Glagolitic and Cyrillic
Cyril and Methodius... The creators of the Slavic alphabet were born in the noisy and dusty Macedonian city of Thessaloniki. (Now this is the Greek city of Thessaloniki.) Methodius in S20, and six years later - Constantine (Cyril). Their father was Bulgarian. At this time, a good half of the city’s population were Slavs, so it is no wonder that the brothers were fluent in the Slavic language. The Greek mother tried to give Constantine and Methodius a good education.
Particularly interesting is the figure of Constantine, who before his death took the name Cyril. Already as a child, he amazed his teachers with his brilliant abilities. At the age of 14, sent by his parents to Constantinople, Kirill studied astronomy and mathematics, rhetoric and music, philosophy and ancient literature, and theology. A brilliant career opened up before him, but he occupies a modest position as a patriarchal librarian, and soon leaves him to devote himself to philosophy.
Later he became interested in missionary work.
At the turn of the 60s of the 9th century, Kirill, making a missionary trip to the Khazars, stopped on the way to the city of Korsun (Khersopes) on the southern coast of Crimea. Here he met a man who had a Gospel and a psalter written in some kind of Russian script. "Life" says that, having listened to the language of this man, very similar to his own Bulgarian-Macedonian speech, Cyril immediately entered into a conversation with him. And after some time he was already fluent in Russian.
According to the hypothesis of I. Sreznevsky, the books that Kirill saw were written in “proto-Cyril writing, that is, in Greek letters, adapted for the transmission of Slavic speech. Apparently, this meeting gave Kirill the idea of creating a Slavic alphabet.
In 863, a mission led by Cyril and Methodius set off from Constantinople to Moravia at the request of the local prince. Its goal is to support Orthodoxy as opposed to Catholicism, which the German feudal lords, who cherished the hope of subjugating the Great Moravian Principality, tried in every possible way to strengthen. We did not travel with bare hands. In the luggage of the travelers lay the Slavic alphabet created before departure.
With the arrival of Cyril and Methodius, all services began to be conducted in their native language. Greek books were translated into Slavic.
At the beginning of February 869, Cyril's health deteriorated. Years of hard work on the hundredth alphabet, on translating books into the Slavic language, and numerous trips took their toll. On February 14th he passed away...
Methodius outlived his brother by sixteen years. The last years of his life were spent working on Slavic translations. He died in 885.
Faithful disciples continued the work of the brothers. A particularly favorable situation has developed in Bulgaria. In Moravia and the Czech Republic, the brothers’ activities also did not pass without a trace and continued in a number of places in the 10th-12th centuries. The tireless work of Cyril and Methodius laid the foundation for the creation of Slavic literature, the Old Church Slavonic literary language, which was of great importance in the later life of the Slavic peoples.
So what was the Cyrillic alphabet? It consisted of 43 letters. It was based on the Greek alphabet. For sounds that are the same in Slavic and Greek, Greek letters were used. For sounds unique to the Slavic language, 19 signs of a simple form, convenient for writing, were created, which corresponded to the general graphic style of the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Cyrillic alphabet took into account and correctly conveyed the phonetic composition of the Old Church Slavonic language. However, the Cyrillic alphabet had one major drawback: it included six Greek letters that were not needed to convey Slavic speech.
In parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet, in the 10th century there was another type of Slavic alphabet, the Glagolitic alphabet.
The Glagolitic letter had three fewer letters than the Cyrillic alphabet, and the earlier one had 38-39 letters. Coinciding with the Cyrillic alphabet in alphabetical composition and arrangement, sound meaning and letter names, the Glagolitic alphabet was quite different from it in the complex outline of the characters. Glagolitic letters were also used to represent numbers. The first nine letters stood for units, the next nine for tens, and another nine for hundreds. A thousand in the Glagolitic alphabet was denoted by one letter - “worm”. To highlight the digital value of the letter, a short wavy line was drawn above it - “title”, and ordinary dots were placed on the sides.
The letters of the Glagolitic alphabet resembled some kind of intricate curls, loops and other complex figures. The origin of the letters is still hotly debated. And quite naturally. Since there are letters, even complex ones, it means they resemble something. But for what?
Some scientists followed the path, if not the simplest, then, in any case, the most obvious. They began to look for the roots of the Glagolitic alphabet in other alphabetic systems. In the same Greek letter, Syrian alphabet, Scandinavian runes and other alphabets. In general, many theories have appeared, but three are most widespread.
The first argues that the Glagolitic alphabet is based on Byzantine cursive writing. Indeed, there are similarities, but very slight. In addition, cursive writing in Byzantium was not used for liturgical books, but was used in everyday and business correspondence.
Other researchers are of the opinion that the Glagolitic alphabet comes from the local Slavic pre-Glagolic script that existed in pre-Christian times, which may have arisen on the graphic basis of the “lines and cuts” we have already considered, as well as various other signs.
According to the third hypothesis, in our opinion the most probable, the Glagolitic alphabet was created by the students of Cyril and Methodius or by Cyril himself, but on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet. This hypothesis is also acceptable because this alphabet is too pretentious and artificial, not similar to one of the currently known alphabetic systems.
In recent years, scientists have conducted studies that have confirmed that the Glagolitic alphabet is the result of artificial individual work.
So what did Kirill create? Most scholars are inclined to believe that he invented the Glagolitic alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet was created in Bulgaria at the end of the 9th century in order to bring the Slavic script closer to the solemn Byzantine one.
Disputes between scientists will be resolved only by time...
From the period of activity of Constantine the Philosopher, his brother Methodius and their closest disciples, i.e. from the second half of the ninth century, unfortunately, no written monuments have reached us, except for the relatively recently discovered inscriptions on the ruins of the church of King Simeon in Preslav (Bulgaria).
These inscriptions by some scientists (for example, E. Georgiev) date back to the last years of the 9th century; other scientists dispute this dating and attribute the Preslav inscriptions to the 10th-11th centuries. By the 10th century include all the other ancient Slavic inscriptions that have come down to us, as well as the most ancient manuscripts.
And so, it turns out that these ancient inscriptions and manuscripts were made not with one, but with two graphic varieties of Old Church Slavonic writing. One of them received the conventional name “Cyrillic” (from the name Kirill, adopted by Constantine the Philosopher when he was tonsured a monk); the other received the name “glagolitic” (from the Old Slavonic “verb”, which means “word”).
The presence of such two graphic varieties of Slavic writing still causes great controversy among scientists. After all, according to the unanimous testimony of all chronicles and documentary sources, Constantine the Philosopher, before leaving for Moravia, developed one Slavic alphabet. Where, how and when did the second alphabet appear? And which of the two alphabets - Cyrillic or Glagolitic - was created by Constantine?
These questions are closely related to others, perhaps even more important. Didn’t the Slavs have some kind of written language before the introduction of the alphabet developed by Constantine? And if such writing existed, what was it, how did it arise, and what social needs did it serve?
Before moving on to consider these complex issues that have not yet been fully resolved by science, you need to get acquainted with the ancient Slavic alphabets - Cyrillic and Glagolitic. In their alphabetic composition, the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets were almost identical.
The Cyrillic alphabet, according to the 11th century manuscripts that have reached us, had 43 letters.
Glagolitic, according to monuments from approximately the same time, had 40 letters. Of the 40 Glagolitic letters, 39 served to convey almost the same sounds as the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, and one Glagolitic letter - “derr”, which was absent in the Cyrillic alphabet, was intended to convey the palatal (soft) consonant g; in the oldest Glagolitic monuments of the 10th-11th centuries that have come down to us, “derr” usually served to convey the sound g, standing before the vowels e, and (for example, in the word “angel”)2. There were no letters in the Glagolitic alphabet similar to Kirill’s “psi”, “xi”, as well as iotized letters e, a.
This was the alphabetical composition of the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet in the 11th century. In the IX-X centuries. their composition was apparently somewhat different.
Thus, in the initial composition of the Cyrillic alphabet, apparently, there were not yet four iotized letters (two iotized “yus”, as well as iotated a, e). This is confirmed by the fact that in the oldest Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts and inscriptions all four indicated letters are missing (the inscription of Tsar Samuil, “Leaves of Widolsky”) or some of them (“Savvina’s book”, “Suprasl manuscript”). In addition, the letter “uk” (ou) was probably initially perceived not as a special letter, but as a combination of “on” and “izhitsy”. Thus, the initial Cyrillic alphabet had not 43, but 38 letters.
Accordingly, in the initial composition of the Glagolitic alphabet, apparently, there were not two, but only one “small yus” (the one that later received the meaning and name of “iotated small yus”), which served to designate both the iotized and uniotated nasal vowel sound e . The second “small yus” (which later received the meaning and name of “uniotated small yus”) was apparently absent in the original Glagolitic; this is confirmed by the graphics of the oldest Glagolitic manuscript - the “Kyiv Leaves”. Perhaps one of the two “big yus” (which later received the meaning and name “iotated big yus”) was also missing from the initial Glagolitic; in any case, the origin of the form of this Glagolitic letter is very unclear and is probably explained by imitation of the late Cyrillic alphabet. Thus, the initial Glagolitic alphabet had not 40, but 38-39 letters.
Like the letters of the Greek alphabet, Glagolitic and Cyrillic letters had, in addition to sound, also a digital meaning, that is, they were used to designate not only speech sounds, but also numbers.
At the same time, nine letters served to designate units (from 1 to 9), nine - for tens (from 10 to 90) and nine - for hundreds (from 100 to 900). In Glagolitic, in addition, one of the letters denoted a thousand; in Cyrillic, a special sign was used to designate thousands. In order to indicate that the letter denotes a number and not a sound, the letter is usually highlighted on both sides with dots and a special horizontal line is placed above it - “title”.
In the Cyrillic alphabet, as a rule, only letters borrowed from the Greek alphabet had digital values: each of 24 such letters was assigned the same digital value that this letter had in the Greek digital system.
The only exceptions were the numbers 6, 90 and 900. In the Greek digital system, the letters “digamma”, “coppa”, “sampi” were used to transmit these numbers, which had long ago lost their sound meaning in Greek writing and were used only as numbers. These Greek letters were not included in the Cyrillic alphabet. Therefore, to convey the number 6 in Cyrillic, the new Slavic letter “zelo” was used (instead of the Greek “digamma”), for 90 - “worm” (along with the sometimes used “kopnaya”) and for 900 - “tsy” (instead of “sampi” ).
Unlike the Cyrillic alphabet, in the Glagolitic alphabet the first 28 letters in a row received a numerical value, regardless of whether these letters corresponded to Greek or served to convey special sounds of Slavic speech. Therefore, the numerical value of most Glagolitic letters was different from both Greek and Cyrillic letters.
The names of the letters in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet were exactly the same; however, the time of origin of these names (especially in the Glagolitic alphabet) is unclear.
The order of letters in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets was almost the same. This order is established, firstly, based on the numerical value of the letters of the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet, and secondly, on the basis of the alphabetic acrostics that have come down to us (a poem, each line of which begins with the corresponding letter of the alphabet in alphabetical order) of the 12th-13th centuries, in third, based on the order of letters in the Greek alphabet.
Cyrillic and Glagolitic differed greatly in the shape of their letters. In the Cyrillic alphabet, the shape of the letters was geometrically simple, clear and easy to write. Of the 43 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, 24 were borrowed from the Byzantine charter, and the remaining 19 were constructed more or less independently, but in compliance with the uniform style of the Cyrillic alphabet.
The shape of the Glagolitic letters, on the contrary, was extremely complex and intricate, with many curls, loops, etc. But the Glagolitic letters were graphically more original than the Kirillov ones, and were much less like the Greek ones.
Despite the seemingly very significant difference, many letters of the Glagolitic alphabet, if freed from curls and loops, are close in shape to similar letters of the Cyrillic alphabet. The similarity of Glagolitic letters is especially great with those Cyrillic letters that were not borrowed from the Greek charter, but were created to convey special sounds of Slavic speech (for example, the letters “live”, “tsy”, “worm”, “shta”, etc.); one of these letters (“sha”) in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet is even exactly the same. The attention of researchers was also attracted by the fact that the letters “shta”, “uk” and “era” in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet were ligatures from other letters. All this indicated that one of the alphabet once had a strong influence on the other.
Cyrillic and Glagolitic are ancient Slavic alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet received its name from the name of its creator, Saint Cyril, Equal to the Apostles. What is Glagolitic? Where did she come from? And how is it different from the Cyrillic alphabet?
What's older?
Until recently, it was believed that the Cyrillic alphabet is older and this is the same alphabet that was created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius. Glagolitic was considered a later system that arose as secret writing. However, at present, science has established the point of view that the Glagolitic alphabet is older than the Cyrillic alphabet. The oldest Glagolitic inscription with exact dating dates back to 893 and is located in the temple of the Bulgarian king Simeon in Preslav. There are other ancient texts dating back to the 10th century that were written in the Glagolitic alphabet. The antiquity of Glagolitic inscriptions is indicated by palimpsests - manuscripts written on a used sheet of parchment from which an older text was scraped. There are many palimpsests where the Glagolitic inscription has been scraped off, and Cyrillic is written on top, and never vice versa. In addition, Glagolitic texts are written in a more archaic language than Cyrillic ones.
Theories of the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet
It is known for certain that it was the Glagolitic alphabet that was created by Saint Cyril, Equal to the Apostles. There is even reason to believe that in ancient Russian the Glagolitic alphabet was called “Cyrillic”. There are several theories about the origin of Glagolitic characters. There is an opinion that these letters were created by Kirill on the basis of some ancient “Slavic runes”. Despite the fact that there is not a single serious evidence in favor of this theory, it has its followers.
It is also believed that the appearance of the letters of the Glagolitic alphabet coincides with Khutsuri - the ancient Georgian church letter. If this is so, then there is nothing strange in this - it is known that Cyril was well acquainted with eastern writings.
Until the 19th century, there was a theory in Croatia that the author of the Glagolitic alphabet was not Cyril, but Saint Jerome, a church writer, creator of the canonical Latin text of the Bible, who lived in the 5th century AD. Perhaps the theory was brought to life by the fact that the Slavic population of Croatia sought, with the help of the authority of a revered saint, to protect their alphabet and their language from forced Latinization imposed by the Roman Catholic Church, which at the Council of Bishops of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1056 called the Glagolitic “Gothic scripts invented a certain heretic Methodius." In Croatia, the Glagolitic alphabet is used in church books to this day.
What are the similarities and differences
Based on the Glagolitic alphabet and the Greek alphabet, Cyril's student Kliment Ohridski, who worked in Bulgaria, created the alphabet that we today call the Cyrillic alphabet. There is no difference between the Glagolitic alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet either in the number of letters - in the original version there are 41 of them in both alphabets - or in their names - all the same “az”, “buki”, “vedi”...
The only difference is in the lettering. There are two forms of Glagolitic script: the older - round - known as Bulgarian, and the more recent - angular or Croatian.
The numerical meaning of the letters does not match either. The fact is that in the Middle Ages, the Slavic peoples, like the Greeks, did not know Arabic numerals and used letters to write numbers. In the Glagolitic alphabet, “az” corresponds to one, “buki” to two, and so on. In the Cyrillic alphabet, numbers are tied to the numerical values of the corresponding letters of the Greek alphabet. Therefore, “az” is one, and “vedi” is two. There are other discrepancies as well.
The author of the medieval Bulgarian treatise “On Letters”, Chernorizets Khrabr, wrote about the Slavic alphabet, about its advantage over the Greek and the fact that it has undergone improvement: “The same Slavic letters have more holiness and honor that a holy man created them, and the Greek ones - the Hellenes filthy. If anyone says that they have not done well because they are still finishing them, let us say this in response: the Greeks also finished them many times.”
Use of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet in Rus'
The Glagolitic alphabet became widespread among the southern Slavic peoples, but was used very little in ancient Rus' - only isolated inscriptions are found. Already at the beginning of the 21st century, “graffiti” in a mixture of Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet dating back to the 11th century was discovered in the Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral. Sometimes the Glagolitic alphabet was used in Rus' as a secret script, which suggests that even in those days it was known to few people.
Glagolitic and Cyrillic- ancient Slavic alphabet. The origin of the Glagolitic alphabet remains a matter of debate. Attempts to bring the Glagolitic alphabet closer to Greek cursive (minuscule writing), Hebrew, Coptic and other writing systems did not yield results. Glagolitic, like the Armenian and Georgian script, is an alphabet that is not based on any known writing system. The letterforms correspond to the task of translating Christian texts into the Slavic language. The first letter of the alphabet has the shape of a cross, the abbreviated spelling of the name of Christ forms a symmetrical figure, etc. Some researchers believe that the Glagolitic letters are based on the cross, triangle and circle - the most important symbols of Christian culture.
The Cyrillic alphabet is based on the Byzantine charter letter. To convey sounds that were absent in the Greek language, letters borrowed from other sources (, ,) were used.
The question of which of these alphabets is the oldest has not been finally resolved, but most researchers believe that Cyril created the Glagolitic alphabet, while the Cyrillic alphabet has a later origin. Among the facts confirming this opinion are the following.
1. The oldest Glagolitic manuscripts come from those areas where Cyril and Methodius worked (Moravia) or their disciples expelled from Moravia (southwestern regions of the Bulgarian kingdom). The oldest Cyrillic texts were written in the east of the Balkan Peninsula, where there was no direct influence of the Solun brothers.
2. Glagolic monuments are more archaic in language.
3. There are errors in Cyrillic texts, indicating that the text was rewritten from the Glagolitic original. There is no evidence that Glagolitic manuscripts could have been copied from Cyrillic ones.
4. Parchment, the writing material of the Middle Ages, was quite expensive, so they often resorted to writing new text in an old book. The old text was washed off or scraped off, and a new one was written in its place. Such manuscripts are called palimpsests. There are several known palimpsests where the Cyrillic text is written in the washed-out Glagolitic alphabet, but there are no Glagolitic texts written in the washed-out Cyrillic alphabet.
If the Glagolitic alphabet was created by Cyril, then the Cyrillic alphabet, in all likelihood, was created in Eastern Bulgaria by the Preslav scribes. Almost everywhere the Cyrillic alphabet has replaced the Glagolitic alphabet. Only the Croats living on the islands of the Adriatic Sea used Glagolitic liturgical books until recently.
The Cyrillic alphabet is used by those of the Slavic peoples who professed Orthodoxy. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet is used by Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Macedonians. In the 19th-20th centuries. missionaries and linguists based on the Cyrillic alphabet created writing systems for the peoples living on the territory of Russia.
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet has undergone a certain evolution. Already by the 12th century. letters are falling out of use. At the beginning of the 18th century. Peter I carried out a spelling reform, as a result of which the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet acquired new styles. A number of letters (, etc.) were excluded, the sound meaning of which could be expressed in a different way. From that time on, secular publications were typed in the reformed alphabet, and church books in traditional Cyrillic. In the middle of the 18th century. the letter E was added to the civil seal, and in 1797 N.M. Karamzin introduced the letter E. The Russian alphabet received its modern form as a result of the spelling reform of 1918, as a result of which the letters n, q. In the mid-1930s, it was planned to create a new Russian alphabet on a Latin basis. However, this project was not implemented.
Glagolitic and Cyrillic are the ancient alphabet of our ancestors - the Slavs. Of course, before their creation, attempts were made to some kind of systematization, but they did not reach the level of a full-fledged alphabet. The ancient alphabets Glagolitic and Cyrillic became, if not the first, then the most important steps in the development of writing. Basically, their appearance is associated with the development of religion. After all, sacred texts were written down and transmitted. Unfortunately, all information about the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet still remains a big question. All we know today is that not all scientists accept and agree with the facts. For example, the same seemingly resolved questions: when exactly did the Glagolitic alphabet appear? Was it earlier or later than the Cyrillic alphabet?
Let's not go into the smallest details. Let’s just briefly talk about what the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet are. Go!
Is Cyrillic more ancient than Glagolitic, or vice versa?
As you know, in matters of the origin of these alphabets, not everything is so clear. But most of all, the controversy flared up over precedence: did the Glagolitic alphabet come first or the Cyrillic alphabet? More facts for the first one. Here they are:
- The most ancient monuments of literature (for example, the legendary Kyiv leaflets) are written in the Glagolitic alphabet.
- Ancient palimpsests (writing tablets) contain texts in Cyrillic, but it is clear that they were inscribed after erased texts in Glagolitic.
- Western written sources, where Cyril and Methodius read sermons, are written in Glagolitic.
- The Glagolitic alphabet is more complex both in the design of the characters and in the rules for their use. The Cyrillic alphabet is simpler in this regard. That's probably why it was created.
Slavic alphabet Glagolitic and Cyrillic: an excursion into history
The origin of the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet is shrouded in secrets, riddles and discussions among scientists. But we will all try to highlight the main points.
You can read more about the Glagolitic alphabet, its creation and structure in the article “The Glagolitic alphabet is the oldest writing system among the Slavs.” We will focus more thoroughly on the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Cyrillic alphabet literally gave life to the alphabets of many Slavic languages: Russian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Serbian, Ukrainian and others. And it appeared around 863 thanks to the brothers Cyril and Methodius. Emperor Michael III of Byzantium pushed them to this great step with his order. The original purpose of the new alphabet was to organize and translate the Greek scriptures. Before the advent of the Cyrillic alphabet, the Slavs, of course, used writing. But the alphabet for them was either Glagolitic or borrowed Greek or Latin.
If we talk about the structure of the alphabet, then the classical Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet was a set of 43 letters, and 24 of them made up the entire Greek alphabet. And the remaining symbols were simply necessary: after all, the Greek and Slavic languages are different in pronunciation! Interestingly, numbers could be written using letters in both the Cyrillic and Greek alphabet. If you remember that the Glagolitic alphabet was a kind of counting: from 1 to 9, from 10 to 90, from 100 to 1000 and so on.
Thus, the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet have their own history, unique and special. It cannot be said that any of them is worse or better. After all, both of them are a stage of history, this is the evolution of writing. The Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet, the creation of which did not take a couple of hours, are the embodiment of colossal human labor. After all, it is not possible for everyone to put all the richness of a language into a few dozen characters.
Glagolitic and Cyrillic: similarities and differences
These two alphabet symbols are similar in sound and names. They are also both ancient Slavic writing systems. 
Cyrillic and Glagolitic have the following differences: for example, the letters in Glagolitic are very complex in writing (style), they are more rounded and ornate. The Cyrillic alphabet contains those letters that we are all accustomed to from school. What is the difference between the Cyrillic alphabet and the Glagolitic alphabet, besides this? Of course, by the time of appearance, as well as by its “fate”. If the Glagolitic alphabet was forgotten (although there is evidence that its echoes can still be heard somewhere), then the Cyrillic alphabet, as already mentioned, gave rise to many alphabets in the world.
If we compare the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet, we can say the following:
- The Cyrillic alphabet was created on the basis of the Glagolitic alphabet and the Greek language.
- The style of characters in the Glagolitic alphabet is more reminiscent of the ancient one.
- And the style of Cyrillic characters and their pronunciation are close to modern ones.
- Glagolitic and Cyrillic letters could be used to write numbers and numbers.
Examples of Cyrillic and Glagolitic writing:“Kyiv Leaves” Novgorod manuscripts, “Kiev Missal”, “Prague excerpts”, “Rheims Gospel”, “Book of the Prophets”, “Zograph Gospel”, Boshkan plate are written in Glagolitic. All later texts were already in Cyrillic.
You can talk about the two ancient alphabet Glagolitic and Cyrillic for hours. This is truly a very interesting and fascinating topic. Why are we talking about these ABCs? It would seem that we have our own alphabet, we don’t need anything else. However, we must not forget that the modern alphabet taught at school is a modification of the Cyrillic alphabet. But without knowing about the past, it is difficult to develop. Without knowing your roots, your descendants and their culture, you will never be a full-fledged and worthy member of society. The writing that Cyrillic and Glagolitic gave to the entire Slavic world is still alive. Every day, when we read and write something, we don’t think about it. But the appearance of our own alphabet is a huge step for the development of the entire society and the individual.
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