Polish alphabet. Polish alphabet with transcription, pronunciation and translation. Soft sounds of the Polish alphabet

It seems to me, or should all languages be taught from the alphabet? Of course, you can just by ear, repeat phrases and words after native speakers, but this definitely needs an environment and more time. I suggest a faster and not necessarily medium-needed way - the Polish alphabet with transcription for beginners!

There is a huge amount of material on the net about the Polish alphabet for beginners, this is probably the best described and told topic. But in almost any explanation, I was always missing something. So today is the time for the alphabet in ProPolski's explanation. 🙂 I'll try to tell you everything I know. 🙂

Polish language alphabet

The Polish alphabet has 32 letters available: a, ą, b, c, ć, d, e, ę, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ł, m, n, ń, o, ó, p, r, s, ś, t, u, w, y, z, z, z. And some more spellings: sz, cz, rz, ch, dz, dż, dź.

In the Polish alphabet the letters Q, V and X are missing but that doesn't mean you won't see them. They can come across in words of foreign (non-Polish) origin, most often in proper names. Eg, V- is constantly found in our names and surnames in passports.

Regarding transcription: I am her ardent opponent. 🙂 Wait a minute throwing slippers. Why transcription is needed in English - I understand that. Indeed, there the letter “a” can be read in several different ways, depending on the position in the word, closed or open syllable, letter combinations, diphthongs, and who knows what else (philologists let them correct). 😉 Polish doesn't have all that. I see "a" - I read [a]. I see "o" - I read [o]. Etc:). Do you know why? Because the Polish language is a mixture of the Latin alphabet and the Slavic language! Roughly speaking, Slavic (our) sounds are described in Latin letters.

If you are learning Polish from a philological point of view, you may not like my explanation, as there are indeed nuances of simplification and distortion of sounds depending on many factors. But not for philologists they are insignificant.

That is why transcription (as it seems to me) is simply not needed here. But since there is a constant demand for it, I will still add it to the alphabet plate, but I will continue to show how to manage without this transcription. I will give only where I would like to read out loud, but so far there is no such possibility.

We start with a general simplified table, all comments after it.

Polish alphabet for beginners, with transcription

		Letter name in Polish	Letter name in Russian	Trance. in Russian	Examples	How to read Russian.	How to read Ukrainian
A	a	/a/	/A/	[a]	Adam	[and ladies]	[and ladies]
Ą	ą	/ą/ a z ogonkiem	/and with a light/	[He ];	dab, pity	[to m b], [ne n you]	[to m b], [pyo n tee]
B	b	/be/	/be/	[b]	bar	[bar]	[bar]
C	c	/ce/	/ce/	[c]	co, cena	[tso], [tse na]	[tso], [price]
Ć	ć	/cie/ ce z kreską	/che/ tse z cresko m	[who]	cma, byc	[chma], [would]	[chma], [bich]
D	d	/de/	/de/	[e]	dom	[house]	[house]
E	e	/e/	/e/	[e]	Eva	[uh wa]	[e wa]
Ę	ę	/ę/ e z ogonkiem	/e s light/	[e n]; [e m]	gęś, deby	[ge n sh], [de m would]	[ґе н шь], [de m bi]
F	f	/ef/	/ef/	[f]	film	[movie]	[fіl m]
G	g	/gie/	/ge/	[G]	group	[group]	[ґru pa]
H	h	/ha/	/Ha/	[X]	herbata	[herba ta]	[herba ta]
I	i	/i/	/And/	[And]	imę	[and me]	[i mє]
J	j	/jot/	/yot/	[th]	ja, kajak	[I ], [ka yak]	[I ], [ka yak]
K	k	/ka/	/ka/	[To]	color, who	[kol yo r], [Who ]	[co l o r], [Who ]
L	l	/el/	/el/	[l]	lekcja	[le ktsya]	[lє kts'ya]
Ł	ł	/el/	/ew/	[ў]; [w]	latwo	[your]	[your]
M	m	/em/	/Em/	[m]	mom	[ma m]	[ma m]
N	n	/en/	/en/	[n]	noc	[but c]	[but c]
Ń	ń	/en/ en z kreską	/ en / en z cresko m /	[n]	koń, slońce	[ko n], [so nce]	[ko n], [so nce]
O	o	/o/	/O/	[O]	windows	[window]	[window]
Ó	ó	/o kresko- wane / o z kreską / u zamknięte	/o cresko- vane / o z kresko m / close n te /	[y]	osma, Krakow	[u sma], [kra kuv]	[u sma], [kra kuv]
P	p	/pe/	/pe/	[P]	pan	[pa n]	[pa n]
R	r	/er/	/er/	[R]	fish	[fish]	[ri ba]
S	s	/es/	/es/	[With]	sens	[se ns]	[se ns]
Ś	ś	/eś/ es z kreską	/esch/ es z cresco m /	[sh]	śnieg, cos	[shne g], [tso sh]	[shneg], [tso sh]
T	t	/te/	/te/	[T]	to	[That ]	[That ]
U	u	/u/u otwarte	/u/u otvarte/	[y]	ulica	[Street]	[street]
W	w	/wu/	/woo/	[V]	woda	[woo yes]	[woo yes]
Y	y	/igrek/	/game/	[s]	syn, dobry	[son], [good bra]	[si n], [before brie]
Z	z	/zet/	/zet/	[h]	zebra	[the bra]	[zebra]
Ź	ź	/ziet/ zet z kreską	/zhet/ zet z cresco m /	[zh]	źle	[zhle]	[zhlє]
Ż	ż	/żet/ zet z kropką	/jet/ z cropco m /	[and]	zee, żaba	[zhe], [ja ba]	[same], [ja ba]

And audio from the creators of the Krok po Kroku tutorial:

I have a lot of comments on the alphabet, so everything is in paragraphs with headings to make it easier for you to navigate.

Transcription to the Polish alphabet (claims)

I specifically wrote that the transcription is approximate, because it is so. The same [ch] is not our ch, or ą ę have no analogues at all. But most of the letters still have a "Slavic" pronunciation, which means they are very close or almost identical to Russian (Ukrainian, Belarusian) sounds.

Letter Ł added two transcriptions due to the complete absence of this sound in the Russian and Ukrainian alphabets. But it is in Belarusian! Oh - it's her! Belarusians, you are great! After all, in 2003 in honor of the letter ў (“u is short”, “u is non-syllabic” in Belarusian - “u is not warehouse”) a monument was erected in the city of Polotsk! But for me, as a non-speaking Belarusian, English [w] is close. You just need to pronounce it correctly! (Watson is not Watson, but Watson! 🙂)

If I really have to, it’s much more convenient to additionally use Ukrainian characters for transcriptions: for example, źle - [zhlє], imię - [imє], będzie - [bange], so it seems more visible, stronger.

Why do we need the names of Polish letters

And they are needed, believe me.

You come do przychodni (to the clinic). And there you are met by a very ambitious young lady, who is sure that she will write your name and surname without peeping into your document. And it starts: Katharina? Catherine? Spell it! Or, for example, you definitely need to know the name of the letter V - [fau], since we have a lot of it in the transliteration of our names and surnames. Lukianova, at least. I can count on the fingers of one hand the Poles who correctly wrote off my last name from the documents. For the most part, they write Lukianowa. And I know that I have to keep an eye on this and yell at the right time: “Przez V!” — [pshez fau!]

In addition to the first and last names, you may need the names of the letters when talking about university buildings (a, be, tse, de, ef, ge), about the route number (en, ka buses), when you just have to dictate something to someone (not much).

If not convinced, but definitely learn to spell your first and last name. Just in case.

Why do some letters of the Polish alphabet have several names

Have you noticed that there are two sounds [y] in the Polish alphabet? They need to be somehow distinguished when we talk about this or that letter ( u or ó ). You can talk [u] and [about kreskovane], or you can - as the Poles often say - [u otvarte] and [u zaknente], that is, open and closed [u]. As for me, it is more logical and easier.

These letter names are worth noting

Namely, the letter w is called /woo/, which means that if you want to say the address of a site, for example, www.google.com, you will need to, yes, say /woowoo/.google.com. But with wi-fi it doesn’t work like that - in Polish wi-fi is read / wi-fi /. 🙂

j is /yot/, forget about /jay/ in general. Same with g- /ge/ ge/. And with y- /game/.

You need to know the names of the letters 🙂

Large and small letters of the Polish alphabet

You may need all letters except ą, ę, ń in their capital form. Not a single word begins with ą, ę, ń.

stress

I continue to parse the Polish alphabet

Part of the letters, as you have already noticed, and there is nothing to learn. One has only to shove English to hell - and it's in the bag. I mean letters like: a, b, d, e, f, k, m, n, o, r, s, t, u, z. We read them head-on, without an accent.

Others, too, can almost not be taught, but only remember a couple of subtleties: c- always [ts], g- [ґ] (geese-geese, ha-ha-ha), h(And ch at the same time) - [x], j- [th].

And also w- [V], y- [s], u And ó - [y]. It's a matter of habit. We need to get used to this kind of sounds already familiar to our ear.

L

As for the letters L And Ł :

L- the average between soft [l] and normal [l]. More accurately, this sound conveys English [l]. Therefore, at first you can “score” and speak it in words simply as [l] - lampa [lamp], lektor [lecturer], tylko [tylko], sklep [crypt]. The main thing here is not to say it in hard [l].
Ł - this is not L; and not V. That's never. Anyone who knows how to correctly pronounce the English sound W can safely do it in Polish instead of Ł. Who is from Belarus - that sound Ў. Whoever is neither English nor Belarusian - the mechanism of pronunciation of a letter does not involve either teeth, or tongue, or palate. Lips in a "hard-sluggish tube" + sound. Language is not involved! This is called artykulacja wargowa - lip articulation.

And if, nevertheless, this whole article has not taught you anything, spit - and take a couple of lessons from. Not a course, just a couple of lessons. Well, or think carefully, eh?

If the material was interesting and useful, I will be glad to support! I am gathering on a good camera to start making quality tutorial videos for you. 🙂

Ekaterina Lukyanova

Hello.com. I live in Poland..com.

: 25 comments

Witam! Everything is interesting. But I can’t agree with the pronunciation of Ć - it’s not Chh, and close to Qi with a light-light barely audible touch of solid Ch. And just to say - a solid sound Qi.

Competent material. Short, easy to read, with airy humor, a presentation that is understandable to everyone. Taking off your hat to this is attached.
Thanks for the helpful stuff. I would like to note that in the Ukrainian language there is no word street, but there is a street (transcription).
- Please Kris 🙂
  And it’s good that you noticed that there is no word street 🙂 Like schnєg, tsoch and many other words given in this column, where you noticed “street”.
  Transcription - the transfer of elements of sounding speech (phonemes, allophones, sounds) in writing using some system of signs. Phonetic transcription is a graphic recording of the sound of a word, one of the types of transcription. Pursues the goals of accurate graphic recording of pronunciation. Each individual sound (and even its variants) must be separately recorded in the recording. That is, not the translation of the word, but the sounds recorded in the recording. Although the recording of the sound of the Polish word in Cyrillic, perhaps, is such a mixture of transcription and transliteration. But the main thing is that it doesn’t matter if the word street is in Ukrainian or not, the main thing is that the word ulica will be read this way by those who know the Ukrainian language and do not know or do not want to know Russian, with an emphasis on the red i.
  In addition, it seems that the column in the tablet is called “Yak to read Ukrainian.”
  And not at all “how the word is translated into Ukrainian”.
  - In Ukrainian, after the hissing consonants - h, u - a soft sign is not put, even in transcription. And so everything with transcription is clear, thanks, I will study.
    - This is not a transcription of Ukrainian words, but a transcription of Polish ones. Although the word "transcription", again, is incorrect in this context. This is just a way of reading, written using the Ukrainian alphabet. It doesn't matter if it is put or not, the main thing is to understand that the Polish letters in this vein are soft, and the Ukrainian alphabet did not come up with any other symbol than the soft sign. That's why I write a soft sign there.
Good afternoon And it would not make it difficult for you to write an example of a written (handwritten) work. Just attach a photo. How do you spell ł, rz, I (capital i) correctly? Well, here's just some passage, but most importantly by hand, in written, not printed letters. Thank you!
I saw a sample on the Internet, but I don’t want individual letters, but at least words.
"Watson is not Watson, but Watson!" Watson - deisno Watson, how to spell, and how to transmit vimova in otsAn, or navit vatsan, chi votson 😉 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iyKN1BsGk4
And you can smell Watson, moreover, Russian lady from Ukraine. From the Russians, they did not signify this W - Watson (Watson) chi Wilde (Wilde). “Correctness” is not only to lie, it is necessary to say, but also in the form of someone who hears and like in a new range of sounds of a basic movement.
For some reason, the “correctness” of the language is English, then it’s more discus- sive food, more to lie in some kind of country, and with some accent, and if it’s in some village, that correctness is shown. If you want to roughly convey the name of “the same doctor” to Vim, then it sounds like Votsan (for Ukrainians), ale Uatsan (for Russian). Because Ukrainians often “curl” names from voice to voice, Olshana (Russian) -Vilshana (Ukrainian), Umat-Guman (Ukrainian)
- I don't see the point in discussing English pronunciation. I only hope that some philologist will run through here and see your proposals that it depends on the country and the village.
  I repeat from myself - there are differences between real transcription and interpretation in writing or pronunciation in other languages. You can prove as much as you like how it is pronounced in Russian or Ukrainian, but in English one thing is pronounced unambiguously, both in British and in American -. It is this, English, and not Russian or Ukrainian sound, that can be attributed to ł.
  Well, or I can just offer to speak Polish as Ukrainian - vatvo, zhuvty, byavy, vonchich, it will be fun 🙂
  - “British, what’s in American -” For British, take the RP accent, as if to say 3% of the population of Britain, decide to say as you like, so I guessed “countries, towns and villages” 😉 "ew". Ale, I’m quoting you “Only you need to pronounce it correctly! (Watson is not Watson, but Watson! 🙂)” Tobto you pronounce English. W imovlyat like W. Although your own love for Russian Wikipedia itself didn’t show up, as it’s “correct”, more Watson (Watson) submits through “B”, then through “U”. And from the Ukrainian Wikipedia it is transmitted W, yak "B". Watson, Wald, Winston i.d. To that I repeat once again, that the “correctness” is to lie, it’s the same in the eyes of the one who hears. And for myself, I decided that I shouldn’t go “correct” vimov through “U”. Bo sound not dosyit perekonlivo for me like a bіlіngva. And at the “Ukrainian” rahunok, well, there’s nothing terrible and no one will laugh at you, because the accent sounds and you know and sing in the process of splintering. And you can visit, in the fallow in the place of residence. Ale is Polish, not as wide as English, so there are no accents, it may not be. Therefore, the scouses of Liverpool, the Corconians of Ireland, and the Maltese of Budjibi, and even richer little cloaks did not laugh at me. So the Poles didn’t show their faces, if I paid them “vote” 😉 The accent is left at the young lady, for which you need to pay respect. First of all, do not say anything, about not knowing the language. No offense 🙂
    - You and I are talking about different things. I'm talking about the correct pronunciation of the letter ł in Polish. Or like the Belarusian Ў, or like the English W. I didn’t have a speech about Russian or Ukrainian.
      I don't think the accent is the latter. I want to speak without an accent, like the Poles. Therefore, I will not learn the language with an accent. I am able to sit down and deal with the sound. For this, the alphabet is learning, for this everything is so chewed up in this article.
      If you do not want to speak without an accent, no one is forcing you, please [call] instead of [zoote].
      Please, let’s stop proving to me that I don’t know Ukrainian (after all, this is the goal of everyone who comments on my examples and comparisons with this language; although at the expense of the letter W - alas for everyone - I didn’t give examples in Ukrainian) and return to the Polish language. The blog is all about it. More constructive - less negative, shovny ser798. Pozdrawiam.
      - So we talk about different speeches. Hai try to sound like an English W, but you can’t seem to sound like a “U”, like your “Watson”, like a Belarusian sound, I can’t seem to. Less with tim. By analogy, before “Watson” and “Wild”, you can say “Washington” and “Wikipedia”, if you want the same ru.Wikipedia itself, it’s “more correct”, Watson and Wilde, but leave out “Wikipedia” and “Washington” . Maybe they didn't correct it 🙂 uk. Ale, the point is that you don’t learn the accent through the text. It is necessary to live the speech of the native speaker: to hear how to speak, to speak articulation, the position of the lips of that tongue when speaking. Take away the return link from the outside. And for me, like a Ukrainian reader, vimov's English “W” sounds like “B”, not “U”. Otse i all.
        
        That's why the accent, rich stuff and minliva. You may need to learn from a grown-up person when moving from one month of living in another place. From the point of view of the English, the Americans speak with an accent, and from the point of view of the inhabitants of St. Petersburg, Moscow, the Moscow accent. It is possible for you to record a video with the explanations of wimovie, to ease the understanding. Axis to you and the whole construct. Let's finish on that. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B3% D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80) Reply

Note. When writing, we replace special Polish characters with combinations of a Latin letter and a stroke or a comma. And in transcription, wherever a comma should be in the Polish text, we put a semicolon.

Thus we write:
- A, - C" - E, - L" - N" - O" - S"
The letters zet and jet are written in the same way: , - Z ".

Pronunciation

We give here only the basic rules that are designed to help those who do not know Polish to start talking. In fact, Polish pronunciation is much more complicated, and without hearing live speech, it is impossible to learn how to pronounce hissing and nasal sounds correctly.

Vowels
The vowel "A" is always pronounced like the Russian semi-accented A
The vowel "O" is always pronounced like the Russian substressed O.
The vowel "U" has a double letter image: "U" - "O'" and is pronounced like Russian U.
The vowel "E" is pronounced like a Russian stressed E. The Russian e used in transcription corresponds to the Polish language:
at the beginning of the word - "ie". in the middle of the word - "ie". The vowel "I" is pronounced like the Russian I.
The vowel "I" at the beginning of the word does not change, unlike the Russian language, its quality, i.e. not pronounced as Y after words ending in solid consonants; in the middle of a word softens the previous consonant.
The vowel "Y" is always pronounced like the Russian Y. , in transcription after w, w, w we write I.

Nasal vowels: "A,", "E,".
Polish has nasal vowels. These sounds do not exist in Russian. The vowels "A,", "E," (nasal) in transcription are indicated according to the pronunciation, namely: (nasal)
o", e" before g, k, ch, w, f, z, s, z', s'
he, en - before d, t, dz, c, dz’, сz
om, em - before b, p
on, en - before dz, s'.
The vowel “A,” sounds like a middle between “OU” and “OH” (“YOU” and “YON”) (while H is not read, as in English endings -ing). After soft consonants, it is read as “YON” (with a nasal “N”), after hard ones - “OH” (with a nasal “N”. It retains its nasal character at the end of words.
The vowel "E," sounds like a middle between "EU" and "EN" ("EU" and "EN") (the rules are the same as for A,). In colloquial speech, "E," at the end of words is pronounced as pure E.

Consonants
The consonants "B", "R", "D", "T", "G", "K", "W", "F", "M", "N" are pronounced simply like Russian B, P, D , T, G, K, V, F, M, N.
The consonant "G" is always pronounced (also in the ending of the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns) as G (eg dobrego [dobrego], and does not soften, as in Russian [dobrevo].
The consonants "C", "Z", "S" before the vowels a, e e, o o' u y and before the consonants are pronounced like Russian Ts, Z, S.
The consonant "H" = "SN", which has a double written image, is always pronounced like the Russian X.
The consonant "L'" (L with an apostrophe) sounds like a cross between a V and a U (very similar to the pronunciation of the English W). Does not combine with the vowel I.
The consonant "L" corresponds to the Russian L and does not combine with the vowel Y. (The pure sound L does not occur in Polish - either V-U or L.)
The consonant "Z'" (Z with a dot), "RZ" (zh), which has a double written image, corresponds to Russian Zh. This sound does not combine with I.
The consonant "SZ" is pronounced like Russian Ш and does not combine with the vowel I.
The consonant "DZ" (DZ) is the voiced correspondence of the consonant "C" and is pronounced together.
The consonant "СZ" (Ч) differs from Russian Н in that this sound is always solid and does not combine with I. Therefore, in transcription, Ch should be read approximately like Ch in the Russian word "better, and not as in the words" often, man ", etc. (It is rather difficult for the Russian language to imagine how "Ch" can be hard. ;-))
The consonant "DZ '" (Z with a dot), in the transcription of J, is the voiced correspondence of the consonant "CZ", is pronounced together and does not combine with I.
In Polish, the combination of the consonant "SZ" is often found - with the consonant "CZ" - "SZCZ" in the transcription of Sh. They do not merge into one sound and are pronounced firmly (for example, Deszcz - [deschch]). The combination "Z'DZ'" (both Z with a dot) is a voiced match of the combination "SZCZ". The sound "J" corresponds to the Russian Y.
In transcription, after the vowels, we write I, and at the beginning of the word, as in Russian, e, e, u, i. In the transcription of words, such as, for example, racja, kolizja, komisja,
"cja" is denoted as tsya [ratsya]
"zja" - zya [coliseum]
"sja" - sya [commission].

Softness of consonants

The consonants "B", "R", "G", "K", "W", "F", "SN", "M", just like in Russian, can be soft and hard. These consonants can only be soft before vowels. They cannot be soft at the end of a word or syllable:
Before the vowels A, O, E, U (O’), the softness of the consonants is indicated by the letter “I”, which in this case is only a sign of the softness of the consonant. These combinations of letters are transmitted in transcription as: E, Yo, Yu, Ya
The consonant "N'" (N with an apostrophe) is pronounced like the Russian Nb (dzien' [dzhen]).
The consonant "S'" (S with an apostrophe), in the transcription Щ, is softer (as far as possible) than the Russian Щ, almost as approximately as the first MF in the word "happiness". The consonant "Z" (Z with an apostrophe) (Zb) is the voiced correspondence of the consonant "S'".
The consonant "C'" (C with an apostrophe) (CH) is pronounced a little softer than the Russian TCH
(pisac [writer]).
This consonant is pronounced approximately like the Russian consonant Ch in the words "often, man", etc.
The consonant "DZ'" (Z with an apostrophe) is the voiced counterpart of the consonant "C'" and is pronounced together. In Polish, there is a combination of consonants "S'" and "C'" - "S'C'". In this combination, both consonants are pronounced clearly and do not merge. (In fact, this is the easiest combination to pronounce: SCCH (czes'c' - [cheschch]).) The softness of consonants at the end of words and before consonants is indicated in Polish by N', S', Z', C', DZ ', in transcription we write н, ш, жь, ч, зь, and before vowels for mitigation in Polish, we write i (ia, ie, io, iu), in transcription i, e, e, u.
At the end of words, voiced words are pronounced muffled.

stress

This is the only thing you will never have problems with - in Polish the stress is always on the penultimate syllable. (Exceptions are compound reflexive verbs, which are almost non-existent in our phrasebook).

Learning Polish is quite easy. The Russian-Polish phrasebook will help you without any problems if you find yourself in Poland. But before you start full-fledged phrases, try to learn the following rules regarding vowels and consonants of the Polish alphabet, as well as the specifics of stress in words. The learning process will be facilitated by the fact that the pronunciation of letters in Polish is often identical to Russian.

The pronunciation of Polish letters is often the same as Russian. The vowels listed below, which are in the Polish alphabet, are pronounced like this:

[A] - sub-percussion [A];
[O] - under the shock [O];
[U] - U (in addition, this letter is depicted as a double: [U] -);
[E] - percussion [E].
[E] in Russian transcription has the following Polish counterparts:
- ie (at the beginning and middle of a word). At the same time, the vowel [i] is pronounced like [and] Russian.
[Y] - [S].

Remember that [and] is written in transcription after letters such as [u], [w], [g].

[A] and [E] are nasal vowels native to Polish. They are written in transcription in the same way as they are pronounced before such types of letters as:

[e "], [o"] - before such as capital k, z, s', s, g, f, z', ch, w;
[en], [he] - d, t, dz, c, dz’, сz;
[em], [om] - b, p;
[en], [on] - dz, s.’

In pronunciation, [A] fluctuates between [OH] and [OU]. Note that [H] is not pronounced the same as the English ending [-ing].

It is read as [EN] after soft consonants, and as [OH] after hard ones. In these variations, the nasal character that the endings of words carry is preserved.

[E] in sound fluctuates between [EN] and [EU]. For this letter, the same rules apply as for the letter [A]. How [E] this letter is pronounced in colloquial speech.

Consonants

The letters "B", "P", "D", "T", "G", "K", "W", "F", "M", "N" are characterized by the same reading as for the letters . But with one nuance in the form of the letter [G]. It is pronounced like [G], and does not soften.

[С], [Z], [S], which are before a, e, o’ u y - are equivalent in pronunciation to C, Z, C of the Russian alphabet.
[H] is equal, and reads like [X].
similar in sound to the letters [U] and [B].
[L] - [L]
[Z], - [g]
– [W]
– [C]
[J] - [Y]
, – [H]

The Polish language is rich in combinations of such consonants as. They are denoted in transcription as [Ш]. In the pronunciation of such combinations, their division into separate sounds is excluded. They are spoken loudly and firmly.

Russian-Polish phrasebooks will help you better navigate the pronunciation. They are good for beginners.

stress

In a language like Polish, there is a concept of reduction in stress rules. Reduction is a change in sounds in syllables. Reduction is typical for unstressed vowel sounds.

The rules of stress themselves are easy to learn. In Polish, the stress always falls on a specific syllable - the penultimate one. And if a word should be read with an accent on another syllable, then in Polish it will always be marked with an accent.

But there is room for exceptions. They tend to be rather blurry. The difficulty is that they are constantly changing.

In pictures for children

A very good method that is suitable for children is learning Polish in pictures. This will not only allow you to better absorb information and facilitate the process of memorization. Learning the Polish alphabet in pictures significantly delays the moment when children's interest in learning the language begins to fade.

Picture learning also develops associative thinking. By associating a letter or phrase of the Polish alphabet with a certain image, the child memorizes them faster.

Almost always [Ш] is pronounced like [Ш].

Polish cities

In Poland there are cities like:

Szczecin;
Krakow;
Gdansk;
Warsaw;
Poznan;
Wroclaw;
Lodz.

These cities, included in the list above, contain a population of more than four hundred thousand people. Cities from this seven are not only the most populated, but also the most attractive.

These are cities with the most developed infrastructure. Tourists and students often come to such cities. In addition to them, these cities are often visited by businessmen of different levels.
Cities in Poland crossed the mark of nine hundred and thirteen.

Polish last names alphabetically

Surnames with ending –sky became the most numerous. Surnames with such an ending used to mean belonging to the area in which its owners were born. Since ancient times, such surnames were exclusively among the nobility. In the 15-16 centuries, surnames with such an ending spread among ordinary people.

Last name ending in –sky although quite common in Poland, such surnames can be worn by people who are not related to the Poles. Surnames, originating from crafts or other occupations, have become a kind of indicator of their prevalence and popularity in the old days.

The list includes the most common surnames in Poland:

Cherry(b) cue
Wozniak
Voitsekhovsky
Wuychik
Dombrovsky
Kozlovsky
Zeli(e)nsky
Fireplace(s)ski(s)
Kaczmarek
Kvya(i)tkovsky
Kowalski
Kowalczyk
Kravchik
Lewandowski
Masuria
Novak
Shiman(y)sky
Yankovsky

How to read inscriptions?

Regarding verbs in Polish, the following rule applies: no ending after letters such as [T]. In addition to it, there is another universal rule: in almost all cases, the ending [-s] is read as [-uv]. For example, "Krakow" would be pronounced as "Krakow".

The Polish language has much in common with Russian. The rules of phonetics and grammar are quite similar. Russian-Polish transcription is easily perceived. In addition, Russian-Polish phrasebooks are sold in many stores. Russian-Polish phrasebooks or tutorials will make your trip to Poland much easier.

Lesson 1 - Alphabet

The Polish alphabet is based on the Latin writing system with the addition of diacritics such as kreska, graphically similar to an acute accent (ć, ń, ó, ś, ź) , dot kropka (ż), "tail" - ogonek (ą, ę) and trait (ł) . It should be noted that the Polish and Czech alphabets are the two main forms of the writing system based on the Latin alphabet and developed for the Slavic languages. Slovak, Slovene and Croatian use a script based on the Czech alphabet. The writing of the Kashubian language is based on the Polish writing system, and the Serbian writing system combines the latter two.

The Polish alphabet is represented by 32 letters: 9 vowels and 23 consonants.

There are no letters in the Polish alphabet q(ku), v(faw) and x(x), which are sometimes still found in company names, trademarks, as well as in some words of foreign origin. These letters are used in writing infrequently. They are not necessary due to the peculiarities of Polish pronunciation. In borrowings, they are most often replaced by letters and letter combinations. kw, w, ks/gz respectively (for example: kwarc- quartz, weranda- veranda, extra- extra). Letters y And w are pronounced differently in different positions.

Polish writing also includes seven digraphs: ch, cz, dz, dź, dż, rz, sz.

Although the spelling of the Polish language is mostly based on the phonetic-morphological principle, some sounds in writing can have more than one form:

[x]- either h, or ch;
[and]- either ż , or rz(Although rz denotes a group );
[y]- either u, or ó ;
softly pronounced or ć, dź, ń, ś, ź, or ci, dzi, ni, si, zi(ć, ń and others before a consonant or at the end of a word, while ci, ni and others are used before vowels a, ą, e, ę, o, u; letters c, dz, n, s, z- only before i).

Sometimes a combination of consonants rz are used to transfer rz» along with sound [and].

The pronunciation of double consonants in Polish differs from the pronunciation of single consonants. It should be noted that sound lengthening should not occur, as in Finnish and Italian, however, this is acceptable in informal communication. According to the rules, the speaker must articulate and pronounce each of the two sounds separately, that is, instead of lengthening, the consonant is repeated. For example, the word panna(young girl) should not be read in the same way as pana (master, master - genitive case), but should be pronounced like this: pan-na. This applies not only to native Polish words (such as panna or oddech), but also borrowings (lasso, attyka). In Polish, double consonants can appear at the beginning of a word, for example: czcznie(worship), dżdżownica(earthworm), ssak(mammal), wwoz(import, import), zstapic(go down) and zza(because of, thanks to), but never appear at the end of words of Slavic origin.

The Polish alphabet is represented by 32 letters: 9 vowels and 23 consonants.

There are no letters in the Polish alphabet q(ku), v(faw) and x(x), which sometimes still occur in the names of companies, trademarks, as well as in some words of foreign origin. These letters are used in writing infrequently. They are not necessary due to the peculiarities of Polish pronunciation. In borrowings, they are most often replaced by letters and letter combinations. kw, w, ks/gz respectively (for example: kwarc- quartz, weranda- veranda extra- extra). Letters y And w are pronounced differently in different positions.

Polish writing also includes seven digraphs: ch, cz, dz, dź, dż, rz, sz.

Although the spelling of the Polish language is mostly based on the phonetic-morphological principle, some sounds in writing can have more than one form:

[x]- either h, or ch;
[and]- either ż , or rz(Although rz denotes a group );
[y]- either u, or ó ;
softly pronounced or ć, dź, ń, ś, ź, or ci, dzi, ni, si, zi(ć, ń and others before a consonant or at the end of a word, while ci, ni and others are used before vowels a, ą, e, ę, o, u; letters c, dz, n, s, z- only before i).

Sometimes a combination of consonants rz are used to transfer rz» along with sound [and].

The pronunciation of double consonants in Polish differs from the pronunciation of single consonants. It should be noted that lengthening of the sound should not occur, as in Finnish and Italian, but this is acceptable in informal communication. According to the rules, the speaker must articulate and pronounce each of the two sounds separately, that is, instead of lengthening, the consonant is repeated. For example, the word panna(young girl) should not be read in the same way as pana (master, master - genitive case), but should be pronounced like this: pan-na. This applies not only to native Polish words (such as panna or oddech), but also borrowings (lasso, attyka). In Polish, double consonants can appear at the beginning of a word, for example: czcznie(worship), dżdżownica(earthworm), ssak(mammal), wwoz(import, import), zstapic(go down) and zza(because of, thanks to), but never appear at the end of words of Slavic origin.

The basis of the alphabet of the Polish language is considered to be the Latin writing system, which includes such diacritical marks as: " kreska" (ć, ń, ó, ś, ź), a dot above the letters " kropka" (ż), lower "tail" " ogonek" (ą, ę), crossbar (ł) . Polish alphabet Together with the Czech alphabet, they are varieties of Slavic writing. In turn, the bases of the Slovenian, Croatian and Slovak languages are based on the Czech alphabet, and the foundations of the Kashubian languages are based on the Polish.

The Polish alphabet consists of 32 letters, of which 9 are vowels and 23 are consonants, as well as 7 diagraphs: ch, cz, dz, dź, dż, rz, sz.

When we learn the letters of the polish alphabet, an important point is to focus on the absence of letters in its composition q(ku), v(faw) and x(x), while in the colloquial language and various names they occur periodically. If we write lowercase or uppercase letters in words borrowed from other languages, then we convey them in combinations, for example kw, ks, w, gs. A number of sounds when writing have several specific forms: [x] spelled like h or ch [and] How ż or rz, [y] How u or ó. There are vowels in Polish that are pronounced nasally: Ę, ę pronounced [en], Ą, ą pronounced [He]. Regarding stress, in all words it is set on the penultimate syllable.

It is convenient to learn the Polish alphabet online , using our website, as well as audio and video materials, because The important thing is to learn the correct pronunciation. Learning Polish will be an interesting process because it has the same roots as Russian. The Polish language program is well acquired by children of preschool and primary school age. Specially developed methods for studying alphabet for kids online at home and taking the first steps in reading. A great example is our site (website) which presents colorfully designed letters for children, aimed at increasing interest in learning the Polish alphabet.

Learn Polish alphabet online. Polish alphabet for children. Learn the letters of the Polish language.

A a [a]
Ą ą [he]
B b [be]
C c [ce]
Ć ć [che]
D d [de]
E e [e]
Ę ę [en]
F f [ef]
G g [ge]
H h [ha]
I i [and]
J j [yot]
K k [ka]
L l [el]
Ł ł [el]
M m [em]
N n [en]
Ńń [en]
O o [o]
Ó ó [o short]
P p [pe]
Q q [ku]
R r [er]
S s [es]
Ś ś [esh]
T t [te]
U u [y]
V v [false]
W w [woo]
X x [x]
Y y [y]
Z z [z]
Ź ź [z]
Ż ż [jet]

The pronunciation of Polish letters is often the same as Russian. The vowels listed below, which are in the Polish alphabet, are pronounced like this:

[A] - sub-percussion [A];
[O] - under the shock [O];
[U] - U (in addition, this letter is depicted as a double: [U] -);
[E] - percussion [E].
[E] in Russian transcription has the following Polish counterparts:
– ie (at the beginning and middle of a word). At the same time, the vowel [i] is pronounced like [and] Russian.
[Y] - [S].

Remember that [and] is written in transcription after letters such as [u], [w], [g].

[A] and [E] are nasal vowels native to Polish. They are written in transcription in the same way as they are pronounced before such types of letters as:

[e ”], [o”] - before such as capital k, z, s’, s, g, f, z’, ch, w;
[en], [on] - d, t, dz, c, dz ', сz;
[em], [om] - b, p;
[en], [on] - dz, s.'

In pronunciation, [A] fluctuates between [OH] and [OU]. Note that [H] is not pronounced the same as the English ending [-ing].

It is read as [EN] after soft consonants, and as [OH] after hard ones. In these variations, the nasal character that the endings of words carry is preserved.

[E] in sound fluctuates between [EN] and [EU]. For this letter, the same rules apply as for the letter [A]. How [E] this letter is pronounced in colloquial speech.

Consonants

The letters "B", "P", "D", "T", "G", "K", "W", "F", "M", "N" are characterized by the same reading as for the letters Russian alphabet. But with one nuance in the form of the letter [G]. It is pronounced like [G], and does not soften.

[С], [Z], [S], which are before a, e, o’ u y - are equivalent in pronunciation to C, Z, C of the Russian alphabet.
[H] is equal to and reads like [X].
similar in sound to the letters [U] and [B].
[L] - [L]
[Z], - [g]
– [W]
– [C]
[J] - [Y]
, – [H]

The Polish language is rich in combinations of consonants such as . They are denoted in transcription as [Ш]. In the pronunciation of such combinations, their division into separate sounds is excluded. They are spoken loudly and firmly.

Russian-Polish phrasebooks will help you better navigate the pronunciation. They are good for beginners.

Polish alphabet

stress

In a language like Polish, there is a concept of reduction in stress rules. Reduction is a change in sounds in syllables. Reduction is typical for unstressed vowel sounds.

But there is room for exceptions. They tend to be rather blurry. The difficulty is that they are constantly changing.

In pictures for children

Picture learning also develops associative thinking. By associating a letter or phrase of the Polish alphabet with a certain image, the child memorizes them faster.

Almost always [Ш] is pronounced like [Ш].

Polish cities

In Poland there are cities like:

Szczecin;
Krakow;
Gdansk;
Warsaw;
Poznan;
Wroclaw;
Lodz.

These cities, included in the list above, contain a population of more than four hundred thousand people. Cities from this seven are not only the most populated, but also the most attractive.

Polish last names alphabetically

The list includes the most common surnames in Poland:

Cherry(b) cue
Wozniak
Voitsekhovsky
Wuychik
Dombrovsky
Kozlovsky
Zeli(e)nsky
Fireplace(s)ski(s)
Kaczmarek
Kvya(i)tkovsky
Kowalski
Kowalczyk
Kravchik
Lewandowski
Masuria
Novak
Shiman(y)sky
Yankovsky

How to read inscriptions?

Lesson 1 - Alphabet