Immune system presentation. Presentation: the human immune system presentation for the lesson on the topic. Functional organization of the immune system

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1.3 Macrophages are cells of the immune system derived from a bone marrow stem cell. V

in peripheral blood, they are represented by monocytes. Upon penetration into tissues, monocytes turn into macrophages. These cells make the first contact with the antigen, recognize its potential danger and transmit a signal to immunocompetent cells (lymphocytes). Macrophages are involved in cooperative interactions between antigen and T and B cells in immune responses. In addition, they play the role of major effector cells in inflammation, making up the majority of mononuclear cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity infiltrates. Among macrophages, regulatory cells are distinguished - helpers and suppressors, which are involved in the formation of an immune response.

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Macrophages include blood monocytes, connective tissue histiocytes, endothelial cells

capillaries of the blood-forming organs, Kupffer's cells of the liver, cells of the wall of the alveoli of the lung (pulmonary macrophages) and the walls of the peritoneum (peritoneal macrophages).

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Electronic photography of macrophages

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Macrophage

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Fig. 2. The immune system

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Immunity. Types of immunity.

• Throughout life, the human body is exposed to foreign microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), chemical, physical and other factors that can lead to the development of diseases.
• The main tasks of all body systems are to find, recognize, remove or neutralize any foreign agent (both from outside and your own, but changed under the influence of any reason and became “alien”). A complex dynamic defense system exists to fight infections, protect against transformed, malignant tumor cells and maintain homeostasis in the body. The main role in this system is played by immunological reactivity or immunity.

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Immunity is the body's ability to maintain the constancy of the internal environment, to create

immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents (antigens) that enter it, neutralize and remove from the body foreign agents and their decay products. A series of molecular and cellular reactions that occur in the body after the antigen enters it, is an immune response, resulting in the formation of humoral and / or cellular immunity. The development of one or another type of immunity is determined by the properties of the antigen, the genetic and physiological capabilities of the reacting organism.

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Humoral immunity is a molecular reaction that occurs in the body in response to contact with

antigen. The induction of a humoral immune response is provided by the interaction (cooperation) of three main types of cells: macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes. Macrophages phagocytose antigen and, after intracellular proteolysis, present its peptide fragments on their cell membrane to T-helper cells. T-helpers cause the activation of B-lymphocytes, which begin to proliferate, turn into blast cells, and then, through a series of successive mitoses, into plasma cells synthesizing antibodies specific to this antigen. An important role in the initiation of these processes belongs to regulatory substances that are produced by immunocompetent cells.

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Activation of B-lymphocytes by T-helpers for antibody production is not universal

for all antigens. Such interaction develops only when T-dependent antigens enter the body. For the induction of an immune response by T-independent antigens (polysaccharides, aggregates of regulatory proteins), the participation of T-helpers is not required. Depending on the inducing antigen, B1 and B2 subclasses of lymphocytes are distinguished. Plasma cells synthesize antibodies in the form of immunoglobulin molecules. In humans, five classes of immunoglobulins have been identified: A, M, G, D, E. In case of impaired immunity and the development of allergic diseases, especially autoimmune, diagnostics is carried out for the presence and ratio of classes of immunoglobulins.

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Cellular immunity. Cellular immunity is a cellular reaction that occurs in the body during

response to antigen ingestion. T-lymphocytes are also responsible for cellular immunity, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (HRT). The mechanism by which T cells interact with the antigen is not yet clear, but these cells are the best at recognizing the antigen associated with the cell membrane. Regardless of whether information about antigens is transmitted by macrophages, B-lymphocytes or some other cells, T-lymphocytes begin to change. First, blast forms of T cells are formed, then, through a series of divisions, T-effectors synthesizing and secreting biologically active substances - lymphokines, or HRT mediators. The exact number of mediators and their molecular structure are still unknown. These substances are distinguished by their biological activity. Under the influence of a factor that inhibits the migration of macrophages, these cells accumulate at the sites of antigenic stimulation.

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A macrophage activating factor significantly enhances phagocytosis and digestion

ability of cells. There are also macrophages and leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), which attract these cells to the focus of antigenic irritation. In addition, lymphotoxin is synthesized that can dissolve target cells. Another group of T-effectors, known as T-killers (killers), or K-cells, is represented by lymphocytes, which possess cytotoxicity towards virus-infected and tumor cells. There is another mechanism of cytotoxicity - antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, in which antibodies recognize target cells and then effector cells react to these antibodies. Null cells, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes, called NK cells, have this ability.

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Fig. 3 Scheme of the immune response

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Ri. 4. Immune response.

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TYPES OF IMMUNITY

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Species immunity is a hereditary trait of a particular animal species. For example, cattle do not get sick with syphilis, gonorrhea, malaria and other diseases infectious to humans, horses do not get sick with dog plague, etc.

By strength or resistance, species immunity is divided into absolute and relative.

Absolute specific immunity is the immunity that arises in an animal from the moment of birth and is so strong that no environmental influences can weaken or destroy it (for example, no additional influences can cause poliomyelitis when dogs and rabbits are infected with this virus). There is no doubt that in the process of evolution, the absolute species immunity is formed as a result of the gradual hereditary consolidation of the acquired immunity.

Relative species immunity is less durable, depending on the effects of the external environment on the animal. For example, birds are normally immune to anthrax. However, if the body is weakened by cooling, fasting, they get sick with this disease.

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Acquired immunity is divided into:

• naturally acquired,
• artificially acquired.

Each of them is divided into active and passive by the way of occurrence.

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It occurs after the transferred infection. diseases

During the transition of protective antibodies from the mother's blood through the placenta into the blood of the fetus, it is also transmitted with the mother's milk

Occurs after vaccination (vaccination)

Human administration of serum containing antibodies against microbes and their toxins. specific antibodies.

Scheme 1. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.

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The mechanism of resistance to infectious diseases. The doctrine of phagocytosis. Pathogenic microbes

penetrate through the skin and mucous membranes into the lymph, blood, nervous tissue and other tissues of the organs. For most microbes, these "entry gates" are closed. When studying the mechanisms of the body's defense against infection, one has to deal with phenomena of different biological specificity. Indeed, the body is protected from microbes both by the integumentary epithelium, the specificity of which is very relative, and antibodies that are produced against a specific pathogen. Along with this, there are mechanisms, the specificity of which is relative (for example, phagocytosis), and a variety of protective reflexes. The protective activity of tissues, which prevents the penetration of microbes into the body, is due to various mechanisms: mechanical removal of microbes from the skin and mucous membranes; removal of microbes using natural (tears, digestive juices, vaginal discharge) and pathological (exudate) body fluids; fixation of microbes in tissues and their destruction by phagocytes; destruction of microbes using specific antibodies; excretion of microbes and their poisons from the body.

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Phagocytosis (from the Greek .fago- devour and citos- cell) is the process of absorption and

digestion of microbes and animal cells by various connective tissue cells - phagocytes. The creator of the doctrine of phagocytosis is the great Russian scientist - embryologist, zoologist and pathologist I.I. Mechnikov. In phagocytosis, he saw the basis of the inflammatory reaction, which expresses the protective properties of the organism. The protective activity of phagocytes during infection by I.I. Mechnikov demonstrated for the first time using the example of a daphnia infection with a yeast fungus. Later, he convincingly showed the importance of phagocytosis as the main mechanism of immunity in various human infections. He proved the correctness of his theory when studying the phagocytosis of streptococci with erysipelas. In subsequent years, the phagocytic mechanism of immunity was established for tuberculosis and other infections. This protection is provided by: - ​​polymorphic neutrophils - short-lived small cells with a large number of granules containing various bactericidal enzymes. They carry out phagocytosis of pus-forming bacteria; - macrophages (differentiated from blood monocytes) are long-lived cells that fight against intracellular bacteria, viruses and protozoa. To enhance the process of phagocytosis in the blood plasma, there is a group of proteins that causes the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils; cause vasodilation and increase capillary permeability. This group of proteins is called the complement system.

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Questions for self-examination: 1. Give a definition of the concept of "immunity." 2. Tell us about the immune

system, its composition and functions. 3. What are the humoral and cellular immunity? 4. How are the types of immunity classified? Name the subspecies of acquired immunity. 5. What are the features of antiviral immunity? 6. Describe the mechanism of immunity to infectious diseases. 7. Give a brief description of the main provisions of the teachings of II Mechnikov on phagocytosis.

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The main role in anti-infectious protection is played not by immunity, but by various mechanisms of mechanical removal of microorganisms (clearance) In the respiratory organs, these are the production of surfactant and sputum, the movement of mucus due to the movements of the ciliary epithelium cilia, coughing and sneezing. In the intestine, this is peristalsis and the production of juices and mucus (diarrhea during infection, etc.) On the skin, this is a constant sloughing and renewal of the epithelium. The immune system turns on when the clearance mechanisms fail.

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Ciliary epithelium

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Barrier functions of the skin

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Thus, in order to survive in the host's organism, the microbe must "fix" on the epithelial surface (immunologists and microbiologists call this adhesion, that is, adhesion). The organism must prevent adhesion using clearance mechanisms. If adhesion occurs, then the microbe may try to penetrate deep into the tissue or into the bloodstream, where the clearance mechanisms are not working. For this purpose, microbes produce enzymes that destroy the host's tissues.All pathogenic microorganisms differ from non-pathogenic ones in the ability to produce such enzymes

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If this or that clearance mechanism does not cope with the infection, then the immune system is involved in the fight.

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Specific and non-specific immune defense

Specific protection refers to specialized lymphocytes that can fight only one antigen. Nonspecific factors of immunity, such as phagocytes, natural killer cells and complement (special enzymes) can fight infection both independently and in cooperation with a specific defense.

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Complement system

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The immune system consists of: immune cells, a number of humoral factors, immunity organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes), as well as accumulations of lymphoid tissue (most massively represented in the respiratory and digestive organs).

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The organs of immunity communicate with each other and with the tissues of the body through the lymphatic vessels and the circulatory system.

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There are four main types of pathological conditions of the immune system: 1. hypersensitivity reactions, manifested in the form of immune tissue damage; 2. autoimmune diseases that develop as a result of immune reactions against their own body; 3. immune deficiency syndromes resulting from a congenital or acquired defect in the immune response; 4. amyloidosis.

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HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Contact of the body with the antigen not only ensures the development of a protective immune response, but can also lead to reactions that damage tissues. Such hypersensitivity reactions (immune tissue damage) can be initiated by antigen-antibody interactions or cellular immune mechanisms. These reactions can be associated not only with exogenous, but also with endogenous antigens.

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Hypersensitivity diseases are classified on the basis of the immunological mechanisms that cause them. Classification Four types of hypersensitivity reactions are distinguished: Type I - the immune response is accompanied by the release of vasoactive and spasmodic substances. Type II - antibodies are involved in damage to cells, making them susceptible to phagocytosis or lysis. Type III - the interaction of antibodies with antigens leads to the formation of immune complexes that activate complement. Complement fractions attract neutrophils that damage tissues; Type IV - a cellular immune response develops with the participation of sensitized lymphocytes.

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Type I hypersensitivity reactions (immediate type, allergic type) can be local or systemic. A systemic reaction develops in response to intravenous administration of an antigen to which the host is previously sensitized, and can be in the form of anaphylactic shock. Local reactions depend on the site of penetration of the antigen and have the nature of the limited skin edema (skin allergy, urticaria), nasal and conjunctival discharge (allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis), hay fever, bronchial asthma or allergic gastroenteritis (food allergy).

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Hives

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Type I hypersensitivity reactions occur in two phases in their development - an initial response and a late one: - The phase of the initial response develops 5-30 minutes after contact with the allergen and is characterized by vasodilatation, increased permeability, as well as spasm of smooth muscles or glandular secretion. the phase is observed after 2-8 hours without additional contacts with the antigen, lasts several days and is characterized by intense tissue infiltration by eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and monocytes, as well as damage to the epithelial cells of the mucous membranes. The development of type I hypersensitivity is provided by IgE antibodies formed in response to an allergen with the participation of T2-helpers.

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Type I hypersensitivity reaction underlies the development of anaphylactic shock. Systemic anaphylaxis occurs after the administration of heterologous proteins - antisera, hormones, enzymes, polysaccharides, some drugs (for example, penicillin).

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Type II hypersensitivity reactions (immediate hypersensitivity reaction) are caused by IgG antibodies to exogenous antigens adsorbed on cells or the extracellular matrix. With such reactions, antibodies appear in the body directed against the cells of its own tissues. Antigenic determinants can be formed in cells as a result of abnormalities at the gene level, leading to the synthesis of atypical proteins, or they can be exogenous antigen adsorbed on the cell surface or extracellular matrix. In any case, a hypersensitivity reaction occurs as a result of the binding of antibodies to normal or damaged structures of the cell or extracellular matrix.

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions (an immediate hypersensitivity reaction due to the interaction of IgG antibodies and a soluble exogenous antigen) The development of such reactions is due to the presence of antigen-antibody complexes formed as a result of antigen-antibody binding in the bloodstream (circulating immune complexes) or outside the vessels on the surface or inside cellular (or extracellular) structures (in situ immune complexes).

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Circulating immune complexes (CICs) cause damage when they enter the blood vessel wall or filter structures (kidney tubular filter). There are two types of immunocomplex lesions that are formed when an exogenous antigen (foreign protein, bacteria, virus) enters the body and when antibodies are formed against its own antigens. Diseases caused by the presence of immune complexes can be generalized, if these complexes are formed in the blood and are deposited in many organs, or associated with individual organs, such as the kidneys (glomerulonephritis), joints (arthritis) or small blood vessels of the skin.

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Kidney with glomerulonephritis

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Systemic immunocomplex disease One of its varieties is acute serum sickness resulting from passive immunization resulting from repeated administration of large doses of foreign serum.

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Chronic serum sickness develops with prolonged exposure to antigen. Constant antigenemia is necessary for the development of chronic immunocomplex disease, since immune complexes most often settle in the vascular bed. For example, systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with long-term persistence of autoantigens. Often, despite the presence of characteristic morphological changes and other signs indicating the development of an immunocomplex disease, the antigen remains unknown. Such phenomena are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis, periarteritis nodosa, membranous nephropathy and some vasculitis.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

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Rheumatoid arthritis

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Systemic vasculitis

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Local immunocomplex disease (Arthus reaction) is expressed in local tissue necrosis resulting from acute immunocomplex vasculitis.

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity (HRT) consists of several stages: 1 - primary contact with the antigen ensures the accumulation of specific T, helper cells; 2 - when the same antigen is reintroduced, it is captured by regional macrophages, which act as antigen-presenting cells, removing fragments antigen on its surface; 3 - antigen-specific T-helpers interact with the antigen on the surface of macrophages and secrete a number of cytokines; 4 - secreted cytokines provide the formation of an inflammatory reaction, accompanied by the accumulation of monocytes / macrophages, the products of which destroy nearby host cells.

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With persistence of the antigen, macrophages are transformed into epithelioid cells surrounded by a shaft of lymphocytes - a granuloma is formed. This inflammation is characteristic of type IV hypersensitivity and is called granulomatous.

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Histological picture of granulomas

Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis

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AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES Violations of immunological tolerance lead to a kind of immunological reaction to the body's own antigens - autoimmune aggression and the formation of a state of autoimmunity. Normally, autoantibodies can be found in serum or tissues in many healthy people, especially in the older age group. These antibodies are formed after tissue damage and play a physiological role in removing tissue debris.

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There are three main signs of autoimmune diseases: - the presence of an autoimmune reaction; - the presence of clinical and experimental data that such a reaction is not secondary to tissue damage, but has a primary pathogenetic significance; - the absence of other definite causes of the disease.

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At the same time, there are conditions in which the action of autoantibodies is directed against their own organ or tissue, as a result of which local tissue damage develops. For example, with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Hashimoto's goiter), antibodies are absolutely specific for the thyroid gland. In systemic lupus erythematosus, various autoantibodies react with the constituent parts of the nuclei of various cells, and in Goodpasture's syndrome, antibodies against the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys cause damage only in these organs. Obviously, autoimmunity implies a loss of self-tolerance. Immunological tolerance is a condition in which an immune response to a specific antigen does not develop.

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SYNDROMES OF IMMUNE DEFICIENCY Immunological deficiency (immunodeficiency) is a pathological condition caused by a deficiency of components, factors or links of the immune system with inevitable violations of immune surveillance and / or immune response to a foreign antigen.

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All immunodeficiencies are divided into primary (almost always genetically determined) and secondary (associated with complications of infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, side effects of immunosuppression, radiation, chemotherapy for cancer). Primary immunodeficiencies are a heterogeneous group of congenital, genetically determined diseases caused by disorders in the differentiation and maturation of T- and B - lymphocytes.

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According to the WHO, there are over 70 primary immunodeficiencies. Although most immunodeficiencies are rare, some (eg IgA deficiency) are common, especially in children.

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Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency If immunodeficiency becomes the main cause of the development of persistent or often recurrent infectious or tumor process, we can talk about the syndrome of secondary immune deficiency (secondary immunodeficiency).

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) By the beginning of the XXI century. AIDS is registered in more than 165 countries around the world, and the largest number of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in Africa and Asia. Among adults, 5 risk groups were identified: - homosexual and bisexual men constitute the largest group (up to 60% of patients); - persons who inject drugs intravenously (up to 23%); - patients with hemophilia (1%); - recipients of blood and its components (2%); - heterosexual contacts of members of other high-risk groups, mainly drug addicts - (6%). In about 6% of cases, risk factors are not identified. About 2% of AIDS patients are children.

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Etiology The causative agent of AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus of the lentivirus family. There are two genetically different forms of the virus: human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, or HIV-1 and HIV-2). HIV-1 is the most common type, found in the United States, Europe, Central Africa, and HIV-2 mainly in West Africa.

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Pathogenesis There are two main targets for HIV: the immune system and the central nervous system. Immunopathogenesis of AIDS is characterized by the development of profound immunosuppression, which is mainly associated with a pronounced decrease in the number of CD4 T cells. There is ample evidence that the CD4 molecule is actually a high affinity receptor for HIV. This explains the selective tropism of the virus for CD4 T cells.

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The course of AIDS consists of three phases, reflecting the dynamics of the interaction of the virus with the host: - early acute phase, - middle chronic, and final crisis phases.

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Acute phase. An initial response of an immunocompetent individual to the virus develops. This phase is characterized by a high level of virus formation, viremia and widespread dissemination of lymphoid tissue, but the infection is still controlled by the antiviral immune response. The chronic phase is a period of relative containment of the virus, when the immune system is intact, but there is weak replication of the virus, mainly in lymphoid tissue. This phase can last for several years. The final phase is characterized by disruption of the host's defense mechanisms and rampant viral replication. The content of CD4 T cells decreases. After an unstable period, serious opportunistic infections, tumors appear, and the nervous system is affected.

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The number of CD4 lymphocytes and copies of the virus RNA in the patient's blood from the moment of infection to the terminal stage. CD4 + T lymphocyte count (cells / mm³) Number of virus RNA copies per ml. plasma

"The immune system of the body" - Nonspecific factors of protection. Immunity. Specific mechanisms of immunity. Factors. Specific immunity. Thymus. Critical period. Protective barrier. Antigen. The incidence of the child population. A trace in the history of mankind. Infection. Central lymphoid organs. Increasing the defenses of the child's body. National vaccination calendar. Vaccine prophylaxis. Serums. Artificial immunity.

"Immune system" - Factors that weaken the immune system. Two main factors that have a major impact on the effectiveness of the immune system: 1. Human lifestyle 2. Environment. Express diagnostics of the effectiveness of the immune system. Alcohol contributes to the formation of an immunodeficiency state: taking two glasses of alcohol reduces immunity to 1/3 of a hole for several days. Carbonated drinks reduce the effectiveness of the immune system.

"Internal environment of the human body" - The composition of the internal environment of the body. Blood cells. Human circulatory system. Protein. The liquid part of the blood. Shaped elements. Colorless liquid. Name it in one word. Cells of the circulatory system. Hollow muscular organ. Cell name. Lymph movement. Hematopoietic organ. Plates of blood. The internal environment of the body. Red blood cells. Intelligent warm-up. Fluid connective tissue. Complete the logical chain.

"History of Anatomy" - The history of the development of anatomy, physiology and medicine. William Harvey. Burdenko Nikolay Nilovich. Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich. Luigi Galvani. Pasteur. Aristotle. Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Botkin Sergey Petrovich. Paracelsus. Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich. Ibn Sina. Claudius Galen. Li Shi-Zhen. Andreas Vesalius. Louis Pasteur. Hippocrates. Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich. Pavlov Ivan Petrovich.

"Elements in the human body" - I am friends everywhere: In minerals and in water, Without me you are like no hands, No me - the fire is out! (Oxygen). And destroy so at once Two you get gas. (Water). Though my composer is complex and it is impossible to live without me, I am an excellent dissolver of Thirst for the best drinker! Water. The content of "metals of life" in the human body. The content of organogenic elements in the human body. The role of biogenic elements in the human body.

"Immunity" - Classes of immunoglobulins. Helper T cell activation. Cytokines. Humoral immunity. Origin of cells. The mechanism of genetic control of the immune response. Immunoglobulin E. Immunoglobulin molecule. Elements of the immune system. The structure of the main loci. Immunoglobulin A. Alien elements. The structure of antibodies. The genetic basis of immunity. The structure of the antigen-binding site. Antibody secretion.

Immunity
Immunity is the body's ability to protect its own integrity and biological individuality.
Immunity is the body's immunity to infectious diseases.
Every minute they carry the dead, And the groaning of the living fearfully ask God To calm their souls! Every minute they need a place, And the graves among themselves, Like a frightened flock, They huddle in a close succession. A.S. Pushkin "A Feast in Time of Plague"
Smallpox, plague, typhus, cholera, and many other diseases have deprived a huge number of people of their lives.

Terms
Antigens - bacteria, viruses or their toxins (poisons), as well as degenerated cells of the body.
Antibodies are protein molecules that are synthesized in response to the presence of an antigen. Each antibody recognizes its own antigen.
Lymphocytes (T and B) - have receptors on the cell surface that recognize the "enemy", form "antigen-antibody" complexes and neutralize antigens.

The immune system - unites organs and tissues that provide the body's protection from genetically foreign cells or substances that come from outside or are formed in the body.
Central organs (red bone marrow, thymus)
Peripheral organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen)
The layout of the organs of the human immune system
The immune system

Central immune system
Lymphocytes are formed: in the red bone marrow - B-lymphocytes and precursors of T-lymphocytes, and in the thymus - the T-lymphocytes themselves. T- and B - lymphocytes are transferred by blood to peripheral organs, where they mature and perform their functions.

Peripheral immune system
The tonsils are located in a ring in the mucous membrane of the pharynx, surrounding the place of entry into the body of air and food.
Lymph nodules are located at the borders with the external environment - in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts, as well as in the skin.
The lymphocytes in the spleen recognize foreign objects in the blood, which is "filtered" in this organ.
In the lymph nodes, lymph is "filtered", flowing from all organs.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Natural
Artificial
Congenital (passive)
Acquired (active)
Passive
Active
Inherited by the child from the mother.
Appears after infection. disease.
Appears after vaccination.
Appears under the action of a medicinal serum.
Types of immunity

Active immunity
Active immunity (natural, artificial) is formed by the body itself in response to the introduction of an antigen.
Natural active immunity occurs after an infectious disease.

Active immunity
Artificial active immunity occurs after the introduction of vaccines.

Passive immunity
Passive immunity (natural, artificial) is created by ready-made antibodies obtained from another organism.
Natural passive immunity is created by antibodies passed from mother to child.

Passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity arises after the introduction of therapeutic sera or as a result of volumetric blood transfusion.

How the immune system works
The peculiarity of the immune system is the ability of its main cells - lymphocytes - to recognize genetically "ours" and "others".

Immunity is provided by the activity of leukocytes - phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Immunity mechanism
Cellular (phagocytic) immunity (discovered by I.I. Mechnikov in 1863)
Phagocytosis is the seizure and digestion of bacteria.

T-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes (formed in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus).
T-killers (killers)
T-suppressors (oppressors)
T-helpers (helpers)
Cellular immunity
Blocks B-lymphocyte reactions
Helps B-lymphocytes turn into plasma cells

Immunity mechanism
Humoral immunity

B-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes (formed in the bone marrow, mature in lymphoid tissue).
Antigen exposure
Plasma cells
Memory cells
Humoral immunity
Acquired immunity

Types of immune responses

Vaccination
Vaccination (from the Latin "vassa" - cow) was introduced into practice in 1796 by the English doctor Edward Jenner, who gave the first vaccination of "cowpox" to an 8-year-old boy James Phipps.

Vaccination calendar
12 hours first vaccination hepatitis B 3-7 days vaccination tuberculosis 1st month second vaccination hepatitis B 3 months first vaccination diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection 4.5 months second vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection 6 months third vaccination diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection, third vaccination hepatitis B 12 months vaccination measles, mumps, rubella
Calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia (entered into force on 01.01.2002)