatomedin C) is an alkaline protein that is similar in structure and function to insulin. IGF-1 is synthesized by hepatocytes of the liver in response to stimulation of somatotropin receptors.

In the peripheral regions, the hormone has:

• endocrine, autocrine and paracrine regulation of tissue growth processes;
• the formation of bone and muscle structures;
• participates in the intrauterine development of the fetus;
• acts on the adenohypophysis and hypothalamus;
• controls the production of somatoliberin, somatostatin and growth hormone.

The liver hormone IGF-1 is responsible for cell differentiation, controls the process of apoptosis:

• a low level of somatomedin C leads to stunted growth in children, dwarfism;
• an increase in protein concentration is diagnosed with gigantism and acromegaly;
• a long-term increase in IGF-1 leads to the development of malignant tumors due to impaired cellular renewal.

High hormone levels can be caused by:

• congenital genetic diseases;
• pathology of the hypothalamic-pituitary system;
• diabetes;
• inflammatory damage to the liver, adrenal glands;
• prolonged fasting or taking hormonal drugs.

Insulin, androgens and estrogens increase the concentration of IGF-1 in the blood, while glucocorticoids decrease.

Angiotensin

It is an oligopeptide hormone that increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction. Its function is also the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex into the bloodstream, participation in the renin-angiotensin system. Renin stimulates the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin-1, which is converted into angiotensin-2 under the influence of the ACE enzyme.

Further metabolism leads to the formation of even smaller peptides. The resulting system is a target for drugs that reduce pressure. When the transformation chain is blocked, it is possible to reduce the tonometer readings and reduce the tone of the blood vessels.

Liver hormone - angiotensin affects salt metabolism, increasing sodium reabsorption in the proximal kidney channels, which leads to an increase in the volume of circulating blood, an increase in blood pressure, and the formation of edema of the extremities. Angiotensin-2 receptor blockers are used to treat hypertension.

Peptide synthesis is enhanced under the influence of corticosteroids, estrogens, thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland. In the course of complex transformations, angiotensin is converted into the amino acid octapeptide - angiotonin-2, which affects the functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular system, kidneys and adrenal cortex.

In addition to the vasoconstrictor effect, the substance stimulates the synthesis of vasopressin in the hypothalamus, thereby accelerating the excretion of fluid by the kidneys and a feeling of thirst.

Thrombopoietin

TPO is a hepatic hormone that stimulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes, platelets. Protein is produced mainly by hepatocytes of the liver, renal tubules, to a lesser extent striated muscle tissues and stromal cells of the bone marrow. The blood cell count depends on the concentration of thrombopoietin.

With insufficient synthesis of the hormone:

• thrombocytosis develops;
• blood circulation is disturbed;
• thrombosis of small vessels occurs, capillaries burst, multiple subcutaneous hemorrhages are formed.

High levels of hepatic hormone are manifested by symptoms of thrombocytopenia. Blood clotting is impaired, any injury is accompanied by profuse blood loss. Patients are diagnosed with uterine, intestinal, nosebleeds, erythrocytes appear in the urine.

An increase in platelets and congenital disorders of the synthesis of hepatic hormones can lead to the development of hemochromatosis. In this case, iron is deposited in the tissues of internal organs, the brain and leads to their dysfunction. An excess of a substance can provoke cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, heart failure.

Hepcidin

Hepcidin is a small amino acid peptide synthesized by the liver. The hormone has antimicrobial properties, an increase in its level is observed in any infectious, inflammatory disease. Another important function of protein is to block the absorption of iron by the mucous membranes of the duodenum and small intestine.

A high concentration of hepcidin in the blood leads to the development of iron deficiency anemia. In humans:

• the skin turns pale;
• break nails;
• hair fall out;
• he gets tired quickly;
• constantly wants to sleep.

A characteristic sign of pathology is the formation of a jam in the corners of the lips, a violation of taste, there is a desire to eat chalk. With insufficient production of hepcidin, the dermis acquires a bluish tint, a person suffers from nausea, abdominal pain and general weakness.

Hepatic hormonal substances are responsible for the development and growth of tissues, hematopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and the process of cell renewal. They increase the volume of circulating blood in the body and increase blood pressure. Violation of hormone production leads to disorders of the cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine systems, changes in blood composition, slowing or accelerating growth.

Lifestyle when detecting violations of the liver

To avoid hormonal imbalance, it is necessary to take emergency measures if any liver dysfunction is detected. It is necessary to reconsider the lifestyle and diet:

• healthy eating (excluding fried, spicy and fatty foods, including vegetables and dairy products in the diet);
• elimination of alcohol, smoking, uncontrolled intake of medications;
• daily physical activity.

An annual physical examination is required, including:

• Ultrasound diagnostics;
• general and biochemical analysis of blood and urine;
• control of the level of prothrombin index;
• regular check-ups with a general practitioner or family doctor.

Related video: The liver is the most amazing organ

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Medicines affecting the liver

Liver diseases in most cases are caused by its main function - the filtration of blood from toxic substances. Major contributors to toxins include unhealthy food, alcohol, contaminated water and air, and pharmaceuticals. Most often, pills affect the liver negatively only if taken incorrectly or uncontrolled, and mainly in those people who are susceptible to such effects. Increased sensitivity of the body to individual components of drugs appears in the absence of special enzymes that can resist their harmful effects. Also at risk are women, especially those with hormonal disorders, as well as people of both sexes over 55 years of age or with liver disease.

Disorders caused by pills

The negative effects of medications on the liver are manifested in different ways:

• overdose toxicity - develops in almost all cases of significant excess of the permissible dose of the drug;
• allergic toxicity - occurs only if there is a genetic predisposition to the accumulation of harmful drugs and their decay products in the body;
• allergy to drugs - liver damage occurs as a result of the attack of the components of the drug by the cells of the immune system.

In any of these cases, various liver diseases can develop:

• an increase in the level of liver enzymes in the blood without symptoms of liver disease;
• the formation of blood clots in the hepatic veins;
• hepatitis, necrosis, steatosis, cholestasis - both separately and in combination;
• acute liver failure, including fatal ones.

Note! Taking some drugs does not immediately damage the liver, but as they accumulate in the body - the longer they are taken, the stronger the violation is. These drugs include many antipyretics, the harm of which most patients do not even know.

Since the liver, in addition to purifying the blood, performs a number of important functions that affect the state of many systems, the violation of its activity under the influence of drugs negatively affects both the organ itself and the entire body as a whole. Most often this leads to the following consequences:

1. The liver produces special protein substances that ensure the elimination of the hemoglobinogenic pigment - bilirubin. As a result of a violation of this process, hyperbilirubinemia develops, a sign of which is jaundice.
2. The liver is involved in the regulation of sugar levels - it contributes to the production of insulin and at the same time is a store of glycogen, which, if necessary, is converted into glucose. If these functions fail, sugar levels can rise or fall to critical levels.
3. In the liver, blood cells are produced, which ensure normal blood clotting. In certain pathologies, their number drops sharply, which leads to a decrease in the blood coagulation ability.
4. Liver diseases negatively affect hormonal balance. The reproductive system is especially affected - in women, reproductive function is impaired, in men, potency deteriorates.

In addition to these violations of the activity and condition of the liver, with the wrong medication, other pathologies can develop. The peculiarities of their negative impact depend on individual health indicators, existing diseases in a particular person, as well as the type of pills taken.

Read more about the liver, its main functions, factors that have negative consequences for it, in this video.

Groups of drugs affecting the liver

Many medicines can have a destructive effect on the liver. The most active in this regard are:

• antibiotics (penicillins, tetracyclines);
• antipyretics (salicylates);
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• hormonal agents, etc.

Attention! Taking these drugs can cause the development of liver failure with severe consequences and even death.

Antibiotics

The hepatotoxic effect of antibiotics of the penicillin and tetracycline groups is prescribed in the instructions for each drug, but it usually occurs only when the required dosage or treatment time is exceeded. The negative effect of antibiotics on the liver is expressed in damage to its tissues and a decrease in functions. This is expressed by the following symptoms:

• decrease in the accumulation of glycogen;
• acholic feces - feces become shapeless, colorless, clayey;
• hyperthermia of the body;
• jaundiced skin tone;
• darkening of urine;
• general weakness.

Antipyretic pills

The most pronounced destructive effect on the liver is produced by salicylates - primarily acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which is used uncontrollably not only for treatment, but also for preserving food. Other tablets of this group are also widely used - Citramon and Askofen.

Even with a minor overdose of these drugs, liver cells begin to break down. They are quickly replaced by connective tissue, which restores the organ, but does not fulfill its functions. If the overdose of antipyretic pills is significant, severe intoxication develops. With a high degree of probability, everything ends in acute liver failure and even death.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Medicines such as Diclofenac, Nimesulide and various coxibs can have hepatotoxic effects of varying degrees of severity - from an asymptomatic increase in the amount of liver enzymes to acute liver failure.

But the most dangerous in this group is paracetamol overdose. It often leads to the development of fulminant hepatitis with pronounced intoxication of the body up to deep coma. At the same time, liver damage always proceeds latently and is noticed already at the last stages.

Hormonal drugs

This group includes medicines used for hormone therapy and many contraceptives. The hormones entering the body lead to serious changes in important functions of the liver:

• the secretion and outflow of bile worsens;
• the production of enzymes is disrupted.

As a result, bile begins to stagnate, the level of bilirubin rises, and the skin becomes yellow. With a significant excess of the dosage or duration of admission, complications in the form of hepatitis and liver failure are possible.

Other medicines

In addition to these groups of drugs, many other drugs have a hepatotoxic effect:

• antifungal - remedies for candidiasis and for recovery after antibiotic therapy (Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, etc.);
• cardiovascular - calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Verapamil), ACE inhibitors (Enalapril, Captopril), antiarrhythmic (Procainamide, Amiodarone);
• hypolipidemic (lipid-lowering) - Vasilip, Lipostat, etc.;
• anti-tuberculosis - Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, especially when taken together;
• anabolic - all tablet forms;
• hepatoprotectors with animal liver fractions - these drugs for liver restoration can have the opposite effect, since they enhance the body's immune response, which can lead to the death of liver cells;
• vitamins A, PP, group B.

Almost all other drugs are capable of exerting a destructive effect on the liver when taken uncontrollably - antibacterial, antidepressants, pain relievers, antiepileptic, anti-asthmatic, antirheumatic, antitumor and many others. To make sure that the selected tablets are safe, you must carefully read the instructions and consult your doctor before taking.

It should also be borne in mind that the hepatotoxic effect of the drug can be enhanced under the influence of individual health problems:

• excess weight;
• hereditary predisposition to liver disease;
• the presence of kidney disease, infectious or autoimmune processes.

The provoking factors can be:

• excess dosage or duration of treatment;
• taking pills on an empty stomach;
• smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages at the same time as medication.

Attention! If it is impossible to refuse treatment with drugs with a hepatotoxic effect, it is necessary to strictly observe the regimen of their intake and at the same time strengthen the liver with the help of natural hepatoprotectors.

Drugs that have a positive effect on the liver

Means for supporting and strengthening the liver have a versatile effect on it - they restore, protect, prevent structural and functional disorders. These effects are not necessarily combined in one drug, therefore, it is necessary to choose a hepatoprotector in accordance with the goals set.

Essentiale

This is the most common drug for liver restoration based on essential phospholipids - the main structural elements of cell membranes that ensure cell growth and regeneration. The medicine is available in the form of capsules and injections. Indications for use are:

• hepatitis, stetohepatosis, cirrhosis, necrosis;
• toxic liver damage;
• treatment after operations on the gallbladder, etc.

Regular intake allows you to restore cellular metabolism, protect the liver from the effects of toxins, and improve its functions.

Essentiale has no contraindications, except for the intolerance of its components. Overdose can cause diarrhea. The medicine has no side effects. But the appointment to children and pregnant women should be carried out on an individual basis.

Galsten

This remedy has the most gentle effect on the body, therefore it is suitable for treating children. It has a number of beneficial effects on the liver and gallbladder:

• protects organs from toxins at the cellular level;
• provides the necessary consistency of the produced bile;
• prevents the formation of stones;
• relieves pain and cramps.

The drug shows the greatest efficiency in the treatment and prevention of hepatitis by ensuring rapid regeneration of liver cells, especially during antibiotic and chemotherapy.

Galstena does not give side effects, has no contraindications (except for individual intolerance). The disadvantages include the risk of developing allergies and the rather high price.

Antral, Heptral

Two hepatoprotectors of similar action, recommended for treatment and prevention:

• hepatitis;
• increasing the production of liver enzymes;
• an increase in the level of bilirubin;
• the consequences of chemotherapy;
• disorders of the immune system.

Perfectly eliminate inflammatory processes, accelerate liver recovery at the cellular level.

Contraindication is hypersensitivity to the components and the presence of renal failure. Side effects can be manifested by gastrointestinal disorders and psychoemotional disorders.

Ursosan

The drug is in the form of capsules with a fairly high cost, but due to the increased concentration of active ingredients, it justifies itself. The action of the drug is based on the properties of ursodeoxycholic acid - a constituent substance of human bile.

Ursosan has the following actions:

• reduces the formation of cholesterol;
• protects liver cells;
• prevents the formation of stones in the gallbladder and dissolves the existing cholesterol stones;
• normalizes the level of bilirubin.

The drug is recommended for cholelithiasis (with the exception of calcified formations) or biliary cirrhosis, not aggravated by acute cholecystitis or obstruction of the bile ducts. The medicine is contraindicated in children under 5 years of age and in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Other drugs that restore the liver

For the treatment of the liver, especially after taking hepatotoxic pills, less expensive, but just as effective as the above drugs are used quite widely:

1. Liv 52 is one of the most popular hepatoprotectors in Russia since the middle of the last century. Its effectiveness is today called into question, since after the studies carried out, the drug was transferred to the category of choleretic, and not liver-restoring agents.
2. Hepel is a homeopathic remedy that relieves spasms, restores the liver and normalizes the functioning of the gallbladder. Recommended by many doctors as the best remedy for liver treatment. Contraindicated in children, pregnant and lactating mothers.
3. Milk thistle is a drug based on an extract of a medicinal plant that has been used by the people for the treatment of the liver for a long time. The drug has a pronounced antioxidant, sokogonic and antibacterial effect, stabilizes cell membranes and stimulates protein synthesis.
4. Ovesol - tablets with a completely vegetable composition. They have antitoxic properties and cleanse the biliary tract.

The use of these drugs is considered the most effective for liver recovery after taking medications with hepatotoxic effects. Treatment should be carried out at the end of or during each course. This will help to always keep the liver normal, preventing the development of complications or chronic diseases.

Most drugs have a negative effect on the liver, and while many drugs are available only with a prescription, antipyretic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are sold out of control, so the importance of the published article cannot be overemphasized.

Most of all I like these moments - we “kill” our liver all our lives - food, alcohol, other bad habits, and even addictions, then we start to treat it, or other organs, other diseases with all sorts of drugs, and it turns out that they are in everyone is to blame.

Yes, many drugs have a bad effect on the liver, wherever you spit, there will be harm everywhere. Especially for those who are on lifelong intake of certain heart medications. In this case, you simply cannot do without medications to support the liver.

Most drugs have a negative effect on the liver, and while many drugs can only be obtained by prescription, almost all non-steroidal analgesics are sold uncontrollably, so the importance of the published article cannot be overemphasized.

The liver is the most important gland located in the abdominal cavity and performs a huge number of functions. It neutralizes toxins, produces bile, cholesterol, bile acids and other substances involved in the digestive process. This is a kind of reservoir of blood, and in case of massive bleeding, the gland throws it into the circulatory system, narrowing the hepatic vessels.

In parallel, this vital organ synthesizes hormones, stores vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is vital to maintain the health of this organ, adhere to a diet and avoid alcohol abuse. Let's consider the mechanism of production and synthesis of liver hormones, their significance and methods of normalizing hormonal levels.

Hormones are considered biologically active substances that, entering the bloodstream, regulate metabolism and physiological processes. They maintain homeostasis, regulate growth functions and responses to negative environmental changes. When a hormone enters a certain organ through the circulatory system, it causes certain reactions in it.

An increase or decrease in the production of hormones, as well as a violation of their transport, leads to endocrine disorders. Each hormone "works" with its own receptor located in one organ or another. Only when the right hormones interact with the right receptors, a receptor complex is formed. The liver suppresses activity:

• glucocorticoids;
• thyroxine;
• insulin;
• aldosterone;
• estrogen.

If hepatocytes (liver cells) are affected and their functions are impaired, the content of these hormones in the blood increases significantly, which negatively affects the functioning of the whole body. For example, there are liver diseases that interfere with the breakdown of male sex hormones, which gradually accumulate and modify into female ones.

How do I set my hormone levels? Hormone testing is rarely done routinely. Usually, doctors recommend checking the level of hormones if there is a suspicion of a malfunction of the endocrine system. Thanks to the results obtained, the specialist can clarify the diagnosis or refer the patient for further examination. In this case, the decoding will necessarily indicate whether the content of the studied indicator is increased or decreased.

When determining the norm, the specialist always takes into account the sex and age of the examined person. When calculating sex hormones in women, the stage of the menstrual cycle is taken into account. Since hormones affect the body systemically, the regulation of their synthesis is rather complicated, and their content is influenced by chronic diseases, the use of contraceptives and hormonal drugs. To correctly pass hormonal analysis, you need:

• eliminate fatigue 3 days before going to the laboratory;
• do not take alcohol for 2 days;
• no smoking for 2 hours;
• donate blood in complete rest, do not worry, do not worry;
• material for analysis is handed over on an empty stomach in the morning.

IGF 1 is normally:

• in adolescents from 220 to 996 ng / ml;
• in adults over 35 years old 284 ng / ml.

Thrombopoietin normally ranges from 0.5 to 2 pmol / l. Angiotensin should normally be 25 pg / ml. Its decrease may be accompanied by such factors as:

• primary hyperaldosteronism;
• dehydration;
• condition after kidney surgery;
• tumor processes in the kidneys;
• hypertension.

Synthesis of hepatic hormones

The liver, even in the embryonic period, synthesizes hormones that affect the development and growth of a person in the future.

Throughout life, hormones continue to be produced and significantly affect the state of the body. They support blood pressure and natural resistance to aggressive environmental factors.

There are several unique hormones that are actively involved in biochemical processes, in the synthesis of which the liver is involved:

In addition, the following processes occur in the liver:

steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol in the endocrine glands, ovaries and placenta are metabolized and inactivated. If the liver is disrupted, then their concentration will increase, and they will not be completely broken down.

Often, this is where the problems associated with the development of many diseases arise. Basically, the body accumulates aldosterone, the excess of which contributes to water retention. As a result, swelling occurs and blood pressure rises;

• neurotransmitters are inactivated. There are cases when, due to the inability of the liver to suppress the activity of one or another neurotransmitter, patients develop mental abnormalities.

The liver is the most important organ in which metabolic processes are constantly taking place. If problems arise with this organ, then the production of hepatic hormones is always significantly disrupted.

Causes and consequences of violations

Since only the normal functioning of the liver ensures the correct production and breakdown of hormones, any disease affecting this organ can cause serious pathologies. The disorder can be provoked by:

• starvation, malnutrition, constant consumption of "heavy" food;
• anorexia nervosa;
• bad habits;
• addiction to sweet colored soda water;
• uncontrolled intake of certain drugs (androgens, adrenostimulants, beta-blockers);
• taking hormonal contraceptives with an increased content of estrogen;
• chronic stress;
• inactive lifestyle;
• toxic or chemical effects of harmful compounds;
• infectious diseases;
• endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism);
• renal failure.

In addition, various diseases affecting the tissues and cells of the liver (cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis of various origins, tumor growths) significantly change the metabolic processes occurring in it.

Over time, the victim may develop unpleasant symptoms associated with hepatic pathologies:

• increased fatigue;
• irritability;
• depressed mood;
• nervousness;
• apathy;
• loss of appetite;
• disorders of the digestive system;
• itchy skin, redness, rash.

If a person does not seek medical help, the disease will begin to progress in the future, manifesting itself with more serious symptoms:

• pulling, sharp pains in the right hypochondrium;
• specific smell from the mouth;
• yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes;
• skin pigmentation;
• an increase in the mammary glands in men (with an increased level of unsplit estrogen);
• dysmenorrhea in women, when during menstruation there are strong pulling pains in the lower abdomen, headache, nausea, weakness appears;
• dyspepsia, in which patients' appetite is disturbed, nausea often begins, a heaviness is felt under the rib, etc.

If the iron cleansing the blood cannot cope with the elimination of excess estrogen, women may experience pain in the mammary glands, noticeably increase weight, and develop endometriosis. The appearance of a cyst in the chest, tumor neoplasms in the uterus is not excluded.

An excess of testosterone is manifested by the formation of fat at the waist, hirsutism of the face and body, and oily skin. Polycystic ovary disease is often associated with a malfunction of the liver, and they try to reduce the hormonal imbalance by improving its activity.

It is known that drugs entering the liver are transformed into metabolites, which subsequently bind to substances that deliver them to the desired organ or tissue. The rest of the compounds are excreted from the body by bile.

If the excretory function of the liver is impaired or a person has an intolerance to the drug, then serious diseases, including drug hepatitis, may develop.

Some hormones, entering the liver in the form of a medication, load the organ, increasing the likelihood of the development of pathological processes. Anabolic steroids and hormonal contraceptives are considered the most difficult and undesirable drugs for the liver. Their prolonged use increases the size of the organ and contributes to the development of cholestasis.

Therapies

In order to maximize the functioning of the liver and eliminate hormonal disruption, you need to find out which drugs adversely affect its work, stop drinking alcohol, and minimize the intake of:

• fatty and processed foods (sausages, wieners, fatty meats);
• flavorings and preservatives;
• soft bread, pastries;
• ice cream, carbonated drinks, energy drinks, strong coffee.

It is imperative to include in the diet:

• greens;
• vegetables and fruits;
• vegetable oils;
• cereals;
• eggs;
• fish;
• vegetable soups;
• dried fruits;
• dairy products.

We must not forget about drinking plenty of fluids. Proper nutrition, sufficient physical activity, and the fight against chronic stress will improve your well-being and normalize hormonal levels. You can not leave for later preventive examinations and treatment of chronic diseases. The liver is a unique organ that is able to repair itself. In addition, she is quite hardy and capable of withstanding heavy loads. But you should not test it for strength.

Excess hormones wreak havoc on the entire body, including the liver. Since she is strenuously trying to inactivate them, an overload of the organ occurs. The female reproductive system suffers, serious diseases occur. To preserve the liver, it is necessary to regularly cleanse it, drink hepatoprotectors (Essentiale, Phosphogliv, Heptral), use herbal infusions and decoctions. Vitamins B and C strengthen the immune system, choline, methionine, inositol help the body dissolve estrogen.

Burdock, lemon juice, schisandra berries help restore liver function and normalize hormonal balance. Before starting treatment, you need to consult a doctor and take into account all contraindications.

Patient experience

Patient reviews also indicate the need to monitor the level of hepatic hormones:

Inna: “Took Duphaston. Then the doctor prescribed Femoston. I began to feel bad, and began to hurt in my right side. The doctor additionally advised to undergo an ultrasound scan for kidney stones and take Gepabene. The ultrasound did not find anything. Gradually the symptoms went away and the condition improved. "

The most annoying thing is that when asked where the sore came from, the doctor replied: birth control pills. Nobody speaks out loud about their dire consequences. Gynecologists prescribe hormone pills to people like me, and then we get sick. Those who drink them for more than 2 years are especially at risk. I drank 7. Who will be responsible for my lost health now? I recommend everyone to protect themselves with anything, but not hormones. "

Elena: “I always knew that uncontrolled medication can affect the liver. My uncle swallowed pills on occasion and without. Ultimately, he developed cirrhosis and had problems with hormonal levels. Now he is actively being treated, dieting. "

The role of liver hormones cannot be underestimated. Each type of these unique biologically active substances affects certain cells or a certain metabolic process. It happens that one type of tissue is influenced by several hormones that have the opposite effect.

The production and inactivation of sex hormones, growth hormones, as well as those responsible for the absorption of iron and the production of essential blood cells depends on the proper functioning of the liver. Therefore, all diseases affecting the gland disrupt the hormonal balance, which means they disrupt the work of the whole organism.