What is uterine cancer
What causes uterine cancer
Symptoms of Uterine Cancer
Diagnosis of uterine cancer
Uterine Cancer Treatment
Prevention of uterine cancer
Which doctors should you contact if you have uterine cancer?

What is uterine cancer

Uterine cancer is very common, currently occupying fourth place in women after breast, skin and gastrointestinal cancer. This form of malignant tumors is usually observed between the ages of 40 and 60 years.

What causes uterine cancer

Risk factors for developing uterine cancer- diabetes, hypertension, smoking, infection with the human papillomavirus, HIV, early onset of sexual activity, late menopause and menstrual irregularities, infertility, a large number of sexual partners, early first birth, sexually transmitted diseases, taking oral contraceptives.

One of the risk factors is obesity: in women with a body weight exceeding the norm by 10-25 kg, the risk of developing endometrial cancer is 3 times greater than with normal body weight, and in women with a body weight exceeding the norm by more than 25 kg, the risk of the disease 9 times higher.

Precancerous conditions are widely known and play a significant role in the development of cancer. These are erosions, ulcers, scars after birth trauma, epithelial proliferation (condylomas, polyps) and leukoplakia, as well as chronic inflammatory processes - endocervicitis and endometritis.

Pathogenesis (what happens?) during uterine cancer

According to the nature of the epithelium of various parts of the uterus, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and glandular cancer (adenocarcinoma) of the cervical canal and uterine cavity are distinguished. Adenocarcinoma is the main morphological variant (up to 70%). It should be noted that a relatively rare tumor affecting the uterus is sarcoma. There are three degrees of tumor differentiation (well differentiated, moderately differentiated and undifferentiated).

In case of uterine cancer, there are 4 stages of its development: stage 1 - location of the tumor in the body of the uterus, stage II - damage to the body and cervix, stage III - spread to parametric tissue or metastases in the vagina, stage IV - spread beyond the pelvis, invasion of the bladder or rectum.

Symptoms of Uterine Cancer

Clinical symptoms of uterine cancer consists of complaints of leucorrhoea, bleeding and pain. However, all these three symptoms occur already during the period of tumor disintegration and the time of their appearance depends on the date of onset of ulceration. Therefore, in some cases, uterine cancer may not produce any symptoms for a long period.

The early stages of the development of uterine cancer are usually accompanied by mucopurulent discharge, causing itching and irritation, which can appear after exercise, shaking, defecation, as well as spotting, which can be scanty or abundant, constant or intermittent. Signs of the disease may include irregular menstruation, an increase or decrease in the duration of menstruation, frequent urination and pain during urination (this means that the tumor has begun to grow into the bladder).

Leucorrhoea can be of various types: watery, mucous, blood-stained, odorless and foul-smelling. The admixture of blood gives the leucorrhoea the appearance of meat slop. Retention of vaginal discharge and associated infection leads to the appearance of purulent leucorrhoea with an odor. In cancer stages III and IV, discharge from the genital tract is putrid in nature. Bleeding can be in the form of small spotting, as well as single or multiple heavy blood losses. For cervical cancer, so-called contact bleeding is very typical (during sexual intercourse, during douching, vaginal examination or after lifting something heavy). If a woman has already stopped menstruating, then the appearance of bloody discharge from the vagina in most cases is a sign of a malignant tumor.

Pain is a late symptom, indicating the involvement of the lymph nodes and pelvic tissue in the cancer process with the formation of infiltrates that compress the nerve trunks and plexuses. General symptoms and, in particular, cachexia (weight loss) occur extremely late, in very advanced stages, and usually women suffering from uterine cancer retain an outwardly blooming, healthy appearance.

Diagnosis of uterine cancer

Recognition of uterine cancer begin with studying the patient’s complaints and the course of the disease. In all cases suspicious based on anamnesis, patients are subject to immediate examination by a gynecologist. It is completely unacceptable to prescribe any treatment for such patients without a detailed examination.

The examination includes a bimanual vaginal examination, a bimanual rectal examination, and a speculum examination.

At vaginal examination in cases of a fairly pronounced tumor process, it is possible to determine certain changes in the cervix depending on the type of tumor growth (exophytic, endophytic and mixed). As a rule, the examination is accompanied by bleeding as a result of trauma to the tumor with the examining finger. In case of advanced uterine cancer, an additional examination is carried out through the rectum to clarify the transition of the tumor to the pelvic walls and uterosacral ligaments.

To detect the initial stages of cervical cancer, one cannot limit oneself only to a vaginal examination; mandatory inspection using mirrors. To detect early forms of cancer, in all cases of certain changes in the cervix, they take smears for cytological examination or biopsy. If cancer of the cervical canal or uterine cavity is suspected, diagnostic separate curettage of the cervical canal and uterine cavity and subsequent histological examination are performed.

All these studies can be carried out in the clinic if the necessary instruments are available and aseptic rules are observed. To illustrate the importance of a comprehensive examination, it is enough to point out that cervical cancer remains unrecognized in more than half of the patients whose examination consisted only of a two-manual vaginal examination. At the same time, when examining with the help of mirrors, the number of errors in diagnosis is reduced by almost 5 times, and when using a biopsy, they are observed only in isolated cases.

Recently, it has become widespread and of great importance ultrasound diagnostics(ultrasound), which makes it possible to detect changes in the uterus that are inaccessible to other research methods and has become a mandatory research method if any benign or malignant formations in the uterus are suspected.

To establish damage to the lymph nodes and metastases, which very often accompanies cervical cancer, they resort to x-ray methods - lymphography and ileocavagraphy. For the same purpose they carry out chest x-ray, intravenous pyelography, irrigography, cystoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. It is possible to perform CT, MRI, lymphangiography, and fine needle tumor biopsy.

These studies are very important for uterine cancer to develop a plan for radiation or combined treatment.

Uterine Cancer Treatment

Treatment tactics for uterine cancer depends on the patient’s age, general condition and clinical stage of cancer. Treatment is mainly surgical (extirpation of the uterus and appendages and sometimes removal of pelvic lymph nodes). Combined treatment is possible - surgery, and then external irradiation to the area of the vaginal stump, intracavitary gamma therapy. Preoperative radiation therapy is also carried out mainly for stage III. Radiation therapy as an independent method is used for local spread of the tumor process and when surgery is contraindicated. Antitumor drugs are effective for highly differentiated tumors, in stages III and IV of the disease.

For cervical cancer, treatment with equal success is carried out using both combined radiation therapy and surgery (extended extirpation of the uterus and appendages). Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. At stage Ia (microinvasive cancer), the uterus and appendages are removed. At stage Ib (cancer is limited to the cervix), remote or intracavitary irradiation is indicated, followed by extended extirpation of the uterus with appendages, or, conversely, surgery is first performed, and then remote gamma therapy. In stage II (involvement of the upper part of the vagina, possible transition to the body of the uterus and infiltration of the parametrium without transition to the pelvic walls), the main method of treatment is radiation, surgical intervention is rarely used. At stage III (transition to the lower part of the vagina, infiltration of the parametrium with transfer to the pelvic bones), radiation treatment is indicated. Finally, in stage IV (transition to the bladder, rectum or distant metastasis), only palliative radiation is used. In later stages, symptomatic treatment is carried out, and chemotherapy may be used.

After treatment, periodic visits to the doctor are required to examine the pelvic organs and take a smear. Tests also include chest x-ray, ultrasound, and intravenous pyelography. During the first year, visit the doctor every 3 months, then every 6 months for 5 years. After 5 years, monitoring is carried out annually.

In case of relapses, if the process is localized, partial or total pelvic exenteration is performed (removal in a single block of the uterus, cervix, vagina, parametrium, bladder and rectum). In the presence of distant metastases, patients usually receive chemotherapy. Radiation therapy can be used for palliative treatment of painful metastases.

Metastasis.
Most often, uterine cancer metastasizes to the pelvic lymph nodes, less often to the inguinal ones. Distant metastases, most often to the kidneys, liver, lungs, have a poor prognosis.

Prognosis for uterine cancer.
For uterine cancer, the 5-year survival rate after surgical treatment is from 84 to 45%, depending on the stage of the disease. In case of relapses, 25% of patients who initially underwent surgical treatment can be spared from recurrent disease using radiation therapy to the pelvic organs. With metastatic relapses, cases of cure are extremely rare, and the therapeutic effect is individual and short-lived. In stage IV of the disease, the 5-year survival rate is up to 9%.

Prevention of uterine cancer

Early diagnosis and prevention of uterine cancer are possible only through systematic preventive examinations of all women over 30 years of age (at least 2 times a year). It is advisable to start regular examinations with the onset of sexual activity. Regular examinations, ultrasound tomography and cytological examination (once every 2 years) help identify precancerous diseases, and their treatment helps prevent cancer.

Equally important is the timely and correct treatment of precancerous diseases of the cervix. There are no particularly characteristic signs unique to precancerous diseases of the cervix; they proceed like ordinary inflammatory diseases. Common signs of precancer diseases are a long chronic course, persistence of symptoms, and most importantly, the lack of effect from conservative (anti-inflammatory) treatment. Treatment of precancerous diseases of the cervix must be radical and consist of electroexcision, electrocoagulation of the affected areas, or even amputation of the cervix. They also resort to radiation treatment in the form of application radium therapy. Among patients radically treated for various precancerous lesions, mortality from cervical cancer decreased by 6 times.

Article outline

Uterine cancer is one of the most common diseases in gynecological oncology. The pathological process develops in the endometrium, different types of cells are involved in it, and then it begins to spread throughout the body, affecting other organs and systems. It is most often detected in older women (after 40–45 years, the main risk group is 55–65 years), but in recent years there has been a trend toward “rejuvenation”—cases are recorded in patients under 30.

There are several reasons for the occurrence of this pathology; they will be described in detail. In gynecology, they are classified into a separate group - which, in the absence of adequate treatment, lead to the degeneration of cells into atypical ones. This is how the formation of the primary tumor occurs. Subsequently, more and more tissues and organs are involved in the pathological process, and metastases appear. Based on histological characteristics, the disease is divided into different types. But the main method is the international classification, which is based on the size of the tumor and the degree of its spread.

It is important for women of any age to know what the first signs and symptoms may indicate the onset of a pathological process. Since uterine cancer, regardless of the type of pathology, can develop quite rapidly, you should first pay attention to any spotting or bleeding. This symptom is a sign of a variety of gynecological problems and is dangerous in itself. In this case, it is characteristic of the period of transition from precancer to oncology, and can also be an independent signal of the development of the disease.

Patients who have already been diagnosed are concerned about the prospects: how quickly does the transition from a mild stage to a more severe one occur, how to treat it, and whether it can be cured at all. I am interested in what is the survival rate after surgery, the possibility of relapses, etc. Let's look at all these problems in detail. But before that, let us once again remind you of the importance of prevention and regular visits to the gynecologist. The disease rarely occurs spontaneously; it is usually preceded by other pathologies. Their timely detection and taking care of your health (including a routine visit to the gynecologist) is necessary to minimize the risks of cancer in the female reproductive system.

Cancer concept, statistics

What is uterine cancer? This is a pathological process that develops in the cells of the inner epithelial layer (endometrium) and leads to their degeneration into atypical ones. And in the future - to the emergence and development of malignant neoplasms. Accordingly, the normal functioning of the organ is disrupted, as cancer cells replace healthy ones. All tumors are divided into groups (stages of the disease) according to the system generally accepted in oncology (according to the degree of development, the presence of metastases, etc.). In gynecology, it is also customary to distinguish and consider separately:

Cervical cancer: this pathology is isolated as a separate disease; the primary tumor develops directly on the cervix, and can subsequently grow both towards the vagina and towards the uterus itself.
cancer of the uterus: in this case we are talking about damage to the mucous or muscular lining of the uterus. Depending on what type of cells was initially involved in the pathological process, several types of malignant tumors are also distinguished.

In this article we will consider in detail the oncology of the uterus itself; the pathology of the cervix will be discussed separately in the article cervical cancer.

Pathological proliferation of endometrial cells leads to the development of a cancerous tumor. Scientifically – uterine carcinoma, from lat. cancer uteri. In gynecological oncology, the following types of tumors are distinguished (classification is based on histology):

endometrial cancer of the uterus (scientifically called)
leiomysarcoma - the pathological process begins in the muscle tissue of the organ.
sarcoma (degeneration of connective tissue);
glandular squamous cell carcinoma;
clear cell;
mucinous;
serous;
undifferentiated.

In fact, cells of any type can degenerate. Depending on how differentiated the cellular structures are, low-, medium- and highly differentiated neoplasms are distinguished.

According to statistics, cancer most often turns out to be adenocarcinoma. It can be hormonal (more common) or an autonomous type of development. In the first case, there is a connection between hormonal disorders, in the second, no obvious cause is identified; the provoking factors are standard causes for oncology (for example, hereditary predisposition).

According to statistics, in the structure of all cancer diseases, uterine pathology accounts for about 3%, if we take only the female population - up to 7.7% of the total. The hormonal type of tumors prevails over the autonomous type (ratio approximately 70%:30%). By age: most patients are over 40, and are often detected at a later age (the average is about 60 years).

Causes and risk factors

According to the gradation into autonomous and hormone-dependent types of oncology, the causes of uterine cancer can be associated with hormonal imbalance or develop as a result of exposure to other provoking factors. It should be understood that they only increase the risk of developing pathology, but are not the direct cause of the degeneration of cells into atypical ones. As with other cancers, there is no single mechanism. What causes cancer in each patient is determined individually; during diagnosis, all possible sources of influence on the cells are taken into account.

Risk factors for developing cancer are:

Age-related changes. In this case, we are talking about processes that are somehow related to the function of the reproductive system: late menopause or too early maturation.
Endocrine pathologies. Since the cause may be the degeneration of background and precancerous conditions of the uterus with a hormone-dependent etiology, this reason is considered one of the main ones.
Among the endocrine pathologies that provoke the development of cancer are: polycystic ovary syndrome (more than 12 follicles). It develops as a result of an imbalance of male and female hormones, as a result of which the menstrual cycle is disrupted and typical male secondary sexual characteristics appear (rough voice, abnormal hair growth, abdominal fat, etc.). An additional risk factor is obesity.
Obesity due to hormonal disorders increases the risk of developing cancer by 2–3 times. The same result occurs when the diet is violated, if fatty foods predominate in the diet, as a result of which cancer can develop against the background of obesity resulting from poor nutrition and overeating.
Long-term use of certain hormonal drugs. Hormone therapy is not always considered a provoking factor. For example, when taking contraceptives with a large amount of progestins, the risk is reduced by an average of 2 times. But long-term hormone replacement therapy in women over 55 years old, on the contrary, increases it by 2-3 times. Long-term use of medications that block estrogen-sensitive receptors also has a negative effect. Such drugs (for example, Tamoxifen) are prescribed for the treatment of breast cancer, but it is not recommended to use it for more than 2 years, otherwise the risk of damage to the uterus increases significantly (according to some sources, from 2 to 7).
Hereditary predisposition in women is formed as a tendency to obesity, disruption of hormonal functions of the body, some have cancer in the form of primary multiple tumors.

These are the main influencing factors that can increase the risk of developing a malignant tumor. What else can it develop from? There is information about the onset of the disease against the background of: diabetes mellitus, adrenal adenoma. And also for severe liver diseases and irradiation of the pelvic organs. Women who have not given birth or who have one child are also included in the risk group.

At the moment, these are the main reasons associated with the development of cancer of the uterine body. Of all the above factors, background and precancerous conditions are clearly pathogenic, which sooner or later degenerate into oncology over time. The rest only contribute to abnormal cell development.

Classification

Cancer cells can not only replace healthy ones and form clearly localized tumors, but also spread to neighboring tissues and organs (metastases), involving them in the pathological process. There are several classification options: International, according to the TNM system and the FIGO system, adopted by the International Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Since the International Classification, adopted back in 1971, is used most often, let’s consider how it evaluates a malignant tumor of the uterus.

There are different stages of oncology (four in total); there is also a zero stage, which is not included in the clinical classification, but is diagnosed as a hyperplastic process with suspected malignancy and is assessed according to histology. Let's consider all the stages, the definition of which is based on the degree of organ damage.

Stage 1: the lesion is completely localized in the body of the uterus, the endometrium and myometrium are involved in the process, the size and degree of differentiation of the tumor are also important for classification;
Stage 2: the tumor spreads not only to the body, but also to the cervix (into the glandular and/or deeper layers);
Stage 3: further development leads to damage to the vagina, appendages and lymph nodes.
at stage 4 of uterine cancer: a common oncological process that affects both nearby organs (rectum, bladder) and those located far from the primary tumor (liver, bones, lungs, distant lymph nodes).

As is clear from the description, the most dangerous are the last stages, especially stage 4 uterine cancer with metastases. When it comes to damage to lymph nodes distant from the primary tumor, the spread of oncology becomes unpredictable, treatment becomes extremely difficult, and the prognosis becomes unfavorable.

The FIGO classification describes the extent of pathology in more detail. Stage 2 uterine cancer is designated as IIA (with pathology of the glandular layer) and IIB (involving the deep layers of the cervix). At stage 1, the letters indicate the spread of cancer to the endometrium (A) or myometrium (B or C depending on the depth of the lesion).

If stage 3 uterine cancer affects the serosa and/or appendages, we are talking about the onset of the disease at this level (A); if the vagina is involved in the process (metastasis), it is assigned B, and metastasis to nearby lymph nodes is classified as C.

If stage 4 uterine cancer affects the intestines and bladder, it is designated by the letter A, in other cases - B. An additional parameter to describe this period of cancer development is the G index, which indicates the degree of non-squamous growth.

In fact, the entire gradation of tumor development and spread indicates the degree of damage to the body, from the formation of the primary tumor to the distant spread of metastases.

Metastasis

The danger of cancer is not only functional disorders in the functioning of organs and systems caused by the replacement of normal cells with atypical ones. The neoplasm spreads throughout the body, and this becomes too dangerous, as the disease becomes inoperable.

First, the tumor grows into nearby tissues (the organ itself or neighboring ones), i.e. it metastasizes. The mechanism of spread is as follows: modified cancer cells begin to separate from the primary tumor. These are the first metastases of uterine cancer, which is characterized by the onset of a pathological process in nearby organs (stage 3). The disease goes beyond the initially affected uterine body at stage 2, moving to the cervix, but degeneration occurs within one organ - in the uterus, although with the involvement of different types of tissue.

The transition from the third stage to the fourth means that the lymphatic system, the main “carrier” of atypical cells to distant organs, undergoes metastasis. Damage to the lymph nodes close to the primary tumor indicates a real danger of spread throughout the body. If distant ones are affected, then uterine cancer metastases can affect almost any organ (lungs, brain, etc.) or musculoskeletal system.

The initial stages of uterine cancer are relatively easy to treat surgically, since the tumor has a relatively clear localization. In the future, removal of the pathological focus is often difficult or even impossible, since in addition to the primary tumor, multiple metastases appear in the body, penetrating entire layers of tissues of different types. There are no clear contours, and the lymphatic system continues to spread cancer cells throughout the body. This process involves the hematogenous pathway (through the blood) of movement of cancer cells throughout the body.

Diagnostics

At what stage can cancer be identified and diagnosed? This is possible already at the earliest stages, when the pathological process is just beginning. In women who are absolutely healthy in gynecological terms, regular medical examinations help to identify almost any threat, even during a visual examination. If we are talking about patients with precancerous or background diseases, then they are prescribed a scraping or a biopsy is taken for histological examination. In the future, they are registered at the dispensary and are regularly checked.

Is cancer visible on ultrasound during examination? Yes, ultrasound helps to identify a pathological focus, like other diagnostic measures. Screening is rarely used to identify this pathology. Tumor markers help detect pathology; in addition, they are often used to assess the effectiveness of existing treatment and early detection of relapses. Let's consider all the possible ways to help detect cancer even at the very beginning.

Diagnosis of the disease:

Inspection: any, even the most minor, violations that can be noticed visually serve as the basis for prescribing a series of tests;
Cytological examination of the collected material helps to obtain reliable data on the presence of oncology. For cytology, the contents are taken after aspiration. But the effectiveness of this technique in the early stages is only about 36%; the method gives accurate results only when oncology is widespread (90% detection rate).
Ultrasound examination: cancer is detected by this method in patients at any stage of pathology development. Deciphering the results of a transvaginal examination allows you to notice a tumor up to 2 cm in size. Changes in the size of the uterus (normally in women of reproductive age M-echo is from 10 to 16 mm, with menopause - no more than 7, in postmenopause - no more than 4) is a reason for further examination. That is, the answer to the question: can cancer be clearly seen during an ultrasound examination is positive. This is a reliable and reliable method of examination.
Histology: sampling of material during hysteroscopy followed by histological examination allows you to obtain an accurate result. Scrapings of the endometrium and cervical canal (diagnostic curettage) are also sent for examination.
Fluorescent diagnostics: endometriotic cancer in the earliest stages (the lesion is up to 1 mm) is clearly detected by the introduction of a contrast agent followed by ultraviolet illumination. Efficiency – up to 80%.
MRI: the method is used to accurately assess the volume in common oncology, it reflects well the clinical picture in the lymph nodes, it is recommended to examine the pelvic organs to obtain an accurate clinical picture.

How it manifests itself

Symptoms of uterine cancer most often appear in the later stages of development. It can initially be recognized only during a gynecological examination or using modern diagnostic methods. This is the main danger: an asymptomatic course in patients who consider themselves healthy, in the absence of regular medical examinations, can lead to late detection, when the disease is actively progressing.

Take a closer look at all the symptoms of endometrial cancer below.

Symptoms of uterine body oncology are directly related to the degree of development and spread of the pathological process. Therefore, let’s consider what signs serve as the basis for an immediate visit to a gynecologist and a comprehensive examination.

Since cancer in the uterus practically does not manifest itself in the earliest stages, any bleeding not associated with normal menstruation, especially during menopause and postmenopause, can be a reason to suspect oncology. In 90% of cases, such bleeding is the first symptom of cancer. Therefore, let us consider in detail how spotting in case of uterine cancer can serve as a signal about the beginning of the pathological process:

If young girls experience disruptions in their cycle, then most often these moments, signaling the possibility of developing uterine cancer, are ignored. This is explained by two factors: there are many reasons for changes in the cycle (ranging from banal hypothermia to prolonged stress). In addition, this type of oncology is rare before the age of 30; patients of this age are not at risk. However, any disturbances in the normal menstrual cycle should be a reason to visit a gynecologist.
In women over 40, a variety of bleeding can be considered as obvious symptoms of uterine cancer, namely:
single or multiple;
scanty or abundant;
breakthrough or intermittent;
any contact (during examination, sexual intercourse, douching, lifting heavy objects).
In premenopause, disruption of the cycle and pattern of menstruation is the norm, so alarming symptoms may be missed and cancer may be detected late. If, instead of the attenuation of menstruation, they intensify and become more frequent, you should consult a gynecologist.
During menopause, menstruation is completely absent, so any bleeding will help detect a tumor in the first stages of development.

It is necessary to monitor not only the nature of menstrual and non-menstrual bleeding. Dangerous signs are any discharge; in case of uterine cancer, it most often has an unpleasant odor. This smell has a purulent compartment, characteristic of late stage uterine cancer, third or fourth, when other pathological processes are added to the main disease.

Pain that begins with uterine cancer usually indicates the depth of the pathological process. As it develops, standard symptoms for oncology are added: digestive problems (lack of appetite, constipation or diarrhea, nausea and vomiting). Late symptoms are also considered: sudden weight loss, low-grade fever, increased fatigue, etc. They are characteristic of advanced oncology (common process, involvement of other organs and systems). If the last stage has arrived (how long people live with it will be indicated separately), then the symptoms can be very different, since each affected organ can give its own clinical picture.

The asymptomatic initial stage, when the cancer practically does not manifest itself, is usually detected during a gynecological examination. At the slightest suspicious changes, the doctor prescribes a series of tests. That is why such attention is paid to the need for medical examinations.

What is the danger

If we consider the possible consequences of uterine cancer, we can note:

good curability in the early stages (with preservation of reproductive function);
identification of a more common process may result in surgery (organ-preserving or without preserving the reproductive organ);
inoperable tumors with metastases are difficult to treat with medication and lead to death.

Analyzing these facts, we can conclude that the main danger of the initial stages of oncology is an asymptomatic course. The main danger of complications during treatment for a developed pathological process is infertility (as a functional disorder or after removal of the uterus). The consequences of late stage cancer lead to global spread in the body and death. Another danger is the risk of relapse, especially if the provoking factor remains unchanged (for example, hormonal imbalance).

How to treat uterine cancer

Treatment of uterine cancer is directly related to the extent of detected pathology. When choosing a technique, the full clinical picture is taken into account: the size of the tumor, the degree of its spread, the presence or absence of a metastatic process, concomitant diseases. Only after a complete examination is a decision made on further tactics.

Is cancer curable with therapeutic agents? Most often, they are part of an overall comprehensive patient management plan. Separately, therapeutic methods are not always effective, but are often used when it is impossible to perform surgical intervention and as palliative therapy.

The surgical method is the main one for this type of oncology. If necessary, it is combined with radiation and chemotherapy. Organ-sparing surgery using ablation is possible if uterine cancer is in the early stages and the size of the tumor does not exceed 3 mm and has clear contours. But there remains a risk of incomplete removal, therefore, relapses are possible.

The uterus is removed even at the first stage; this method is considered the main one for cancer. As an alternative, other methods are chosen only if surgical intervention is impossible due to concomitant diseases (only 10%). The outcome in this case is not very favorable, chemotherapy and other methods are not particularly effective for this type of oncology, and the risk of further development is too great.

Surgery to remove a malignant tumor is performed in different volumes:

cancer in the initial stage (first): total hysterectomy and adnexectomy;
for more severe pathologies: additional lymph nodes are removed;

If metastases of uterine cancer are detected and surgical intervention is impossible, courses of radiation and chemotherapy are prescribed.

Treatment of uterine cancer with therapeutic methods:

hormone therapy: as an addition to other methods, provided that the malignant neoplasm is sensitive to such drugs;
chemotherapy: in late stages and in combination with other drugs;
: used actively after surgery, instead of it, if there are vital contraindications and for treating organs and tissues located near the tumor;
brachytherapy: radioactive substances are injected directly into the tumor;

Total hysterectomy is considered the most effective in the early stages; in such cases, the risk of relapse is minimal, especially when additional therapeutic methods are used (adjuvant radiotherapy, hormones to normalize their metabolism, etc.).

How long do you live with uterine cancer?

The prognosis for uterine cancer is directly related to two factors: the degree of development of the cancer and the age of the patient. If a tumor is detected in time and adequately treated in a woman under 50 years of age, the five-year survival rate is 91%, and after 70 years of age it is only 61%. Now let's look at how many people live with uterine cancer after surgery in accordance with the diagnosis.

Depending on the degree of tumor differentiation, 5 years without relapse are recorded:

at low: 64%;
at average: 86%;
at high: 92%.

What are the prospects if the cancer has metastases? The patient can live 5 years without relapse:

in 90% of cases, if stage 2 or stage 1 uterine cancer was diagnosed, that is, there were no metastases to the lymph nodes;
in 54% of cases, if the cancer is accompanied by a metastatic process (stage 3 and stage 4).

For hormone-dependent and autonomous tumors, the five-year prognosis for life expectancy without relapse is 90% and 60%, respectively.

If stage 4 or 3 uterine cancer is detected, the prognosis is the least favorable. How long will a person live if uterine carcinoma is detected too late? The percentage of patients surviving for 5 years if an inoperable fourth stage was discovered is only 5%, with the third - about 30%.

If uterine body cancer is detected on time, how long the patient lives depends on the characteristics of the tumor, the course of the disease, relapses after treatment, etc. The possibility of surgical intervention is directly related to how long patients live in the future. This is explained by the low effectiveness of conservative therapy (cancer responds poorly to it compared to other types of oncology).

After surgery, the prognosis is much better, as evidenced by the average indicators: for grades 1 and 2 (operable stage): 98 and 70%, respectively. With an inoperable tumor, how long the patient will ultimately live depends on many factors (risk of relapse, type of tumor, extent of the pathological process, individual characteristics, concomitant diseases). The effectiveness of therapy and palliative treatment is also important.

How quickly does uterine cancer develop?

It is almost impossible to predict how quickly cancer will develop. Like all oncological diseases, this pathology can remain unchanged for years. And then begin to develop quickly and rapidly.

Since often patients are first diagnosed with a background disease or precancer, we can only speak with certainty about their long transition to oncology. Cases of a long-term stable state of a pathological focus in the zero stage have also been recorded.

A rather rapid spread of atypical cells in the body often occurs in the later stages, when the lymphatic and circulatory systems become involved. Especially if the medications taken are ineffective.

Help from folk remedies

Is it possible to cure cancer exclusively with folk remedies? There is no consensus on this issue. But if we analyze the causes and risk factors, we can assume that plants will help:

normalizing hormonal levels;
helping to cope with precursor diseases (polyposis, polycystic disease, etc.);
providing vaginal sanitation (destruction of pathogenic microorganisms at the local level);
containing vitamins A and B;
at an inoperable stage: all plants that can relieve symptoms or fully replace medications prescribed by the attending physician.

That is, folk remedies for uterine cancer can be divided into two groups: preventive and analog herbal remedies. The use of unconventional methods in the treatment of any cancer has long been controversial. Traditional medicine usually considers herbal medicine as a complementary remedy. Since in the case of uterine cancer in the early stages the most effective methods are surgical, you should not risk replacing it with therapy using unconventional methods.

Treatment of uterine cancer with folk remedies is possible only after consultation with a doctor who sees the true clinical picture. For this pathology, herbal remedies based on:

hemlock and celandine: both plants are poisonous, so the dosage regimen should be strictly followed. Hemlock is sold in a pharmacy (alcohol solution), you can make an aqueous tincture of celandine yourself;
It is recommended to take shepherd's purse, bedstraw, horsetail herb, etc. internally in the form of infusions and decoctions;
natural analogs of chemotherapy drugs: amygdalin is found in the kernels of bitter almonds and apricot kernels. Extracts from shark cartilage, shark liver oil and melatonin show good results. They can be found in the form of dietary supplements;
ASD is used as an immunomodulator in palliative treatment;
soda dissolved in water stabilizes the acidity level;
Various herbal remedies are used for douching: calendula, horse sorrel, propolis, etc.

The effectiveness of various unconventional methods as an independent treatment for oncology is questionable, so it is better to combine them with traditional medicine methods and after consultation with your doctor.

Uterine cancer and pregnancy

During pregnancy, uterine cancer is rarely detected; women of reproductive age under 30 rarely suffer from this disease. Is it possible to get pregnant if a pathological process is already underway in the body? The presence of a malignant neoplasm at the first stage does not cause symptoms, although there have been cases of tumors being detected after the woman became pregnant.

Therefore, we can conclude that the latent course of the disease does not interfere with conceiving a child with uterine cancer in the early stages of development. There are specific considerations for managing pregnant patients. Since surgical intervention is not discussed in this case, the pregnant woman is prescribed large doses of progestins. After achieving the goal - atrophy of the glands, the next stage begins. Hormone therapy is used to normalize the ovulatory cycle.

If oncology is detected in nulliparous women of reproductive age, the tactics of medical care will be aimed, if possible, at preserving function (therapy or organ-conserving surgery).

Prevention

Measures aimed at eliminating risk factors are considered as preventive measures. Balanced nutrition, normalization of hormonal levels, treatment of obesity, etc. will help avoid negative consequences.

The main preventative measure will be regular medical examinations; uterine cancer rarely occurs suddenly. Identification of precursor diseases in most cases makes it possible to prevent their degeneration into a malignant tumor.

Maintain proper nutrition

Nutrition for uterine cancer involves a balanced diet that does not contain fatty or spicy foods. Since such food is considered one of the risk factors, the same approach to nutrition is recommended for prevention. If obesity is recorded, then the diet should be aimed at losing weight.

The food should be dominated by products of plant origin. Nutritionists recommend vegetables and fruits for uterine cancer (saturating the body with vitamins), including legumes, whole grain cereals, spicy herbs, onions, garlic, turmeric, cabbage. They have proven themselves well in oncology. Heat treatment should be minimal, fats and proteins of animal origin are consumed in doses.

Uterine cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer among women. Fortunately, patients diagnosed with this disease have a high chance of survival. It is possible to independently recognize the symptoms of the disease in the early stages and seek help in time.

What is uterine cancer?

Before we voice the signs that women use when diagnosing themselves, let’s say a few words about the disease in general. Currently, the term "uterine cancer" (cervical cancer) is not used so often in medical circles. Instead, experts use the term endometrial cancer, which characterizes the development of a malignant neoplasm in the tissues of the lining of the uterus (endometrium). There is a less common type of cancer that affects this organ called uterine sarcoma. In this case, the tumor does not affect the mucous membrane, but penetrates deeper and affects the tissue.

Endometrial cancer is one of the five most common cancers in women

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women. Other notorious champions include breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and skin cancer. Experts estimate that in 2018 there will be more than 63,000 new cases of endometrial cancer (6 percent of the total number of cancers), as well as 11,350 deaths.

There is a common early sign of uterine cancer

Endometrial cancer most often affects women over 55, making one of the most common symptoms of the disease most obvious. Postmenopausal bleeding should send you straight to the gynecologist's office. When the reproductive functions of the female body cease, any bright or atypical discharge is considered abnormal. Cancer bleeding may begin as pink, watery streams of blood that include bright streaks. Over time, the characteristic bleeding contains more and more blood clots.

Need to act immediately

If you are postmenopausal, vaginal bleeding should prompt you to make an appointment with your doctor immediately. You should not be overly concerned before visiting a specialist, as this symptom does not necessarily indicate the development of cancer. You just have to rule out the worst case scenario. Any bleeding after the end of your period is not considered normal and should be examined immediately. First, doctors prescribe a transvaginal ultrasound to measure the thickness of the endometrium. Then, if necessary, a biopsy, cytology test or Pap test (Papanicolaou smear) is done.

Symptoms during the premenopausal period

Bloody discharge not associated with menstruation always worries women. They are obvious during the postmenopausal period and can be misleading during the premenopausal period. How do you know that a malfunction has occurred in your body that has caused the development of a cellular mutation? Younger women experience abnormal bleeding, irregular periods, and bleeding between periods.

Symptoms in later stages

Symptoms of uterine endometrial cancer include more than just bleeding, which occurs early in the disease. Women experience pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis (observed when blood accumulates in the uterine cavity), bloating, a sharp drop in appetite due to a constant feeling of fullness, as well as changes in the functioning of the intestines and bladder. However, usually all these symptoms are characteristic of later stages of cancer, in which the tumor spreads to the appendages, vagina and lymph nodes.

As a rule, endometrial cancer in the initial stage does not cause the patient any pain. It's important to remember that bleeding is a common symptom that also affects other medical problems, from fibroids to ovarian cancer. One way or another, an initial examination by a doctor and passing related tests can clarify the situation.

Probability of cure

The good news about treating cervical cancer is that the only obvious symptoms are those in the early stages of the disease. To avoid the spread of the tumor and the appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes, doctors recommend that patients have a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). Therefore, if the disease was diagnosed in the first two stages, there is an excellent survival prognosis (the cure rate is 90 percent).

How to prevent uterine cancer?

It may come as a complete surprise to you, but cardiovascular disease is more likely to kill women with uterine cancer than the cancer itself. The main problem is obesity, which accelerates the development of cellular mutations and deals a devastating blow to your heart. A number of scientific studies have found that an increase in body mass index correlates with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. This is due to the fact that the body of an obese woman produces more estrogen hormone.

This can become a problem in postmenopause, when reproductive function is already disabled. Based on the observations of scientists, women who have a normal weight are less at risk of being diagnosed with uterine cancer. Therefore, the best thing you can do for yourself is to increase your level of physical activity, watch your diet and get rid of stress.

What about uterine sarcoma?

Uterine sarcoma (cancer penetration into the deeper tissues of the organ) occurs in only 10 percent. However, thousands of new cases are still diagnosed every year. Unfortunately, the survival rate for this diagnosis is not that high. The tumor spreads quickly, so the woman does not have time to pay attention to the symptoms before the cancer reaches its final stages.

The main symptom of uterine sarcoma is also abnormal bleeding (occurs in 85 percent of patients). The remaining 15 percent of women experience atypical pathological discharge. Therefore, if you feel that something strange is happening to your body, you should definitely consult a doctor. We should not forget about the annual routine examination of the gynecologist, as a good preventive measure aimed at early detection of endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. Postmenopausal women are recommended to visit a gynecologist every six months.

Undergoing genetic testing

If a patient is diagnosed with uterine cancer, she should discuss the possibility of undergoing genetic testing with her doctor. Between 5 and 10 percent of women diagnosed with this condition have a hereditary form of the disease. One form is Lynch syndrome, which increases the risk of other cancers, particularly colon cancer.

By undergoing genetic testing, patients will find out whether their cancer is the result of poor heredity. And if the result is positive, they should be screened for colon cancer and tell their relatives about the potential threat. Other causes and risk factors for endometrial cancer include early first menstruation, late menopause (after 55 years), endocrine infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes mellitus and long-term use of hormones containing estrogen.

Reading time: 15 minutes

Fear of the unknown is something that can break any person. The format of this thesis also fits into a terrible diagnosis for women - uterine cancer. Treatment of a spiritually broken woman is difficult, often unsuccessful. That is why we decided to draw the attention of readers to this terrible disease and show that early stage uterine cancer is not a death sentence. Moreover, in many cases, modern medicine gives women a chance to find the happiness of motherhood, so it is important to know what the first signs and symptoms are characteristic of uterine cancer.

Organ structure

To make the process of pathology more understandable, let’s say a few words about the structure of the female reproductive organ. Visually, the uterus looks like an inverted pear (see photo). At the top there is a wide “pear-shaped” base - the fundus of the uterus, to the bottom (towards the vagina) there are:

body;
isthmus;
Cervix.

The tissue that makes up the organ is formed by 3 layers:

endometrium - a mucous layer facing inward (on top the endometrium is lined with epithelial cells);
myometrium - muscle (middle) layer;
perimetry - the outer shell.

Types of uterine cancer

According to the activity of the pathology, they are distinguished:

aggressive;
low-aggressive - affects the epithelium lining the cervix, does not affect other tissues;
microinvasive - differs from the previous type only in that individual tumor cells grow beyond the epithelium.

Early stages of the disease

The early stages include the zero and first stages:

0 - preinvasive carcinoma (carcinoma in situ);
I - tumor is limited to the body of the uterus;
IA - limited to the endometrium;
IB - extends to at least half the thickness of the myometrium.

Symptoms in the early stages

The first signs and symptoms are mild:

Vaginal discomfort is noted.
There is a slight discharge of blood after sexual intercourse and heavy lifting.
There is copious mucous discharge.
Disruptions in the menstrual cycle are recorded.

Among women diagnosed with cancer, many pointed to the absence of the first signs of uterine cancer at an early stage. It follows from this that the only way to detect pathology in the initial stages is to undergo timely medical examinations.

Diagnostics

The presence of atypical epithelial cells (dysplasia) in the cervix is determined visually by the gynecologist and serves as the first sign of oncology.

To confirm or refute the suspected diagnosis, the doctor prescribes one or more studies indicated in the table.

Diagnostic method	Brief explanations
Cytological studies	In laboratory conditions, a smear is examined for atypical cell structure.
Histological studies	A piece of tissue is taken from the uterus and checked for the fact that cancer cells have grown into the underlying layers.
Colposcopy	A visual examination of the cervix is performed under a microscope (colposcope) equipped with color filters to enhance the contrast of the image. The method of extended colposcopy allows you to influence the mucous membrane with various reagents (fluorochomes, acetic acid (3%), a solution of iodine and potassium), cancer cells and pathologically altered vessels reveal themselves by changing color, luminescence and a reaction to narrowing/expansion.
	Depending on the density and elasticity of the body’s structures, ultrasound propagates and reflects differently, which allows us to get an idea of the state of the organ. Information about the presence/absence of a tumor is displayed on the device screen.
	The most objective way to obtain a picture of the layer-by-layer state of an organ is using X-rays. In some cases, to obtain a more pronounced result, the patient is injected with a contrast agent.
Hysteroscopy	Examination of the uterine cavity using a special device - a hysteroscope.
Fluorescent study with tumor-tropic photosensitizers (photogem, photosens, aminolevulinic acid)	The method makes it possible to detect malignant neoplasms of small sizes (up to 1 mm) due to the selective accumulation in them of a photosensitizer previously introduced into the body, followed by visual registration of fluorescence (intrinsic and induced) under laser radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum.

Treatment of uterine cancer in the early stages

Depending on the degree of the disease, the following methods are used:

laser surgery;
cryosurgery;
conization;
trachelectomy.

Features of tumor treatment at stage 0:

In the first stage of oncology, surgical intervention is deeper. The doctor’s task at this stage is to make every effort to preserve the organ and carefully remove areas containing cancer cells.

If we are talking about childbearing age, everything possible is done to ensure that the woman does not lose her fertile function (she can subsequently conceive a child and give birth).

The main methods of treating stage 1 oncology:

In some cases, surgery is supported by immunotherapy. The doctor prescribes hormone therapy to the patient, including anti-estrogenic drugs, provided that the tumor has receptors for these hormones.

In no case wait until the first signs and initial symptoms of uterine cancer appear. They simply may not exist. An annual examination by a gynecologist is a procedure that will protect you from a terrible diagnosis.

The causative agent of the disease is human papillomavirus with high oncogenicity: 16.18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82 serotypes. Of these, the first three are the most dangerous.

Therefore, do not allow promiscuity and use barrier products. Another factor influencing the occurrence of cancer pathology is bad habits. Avoid to minimize risk.

If you observe at least one of the above signs and symptoms of uterine cancer, consult your doctor immediately!

What puts you at higher risk

Let's look at the factors that contribute to the development of uterine cancer:

the presence of bad habits in women, in particular smoking and drug addiction;
indiscriminate change of sexual partners (read about effective contraception here);
early onset of sexual life;
hormonal disorders (consultation with an endocrinologist will help correct them);
obesity;
impossibility of conceiving/giving birth to a child for various reasons before the age of 30;
hypertension;
ovarian pathologies (treated by a gynecologist);
diabetes;
abortions;
acute liver diseases;
weakening of the body's protective functions.

In addition, it has been proven that unprotected sex with a man whose last sexual partner suffered from uterine cancer can also cause the formation of uterine cancer.

Stages and lifespan

Doctors distinguish 4 stages of cancer pathology:

1 tbsp. - the tumor is localized in the body of the uterus, determined during the examination;
2 tbsp. - the lesion covers the cervix;
3 tbsp. - stage of metastasis in the vagina and damage to parametric structures;
4 tbsp. - metastases actively spread beyond the boundaries of the pelvis and into the abdominal cavity.

The life expectancy of patients, as well as the prognosis for recovery and preservation of life, depends on many related factors - the general condition of the woman, age, and the period of oncology diagnosis.

The 5-year survival rates are shown in the table:

In the first 2 - 3 years after remission, relapses occur in more than 50% of cases, so patients must constantly undergo routine examinations with a gynecologist, as well as follow preventive measures.

With correct treatment of stage 1-2 uterine cancer and following all medical recommendations, patients who have undergone surgery can have every chance of a long and fulfilling life. Late detection of problems in most cases causes death within the first 10 years of life after surgery.

How quickly does the disease develop?

It is impossible to establish the exact period of progression of uterine cancer and the spread of cancer. It is known that the disease rapidly changes from one stage to another, so the pathology is usually diagnosed at stages 2, 3 or 4.
The development of the disease and its rapid course are influenced by:

presence/absence of other chronic or acute diseases in the patient;
state of the immune system;
stability of blood circulation at the site of the cancer focus;
type and location of pathological cells.

The timing of the formation and development of uterine cancer depends on the combination of these factors.
Scientists have found that on average, a cancerous tumor forms within two years. Further progression and growth of the formation depends on the degree of differentiation of the affected cells.
With a poorly differentiated type of cancer, the tumor consists of a large number of abnormal cells that spread quickly (from several months to 1 - 2 years), and there is also a high risk of metastasis to nearby internal systems and the bloodstream.
With a highly differentiated type of pathology, healthy and affected tissues are almost identical, and the tumor can form within 2 to 5 years, the danger of spreading metastases is minimized. If a tumor is suspected, consultation with an oncologist is necessary.

The difference between pathology and fibroids

Myoma is a benign tumor, and this is its main difference from uterine cancer. But it is necessary to understand that the primary symptoms of these diseases are similar. In addition, if you do not consult a doctor in a timely manner and late detection of fibroids, it can develop into oncopathology (observed in 1.5 - 2% of all cases). More information about fibroids is described here.
Therefore, only a comprehensive examination of the patient, including:

examination by a gynecologist;
curettage of the uterus;
Ultrasound and MRI of the pelvic organs.

Consequences

The neglect of the oncological process can significantly threaten the safety of life, and very often, in the absence of adequate treatment, death occurs.

In the early stages of uterine cancer, doctors try to preserve the female reproductive organs and fully restore their functioning. But after such operations, adhesions often form and various seals form on the walls of the vagina and uterus.
In more complex situations, women have their uterus, vagina and ovaries completely or partially removed, which in turn entails an irreversible loss of the possibility of childbearing, as well as changes in the patient’s hormonal levels. Therefore, to normalize further life activity, women after surgery are prescribed hormonal medications.

It should be noted that chemotherapy, which is always used in the treatment of uterine cancer, also negatively affects all internal systems of the body. It will take at least 3 years to restore the correct functioning of all affected functions.

And finally, if you suddenly hear a terrible diagnosis from a doctor, do not forget: a disease diagnosed in the early stages is not a reason for despair. It can be successfully treated, and modern medicine gives the young woman every chance to become a happy mother in the future.

You can ask your gynecologist any questions you may have.

For more information about the causes and symptoms of uterine cancer, watch the video:

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There are many ways to find out how polluted your body is. Special tests, studies, and tests will help you carefully and purposefully identify violations of the endoecology of your body...

Uterine cancer

What is uterine cancer -

What provokes / Causes of uterine cancer:

Pathogenesis (what happens?) during uterine cancer:

Symptoms of Uterine Cancer:

Diagnosis of uterine cancer:

The examination includes a bimanual vaginal examination, a bimanual rectal examination, and a speculum examination.

These studies are very important for uterine cancer to develop a plan for radiation or combined treatment.

Uterine Cancer Treatment:

Metastasis.
Most often, uterine cancer metastasizes to the pelvic lymph nodes, less often to the inguinal ones. Distant metastases, most often to the kidneys, liver, lungs, have a poor prognosis.

Prevention of uterine cancer:

Which doctors should you contact if you have uterine cancer:

Is something bothering you? Do you want to know more detailed information about uterine cancer, its causes, symptoms, methods of treatment and prevention, the course of the disease and diet after it? Or do you need an inspection? You can make an appointment with a doctor– clinic Eurolab always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, study external signs and help you identify the disease by symptoms, advise you and provide the necessary assistance and make a diagnosis. you also can call a doctor at home. Clinic Eurolab open for you around the clock.

How to contact the clinic:
Phone number of our clinic in Kyiv: (+38 044) 206-20-00 (multi-channel). The clinic secretary will select a convenient day and time for you to visit the doctor. Our coordinates and directions are indicated. Look in more detail about all the clinic’s services on it.

(+38 044) 206-20-00

If you have previously performed any research, Be sure to take their results to a doctor for consultation. If the studies have not been performed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

You? It is necessary to take a very careful approach to your overall health. People don't pay enough attention symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you just need to do it several times a year. be examined by a doctor, in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the organism as a whole.

If you want to ask a doctor a question, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read self care tips. If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors, try to find the information you need in the section. Also register on the medical portal Eurolab to keep abreast of the latest news and information updates on the site, which will be automatically sent to you by email.

Other diseases from the group Oncological diseases:

Pituitary adenoma

Adenoma of the parathyroid (parathyroid) glands

Thyroid adenoma

Aldosteroma

Angioma of the pharynx

Angiosarcoma of the liver

Brain astrocytoma

Basal cell carcinoma (basal cell carcinoma)

Bowenoid papulosis of the penis

Bowen's disease

Paget's disease (nipple cancer)

Hodgkin's disease (lymphogranulomatosis, malignant granuloma)

Intracerebral tumors of the cerebral hemispheres

Hairy polyp of pharynx

Ganglioma (ganglioneuroma)

Ganglioneuroma

Hemangioblastoma

Hepatoblastoma

Germinoma

Giant Buschke-Levenshtein condyloma

Glioblastoma

Brain glioma

Optic nerve glioma

Chiasmal glioma

Glomus tumors (paragangliomas)

Hormonally inactive adrenal tumors (incidentalomas)

Mycosis fungoides

Benign tumors of the pharynx

Benign tumors of the optic nerve

Benign pleural tumors

Benign tumors of the oral cavity

Benign tumors of the tongue

Malignant neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum

Malignant neoplasms of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Malignant tumors of the pleura (pleural cancer)

Carcinoid syndrome

Mediastinal cysts

Cutaneous horn of the penis

Corticosteroma

Bone-forming malignant tumors

Bone marrow malignant tumors

Craniopharyngioma

Leukoplakia of the penis

Lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma

Thyroid lymphoma

Lymphosarcoma

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

Medulloblastoma of the brain

Peritoneal mesothelioma

Mesothelioma malignant

Pericardial mesothelioma

Pleural mesothelioma

Melanoma

Conjunctival melanoma

Meningioma

Optic nerve meningioma

Multiple myeloma (plasmocytoma, multiple myeloma)

Pharyngeal neuroma

Acoustic neuroma

Neuroblastoma

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (lichen sclerosus)

Tumor-like lesions

Tumors

Tumors of the autonomic nervous system

Pituitary tumors

Bone tumors

Frontal lobe tumors

Cerebellar tumors

Tumors of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle

Adrenal tumors

Tumors of the parathyroid glands

Pleural tumors

Spinal cord tumors

Brain stem tumors

Tumors of the central nervous system

Pineal tumors

Osteogenic sarcoma

Osteoid osteoma (osteoid-osteoma)

Osteoma

Osteochondroma

Genital warts of the penis

Pharynx papilloma

Oral papilloma

Paraganglioma of the middle ear

Pinealoma

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Squamous cell skin cancer

Prolactinoma

Anal cancer

Anal cancer (anal cancer)