The guide covers issues of organizing dental care for children. The diagnosis and treatment of dental caries, diseases of the oral mucosa and periodontal disease, trauma to the teeth and jaws, tumors, etc. are considered. Issues of pain relief during diagnostic and therapeutic measures are presented from a modern perspective. Restorative filling materials are described. Much attention is paid to the issues of oral hygiene, hygienic education of children, prevention...
The textbook outlines the clinical and biological aspects (rationale) of pediatric prosthetics as the main element of pediatric dentistry at the present stage. The relevance of the publication is due to the fact that, despite the urgent need for children's dental prosthetics, there are practically no textbooks on this important section of dentistry. The textbook discusses various aspects of orthopedic treatment in children: the psycho-emotional state of the child at different age periods, psychological...
Name: Therapeutic dentistry for children.
Kuryakina N.V.
The year of publishing: 2004
Size: 6.92 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
The textbook covers the main issues of the discipline under consideration, which includes the development of the face and oral cavity, the AFO of the child’s body, preparing the child for a dental examination and psycho-emotional status, examination methods and pain relief. “Therapeutic dentistry of children” examines non-carious lesions and dental caries, its treatment, characterizes pulp diseases, periodontal inflammation and pulpitis and periodontitis in the aspect of endodontic intervention, provides filling materials, presents periodontal diseases in a pediatric dentistry clinic, diseases of the oral mucosa, caries prevention and prevention of periodontal diseases.
Name: Propaedeutics of children's therapeutic dentistry
Khomenko L.O.
The year of publishing: 2011
Size: 93.6 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The educational manual “Propaedeutics of therapeutic dentistry for children,” edited by Khomenko L.O., examines issues of therapeutic dentistry for children. The features of the organization are presented... Download the book for free
Name: Atlas on restoration of baby teeth
Duggel M.S.
The year of publishing: 2002
Size: 20.28 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The practical guide “Atlas on the restoration of primary teeth”, edited by Daggel M.S., is well illustrated and discusses the issues of restoring primary teeth due to damage after... Download the book for free
Name: Clinical aspects of the prevention and treatment of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents
Kobiyasova I.V., Savushkina N.A.
The year of publishing: 2007
Size: 1.96 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: Practical guide “Clinical aspects of the prevention and treatment of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents”, ed., Kobiyasova I.V., et al., considers issues of pediatric therapy... Download the book for free
Name: Pediatric dental and maxillofacial surgery
Zelensky V.A., Mukhoramov F.S.
The year of publishing: 2008
Size: 8 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The educational manual “Pediatric surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery”, edited by V.A. Zelensky, et al., examines issues of pediatric dentistry. Clinical questions are presented... Download the book for free
Name: Therapeutic dentistry for children.
Khomenko L.O., Ostapko O.I., Kononovich O.F.
The year of publishing: 2001
Size: 7.25 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The presented textbook presents the development of temporary and permanent teeth, their histological structure, as well as developmental anomalies, provides methods for examining patients in pediatric dentistry, o... Download the book for free
Name: Clinical and radiological diagnosis of dental and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.
Khomenko L.A., Ostapko E.I., Bidenko N.V.
The year of publishing: 2004
Size: 10.7 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: In the presented book L.A. Khomenko and co-authors highlight such issues of clinical and radiological diagnostics in pediatric dentistry, such as the development of jaws and teeth in the radiographic aspect, pres... Download the book for free
Name: Surgical dentistry of the pediatric eyelid.
Kharkov L.V., Yakovenko L.M., Chekhova I.L.
The year of publishing: 2003
Size: 6.86 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The presented textbook covers such issues of pediatric surgical dentistry as features of tissue development in childhood, local anesthesia and general anesthesia in the surgical department... Download the book for free
Name: Pediatric dentistry. 5th edition.
Persin L.S., Elizarova V.M., Dyakova S.V.
The year of publishing: 2003
Size: 8.94 MB
Format: doc
Language: Russian
Description: The presented textbook covers general issues of the subject under consideration, the prevention of dental diseases in childhood, and the book presents medical examinations. Publication "Children's Dentistry...
Childhood
Lecture (methodological development)
For 4th year students, specialty pediatric therapeutic dentistry
SUBJECT:
Introduction to pediatric therapeutic dentistry. Anatomical and physiological characteristics of teeth in children. Methods of examining a child.
PURPOSE: (to promote the formation of a system of theoretical knowledge on pediatric therapeutic dentistry).
LECTURE TIME: 2 hours.
MAIN QUESTIONS:
1. Periods of development of pediatric dentistry
2. Pediatric therapeutic dentistry, its sections and tasks.
3. Anatomical and physiological features of the structure of primary and permanent teeth in children.
4. Examination of children in a pediatric dentistry clinic. Completing medical documentation.
LECTURE PREPARED BY: Ass. G.
The methodological development was approved at the department meeting No.___ from “____”
Head department_______________________________________ (full name)
Pediatric dentistry is the youngest branch of dentistry.
For the first time in Russia, a free school dental outpatient clinic was organized in 1886 by Alexander Karlovich Limberg, who can rightfully be called the founder of children's dentistry. He was the first to develop the basis for planned sanitation of the oral cavity in students. In the 20s and 30s 20 th century N.I. Agapov scientifically substantiated a fundamentally new method of planned sanitation of the oral cavity in children.
However, pediatric dentistry as an industry began to actively develop in the 60s of the 20th century.
In 1963, the first department of pediatric dentistry was organized at MMSI, headed by Alexander Alexandrovich Kolesov.
In 1968, the V-All-Union Congress of Dentists took place, which was entirely devoted to issues of pediatric dentistry.
A huge contribution to the development of pediatric dentistry was made by T. F. Vinogradova, who headed the department for more than 30 years. pediatric dentistry at TsOLIUv and was the main pediatric dentist in the country.
At the DSMA, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry was organized in 1985. For more than 10 years, it was headed by Viktor Vasilyevich Schwartz and made a great contribution to the development of pediatric dentistry in Dagestan.
Pediatric dentistry is a complex and multicomponent specialty.
It includes pediatric therapeutic dentistry, all types of maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and pediatric prosthetics.
A pediatric dentist must know all its sections and understand their organic relationship, taking into account the growing and developing child’s body. He must have sufficient general pediatric knowledge to understand the patterns of occurrence and development of major dental diseases in children of different ages.
“A child is not a miniature adult. The development of a child’s organs differs in a number of features during periods of both health and illness; in the process of development, the child’s body undergoes not only quantitative but also qualitative changes,” S. F. Khotovitsky pointed out back in 1847 in his work “Pediatrics.”
Pediatric therapeutic dentistry deals with the peculiarities of the course and treatment of diseases of the hard tissues of teeth, periodontium and the oral mucosa in children.
Anatomical and physiological characteristics of teeth in children.
The term children's teeth refers to the teeth of the primary, secondary and permanent dentition in children. For a pediatric dentist, the anatomical and physiological features of the structure of teeth that are related to the course of the carious process, the spread of inflammation in the pulp and periodontium, and those data that are directly related to dental treatment are of great practical importance.
These are primarily signs that distinguish milk and permanent teeth. Age-related features of the structure of enamel, core, pulp chamber and roots. Stages and timing of the development of the roots of primary and permanent teeth and, naturally, the physiological characteristics of the crown and root pulp and periodontitis in teeth with incomplete development and formed teeth.
The development of teeth is a very complex process that begins at 6-7 weeks of intrauterine development of the fetus and continues for several years after the eruption of a tooth in the oral cavity.
Tooth enamel is formed from the epithelium of the enamel organ. The formation of enamel (amelogenesis) occurs as a result of the activity of ameloblasts and is divided into 2 phases: the formation of the enamel matrix and the maturation of enamel. Moreover, the maturation of enamel does not end before the eruption of the tooth, but continues for a certain time after its eruption (maturation of the enamel) in the oral cavity. When the enamel reaches its final thickness and calcifies, the role of the enamel organ is not fulfilled. Despite the fact that with age the crystal lattice of enamel becomes denser, in each person, as a result of chewing load, physiological abrasion of the enamel occurs, i.e. the enamel layer decreases.
Dentin and pulp are formed from the mesenchyme of the dental papilla.
Odontoblast cells participate in the formation and calcification of dentin. The activity of odontoblasts continues after teething, as a result of which the size of the pulp chamber and the lumen of the root canals decrease with age.
Tooth development can be observed using x-rays.
Dental germs look like an oval-shaped clearing with a clear compact plate, the beginning of calcification - in the form of darkened areas. Using the R-gram, you can also observe the stages of formation of tooth roots and periodontal tissue.
An important role in the process of development and teething is played by the state of the nervous, endocrine system of metabolic processes, etc. A sign of correct teething is the paired eruption of symmetrical teeth in a certain sequence.
Milk (temporary) teeth differ from permanent teeth in the size of the crown (smaller) and color (white-blue, while for permanent teeth it is white-yellow).
The thickness and degree of mineralization of the hard tissues of baby teeth and permanent teeth with unformed roots is small, so they are more susceptible to caries. Moreover, in these teeth the dentin layer is not only smaller, but the dentinal tubules are much wider and shorter, the size of the tooth cavity (pulp chamber) is larger, and the root canals are wider. As a result, when a carious process occurs, microorganisms and their decay products quickly penetrate into the dental pulp, causing inflammation, sometimes acute, accompanied by pain, and more often - an imperceptible, primary chronic course.
Methods of examining children in a pediatric dentistry clinic
A clinical examination technique is a certain algorithm of actions that a doctor must follow when examining a child.
1. Getting to know the child - establishing a relationship between the little patient and the doctor.
The patient and the doctor must establish a relationship of trust (contact). In children, the feeling of fear can be associated both with unpleasant personal experiences and with the stories of others. Therefore, the doctor, with his personality and behavior (calm, trusting, confident, friendly, sometimes strict), should try to reduce the feeling of fear.
2.Basic examination methods: - questioning and examination
Survey– must be purposeful. The patient's complaints can be very diverse: pain, aesthetic dissatisfaction, bleeding gums, bad breath, etc.
The most common complaint is pain. In this case, it is necessary to find out the nature of the pain, duration, what causes or intensifies, the irradiation of pain, at what time of day the pain most often occurs.
Next, you need to find out the development of the present disease, general health (presence of chronic dental diseases of the liver, kidneys, ENT organs, blood diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, endocrine diseases, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, AIDS)
Inspection:
External examination: study of posture, examination of the face, identification of bad habits, study of the function of breathing, swallowing, speech, closing lips.
Condition of regional lymph nodes
Oral examination:
Condition of the lips and perioral area
Vestibule of the oral cavity (depth in N from 5 to 10 mm, size and shape of frenulum, cords)
Condition of the gingival margin
Oral hygiene status
Shape of dentition and jaw relationship
Condition of the oral mucosa
Condition of dental tissues (hypoplasia, fluorosis, etc.)
Condition of teeth, presence of carious, filled and extracted teeth.
The teeth are examined using a mirror and a probe in a certain order - starting with the teeth of the upper jaw from right to left and on the lower jaw from left to right.
The obtained data is entered into the dental formula in the form of symbols (caries - C, filling - P, tooth to be removed - U).
Milk teeth are designated by Roman numerals, and permanent teeth by Arabic numerals.
Currently, to determine the identity of a tooth, the international digital tooth designation system proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) is used. According to this system, each tooth is designated by two numbers, the first of which determines whether the tooth belongs to one of the four quadrants, and the second - the number of the tooth within this quadrant. The quadrants are designated in Arabic numbers from 1 to 4 in the permanent dentition and from 5 to 8 in the primary dentition, clockwise, starting from the upper jaw, on the right. Teeth within each quadrant are numbered one to eight (permanent) and one to five (deciduous) from the midline distally; numbers must be pronounced separately. For example, the designation of permanent canines sounds like this: one-three (13), two-three (23), three-three (33), four-three (43).
Additional research methods for caries
1.Probing, percussion, palpation
2. Temperature tests
3. Determination of the hygienic state of the oral cavity (G.I. according to Fedorov - Volodkina, G.I. according to Yrecn - Wermillion)
4. Vital staining (Borovsky method - Aksamit)
5.Evaluation of acid resistance of enamel - TER - test (Okuneko, Kosareva, 1983)
6. Determination of the rate of reminarization - KOSRE-test (Rednikova, Leontyev, Ovrutsky, 1982)
7. Luminescent study
8.Electroodontrometry (EDI)
Electroodontodiagnosis (EDD)– a method for assessing the excitability of the sensory nerves of the tooth when they are irritated by electric current. EDI allows you to presumably assess the condition of the dental pulp. The pulp of intact healthy teeth responds to current strength within 2-6 μA. To determine the electrical excitability of a tooth, devices OD-1, OD-2M, EOM-3, IVN-1, etc. are used. The study is carried out by a doctor together with an assistant. The reliability of the testimony largely depends on the psycho-emotional mood of the patient. Electroodontodiagnostics for caries in children is rarely used. The electrical excitability of primary teeth has not been sufficiently studied, which is explained by the difficulties of obtaining objective information in children aged 3-5 years. The electrical excitability of permanent teeth varies: during the period of eruption, it is reduced, as the roots grow and form, the excitability increases, reaching normal numbers by the time the root formation is completed. With caries, sensitivity to electric current does not change noticeably (2-6 μA). In case of deep caries, especially in children with the third degree of activity, there is a decrease in the sensitivity of the dental pulp to 10 μA . The most sensitive points for electrode placement are the middle of the cutting edge of the anterior teeth, the apex of the buccal cusp of the premolars and the apex of the anterior buccal cusp of the molars. In carious teeth, indicators are taken from the bottom of the carious cavity, cleared of necrotic decay. Today, very compact devices have been developed to determine the vitality (viability) of the pulp (for example, the Digitest pulp condition tester). They allow us to state only two states of the pulp: it is alive (normal) or necrotic.
EDI, like traditional thermal diagnostics, is a relative and subjective method of additional research.
Electrometric The method for diagnosing caries (C.) is based on the ability of dental hard tissues affected by caries to conduct electric current of varying magnitudes depending on the degree of their damage.
9. X-ray - when diagnosing dental caries in children, it is used much more often than in adults, since it is the most reliable method when examining a small patient. This research method is used when there is a suspicion of the formation of carious cavities on proximal surfaces and when the teeth are closely spaced, when the hard tissue defect is inaccessible to inspection and probing. Using an x-ray, one can judge the depth of the carious cavity, the size of the pulp chamber, and the condition of the roots and periodontal tissues, which is very important when carrying out the differential diagnosis of caries and its complications.
The radiographic research method allows you to determine:
Condition of hard tooth tissues (presence of hidden cavities, enamel cracks);
Condition of the root canals (length, width, degree of passage, quality
filling, stage of root formation, state of the growth zone, stage of resorption of the roots of baby teeth);
Condition of the peri-apical tissues and periodontal tissues (expansion of the periodontal gap, rarefaction of bone tissue);
Position of teeth;
The structure of neoplasms, sequestra, stones in the salivary glands;
Condition of the temporomandibular joints.
In dentistry, radiography is used:
Intraoral:
a) close-focus contact;
b) contact in the bite.
Extraoral:
a) panoramic;
b) orthopantomography;
c) tomography;
d) contrast radiography.
Radiovisiography (digital radiography).
10.Method for indicating carious dentin. Carious dentin consists of two layers. The first layer (outer) is infected. The second layer (inner) is uninfected, partially demineralized, capable of remineralization. When treating caries, the outer layer must be removed, the inner layer must be preserved. To indicate the layers, use the “Caries Detector” preparation, which is a 0.5% solution of basic fuchsin or a 1% solution of red acid in propyleglycol. A tampon with dye is inserted into the carious cavity for 15 seconds. In this case, the outer, non-viable layer is painted, but the inner one is not. Analogs of the drug: Caries Marker (Voco), Color test No. 2 (Vlad-Miva).
11. Laboratory research methods
The data obtained during the examination of the patient is entered into the medical record of the dental patient (account form No. 000/u) and, based on the actual dental situation, a plan of treatment and preventive measures is drawn up. One of the important tasks of the initial examination is to develop parents’ responsibility for the state of their child’s oral health. It is necessary to note the importance of their participation in the implementation of the program of treatment and preventive measures, in particular in matters of oral hygiene, compliance with doctor visits, monitoring the implementation of prescriptions, and much more. Only complete mutual understanding between all participants in the process - doctor, child (patient), parent - is the key to the success of treatment.
Pediatric therapeutic dentistry studies the characteristics of the clinical course, treatment and prevention of major dental diseases in children (caries and its complications, periodontal and mucous membrane diseases, as well as diseases of the hard tissues of non-carious teeth). A pediatric dentist must know all sections of pediatric dentistry and understand their organic connection, taking into account the growing and developing organism. During the examination, it is very important to follow a certain sequence to know the variants of the norm, in order to early detect a developing pathology. The key to the success of treating a small patient is complete mutual understanding between all participants in the process - doctor, child (patient), parent.
QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR STUDENTS' SELF-TEST.
1. Where and when was the first department of pediatric dentistry organized? Who led it?
In 1963 In MMSI
A. A. Kolesov
2. What signs are characteristic of the normal process of teething?
Pairing, symmetry, sequence and order at certain times of eruption
3. In what sequence are the dentitions examined?
4. What cells are involved in the formation of dentin?
Odontoblasts
5. Define the term “enamel maturation”
Final mineralization of enamel that occurs in the oral cavity in the presence of oral fluid
LITERATURE.
1. B. Therapeutic dentistry of children. M. “Medical book”, N. Novgorod. Publishing house NGMA, 2001.
2. S., M., V. Pediatric dentistry M. “Medicine” 2003.
3. MacDonald, Avery. Dentistry for children and adolescents. M. Medical information agency. 2003.
4. E. Pediatric dentistry. Practical guide. Rostov-on-Don Phoenix 2006.
5. P., Yu. Pediatric therapeutic dentistry. Guide to practical exercises. M. GEOTAR – Media 2012.
Basic literature1. Khomenko L.O. and spiv. Therapeutic dentistry of the pediatric age, Kiev, Book Plus, 2001.- 524 p.
2. Propaedeutics of children's therapeutic dentistry (edited by Prof. L.O. Khomenko). – K.: “Book Plus”, 2011. - 320 p.
3. Khomenko L.A., Ostapko E.I., Bidenko N.V. Clinical and radiological diagnosis of dental and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents. - Kyiv: “Book Plus”, 2004. - 200 p.
4. Khomenko L.A., Bidenko N.V. Practical endodontics tools, materials and methods. - Kyiv, Book Plus, 2002. - 216 p.
5. Bidenko N.V. Glass ionomer materials and their use in dentistry. –Moscow: “Book Plus”, 2003. –144 p.
6. Khomenko L.A., Savichuk A.V., Bidenko N.V., Ostapko E.I. and others. Prevention of dental diseases: textbook. – Part 1. –K.: “Book Plus”, 2007. –127 s.
7. Khomenko L.A., Savichuk A.V., Bidenko N.V., Ostapko E.I. and others. Prevention of dental diseases: textbook. – Part 2. –K.: “Book Plus”, 2008. –132 s.
Dodatkova literature
1. Borisenko A.V. Therapeutic dentistry. T 2. Caries. Pulpit. Periodontitis. Oral sepsis – K.: Medicine, 2010.- 560 p.
2. Borisenko A.V. Therapeutic dentistry. T 3. Periodontal disease K.: Medicine, 2011. – 613 p.
3. Borisenko A.V. Therapeutic dentistry. T 4. Sickness of the mucous membrane of an empty mouth - K.: Medicine, 2010. – 639 p.
4. Borovsky E.V., Ivanov V.S., Maksimovsky Yu.M., Maksimovskaya L.N. Therapeutic dentistry. – M.: Medicine, 1998. – 736 p.
5. Borovsky E.V., Zhokhova N.S. Endodontic treatment. –M., 1997. –64 p.
6. Borovsky E.V., Danilevsky N.F. Atlas of diseases of the oral mucosa. – M.: Medicine, 1981. - 288 p.
7. Borovsky E.V., Leontyev V.K. Biology of the oral cavity. – M.: Medicine, 1991. – 198 p.
8. Vinogradova T.F. Pediatric dentistry (a guide for doctors). – M.: “Medicine”, 1987.- 528 p.
9. Vinogradova T.F. Medical examination of children at the dentist./2nd ed., revised work. and additional – (B-k of a practical doctor. The most important issues in dentistry). – M.: “Medicine”, 1988 – 256 p.
10. Groshikov M.I. Non-carious lesions of tooth tissue. –M.:Medicine, 1985.–176 p.
11. Granitov V.M. Herpes virus infection. – M.: Medkniga, N. Novgorod: publishing house NGMA, 2001. – 88 p.: ill.
12. Grigoryan A.S., Grudyanov A.I., Rabukhina N.A., Frolova O.A. Periodontal diseases. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment. – M.:MIA, 2004. – 320 p.
13. Daggel M.S. et al. Atlas of restoration of primary teeth. Institute “Lori”, Moscow, 2001.
14. Danilevsky M.F., Sidelnikova L.F., Rakhniy Zh.I. Pulpit. – K.Zdorovya, 2003. – 168 p.
15. Danilevsky M.F., Nesin O.F., Rakhniy Zh.I. Sickness of the mucous membrane of the empty mouth; per ed. Prof. M.F. Danilevsky – K.: “Health”, 1998. – 408 p.
16. Dєltsova O.I., Chaikovsky Yu.B., Gerashchenko S.B. Histology and embryogenesis of the organs of the oral cavity: a basic textbook. - Colomia: VPT “Vik”, 1994. – 94 p.
17. Diseases of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and lips / ed. prof. E.V. Borovsky, Prof. A.L. Mashkilleyson. – M.:MEDpress, 2001.- 320 pp., ill.
18. Ivanov V.S., Vinnichenko Yu.A., Ivanova E.V. Inflammation of the dental pulp. – M.: MIA, 2003. – 264 p.
19. Klyueva S.K., Moroz B.T. Basics of genetics for dentists. – SPb.: LLC “MEDI publishing house”, 2005. – 68 p.
20. Kolesov A.A. Pediatric dentistry. – 4th ed. -M.: Medicine, 1991. – 464 p.
21. Korchagina V.V. Treatment of dental caries in young children. – M.:MEDpress-inform, 2008. –168 p.
22. Kostromskaya N.N., Glotova O.N. Therapeutic and insulating pads in dentistry. – M.: Medkniga, N. Novogorod: Publishing House of NGMA, 2001. – 80 p.
23. Kuryakina N.V. “Therapeutic dentistry of children” M.-MIA, 2007.- 632 p.
24. Treatment and restoration of baby teeth (illustrated guide to the treatment and restoration of carious baby teeth): Per. from English / M.S. Duggal, M.E.J. Curzon, S.A. Fail, etc. - M.: MEDpress-inform, 2006. - 160 p.
25. Maksimovaskaya L.N., Roshchina P.I. Medicines in dentistry: A reference book. – 2nd ed. - M.: Medicine, 2000. – 240 p.
26. Makeeva I.M. Restoration of teeth using light-curing composite materials. – M., 1997. –72 p.
27. Marchenko A.I., Kononovich E.F., Solntseva T.A. Treatment of diseases in pediatric therapeutic dentistry. – K.: Health, 1988.-160 p.
28. Marchenko O.I., Kazakova R.V., Dichko E. N., Rozhko M.M., Gevkalyuk N.O. Disease of the mucous membrane of the empty mouth in children. – Ivano-Frankivsk, 2004. – 134 p.
29. Nikolaev A.I., Tsepov L.M. Practical therapeutic dentistry: Textbook / A.I. Nikolaev, L.M. Tsepov. – 8th ed. – M.:MEDpress-inform, 2008.- 960 p.
30. Nikolishin A.K. Modern endodontics of a practical doctor. – Poltava, 2003. – 208 p.
31. Novik I.I. Diseases of the teeth and oral mucosa in children. –K.: Health, 1971. – 356 p.
32. Paterson R., Watts A., Saundere V., Pitts N. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of fissure caries. Collection of clinical methods and materials. – London: Quintessence Publishing House, 1995. –78 p.
33. Pakhomov G.N., Leontyev V.K. Atraumatic restorative treatment of dental caries. - Moscow - Geneva. - 112 p.
34. Persin L.S., Elizarova V.M., Dyakova S.V. Pediatric dentistry. - M. Medicine, 2003. - 640 p.
35. Popruzhenko T.V. Prevention of major dental diseases / T.V. Popruzhenko, T.N. Terekhova. – M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009. – 464 p.
36. Ralph E. MacDonald, David R. Avery Dentistry for children and adolescents. M.: Medical Information Agency, 2003.- 766 p.
37. Rubakhina N.A., Arzhantsev A.P. X-ray diagnostics in dentistry. – M.: MIA, 1999. – 450 p.
38. Sadovsky V.V. Clinical technologies for blocking caries. – M.: Medical book, 2005. – 72 p.
39. Saifullina Kh.M. Dental caries in children and children: Textbook. – M.: MEDpress, 2000. – 96 p.
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41. Dentistry of children and adolescents / Translated from English. Ed. R.E. MacDonald, D.R. Avery. – M.:MIA, 2003. – 766 p.
42. Handbook of pediatric dentistry (Edited by A.C. Cameron, R.P. Widmer / Translation from English. Edited by Vinogradova T.F., Ginali N.V., Topolnitsky O.Z. - M.: MEDpress-inform, 2003. - 288p .
43. Udovitska O.V., Leporska L.B. Child dentistry K.: Health, 2000. – 296 p.
44. Urbanovich L.I. Ignition sickness of the red lining of the lips. – K.: Zdorovya, 1974. – 144 p.
45. Helwig E., Klimek J., Attin T. Therapeutic dentistry / Under htl prof A.M.Politun, prof. N.I. Smolar. Per. with him. – Lvov: GalDent, 1999. – 409 p.
46. Tsepov L.M. Periodontal diseases: a look at the problem / L.M. Tsepov - M.: MEDpress-inform, 2006. - 192 p.
47. Chuprynina N.M. Atlas of radiographs of teeth and alveolar process in normal and pathological conditions in children. –Moscow, 1964.
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