Factors affecting the work of the heart presentation. Negative factors of influence on the cardiovascular system. Influence of human activity on the work of the cardiovascular system

Creation date: 2015/02/09

With unfavorable factors affecting the vascular circulatory system of a person: magnetic storms, climate change, a sedentary lifestyle, violation of food hygiene, day regimen, etc. - pathological diseases (painful) changes in the structure and functions of the vascular system of the human body occur.

Pain, palpitations, "interruptions" and other unpleasant sensations in the area of the heart are the most common complaints of patients when visiting a doctor. Especially often, diseases of the nervous system lead to various disorders of cardiac activity, since mental experiences are directly related to cardiac activity. The central nervous system performs the regulating and controlling function of the work of the heart and blood vessels. Consider the relationship between the function of the heart and the nervous system.

From the central nervous system along the centrifugal nerves, a nerve impulse-order approaches the heart, which has a decisive influence on the work of the heart. The nervous system receives information about the states and changes in the function of the cardiovascular system from nerve endings in the vessels and in the heart - interoreceptors, which react to changes in the chemical composition of the environment, temperature, blood pressure, etc. Hormones-substances secreted by the endocrine glands (pituitary gland, adrenal glands and other glands) and nerve endings (neurohormones) also participate in the regulatory activity. In the central nervous system, centers are located with the help of which vasomotor reactions are carried out. The work of the entire nervous system, which regulates blood circulation, is interconnected. However, the most important coordinating role belongs to the cerebral cortex and subcortical autonomic centers. Cardiac disorders due to a disease of the nervous system are called cardiac neurosis. It can be caused by severe stressful situations, overstrain, mental trauma, alcohol, nicotine, drugs. With neuroses, a combination of angina pectoris and other painful sensations is often observed.

Dysfunction of the heart muscle is caused by rheumatism, a disease of the joints. Usually children from 8 to 13 years old get sick with rheumatism.

Painful abnormalities in the activity of the heart are noted in almost 100% of rheumatic diseases, which often turn into heart disease. This heart disease is associated with impaired function as a result of damage to the heart valves or narrowing of the covered openings. Heart defects are congenital, which are formed during the intrauterine development of a person, and acquired, which often develop as a consequence of rheumatism and are usually accompanied by damage to the bicuspid valve of the heart and its left atrio-gastric orifice. Disease prevention - improvement of heart function through a set of special exercises. Meals should be regular and moderate.

Ischemic (from the Greek. Iskho - to delay, prevent and haima - blood) disease has several forms, among them there are angina pectoris, heart attack, postinfarction cardiosclerosis, various heart rhythm disturbances. The most common of these is angina pectoris due to areas in the heart muscle that are not adequately supplied with blood. This occurs most often from damage to the arteries of the heart with atherosclerosis, which occurs when cholesterol in the blood increases.

The occurrence of angina pectoris is facilitated by overeating and overweight, which leads to overstrain in the work of the heart; oxygen starvation, when a person is not enough in the open air; low physical activity and stressful situations. Prolonged spasm of one of the coronary arteries may be accompanied by complete blockage of its lumen. Risk factors such as smoking, alcohol, drugs, and emotional stress predispose to coronary artery spasm. But if nicotine, alcohol, drugs act directly on the vessels, then under stress, the cause of spasm of the coronary, coronary vessels becomes a sharp release of adrenal hormones catecholamines (norepinephrine and adrenaline) into the blood, which increase blood clotting, resulting in spasm.

The established point of view of cardiologists on the origin of a heart attack due to spasm and blockage of the coronary arteries of the heart and a violation of the blood supply to the heart muscle was questioned by the professor of medicine from Milan, Giorgi Baroldi. With the help of a special technique, he examined thousands of hearts of people who died from a heart attack, and came to the conclusion that instead of dying vessels, vessels - "bridges" develop, which take on the function of supplying the muscle with blood. Even in a healthy heart, a substitute blood supply operates in each of its regions. The replacement system works so successfully that thanks to it, the diseased vessel becomes unnecessary for the heart .. And despite the fact that cardiovascular diseases rank first in the world among all diseases, they still keep many secrets. The last word has not yet been said about the origin and mechanism of myocardial infarction.

Based on a theoretical study of this issue, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Reducing blood cholesterol levels. To do this, it is necessary to exclude from the diet as much as possible fatty meats and fish, butter, lard, cheese, sour cream. Increase your intake of vegetables and fruits. It is imperative to add about 30 g of any vegetable oil to the dishes a day.
Weight loss. Eliminate fatty foods, sweets, flour products from the diet, limit salt intake. Increase physical activity: walking, climbing stairs, physical work.
Quitting smoking, drugs, alcohol.

Any environmental influences are easier to tolerate with a trained cardiovascular system. Their heart at rest works somewhat slower, and under exertion, increased blood flow is achieved by increasing the amount of blood ejected at a time, and only with relatively strong loads do their heart rate increase. The heart of an untrained person strengthens its work only by increasing the heart rate. As a result, the pauses between cardiac cycles are reduced, the blood does not have time to fill the cardiac chambers.

We decided to confirm this statement by determining the level of physical condition of several adolescents (smokers, going in for sports, and nonsmokers and not going in for sports).

Currently, many rhythmic processes in the body are known, called biorhythms. The rhythms of the heart, the bioelectric phenomena of the brain, but the central place is occupied by the circadian rhythms. The body's response to any impact depends on the phase of the diurnal rhythm.

Sleep plays a huge role, both in the work of the whole organism and in the work of the heart. To optimally allocate sleep and rest time, you need to be clearly aware of what type you are. Larks are most adapted to changing conditions and can withstand sufficient stress without causing damage to the heart. Owls are much more likely to suffer from stomach ulcers, angina pectoris, and hypertension. The average daily hormone release in owls is 1.5 times higher than in larks. This is the kind of doping that ensures evening and night activity.

Therefore, owls need to follow these guidelines without trying to rearrange their rhythms:

Do not force your nature, do not try to cultivate willpower in the morning. The struggle between the will and the organism can end with the defeat of the organism.
Choose an alarm that has a loud but not harsh signal.
The alarm should sound 10-15 minutes before the time you need to get up.
Lie still, this time in bed with your eyes closed, stretch.

Take only warm showers in the morning.

Weather conditions include a set of physical conditions: atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, the degree of disturbance of the magnetic field.

2.2.5. Influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of certain diseases

A large number of scientific studies are devoted to the study of the relationship between environmental factors and various types of diseases, a huge number of articles and monographs have been published. We will try to give a very short analysis of only the main lines of research on this problem.

When analyzing causal relationships between health indicators and the state of the environment, researchers, first of all, pay attention to the dependences of health indicators on the state of individual components of the environment: air, water, soil, food, etc. 2.13 provides an indicative list of environmental factors and their influence on the development of various pathologies.

As you can see, air pollution is considered one of the main causes of diseases of the circulatory system, congenital anomalies and pathologies of pregnancy, neoplasms of the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, lungs and other respiratory organs, neoplasms of the genitourinary system.

Among the causes of these diseases, air pollution is in the first place. Air pollution ranks second, third and fourth among the causes of other diseases.

Table 2.13

Indicative list of environmental factors in connection with their

possible impact on prevalence

some classes and groups of diseases

	Pathology
	Diseases of the circulatory system	1. Air pollution with sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, phenol, benzene, ammonia, sulfur compounds, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, propylene, butylene, fatty acids, mercury, etc. 3. Housing conditions 4. Electromagnetic fields 5. Composition of drinking water: nitrates, chlorides, nitrites, water hardness 6. Biogeochemical features of the area: lack or excess of calcium, magnesium, vanadium, cadmium, zinc, lithium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, barium, copper, strontium, iron in the environment 7. Environmental pollution with pesticides and pesticides 8. Natural and climatic conditions: speed of weather change, humidity, barometric pressure, insolation level, wind strength and direction
	Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue	1. Insolation level 3. Air pollution
	Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs. Mental disorders	1. Natural and climatic conditions: the speed of weather change, humidity, barometric pressure, temperature factor 2. Biogeochemical features: high mineralization of soil and water 3. Housing conditions 4. Air pollution with sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, chromium, hydrogen sulfide, silicon dioxide, formaldehyde, mercury, etc. 6. Electromagnetic fields 7. Organochlorine, organophosphorus and other pesticides
	Respiratory diseases	1. Natural and climatic conditions: the speed of weather change, humidity 2. Housing conditions 3. Air pollution: dust, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phenol, ammonia, hydrocarbon, silicon dioxide, chlorine, acrolein, photooxidants, mercury, etc. 4. Organochlorine, organophosphorus and other pesticides
	Diseases of the digestive system	1. Environmental pollution with pesticides and pesticides 2. Lack or excess of trace elements in the external environment 3. Housing conditions 4. Pollution of atmospheric air with carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, dust, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, phenol, silicon dioxide, fluorine, etc. 6. Composition of drinking water, water hardness

Continuation of table. 2.13

	Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs	1. Biogeochemical features: lack or excess of chromium, cobalt, rare earth metals in the environment 2. Air pollution with sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, hydrazoic acid, ethylene, propylene, amylene, hydrogen sulfide, etc. 3. Electromagnetic fields 4. Nitrite and nitrate in drinking water 5. Environmental pollution with pesticides and pesticides.
	Congenital anomalies	4. Electromagnetic fields
	Endocrine system diseases, eating disorders, metabolic disorders	1. Insolation level 2. Excess or deficiency of lead, iodine, boron, calcium, vanadium, bromine, chromium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, lithium, copper, barium, strontium, iron, urochrome, molybdenum in the external environment 3. Air pollution 5. Electromagnetic fields 6. Hardness of drinking water
	Diseases of the genitourinary organs	1. Lack or excess of zinc, lead, iodine, calcium, manganese, cobalt, copper, iron in the environment 2. Pollution of atmospheric air with carbon disulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, sulfur oxide, butylene, amylene, carbon monoxide 3. Hardness of drinking water
	Including: pathology of pregnancy	1. Air pollution 2. Electromagnetic fields 3. Environmental pollution with pesticides and pesticides 4. Lack or excess of trace elements in the external environment
	Neoplasms of the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, lungs and other respiratory organs	1. Air pollution 2. Humidity, level of insolation, temperature factor, number of days with dry winds and dust storms, barometric pressure

Continuation of table. 2.13

Neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach and other digestive organs

1. Environmental pollution with pesticides and pesticides

2. Air pollution with carcinogenic substances, acrolein and other photooxidants (nitrogen oxides, ozone, surfactants, formaldehyde, free radicals, organic peroxides, fine aerosols).

3. Biogeochemical features of the area: lack or excess of magnesium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, rare earth metals, copper, high soil mineralization

4. Composition of drinking water: chlorides, sulfates. Hardness of water

Neoplasms of the genitourinary organs

1. Pollution of atmospheric air with carbon disulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, butylene, amylene, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide

2. Environmental pollution with pesticides

3. Lack or excess of magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, copper in the environment

4. Chlorides in drinking water

The second in terms of the degree of influence on the incidence due to environmental reasons in most cases can be considered a deficiency or excess of trace elements in the external environment. For neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach and other digestive organs, this is manifested in the biogeochemical features of the area: lack or excess of magnesium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, rare earth metals, copper, high soil mineralization. For diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders, metabolic disorders - this is an excess or lack of lead, iodine, boron, calcium, vanadium, bromine, chromium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, lithium, copper, barium, strontium, iron, urochrome, molybdenum in external environment, etc.

Table data. 2.13 show that cancer-causing chemicals, dust, and mineral fibers tend to act selectively to target specific organs. Most cancers caused by chemicals, dust, and mineral fibers are obviously associated with occupational activity. However, as shown by risk studies, the population living in areas affected by hazardous chemical industries (for example, in the city of Chapayevsk) is also exposed. Increased levels of cancer have been identified in these areas. Arsenic and its compounds, as well as dioxins, affect the entire population due to its high prevalence. Household habits and food products naturally affect the entire population.

The work of many Russian and foreign scientists is devoted to the study of the possibility of the intake of toxic substances simultaneously in several ways and their complex effect on the health of the population (Avaliani S.L., 1995; Vinokur I.L., Gildenskiold R.S., Ershova T.N., etc. ., 1996; Gildenskiold R.S., Korolev A.A., Suvorov G.A. et al., 1996; Kasyanenko A.A., Zhuravleva E.A., Platonov A.G. et al., 2001; Ott WR, 1985).

One of the most dangerous chemical compounds are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which enter the environment during the production of chlorine-containing substances, incineration of household and medical waste, and the use of pesticides. These substances include eight pesticides (DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, toxaphene, mirex), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dioxins, furans, hexachlorobenzene (Revich BA, 2001). These substances pose a danger to human health, regardless of the ways in which they enter the body. Table 2.14 shows the characteristics of the effects of the listed eight pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls.

As you can see, these substances also affect reproductive functions, and are the cause of cancer, lead to disorders of the nervous and immune systems and other equally dangerous effects.

Table 2.14

Health effects of POPs (short list): empirical findings

(Revich B.A., 2001)

Substances	Impact
	Reproductive damage in wildlife, especially egg shell thinning in birds
	DDE, a metabolite of DCT, is possibly associated with breast cancer (M.S, Wolff, P.G. Toniolo, 1995), but the results are ambiguous (N. Krieger et al., 1994; D.J. Hunter et al., 1997)
	High doses lead to disorders of the nervous system (convulsions, tremors, muscle weakness) (R. Carson, 1962)
Aldrin, Deel Drin, Endrin	These substances have a similar effect, but endrin is the most toxic of them.
	Associated with suppression of the immune system (T. Colborn, C. Clement, 1992)
	Nervous system disorders (convulsions), effects on liver function at high exposure levels (R. Carson, 1962)
Aldrin, Deel Drin, Endrin	Dieldrin - effects on reproductive function and behavior (S. Wiktelius, C.A. Edwards, 1997)
	Possible human carcinogen; in high concentrations, probably contributes to the occurrence of breast tumors (K. Nomata et al., 1996)
Heptachlor	Effects on progesterone and estrogen levels in laboratory rats (J.A. Oduma et al., 1995)
Heptachlor	Disorders of the nervous system and liver function (EPA, 1990)
Hexachloroben- ash (HCB)
	Affects DNA in human liver cells (R. Canonero et al., 1997)
	Changes in the function of white blood cells during industrial exposure (M.L. Queirox et al., 1997)
	Changes in steroid formation (W.G. Foster et al., 1995)
	High exposure levels have been associated with porphyrinuria. metabolic liver disease (I.M. Rietjens et al., 1997)
	Thyroid enlargement, scarring, and arthritis occur in the offspring of accidentally exposed women (T. Colborn, C. Clement, 1992)
	Probable human carcinogen
	Causes suppression of the immune system (T. Colborn, C. Clement, 1992)
	In rats, it exhibits toxic effects on the fetus, including the formation of cataracts (WHO, Environmental Health Criteria 44: Mirex, 1984)
	Liver hypertrophy due to long-term low dose exposure in rats (WHO, 1984)

Continuation of table 2.14

Polychlorinated dibenzo p- dioxins - PCDDs and polychlorinated dibenzofurans - PCDF	Toxic effects on development, endocrine, immune system; human reproductive function
	2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDC) is a human carcinogen (IARC, 1997)
	Developmental and immune system toxicity in animals, especially rodents (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Changes in hormone levels - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and thyroid - in some individuals; decrease in serum testosterone levels in exposed people (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Interferes with the action of estrogen in some individuals; decrease in fertility, brood size and uterus weight in mice, rats, primates (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Chloracne as a response to a high dose due to cutaneous or systemic exposure (A. Schecter, 1994)
	Acneform rash due to skin contact (N.A. Tilson et al., 1990)
	Estrogenic effects on wildlife (J.M. Bergeron et al., 1994)
Toxaphene	Potential human carcinogen, causing reproductive and developmental disorders in mammals
Toxaphene	Shows estrogenic activity (S.F. Arnold et al., 1997)
Polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs	Impact on the fetus, which results in changes in the nervous system and development of the child, a decrease in his psychomotor functions, short-term memory and cognitive functions, long-term effects on intelligence (N.A. Tilson et al. 1990; Jacobson et al., 1990; JL Jacobson, SW Jacobson, 1996)

In the 20th century, for the first time, environmental diseases arose, that is, diseases, the occurrence of which is associated only with the effect of specific chemicals (Table 2.15). Among them, the most famous and well-studied diseases associated with exposure to mercury - Minamata disease; cadmium - Itai-Itai disease; arsenic - "black foot"; polychlorinated biphenyls - Yu-Sho and Yu-Cheng (Revich B.A., 2001).

Table 2.15

Pollutants and Environmental Diseases of the Population

Contaminants	Environmental diseases
Arsenic in food and water	Skin cancer - the province of Cordoba (Argentina), "black foot" - the island of Taiwan. Chile
Methylmercury in water, fish	Minamata disease. 1956, Niigata, 1968 -Japan
Methylmercury in food	Deaths - 495 people, poisoning - 6,500 people - Iraq, 1961
Cadmium in water and rice	Itai-Itai Disease - Japan, 1946
Rice contamination with PCB oil	Yu-Sho disease - Japan, 1968; Yu-Cheng disease - Taiwan Island, 1978-1979

When studying cancers of the population associated with exposure to various chemicals, it is useful to know which substances are recognized as responsible for the disease of certain organs (Table 2.16).

Table 2.16

Proven carcinogens to humans (IARC group 1)

(V. Khudoley, 1999;Revich B.A., 2001)

	Factor name		Target Organs		Population group
1. Chemical compounds
	4-Aminobiphenyl		Bladder
	Benzidine		Bladder
			Hematopoietic system
	Beryllium and its compounds
	Bis (chloromethyl) ether and technical chloromethyl ether
	Vinyl chloride		Liver, blood vessels (brain, lungs, lymphatic system)
	Mustard gas (sulfur mustard gas)		Pharynx, larynx, lungs
	Cadmium and its compounds		Lungs, prostate gland
	Coal pitches		Skin, lungs, bladder (larynx, oral cavity)
	Coal tar		Skin, lungs (bladder)
	Mineral oils (unrefined)		Skin (lungs, bladder)
	Arsenic and its compounds		Lungs, skin		General population groups
	2-Naphthylamine		Bladder (lungs)
	Nickel and its compounds		Nasal cavity, lungs
	Shale oils		Skin (gastrointestinal tract)
	Dioxins		Lungs (subcutaneous tissue, lymphatic system)		Workers, general populations
	Chromium hexavalent		Lungs (nasal cavity)
	Ethylene oxide		Hematopoietic and lymphatic systems
2. Household habits
		Alcoholic drinks		Pharynx, esophagus, liver, larynx, oral cavity (mammary gland)		General population groups
		Chewing betel nut with tobacco		Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus		General population groups
		Tobacco (smoking, tobacco smoke)		Lungs, bladder, esophagus, larynx, pancreas		General population groups
		Tobacco products, smokeless		Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus		General population groups
3. Dust and mineral fibers
			Lungs, pleura, peritoneum (gastrointestinal tract, larynx)
	Wood dust		Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
	Crystalline silicon
			Skin, lungs

			Pleura, peritoneum

Continuation of table 2.16

A number of pollutants and ionizing radiation have a negative impact on reproductive health - see table. 2.17 - (Revich B.A., 2001).

Table 2.17

Contaminants and Reproductive Health Disorders

(Priority Health Conditions, 1993;T... Aldrich, J. Griffith, 1993)

Substance	Violations
Ionizing radiation	Infertility, microcephaly, chromosomal abnormalities, cancer in children
	Menstrual irregularities, spontaneous abortion, blindness, deafness, mental retardation
	Infertility, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, low birth weight, sperm disorders
	Low birth weight
Manganese	Infertility
	Spontaneous abortion, weight loss in newborns, congenital malformations
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)	Decreased fertility
Dibromochloropropane	Infertility, sperm changes
	Spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, congenital malformations, infertility
1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-propane	Semen disorders, sterility
	Congenital malformations (eyes, ears, mouth), disorders of the central nervous system, perinatal mortality

Dichlorethylene	Congenital malformations (heart)
Dieldrin	Spontaneous abortion, premature birth
Hexachlorocyclohexane	Hormonal disorders, spontaneous abortion, premature birth
	Spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, menstrual irregularities, ovarian atrophy
Carbon disulfide	Menstrual irregularities, spermatogenesis disorders
Organic solvents	Congenital malformations, cancer in children
Anesthetics	Infertility, spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, tumors in the embryo

Since 1995, Russia has been introducing a methodology for assessing public health risks caused by environmental pollution, developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USA EPA). In a number of cities (Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh, Novgorod Veliky, Volgograd, Novokuznetsk, Krasnouralsk, Angarsk, Nizhniy Tagil), with the support of the Agency for International Development and the US Environmental Protection Agency, projects were carried out to assess and manage public health risks caused by pollution air and drinking water (Risk Management, 1999; Risk Methodology, 1997). The great merit in carrying out these studies, organizing work and introducing scientific results belongs to the outstanding Russian scientists G.G. Onishchenko, S.L. Avaliani, K.A. Bushtueva, Yu.A. Rachmanin, S.M. Novikov, A.V. Kiselev and others.

Test questions and tasks

1. Analyze and characterize environmental factors for various diseases (see table. 2.13).

2. What diseases are caused by exposure to persistent organic pollutants?

3. List the most well-known diseases that appeared in the twentieth century, the impact of which substances were they caused and in what way were they manifested?

4. What substances are classified as proven carcinogens and diseases of which human organs do they cause?

5. What substances cause reproductive health problems?

6. Analyze and characterize the influence of environmental factors on various types of pathologies in accordance with table 2.14.

It is impossible to completely avoid the negative factors that cause heart failure. but influence our way of life on the cardiovascular system is decisive. Eliminating bad habits and taking care of your body every day brings very good results and is the main way to prevent diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

The effect of smoking on the cardiovascular system

Smoking is the leading cause of coronary heart disease, which causes the largest number of deaths worldwide. Pernicious the effect of smoking on the cardiovascular system associated with the inhalation of carbon monoxide, which increases the risk of atherosclerosis. In this case, nicotine itself also contributes to the formation of blood clots. And in the process of smoking a cigarette, the heart must work in an enhanced mode, since oxygen starvation sets in.

As a result the effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system the risk of developing heart disease is increased by 1.5 times. And we are talking equally about active and passive smoking.

The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system

Alcoholic beverages act in two phases: first, they dilate the vessels, and then they greatly constrict them. Such the effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system affects the rhythm of heart contractions, disrupts blood circulation and contributes to poor permeability of blood vessels. The most common consequence of alcohol consumption is cardiomyopathy (structural and functional changes in the heart muscle). For example, beer leads to a "bovine" heart - an increase and weakening of the myocardium.

Effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system

Physical inactivity (lack of physical activity) is one of the reasons for the development of heart disease. However, not every workout will be beneficial. Miscellaneous the effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system associated with the selection of the correct load. It is best to stop at a gentle fitness option, workouts no more than 45 minutes, walking in the fresh air, cycling, jogging and visiting the pool. And most importantly, do sports regularly, because rare and intense exercise in the gym (especially with weight lifting) wears out the heart muscle, and does not strengthen it.

Negative effects on the cardiovascular system of other factors

Among the common causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases, an incorrect diet (an abundance of fatty foods and salt), obesity, and stress are often called. Nutritional adjustments significantly reduce the harmful effects of effect on the cardiovascular system and helps to avoid not only the appearance of sclerotic plaques, but also excess weight, which puts stress on the heart.

Statistics 1 million 300 thousand people die annually from diseases of the cardiovascular system, and this figure is increasing from year to year. Cardiovascular diseases account for 57% of the total mortality in Russia. About 85% of all diseases of a modern person are associated with adverse environmental conditions arising from his own fault.

Influence of the consequences of human activity on the work of the cardiovascular system It is impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants are not present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial industries, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have discovered toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric streams from other continents.

Influence of human activity on the work of the cardiovascular system Human economic activity is the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment. Various chemicals in waste, getting into soil, air or water, pass along ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

90% of CVS defects in children in disadvantaged ecological zones Lack of oxygen in the atmosphere causes hypoxia, changes in the heart rate Stress, noise, high-speed pace of life deplete the heart muscle Factors that negatively affect the cardiovascular system Environmental pollution with industrial waste leads to developmental pathology cardiovascular system in children Increased background radiation leads to irreversible changes in hematopoietic tissue In areas with polluted air In humans, high blood pressure

The main risk factors leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases: high blood pressure; age: men over 40, women over 50; psycho-emotional stress; cardiovascular diseases in close relatives; diabetes; obesity; total cholesterol more than 5.5 mmol / l; smoking.

Excess weight contributes to high blood pressure High cholesterol levels lead to loss of vascular elasticity Pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious heart diseases Sedentary lifestyle leads to flabbiness of all body systems Heredity increases the likelihood of developing diseases Factors that negatively affect the cardiovascular system Frequent use of drugs poisons the heart muscle , heart failure develops

Narcologists "Do not drink wine, do not grieve your heart with tobacco - and you will live as long as Titian lived" Academician IP Pavlov Effect of alcohol and nicotine on the heart: -Tachycardia; - Violation of neurohumoral regulation of the heart; -Fast fatiguability; - Laxity of the heart muscle; - Heart rhythm disorders; - Premature aging of the heart muscle; -Increased risk of heart attack; - Development of hypertension.

Assessment of the adaptive potential of AP = (CP) (SBP) (DBP) (MT) (P) (B) -0.27; where AP is the adaptive potential of the circulatory system in points, HR is the pulse rate (beats / min); SBP and DBP - systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); P - height (cm); MT - body weight (kg); B - age (years).

According to the values of the adaptive potential, the functional state of the patient is determined: Interpretation of the sample: below is satisfactory adaptation; stress of adaptation mechanisms; unsatisfactory adaptation; 3.5 and higher - adaptation failure.

Calculation of the Kerdo index The Kerdo index is an indicator used to assess the activity of the autonomic nervous system. The index is calculated by the formula: autonomic nervous system Index = 100 (1-DAD), where: Pulse DAD diastolic pressure (mmHg); mmHg. Art. Pulse pulse rate (beats per minute). Pulse Rate indicator: from - 10 to + 10%

Interpretation of the test: positive value - predominance of sympathetic influences, negative value - predominance of parasympathetic influences. If the value of this index is greater than zero, then they talk about the predominance of sympathetic influences in the activity of the autonomic nervous system, if less than zero, then the predominance of parasympathetic influences, if equal to zero, then this indicates functional balance. In a healthy person, it is close to zero.

T results - 30% - heart fitness is good, the heart strengthens its work by increasing the amount of blood thrown out with each contraction. T - 38% - the fitness of the heart is insufficient. T - 45% - training is low, the heart strengthens its work due to the heart rate.

UDC 574.2: 616.1

ECOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

E. D. Bazdyrev and O. L. Barbarash

Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo

According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), the health status of the population is 49-53% determined by their lifestyle (smoking, alcohol and drug use, diet, working conditions, physical inactivity, material and living conditions, marital status, etc.), by 18-22% - by genetic and biological factors, by 17-20% - by the state of the environment (natural and climatic factors, the quality of environmental objects) and only by 8-10% - by the level of health care development (timeliness and quality of medical care, efficiency preventive measures).

The high rates of urbanization observed in recent years with a decrease in the rural population, a significant increase in mobile sources of pollution (vehicles), the inadequacy of treatment facilities at many industrial enterprises with the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards, etc., clearly identified the problem of the impact of ecology on the health of the population.

Clean air is essential for human health and well-being. Air pollution continues to be a significant threat to human health around the world, despite the introduction of cleaner technologies in industry, energy and transport. Intense air pollution is typical for large cities. The level of most polluting agents, and there are hundreds of them in the city, as a rule, exceeds the maximum permissible level, and their combined effect turns out to be even more significant.

Air pollution is the cause of increased mortality and, consequently, a reduction in life expectancy. Thus, according to the WHO European Office, in Europe this risk factor has led to a reduction in life expectancy by 8 months, and in the most contaminated areas - by 13 months. In Russia, the increased level of air pollution leads to an annual additional mortality of up to 40 thousand people.

According to the Federal Information Center of the Foundation for Social and Hygienic Monitoring, in Russia in the period from 2006 to 2010, the leading air pollutants exceeding hygienic standards by a factor of five or more were: formaldehyde, 3,4-benz (a) pyrene, ethylbenzene, phenol, nitrogen dioxide, suspended solids, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead and its inorganic compounds. Russia ranks 4th in the world in terms of carbon dioxide emissions after the United States, China and the European Union.

Environmental pollution today remains a significant problem throughout the world, is the cause of increased mortality and, in turn, a factor in reducing life expectancy. It is generally accepted that the influence of the environment, namely the pollution of the atmospheric basin by air pollutants, is the main cause of the development of diseases of the respiratory system. However, the impact on the body of various pollutants is not limited to changes in the bronchopulmonary system. In recent years, studies have appeared that prove the relationship between the level and type of air pollution and diseases of the digestive and endocrine systems. In the last decade, convincing data have been obtained on the adverse effects of air pollutants on the cardiovascular system. This review analyzes information both on the relationship of various diseases of the cardiovascular system with exposure to air pollutants, and on their possible pathogenetic relationships. Key words: ecology, air pollutants, diseases of the cardiovascular system

Up to 50 million people live in Russia under the influence of harmful substances that exceed hygienic standards by five or more times. Despite the fact that since 2004 there has been a tendency towards a reduction in the share of atmospheric air samples exceeding the hygienic standards of the average for the Russian Federation, this share still remains high in the Siberian and Ural federal districts.

Today it is generally accepted that the influence of the environment, namely the pollution of the atmospheric basin by air pollutants, is the cause of the development of mainly diseases of the respiratory system, since most of all pollutants enter the body mainly through the respiratory system. It has been proven that the effect of air pollutants on the respiratory organs is manifested by suppression of the local defense system, a damaging effect on the respiratory epithelium with the formation of acute and chronic inflammation. It is known that ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides cause bronchoconstriction, hyperreactivity of the bronchi due to the release of neuropeptides from C-fibers and the development of neurogenic inflammation. It has been established that the average and maximum concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and the maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide contribute to the development of bronchial asthma.

However, the impact on the body of various pollutants is not limited to changes in the bronchopulmonary system. Thus, according to a study conducted in Ufa, as a result of an eight-year observation (2000-2008), it was shown that the adult population has a significant correlation between the level of atmospheric air pollution with formaldehyde and diseases of the endocrine system, the content of gasoline in the air and the general morbidity. including diseases of the digestive system.

In the last decade, there have been convincing data on the adverse effects of air pollutants on the cardiovascular system (CVS). The first reports on the association of chemical pollutants with one of the significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) - atherogenic dyslipidemias - were published back in the 80s of the last century. The reason for the search for associations was an even earlier study that showed an almost 2-fold increase in mortality from coronary heart disease (IHD) in men with more than 10 years of experience exposed to carbon disulfide at work.

BM Stolbunov and co-authors found that in persons living near chemical enterprises, the incidence of the circulatory system was 2-4 times higher. A number of studies have examined the effect of chemical pollutants on the likelihood of not only

chronic, but also acute forms of ischemic heart disease. Thus, A. Sergeev et al analyzed the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in persons living near sources of organic pollutants, where the incidence of hospitalization was 20% higher than the frequency of hospitalizations of persons not exposed to organic pollutants. In another study, it was found that the highest degree of "chemical contamination" of the body with toxic elements was noted in patients with MI who had worked for more than 10 years in contact with industrial xenobiotics.

During a five-year medical and environmental monitoring in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, a relationship was shown between the frequency of CVD spread and the level of air pollutants. Thus, the researchers drew a parallel between the frequency of hospitalizations for angina pectoris and an increase in the average monthly concentration of carbon monoxide and phenol. In addition, increased levels of phenol and formaldehyde in the atmosphere were associated with increased hospitalizations for MI and hypertension. Along with this, the minimum frequency of decompensation of chronic coronary insufficiency corresponded to a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the atmospheric air, to the minimum monthly mean concentrations of carbon monoxide and phenol.

Published in 2012, the results of studies carried out by A. R. Hampel et al and R. Devlin et al. Showed an acute effect of ozone on impaired myocardial repolarization according to ECG data. A study in London illustrated that an increase in the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere, especially with a sulfite component in patients with an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator, led to an increase in the number of ventricular premature beats, flutter and atrial fibrillation.

Undoubtedly, one of the most informative and objective criteria characterizing the health status of the population is the mortality rate. Its value largely characterizes the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the entire population. Thus, according to the American Heart Association, an increase in the level of dust particles with a size of less than 2.5 microns for several hours a week can be the cause of death in patients with CVD, as well as the cause of hospitalization for frolicking MI and decompensation of heart failure. Similar data obtained in a study conducted in California and in a twelve-year follow-up in China showed that prolonged exposure to dust particles, nitric oxide was not only a risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, but also a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality.

A striking example of the relationship between CVD mortality and the level of air pollutants was the result of an analysis of the mortality structure of the Moscow population during the abnormal summer of 2011. The increase in the concentration of pollutants in the city's atmosphere had two peaks - on July 29 and August 7, 2011, reaching 160 mgk / m3 and 800 mgk / m3, respectively. At the same time, suspended particles with a diameter of more than 10 microns prevailed in the air. The concentration of particles with a diameter of 2.0-2.5 microns was especially high on June 29. When comparing the dynamics of mortality with indicators of air pollution, there was a complete coincidence of the peaks in the number of deaths with an increase in the concentration of particles with a diameter of 10 microns.

Along with the negative effect of various pollutants, there are publications about their positive effect on CVS. So, for example, the level of carbon monoxide in high concentrations has a cardiotoxic effect - by increasing the level of carboxyhemoglobin, but in small doses - cardioprotective against heart failure.

Due to the scarcity of studies on the possible mechanisms of the negative impact of environmental pollution on CVS, it is difficult to draw a convincing conclusion. However, according to the available publications, this interaction may be due to the development and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis, coagulopathy with a tendency to thrombosis, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation.

According to a number of experimental studies, the pathological relationship between lipophilic xenobiotics and ischemic heart disease is realized through the initiation of lipid metabolism disorders with the development of persistent hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, which underlie atherosclerosis of the arteries. Thus, a study in Belgium showed that in nonsmoking patients with diabetes mellitus, each doubling of the distance of residence from major highways was associated with a decrease in low-density lipoprotein levels.

According to other studies, xenobiotics themselves are capable of directly damaging the vascular wall with the development of a generalized immune-inflammatory reaction that triggers the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, muscular-elastic hyperplasia of the intima and fibrous plaque, mainly in small and medium-sized vessels. These vascular changes are called arteriosclerosis, emphasizing that the root cause of the disorders is sclerosis, and not lipid accumulation.

In addition, a number of xenobiotics cause lability of vascular tone and initiate thrombus formation. A similar conclusion was reached by scientists from Denmark, who showed that an increase in the level of suspended particles in the atmosphere is associated with an increased risk of blood clots.

As another pathogenetic mechanism underlying the development of CVD, the processes of free radical oxidation in areas of ecological disadvantage are being actively studied. The development of oxidative stress is a natural response of the body to the effects of xenobiotics, regardless of their nature. It has been proven that the products of peroxidation are responsible for the initiation of damage to the genome of vascular endothelial cells, which underlies the development of the cardiovascular continuum.

A study in Los Angeles and Germany has shown that long-term exposure to dust particles is associated with thickening of the intima / media complex as a sign of subclinical atherosclerosis and an increase in blood pressure.

Currently, there are publications indicating a link between genetic predisposition, inflammation, on the one hand, and cardiovascular risk, on the other. Thus, a high polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases, which accumulate when exposed to pollutants or smoking, increases the risk of a decrease in lung function during life, the development of dyspnea and inflammation. Developed pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation induce systemic inflammation, which in turn increases cardiovascular risk.

Thus, it is possible that one of the possible pathogenetic links in the influence of environmental pollution on the formation of CVD is the activation of inflammation. This fact is also interesting because in recent years there have been new data on the relationship of laboratory markers of inflammation with an unfavorable prognosis both in healthy individuals and in patients with CVD.

It is now generally accepted that inflammation is the main cause of most types of respiratory pathology. In recent years, data have been obtained indicating that an increase in blood levels of a number of nonspecific markers of inflammation is associated with an increase in the risk of developing coronary artery disease, and with an already existing disease - with an unfavorable prognosis.

The fact of inflammation is assigned the main role in the development of atherosclerosis as one of the leading causes of the development of ischemic heart disease. It was found that MI is more common among people with high levels of various inflammatory proteins in the blood plasma, and decreased lung function is associated with increased levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes.

Both in the pathology of the lungs (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is well studied in this regard), and in many CVDs (IHD, MI, atherosclerosis), there is an increase in the level of CRP,

interleukins-1p, 6, 8, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha, and pro-inflammatory cytokines increase the expression of metalloproteinases.

Thus, according to the presented analysis of publications on the problem of the influence of environmental pollution on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular pathology, their connection is confirmed, but its mechanisms have not been fully studied, which should be the subject of further research.

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29. Franchini M., Mannucci P. M. Thrombogenicity and cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution. Blood. 2011, 118, pp. 2405-2412.

30. Fuks K., Moebus S., Hertel S., Viehmann A., Nonnemacher M., Dragano N., Mohlenkamp S., Jakobs H., Kessler C., Erbel R., Hoffmann B. Long-term urban particulate air pollution, traffic noise, and arterial blood pressure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, pp. 1706-1711.

31. Gold D. R., Metteman M. A. New insights into pollution and the cardiovascular system 2010 to 2012. Circulation. 2013, 127, pp. 1903-1913.

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42. Taylor A. E. Cardiovascular Effects of Environmental Chemicals Otolaryngology - Head and Neck. Surgery. 1996, 114, pp. 209-211.

43. Tiller J. R., Schilling R. S. F., Morris J. N. Occupational Toxic Factor in Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease. Br. Med. J. 1968, 4, pp. 407-41 1.

44. Zhang P., Dong G., Sun B., Zhang L., Chen X., Ma N., Yu F., Guo H., Huang H., Lee YL, Tang N., Chen J. Long- term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality due to cardiorespiratory disease and cerebrovascular disease in Shenyang China. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6, p. 20827.

ECOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

E. D. Bazdyrev, O. L. Barbarash

Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Siberian Branch RAMS, Kemerovo Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russia

Currently around the world, environmental pollution remains a significant problem causing increased mortality rates and a factor of reduced life expectancy. Admittedly, influence of the environment that is pollution of atmosphere with air pollutants, results in preferential development of the respiratory system diseases. However, effects of different pollutants on human bodies are not limited only to bronchopulmonary

changes. Recently, a number of studies were conducted and proved a relation between levels and types of atmospheric air pollution and diseases of the digestive and endocrine systems. Earnest data about harmful effects of air pollutants on the cardiovascular system was obtained in the recent decade. In the review, there has been analyzed information both about the relation between different cardiovascular diseases and the aeropollutants "effects and their possible pathogenetic interrelations.

Keywords: ecology, air pollutants, cardiovascular diseases Contact information:

Bazdyrev Evgeniy Dmitrievich - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Department of Multifocal Atherosclerosis of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases" of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Faculty Therapy, Occupational Diseases and Endocrinology of the Kemerovo State Medical Academy of the Ministry health care of the Russian Federation

Address: 650002, Kemerovo, Sosnovy Boulevard, 6 E-mail: [email protected]