The concept of an enterprise and its signs

The core of any economy is production, the creation of an economic product. Without production there can be no consumption; you can only eat up what is produced. It is the enterprises that manufacture products, perform works and services, that is, they create the basis for consumption and augmentation of national wealth. The health of the entire economy and the industrial power of the state depend on how efficiently enterprises operate, what their financial condition is.

An enterprise is an independent economic entity created in accordance with the current legislation for the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services in order to meet social needs and make a profit. The enterprise after state registration in the prescribed manner acquires the status of a legal entity.

The highest goal of the enterprise is to exceed the results over the costs, i.e. achieving the highest possible profit or the highest possible profitability. The ideal situation is when maximizing profits ensures higher profitability. To achieve this goal, enterprises must.

1) produce high quality products, systematically update them and provide services in accordance with demand and available production capabilities;

2) rational use of production resources, taking into account their interchangeability;

3) develop a strategy and tactics for the behavior of the enterprise and adjust them in accordance with changing circumstances.

4) to systematically introduce everything new and advanced into production, labor organization and management;

5) take care of their employees, the growth of their qualifications and greater content of work, raising their living standards, creating a favorable socio-psychological climate in the work collective.

Enterprise attributes

1. An enterprise should have separate property in its ownership, in economic management or operational management. Its presence provides the material and technical ability of the enterprise to function, its economic independence and reliability.

2. The most important feature of an enterprise as a legal entity is its ability to answer with its property for the obligations that the enterprise has in its relationship with creditors, incl. and in case of default on obligations to the budget.

3. One of the main features of an enterprise as a legal entity is its ability to act in economic turnover on its own behalf, i.e. in accordance with the legislation, conclude all types of civil law contracts with business partners (consumers of products, works and services, suppliers of all factors of production), with civil and other legal entities and individuals.

4. The most important feature of an enterprise as a legal entity is its right (or opportunity) to be a plaintiff, to present a claim to the guilty party, and also to be a defendant in court in case of default in in accordance with legislation and agreements.

5. The enterprise must have an independent balance sheet, correctly keep records of the costs of production and sale of products (works and services), timely submit reports to the established state bodies, in addition, provide balance sheets and other accounting and financial statements for an independent audit.

6. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, any legal entity must have its own name, containing an indication of its organizational and legal form. Classification of enterprises by characteristics

Enterprises are different in terms of conditions, goals and nature of their functioning. For a deeper study of the activities of the enterprise, they are usually classified according to various criteria:

By industry enterprises are subdivided into: enterprises of the production and non-production spheres, then - industrial, agricultural, credit and financial, transport enterprises are distinguished by smaller subdivisions.

By size enterprises are subdivided as follows: small - up to 50 employees, medium - from 50 to 500 (sometimes up to 300); large - over 500; especially large - over 1000 employed. Determination of the size of the enterprise by the number of employees can be supplemented by other characteristics - sales volume, assets, profit received.

By ownership enterprises are subdivided into: private, state, municipal, cooperative and other enterprises.

By ownership of capital and, accordingly, national, foreign and joint (mixed) enterprises are distinguished for the control over the enterprise.

Types of enterprises according to the needs satisfied by their products:

1. Violent ("silovik") is a large enterprise engaged in the mass production of a standard product. Such enterprises are characterized by large size, high-quality cheap products, low unit profitability and high market stability;

2. Patient ("opportunist", "nichevik") - medium or small in size, highly specialized enterprise for the production of irreplaceable products (takes into account the desire of the consumer). Characterized by a high level of parameters and high unit profitability. Market stability is medium;

3. commutator ("connector") - a small enterprise with serial production. It is designed to meet local needs with a high level of flexibility. The level of sustainability is very low, but the entrepreneurial spirit is strong;

4. explorer ("researcher", "pioneer") - a venture company with a high degree of volatility and risk. It is developing a new one-off product. With the appearance of a unit of this product, the enterprise either ends its life, or passes into a new type of enterprise.

By the nature of the consumed raw materials enterprises are divided into: enterprises of the extractive industry, enterprises of the manufacturing industry.

Based on technical and technological commonality there can be enterprises: with a continuous production process, with a predominance of chemical production processes, with a discrete production process, with a predominance of mechanical production processes.

By working time during the year stand out: enterprises of year-round operation, enterprises of seasonal operation.

By the level of specialization: specialized - enterprises produce a limited range of products, a small number of its names are processed at each workplace; universal - they manufacture a wide range of products, various product names are processed at workplaces; mixed - occupy an intermediate place between specialized and universal.

By the degree of mechanization and automation of production: complex-automated production, partially automated production, complex-mechanized production, manual production, machine-manual production, partially mechanized production.

An enterprise is a special organizational form of economic activity. There are enterprises, but they all operate according to the same principles. The enterprise is an independent economic entity with the rights of legal entities and created by an entrepreneur or an association of entrepreneurs. The purpose of creating an enterprise is the production and (or) sale of products, performance of works and services. The main task that the company performs is to meet the needs of the market and society, as well as to make a profit. As a separate economic structure, an enterprise has the right to independently establish the type and quantity of products that will be produced (this is a production activity), sold, bought, distributed.In addition, the enterprise independently chooses methods and methods of distributing the product for its own needs and other purposes (exchange, accumulation, etc. etc.).

All enterprises, according to legal acts, are legal entities bearing property responsibility. The main goal of any enterprise is to make a profit. To obtain maximum profit, you need to produce goods or services, making sure that the level of costs incurred in the process of manufacturing and selling products does not exceed the income from this activity. At the same time, a number of factors are taken into account, which are represented by the demand of buyers, their desires, the saturation of the market with one or another product, the ability of the enterprise to produce specific goods and services, as well as the organizational system, including its productivity, the level at which production is organized, the compliance of the enterprise with scientific trends. -technical progress. Marketing organization also plays an important role in the success of the company.

The classification of enterprises is based on the principle that all enterprises differ from each other in a number of ways. An enterprise can be individual, family, state, etc. A very common phenomenon is the so-called firms - that is, which are engaged in different or identical activities. In addition, enterprises are classified according to qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The classification of enterprises by divides them into: which employ up to 100 people); medium (enterprises employing up to 500 people); and large (enterprises employing more than 500 people). The most important place in the economy of most developed countries is the place of small business. “Small business” is a conventional concept that cannot speak of the organizational and legal form of an enterprise, the level of production or turnover. It should be noted that in developed countries more than half of the working population is employed in small businesses. The main advantage of such a business is the ability to adapt to any market changes and the presence of a high level of competition, which stimulates development.

There is a classification of enterprises by quality, as well as a classification of enterprises by type of ownership - it divides them into public and private. In addition, enterprises are classified by the nature of their activities, the type of products manufactured or sold, methods of competition, participation in various associations. The main qualitative parameter of an enterprise is its organizational and legal form, according to which entrepreneurial activity is conducted.

Enterprise economics: lecture notes Dushenkina Elena Alekseevna

1. Classification of enterprises

There are several types of business classifications.

The main classification signs enterprises are:

1) industry and subject specialization;

2) production structure;

3) the size of the enterprise.

The main ones are industry differences manufactured products. According to this classification enterprises are divided into:

1) industrial;

2) agricultural;

3) enterprises of transport, communications, construction.

Industry are traditionally divided into two large industry groups: mining and processing industry. In turn, the processing industry is divided into light, food, heavy industries, etc.

In practice, it is rare to find enterprises whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined. As a rule, most of them have intersectoral structure... In this regard, enterprises are divided into:

1) highly specialized;

2) multidisciplinary;

3) combined.

Highly specialized enterprises that manufacture a limited range of products of mass or large-scale production are considered. TO multidisciplinary include enterprises that produce a wide range of products for various purposes - most often found in industry and agriculture. Combined enterprises are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, in agriculture. The essence of the combination of production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into the next type.

The most difficult form of combining production is the integrated use of raw materials for the manufacture of products that are different in structure and chemical composition, when, on the basis of the same raw materials, the enterprise produces products that are different in characteristics, purpose and manufacturing technology.

Grouping of enterprises by enterprise size received the most widespread use. As a rule, all enterprises are divided into three groups: small (up to 50 employees), medium (from 50 to 500 (rarely up to 300)) and large (over 500 employees). When assigning an enterprise to one of the groups, the following can be used indicators:

1) the number of employees;

2) the cost of manufactured products;

3) the cost of fixed assets.

There is no single international standard for differentiating enterprises, dividing them into small, medium and large ones. It all depends on the specific situation, the level of development, the type of economy, its sectoral structure. Basically, the classification is based on the number of employees with differentiation by industry.

Small enterprises in industry, construction and transport began to include enterprises with up to 100 employees, in agriculture - up to 60 people, in retail trade and consumer services - up to 30 people, in other industries - up to 50 people. At the same time, the average number of employees who are not on the staff of the enterprise is added to the average annual number of employees. These criteria (taking into account world practice) are conditional criteria for dividing enterprises by size.

By field of activity are subdivided into enterprises of the production and non-production spheres.

By the nature of the raw materials consumed they are divided into enterprises of the extractive industry and enterprises of the manufacturing industry.

By ownership enterprises are subdivided into state, municipal, private, cooperative, etc.

By the scale of entrepreneurial activity enterprises can be subdivided into the following types:

1) an individual enterprise: any creative activity of one person and his family;

2) collective enterprise.

By working time during the year are subdivided into year-round enterprises, seasonal enterprises.

By level of specialization enterprises are divided into:

1) specialized - these enterprises produce a certain range of products;

2) universal - these enterprises manufacture a wide range of products;

3) mixed - these enterprises occupy an intermediate place between specialized and universal enterprises.

By the degree of production automation enterprises are divided into automated, partly automated, mechanized, partly mechanized, machine-manual and manual.

By the nature of the activity enterprises are:

1) non-commercial - not related to the sale of products for the sake of enrichment (charitable activities);

2) commercial - income-generating enterprises. This type of occupation is usually called business.

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Classification of enterprises (organizations) according to various criteria

Enterprises are classified according to the following criteria:

1. By the degree of entrepreneurship(profitability):

Commercial;

Non-profit

2. By the form of entrepreneurship:

Collective (legal entity):

Individual entrepreneur (individual)

3. By ownership:

Private;

State;

Municipal;

Mixed

The property is realized in the rights of ownership, use and disposal.

4. By organizational and legal form:

- Full partnership;

- Limited partnership;

- Limited Liability Company;

- Additional liability company;

- Production cooperative;

- Joint stock company (open and closed);

- Unitary enterprises based on the right of economic management - Unitary enterprises based on the right of operational management

5. By belonging to legal entities:

Legal entities;

Without the right of a legal entity

6. By the size of the enterprise:

Large

Average

The classification signs of the size of the enterprise are:

Number of employees

Sales volume (turnover, revenue)

Book value of assets.

In practice, they are combined.

The most common criterion by which an enterprise is classified as small is the number of employees in industry, construction, transport - no more than 100 people, in the agricultural and scientific and technical sphere - no more than 60 people, in wholesale trade - not more than 50 people, in retail and consumer services - no more than 30 people.

The size of medium-sized enterprises is in the range of 100 - 300 people. Large enterprises - from 300 people. And more, but in some industries - from 500 people.

7. By the form of associations:

Associations;

8. By types of international integration (organizational and economic forms)

Concern;

Conglomerate;

Consortium;

Cartel;

Syndicate;

Association;

Strategic alliance

9. According to the degree of dependence:

Subsidiaries;

Addicted

10. By degree of citizenship:

Resident;

Non-resident

11. On the participation of the enterprise in various sectors of production locally in the technological cycle:

Mining - primary-cycle industries involved in the extraction of raw materials, including agricultural, forestry and fishing enterprises, coal industry enterprises, etc.

Processing - branches of the secondary cycle, which include manufacturing enterprises: mechanical engineering, metalworking, automotive, etc.

Branches of the tertiary cycle - organizations and enterprises that provide services necessary for the normal functioning of the industries of the first two sectors: banks, insurance companies, educational institutions, retail trade, etc.

All organizations and institutions that deal with information technology

12. By the form of physical and financial participation in the enterprise:

Sole proprietorships;

Partnership, when there is not enough sole capital for production, then partners are invited with their different capabilities (monetary, etc.), i.e. there is a pooling of capitals, but physical participation in labor activities in the work of firms is also assumed - cooperation;

Corporate association - in this case, only money capital is combined (without physical participation). The typical form is a joint stock company, no physical participation is required.

13. By responsibility:

Unlimited or joint and several liability, it is established for the founders of a general partnership. In the event of bankruptcy, even personal property is confiscated in order to pay off the debt, and, secondly, the principle “one for all and all for one” is in effect. 1 founder must cover the debts of all other insolvent founders.

Topic 5. Enterprise (firm) in the system of economic relations

1. The essence of the enterprise. Classification of enterprises and principles of their functioning.

2. Funds of the enterprise, their circulation and turnover. Fixed and circulating production assets

3. Essence and classification of production costs.

4. Profit of the enterprise: essence, functions and conditions of maximization.

5. Pricing in market conditions.

The essence of the enterprise. Classification of enterprises and principles of their functioning.

An enterprise is an independent economic entity with the rights of a legal entity that manufactures products, performs work and provides services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.

Signs of the enterprise.

1. The economic isolation of an enterprise presupposes:

a) isolation of resources;

b) the implementation of reproduction at the expense of the results of their economic activities;

c) the presence of specific economic interests.

2. Economic independence of the enterprise.

Expresses property and legal relations of an enterprise as a legal entity.

3. Organizational unity of the enterprise.

It assumes a stable connection of all elements of the enterprise into a single whole with a certain internal structure, a single management system, which are enshrined in the constituent documents of the enterprise.

4. Independent speech in civil circulation on its own behalf.

It means the ability to acquire civil rights, perform duties, be a plaintiff or defendant in court.

The structure and economic content of the enterprise.

In general, the structure of the enterprise can be represented as three interconnected components.

1. A set of tools and objects of labor having a technological commonality and intended for the production of the corresponding types of products.

2. A specially formed team of people united by socio-economic relations and interests.

3. An economic system with its own cycle of reproduction based on the isolation of the necessary resources and their turnover.

The economic content of an enterprise means the unity of separate property, organizational unity, property and rights that are realized in production and commercial activities.

As a business entity, an enterprise is the main link in the economy.

Enterprise and firm.

An enterprise and a firm are concepts that are close, but not identical. An enterprise is a separate business unit that produces goods and services. A firm is an organization of any economic, entrepreneurial activity in the broad sense of the word. Large firms are usually associations of enterprises. The concept of a firm is broader than the concept of an enterprise. However, every enterprise is a firm, but not every firm is an enterprise.

Classification of enterprises.

Signs of the classification of enterprises.

1. By forms of ownership:

a) private;

b) collective;

c) state;

d) municipal4

e) mixed.

2. By size:

a) large enterprises - more than 500 employees;

b) medium - 201-500;

c) small - up to 200;

d) small - up to 100.

On July 22, 2008, the government of the Russian Federation established the limit values for proceeds from the sale of goods and services for the previous year, excluding VAT, in the following amount:

for micro-enterprises - 60 mln. rub.;

for small businesses - 400 mln. rub.;

for medium-sized enterprises -1bln. rub.