Consultation for parents “Poisonous plants and mushrooms” consultation on the topic. Consultation for parents “beware of poisonous plants and mushrooms” Be careful! Poisonous mushrooms

" Carefully! Poisonous mushrooms!

Another mushroom season has arrived. Baskets and camping clothes were recovered from secluded places.

Mushroom picking is an activity that carries a certain risk. Alas, mushroom poisoning is not that rare.

Who has not heard about the extreme poisonousness of the pale grebe? And yet this mushroom, masquerading either as a champignon or as a russula, no, no, will end up in the hands of an inexperienced mushroom picker.

One summer day, a five-year-old girl, going for a walk in the forest with her twelve-year-old sister, found a mushroom and tried it. A few hours later she began to feel nausea and vomiting. She was urgently hospitalized. The hospital did gastric and intestinal lavage. After this, the girl’s health became so good that her parents, contrary to the doctor’s advice, rushed to pick her up from the clinic. A few hours later, the child’s condition worsened, and soon the girl died. The cause of death was determined to be poisoning by toadstool.

This is exactly how, in most cases, children are poisoned when they are left without proper supervision.

The pale grebe has long gained notoriety for its poisonousness. Every year, hundreds of people around the world suffer because of it, many of them die. Such a high mortality rate is explained not only by the strong effect of the poison that is part of these mushrooms, but also by its unusual properties. Amanitotoxin plays the main role in the mechanism of poisoning by toadstool. 25-30 milligrams of this poison, contained in one toadstool mushroom, is quite enough to cause fatal poisoning. In addition, amanitotoxin is completely insoluble in water and retains its toxicity even after 20 minutes of boiling. And once in the body, the poison makes itself known not immediately, but several hours later. When signs of poisoning appear, it is already difficult to save a person: the fungal toxin that has entered the bloodstream is difficult to remove from the body. Therefore, treatment does not always give reliable results.

What are the symptoms of poisoning? Most often they occur 6-12 hours after eating mushrooms. These include profuse salivation, severe colicky abdominal pain, uncontrollable vomiting, and intestinal upset. Due to the large loss of fluid, the victim develops excruciating thirst. Severe pain in the liver is accompanied by the rapid development of jaundice. Often there are convulsions, difficulty breathing, and the face takes on a bluish tint. With each passing hour the patient weakens and falls into oblivion. And in a day or two a tragic outcome may come.

To avoid a dangerous encounter with poisonous mushrooms, you need to know the distinctive signs of mushrooms. Some people seriously think that poisonous mushrooms somehow signal their toxicity: by an unpleasant smell or taste, or by the fact that they are not touched by worms and snails. As sad as it may be, such views are a dangerous delusion. Those poisoned, for example, by toadstool often spoke with great praise about its taste, and its smell is very reminiscent of the smell of champignons. How then does this mushroom differ from champignon? The pale grebe on the lower part of the leg always has a tuberous swelling covered with a membranous sheath. At the top of the leg there is a membranous ring of white, greenish or pale yellow color. The plates on the lower surface of the cap are frequent, white, and do not change their color. At the same time, the champignon has these plates - from pale pink to dark brown tones; rings, tuberous thickenings on the stem and films are absent. As for russula, the main difference is the same: this mushroom does not have a tuberous swelling with a membranous cover and a ring on the stalk, characteristic of the toadstool.

A thorough knowledge of the “portrait” of the pale grebe will help you avoid dangerous consequences. Of course, kids are not able to remember all this, so you need to keep an eye on them, as they say.

At first glance, the conversation about fly agaric poisoning is of only theoretical interest: fly agaric, especially red fly agaric, is difficult to confuse with any edible mushroom. And yet, even red fly agarics are poisoned. But there are also gray-pink and panther fly agarics, which are much more modest in appearance.

And yet fly agaric poisoning is extremely rare. The toxicity of fly agarics has been greatly exaggerated. Fatal poisoning is very rare and occurs only when eating a large number of fly agaric mushrooms. This is explained simply. The poison of fly agarics has only a functional effect on the victim’s nervous system and does not cause damage to internal organs.

The chemical composition of fly agaric venom and the mechanism of its action on the human body are now well studied. The main poisonous principle of fly agarics is muscarine. Despite the name ("muska" - translated from Greek as "fly"), muscarine is completely safe for insects, but very harmful to humans. 3-5 milligrams of this poison can kill the poisoned person. It is generally accepted that this amount of muscarine is contained in 3 or 4 fly agarics.

The fly agaric owes its name to other substances that actually kill flies. They are called toxoalbumin.

Symptoms of red fly agaric poisoning usually develop after 30-40 minutes (less often after 1-2 hours). The victim usually sweats, begins to drool, has intestinal upset with abdominal pain, pupils constrict, the heartbeat slows, blood pressure drops, and suffocation occurs.

If a person has eaten a panther fly agaric, a disorder of the central nervous system is revealed more sharply.

Fly agaric poisoning is most severe in children. Let us give a rather typical example.

In one of the Siberian villages, two boys aged three and four years old ate dried red fly agarics, which their parents saved for making poison for flies. Half an hour later, both children developed vomiting and intestinal upset, followed by profuse sweating and drooling. By the evening, convulsions appeared, the pulse became difficult to palpate, and both children lost consciousness.

Fortunately, medical help arrived in time, and everything ended well. Already on the fifth day, the children were discharged from the hospital completely healthy.

And this story happened in one of the dacha villages. A three-year-old girl walking along the edge of the forest near her house. I found a red fly agaric and decided to try it. Fortunately, as it turned out later, she only ate part of the mushroom. Therefore, not severe poisoning developed. However, the girl had to be admitted to the hospital.

As you can see, in both cases the parents are to blame for leaving their small children unattended. But such carelessness and carelessness on the part of adults could cost the lives of the children! Adults are obliged to strive in every possible way to protect children from unwanted encounters. For this purpose, it is necessary to organize throughout the entire summer period a widespread morning inspection of lawns, places for children to walk and play in institutions and at dachas, in order to promptly remove detected poisonous plants and mushrooms. During forest walks, parents, educators and other adults must exercise strict supervision with all children and especially with those who collect flowers, mushrooms and herbs and try them. We should also not forget about careful monitoring of the consumption of mushrooms collected by older children.

In order to carry out these activities, both parents and employees of child care institutions must themselves be well aware of the essence of this issue. It is also a good idea to stock up on special literature, colorful tables, booklets and posters. As they say, they take every mushroom in their hands, but not every mushroom - they put it in a box. Every adult. Those who are entrusted with the health of children should know well which mushroom to take and which to throw away.

So, in order to avoid poisoning from poisonous mushrooms, you need to collect only those that you know well.

The health, and even the life of a person poisoned by mushrooms, largely depends on how promptly he receives medical assistance. It should be remembered that in case of any mushroom poisoning, even if it is not severe at first glance, you must immediately consult a doctor. But even before the doctor arrives, you need to act quickly and decisively. If you are poisoned by any of the poisonous mushrooms, you should try to remove toxic substances from the body: take a laxative, rinse the stomach with a solution of potassium permanganate. The injured child must remain in bed; it is harmful for him to walk and sit.

Any mushroom poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and intestinal upset, causing dehydration and excruciating thirst. To alleviate the condition of a sick child, you need to give him cold, slightly salted water, iced tea, coffee, and milk.

Mushroom poisoning is usually treated only in hospitals. To make it easier for the doctor to understand the causes of poisoning, the remains of the mushrooms should be saved for research in the laboratory.

Henbane black.

Wolf's bast.

Crow's eye.

Mushroom poisoning. Poisonous mushrooms include mushrooms whose fruiting bodies at all stages of their development contain toxic substances - toxins that cause poisoning.

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Consultation for parents

"Poisonous plants and mushrooms"

When collecting mushrooms, you must remember that some of them are poisonous and very dangerous. You need to use the rule - if you don’t know what kind of mushroom it is, it’s better not to take it. Poisonous mushrooms include, first of all, the toadstool. It contains strong poisons that are not destroyed by scalding and frying. Pale toadstool can be confused with mushroom. The difference is that on the lower part of the leg of the pale grebe there is always a small tuberous swelling, covered with a shell in the form of a rim or collar. At the top of the leg there is a membranous ring (white, greenish or pale yellow). The plates under the cap are white, unpainted. In a mature champignon, these plates are dark, in a young one they are faintly pink, and there are no rings or swellings on the stem or shell. Some edible mushrooms sometimes have tuberous formations. And although this happens very rarely, it is better not to collect them.

Poisonous mushrooms include fly agarics (panther, red, stinking, porphyry). You should not eat false honey mushrooms. They are smaller in size than edible honey mushrooms and do not have films on their legs.

In light deciduous forests, often under beech trees, you can find the satanic mushroom. Its cap is gray-whitish, convex, the tubular layer is greenish-yellow, with red pores, the flesh turns blue when cut, and then becomes pale with a slight unpleasant odor, very poisonous.

Gall and pepper mushrooms, although not poisonous, are unsuitable for food due to their bitter taste. The gall mushroom looks like a white mushroom, it is even called a false white mushroom. It is distinguished by a darker pattern on the stem and a pinkish bottom of the cap. Pepper mushroom is found much less frequently than gall mushroom. It differs from similar species of butterflies and moss mushrooms in its smaller size. The bottom of its cap has large, uneven pores and a yellowish-red tint.

You need to keep in mind the possibility of poisoning in the spring with the first mushrooms - false morels and strings.

Among thousands of medicinal plants there are poisonous herbs, which are often skillfully disguised as their completely harmless counterparts. It is very important to be able to distinguish between poisonous plants and, of course, to know what to do if poisoning does occur. Let's give a few examples.

Henbane black.

Some poisonous plants synthesize biologically active compounds - alkaloids - and are used as medicines in strictly defined doses. Such a plant is henbane, which has been used to treat patients since ancient times. But in large doses, henbane can cause poisoning.

Henbane is a herbaceous plant of the nightshade family, 30-60 cm high. The stem is straight, pubescent with soft glandular hairs. The leaves are alternate, elongated-opal, notched-toothed. The basal leaves are petiolate. The flowers are collected on the tops of the stems, are large and have a dirty yellow corolla with dark purple veins. The fruit is a capsule with small brownish-gray seeds.

Henbane grows in weedy places, in vegetable gardens, orchards, and roadsides. Wild plants are not harvested for medicinal purposes. All parts of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids of the atropine group. The seeds also contain a bitter glycoside, resins, and fatty oils. It is the seeds, which taste good and resemble poppy seeds, that most often cause poisoning.

The first signs of poisoning are dilated pupils, dizziness, redness of the face, excessive agitation, accompanied by delirium and hallucinations.

Wolf's bast.

A strongly branched shrub from the berry family. Its branches are twig-like, with gray bark covered with small brown spots. The leaves are alternate, oblong-lanceolate, collected at the ends of the branches. The leaves are bluish-green above, bluish below. The flowers are four-petalled, pink or white, fragrant, sitting on the sides of the branches in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a juicy berry, bright red, sometimes yellow; grow directly on the stem.

All parts of the plant are poisonous. They contain a toxic substance - daphnin. The bark and sap of the plant, as well as the berries, which are attractive with their bright colors, are especially poisonous. It is even dangerous to touch the plant; under no circumstances should you touch it with your hands, since contact with the plant on human skin causes irritation, inflammation, blisters and long-term non-healing ulcers. Wolfsbane poisoning can also occur when the berries are consumed, most often by children who are lured by their beautiful appearance. In case of poisoning, drooling, stomach pain, vomiting, dizziness and convulsions occur.

Crow's eye.

A perennial herbaceous plant from the lily family. The stem is erect, 20-30 cm high and has four obovate leaves arranged crosswise. The rhizome is creeping, long, thin. A greenish-yellow flower grows at the top of the stem. Blooms in May-June. The flower produces a fruit in July-August - a large black-blue berry. Out of ignorance, they are sometimes mistaken for blueberries or blueberries. Grows in moist soil, in mixed and coniferous forests, among bushes, in shady places.

The whole plant is very poisonous, especially the spherical berries contain a lot of poison. Poisoning with berries causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

First aid for poisoning.

If poisoning by poisonous plants does occur, then first of all it is necessary to urgently remove the poison from the body and slow down its absorption.

First of all, you need to induce vomiting by irritating the root of the tongue and give the victim a large amount (4-5 glasses) of warm salted water inside. Also recommended for the purpose of oxidizing toxic products is a solution of potassium permanganate for gastric lavage.

Reducing the absorption of poisons is facilitated by taking a suspension of activated carbon - carbolene. To do this, several tablets are crushed, mixed with water and given to the victim to drink. It is advisable to do a cleansing enema. If you touch a poisonous plant with your hands or body, wash the affected area several times with soap and water or a solution of potassium permanganate. The victim should be immediately taken to a medical facility to provide qualified medical care.

Mushroom poisoning.Poisonous mushrooms include mushrooms whose fruiting bodies at all stages of their development contain toxic substances - toxins that cause poisoning.

The main cause of mushroom poisoning is the inability to recognize edible and poisonous mushrooms, improper preparation of dishes from some edible mushrooms, as well as possible mutations of edible mushrooms. There are relatively few types of poisonous mushrooms, and only the toadstool is deadly poisonous. Signs of toadstool poisoning appear only 8-12 hours after eating it: severe abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea with continuous vomiting, severe thirst, headaches, cold sweat. A person’s body temperature drops to 36-35′, the pulse becomes weak, and the limbs become cold. Consciousness is preserved in most cases.

Signs of poisoning by fly agarics (red, panther, stinking), as well as some mushrooms of the genus Clitocybe, appear 1.5-2 hours after consumption: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, severe salivation, sweating. Then insanity begins, delusions and hallucinations appear, the person loses the ability to control his actions and falls into a state that at times borders on insanity. Death occurs rarely, mainly in children. You can also be poisoned by edible mushrooms. Old mushrooms, along with useful substances, often contain protein decomposition products that have a detrimental effect on the human body. Therefore, only relatively young mushrooms are suitable for food. In addition, the cause of poisoning can be improperly prepared or spoiled dried and canned mushrooms. Under no circumstances should mushrooms be pickled or salted in galvanized containers - this can lead to poisoning.

In case of any, even mild, mushroom poisoning, you must immediately consult a doctor or take the victim to the hospital. Before the doctor arrives, the patient must empty his stomach, be sure to put him in bed, and apply heating pads to his legs and stomach. You should give cold salted water to drink in small sips (one teaspoon of salt per glass of water) - this will somewhat relieve nausea and vomiting. In addition, you can give strong tea, black coffee, honey and milk. A person who eats mushrooms should under no circumstances drink alcoholic beverages, since alcohol promotes the rapid absorption of mushroom poisons into the body. The remains of mushrooms that led to poisoning should be given to a doctor for examination; this will facilitate subsequent treatment.

Consultation for parents

"Home first aid kit"

Yesterday my child was sick, and it turned out that there was no thermometer in the house! Therefore, the idea came to me to look for information about what necessary things should be in a home first aid kit. I’ll write a post and go to the pharmacy to buy what I’m missing. The disease is an unpredictable matter; a minimum of medications and dressings should always be at hand in order to quickly provide pre-hospital emergency care.

So, let's write down:

Home first aid kit:

1. Dressing materials:

rubber tourniquet to stop bleeding (of course, in an easily accessible place!)

sterile bandage for dressing wounds

non-sterile bandage (for fixing bandages and compresses)

non-sterile cotton wool (for compresses and bandages)

bactericidal adhesive plaster for wounds

regular adhesive plaster for fixing bandages

2. Emergency care

iodine (treatment of bruises and the area around the wound. Open wounds and burns should not be treated with iodine!)

brilliant green (very convenient in the form of a pencil) or chlorhexidine (same effect, but it is colorless and therefore more aesthetic)

hydrogen peroxide (antiseptic, hemostatic - treatment of open wounds)

medical alcohol (for compresses and injection disinfection)

panthenol (for burns, I keep it in the refrigerator in the kitchen, since burns mostly happen there)

ammonia solution (ammonia) - to induce fainting

corvalol, valocordin, validol (for heart pain. Even if there are no heart problems in the house, it is necessary to have these products in your first aid kit)

Let me remind you that this is the minimum required to provide emergency assistance until the doctor arrives. It makes no sense to store other, rarely used medications in your home medicine cabinet, since the shelf life of the medications is limited.

3. Medicines that are convenient to have on hand (not for emergency use)

paracetamol (to reduce fever, mild pain reliever and anti-inflammatory. At very high temperatures, may also be useful for emergency care)

analgin - pain reliever

no-spa, spasmalgon - to relieve spasmodic pain

smecta - for stomach disorders

Imodium (for diarrhea)

Maalox, Rennie, etc. (for heartburn)

suprastin (anti-allergic)

activated carbon (stomach upset, flatulence, poisoning)

enterosgel (poisoning, vomiting, diarrhea - especially for children)

drops to relieve swelling during a runny nose

several sachets of Theraflu, Coldrex, antigrippin, etc. for first aid for flu and colds

furacillin (if a sore throat suddenly happens, gargle, local antiseptic)

gel “Rescuer”, arnica - for bruises and bruises.

ointment levomekol, bepanten (wound healing)

viprosal ointment, doctor IOM (warming)

camphor alcohol (for compresses, rubbing)

Consultation for parents

"Child alone at home"

WHAT TO DO IF YOU LEAVE YOUR CHILD AT HOME ALONE

Warn your child about where you are going and for how long. Place all medications and hazardous substances (vinegar essence, gasoline, medications, household chemicals, etc.) out of the reach of children. Hide sharp, piercing and cutting objects away. Make sure that windows and balcony doors are closed, especially if you live on the first floors of the building.

If there are alarm security devices in the apartment, turn them on. A well-trained dog can be the best means of protection if it receives the command “Guard!” from you. Turn off the water and all household electrical appliances and warn your child not to turn them on. Before leaving the apartment, place next to your phone a directory with the numbers of emergency services (police, ambulance, fire department, gas service), the phone number of your location, as well as the phone numbers of your neighbors. The child must know his personal details and address in order to communicate them to emergency services if necessary.

Ask your neighbors to check on your children periodically (this can also be done by telephone). If there is no telephone in your apartment, teach your child how to contact neighbors in a dangerous situation (for example, knocking on a radiator or wall with a metal object).

Warn your child not to answer strangers' questions on the phone and not to open the front door without looking through the peephole and asking who came.

WHAT TO DO FOR A CHILD IF HE IS ALONE AT HOME

If your children have to stay home alone, teach them basic rules for behavior when their parents are away. To avoid extreme situations, the child must:

Check the security of locks and latches after you leave home;

Never open the door to strangers or people you barely know, no matter what reasons they give and no matter who they introduce themselves to be - a plumber, a gas worker, a policeman, a friend of their parents, etc. If the stranger does not leave, call your neighbors first, then the police and your parents. If they try to open the door, barricade it with chairs, a nightstand, or other objects, then open (break) the window and shout loudly, calling passers-by for help. If attempts to open the door have stopped, do not go out onto the landing. Look out the window to see if strangers are running out of the entrance. Having noticed them, try to remember the signs, color, make, number of the car, so that later you can inform the police about it;

do not answer any questions over the phone (what is mom or dad’s name, where do they work, what are their office phone numbers, when will they arrive). You can always say that at the moment the parents (preferably dad) are in the bathroom, and offer to call back after a while;

If the doorbell rings, look through the door peephole, standing to the left (right) of the front door and ask “Who?” Do not open until it becomes clear that a well-known person has come, about whose visit the parents warned;

If no one is visible on the stairs, or the lights on the landing have gone out, do not open the door, as intruders may deliberately seal the door peephole. It is necessary to call your neighbors on the phone and ask them to see what is happening;

Do not enter into conversations with anyone through the door, in response to any questions or requests, answer: “Now I’ll call my neighbor, he will come out and help solve everything,” or “Now I’ll call the police, they will come and sort it out”;

If they ask you to open the door to make an urgent phone call (call an ambulance and report an accident), answer that he will do it himself, but do not let this person into the apartment;

When leaving home, even for a short time (for example, to take out the trash), do not leave the apartment open, securely lock the balcony doors, windows, vents, even if the apartment is on the upper floors of the building. When leaving the apartment for a long time, leave signs that create the impression that someone is at home (for example, a quietly playing radio). Do not leave apartment keys in accessible places (under the rug, in the mailbox, etc.), in the pocket of your coat (jacket, raincoat), leaving it in the school locker room. Do not give keys to friends and acquaintances. If you lose your keys, inform your parents immediately; when approaching your door when returning home, make sure that there are no strangers behind you;

If the apartment is open, do not enter it, immediately inform your neighbors about it, call the police from them or from a pay phone. Do not try to detain criminals, the child should know what to do and where to call

To find out whether a child is ready for any surprises, you need to observe for some time how he behaves when we choose what to do. Does he show forgetfulness or absent-mindedness? Is he independent?

If parents are not sure that the child will be able to be alone at home, you can first leave the child alone for a while. If you gradually increase the time, the child will get used to it and will be able to easily get by at home alone. And for worried parents it will be calmer.

Before leaving your child alone, you need to discuss the rules of behavior with him.

When leaving, close the door and let your child know that he should not open it to strangers.

Children should not tell everyone that they are home alone. Sometimes parents advise saying that there is an adult at home, but at the moment he is busy with something and cannot come over. In most cases, such an excuse works for strangers, and they leave.

You can come up with a conditioned signal, for example, ringing the doorbell three times - this will mean that the parents have arrived.

It is better if parents make sure that the child knows exactly what to do if a stranger rings the doorbell. The child should be explained that he should not respond to calls from strangers, but at the same time he should quietly call one of the adults so that the uninvited guest does not hear him. The child should remember that an open door is an open threat.

Parents should explain to their child that they should not go out anywhere without permission, even just for a walk. This will also protect children from strangers. If the child does not understand the importance of these precautions, he should not be left alone.

There is another risk if the child is left alone at home - these are heating appliances, in particular a cooking stove. Children should be able to feed themselves without the risk of injury. You should show them which foods can be eaten without heating. In this case, the possibility of fire will be reduced to a minimum.

It is unlikely that the child will find himself in an unexpected situation in the absence of his parents. But if this really happens, the child should know what to do and where to call.

Before leaving a child alone at home, parents should make sure:

Firstly, that the child knows how to provide first aid;

Secondly, that the child knows phone numbers if necessary. He should know the emergency phone number, the phone numbers of his parents, the phone number of his nearest neighbor and a friend or relative living nearby.

Thirdly, that the child can use the evacuation plan in case of emergency. Parents should discuss exit options for each room in advance and practice with their child.

All children are different, and only parents can determine whether a child is ready to bear the responsibility of being left at home unattended. It is worth remembering that if children are already adults, they will feel even more independent when they are left at home alone.

To avoid a dangerous encounter with poisonous mushrooms, you need to know the distinctive signs of mushrooms.

Some people seriously think that poisonous mushrooms somehow signal their toxicity: by an unpleasant smell or taste, or by the fact that they are not touched by worms and snails.

As sad as it may be, such views are a dangerous delusion.

Poisonous mushrooms

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Consultations for parents

Mushrooms