The root system of a plant is formed by roots of different nature. Allocate the main root, which develops from the embryonic root, as well as lateral and adventitious. Lateral roots are a branch from the main one and can form on any part of it, while adventitious roots most often begin their growth from the lower part of the plant stem, but can even form on the leaves.
Core root system
The tap root system is characterized by a developed main root. It has the shape of a rod, and it is because of this similarity that this type got its name. The lateral roots of such plants are extremely weak. The root has the ability to grow indefinitely, and the main root in taproot plants reaches impressive sizes. This is necessary to optimize the extraction of water and nutrients from soils, where groundwater occurs at significant depths. Many species have a core root system - trees, shrubs, as well as herbaceous plants: birch, oak, dandelion, sunflower,.
Fibrous root system
In plants with a fibrous root system, the main root is practically undeveloped. Instead, they are characterized by numerous branching adventitious or lateral roots of approximately the same length. Often, in plants, the main root first grows, from which the lateral roots begin to depart, but in the process of further development of the plant, it dies off. A fibrous root system is characteristic of plants that reproduce vegetatively. Usually it is found in - coconut palm, orchids, paparotnikovid, cereals.
Mixed root system
A mixed or combined root system is also often distinguished. Plants belonging to this type have a well-differentiated main root and multiple lateral and adventitious roots. This structure of the root system can be observed, for example, in strawberries and strawberries.
Root modifications
The roots of some plants are so modified that it is difficult at first glance to attribute them to any type. These modifications include root crops - thickening of the main root and lower part of the stem, which can be seen in turnips and carrots, as well as root tubers - thickening of lateral and adventitious roots, which can be observed in sweet potatoes. Also, some roots can serve not for the absorption of water with salts dissolved in it, but for breathing (respiratory roots) or additional support (stilted roots).
- Tap root system - a root system in which the main root is well developed compared to the lateral roots. The main root has the shape of a rod, hence the name for such a root system - pivotal.
The main root can penetrate to a considerable depth, so a taproot system is typical for plants that are located in soils where deep groundwater occurs (for example, in sandy soils).
Many representatives of dicotyledonous plants, most species of trees and shrubs, as well as many herbaceous plants have this type of root system.
Related concepts
Related concepts (continued)
Fern-like, or ferns, (lat.Polypodióphyta) - a department of vascular plants, which includes both modern ferns and some of the oldest higher plants that appeared about 405 million years ago in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era. Giant plants from the tree fern group largely determined the appearance of the planet at the end of the Paleozoic - early Mesozoic era.
Fibrous root system - a root system, represented mainly by adventitious roots, in which the main root is not distinguished.
Dicotyledonous (outdated options: dicotyledonous, dicotyledonous) (lat.Dicotylédones), or Magnoliopsida (lat.Magnoliópsida) are a class of angiosperms in which the seed embryo has two lateral opposite cotyledons.
Purpureus, or elephant grass (lat.Pennisetum purpureum) is a perennial herb, a species of the genus Pennisetum of the Poaceae family. Widespread forage crop in tropical and subtropical countries.
Conifers (Latin Pinóphyta or Coníferae) are one of the 13-14 divisions of the plant kingdom, which includes vascular plants, the seeds of which develop in cones. All modern species are woody plants, the overwhelming majority are trees, although there are also shrubs. Typical representatives are cedar, cypress, fir, juniper, larch, spruce, pine, sequoia, yew, cowrie and araucaria. Conifers grow wild in almost all parts of the world. They often prevail over other plants ...
Hemp kutra, or Hemp kutra (Latin Apócynum cannábinum) is a perennial herb of the Apocynaceae family. The homeland of the plant is the southern regions of North America. Grows in mountains up to 2000 meters above sea level.
Field Thistle, or Rose Ostwet (lat.Cirsium arvense) is a species of perennial herbaceous plants from the genus Thistle of the Asteraceae family, or Compositae (Asteraceae).
Wild strawberries, or Common strawberries (sometimes translated: Wild strawberries, European strawberries; cultivars: Alpine strawberries) (lat.Fragária vésca) is a species of plants of the genus Strawberries of the Pink family.
Fragmipedium longifolium or Fragmipedium longifolium (Latin Phragmipedium longifolium) is a species of perennial herbaceous plants of the Orchid family.
Eastern Sverbiga (Latin Búnias orientális) is a perennial (less often biennial) herb, a species of the Sverbiga genus (Bunias) of the Cabbage family, or Crucifers (Brassicaceae). A large plant up to a meter or more in height, with lance-arrow-shaped lower leaves at the base, collected in an apical panicle with bright yellow flowers and stems and fruits covered with dark warts.
Nephrolepis (Latin Nephrolépis) is a genus of ferns of the monotypic family Nephrolepidaceae, but in some classifications it is included in the Lomariopsis or Davalliev families.
Semi-shrub (Latin Suffrutículus) is one of the life forms (biomorph) of plants. In the system of classification of life forms of Raunkier plants, dwarf shrubs belong to one of four subtypes of the Hamefita type.
Cotyledon, or seed dwarf, or embryonic leaves, or embryonic leaves - (Latin cotylédon, cotyledónis, from ancient Greek kοτυληδών - "kotila", "cauldron", "cup", "bowl") - part of the plant of the embryo in ... When germinating, the cotyledons become the first embryonic leaves of the seedling. The number of cotyledons is one of the characteristic features used by botanists to classify flowering plants (angiosperms). Plants with one cotyledon are called monocots and belong to the class Liliopsida ...
Fragrant Shenorchis (Latin Schoenorchis fragrans) is a species of perennial herbaceous plants of the Orchid family, or Orchids (Orchidaceae).
Ito-hybrids, or Ito-peonies (Itoh Hybrid Group, or Itoh Group, or Itoh hybrids, or Intersectional Hybrids, or I-Hybrids) - a group of varieties created by crossing tree and herbaceous peonies.
Caragana (lat.Caragána) is a genus of deciduous shrubs or small trees of the legume family (Fabaceae). Includes at least 90 species.
Eichornia diversifolia (lat.Eichhornia diversifolia) is a herbaceous aquatic plant of the genus Eichornia of the Pontederia family.
Urut, or Peristleaf or Waterfly (Latin Myriophýllum) is a genus of herbaceous plants of the Haloragaceae family.
The Japanese shoe (Latin Cypripedium japonicum) is a species of herbaceous plants of the Flabellinervia section of the Cypripedium genus of the Orchid family.
Tradescantia sillamontana (Latin Tradescantia sillamontana) is a species of perennial evergreen herbaceous plants from the genus Tradescantia. This species is one of the most succulent and xerophytic, but at the same time one of the most decorative and exotic species of Tradescantia. Its range is the arid regions of northern Mexico.
Ovate cache, or oval cache (Latin Listéra ováta) - a herbaceous plant; species of the genus Cache (Listera) of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Shade-bearing plants, sciogeliophytes (from ancient Greek σκιά - shade + Ἥλιος - sun + φυτόν - plant) in plant ecology are plants tolerant to shading, growing mainly in shady habitats (unlike light-loving plants, also heliophytes), but thriving in open areas with more or less direct sunlight (as opposed to shade-loving plants, sciophytes). Shade-tolerant plants are considered in plant ecology as an intermediate ...
Rejuvenated spherical (lat. Sempervivum globiferum, syn. Sedum globiferum) is a species of herbaceous plants from the Tolstyankovye family. Different authors include this species in different genera - Sempervivum, Sedum, Jovibarba. According to The Plant List, the species belongs to the genus Sempervivum and its correct name is Sempervivum globiferum L.
Ehmeya (Latin Aechmea) is a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the Bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae), common in Central America and South America.
Pneumatophores (or pneumatophores) are aerial, upward-growing respiratory roots of some woody plants that develop from underground roots or rhizomes. Their main function is to supply oxygen to the underground parts of plants growing in swampy soil and in the tidal strip of the sea coasts. The ability to supply air to the underground parts is provided by their anatomical structure - a thin bark, numerous lenticels, a well-developed system of air intercellular spaces - aerenchyma ...
Kachim, or Gypsophila, or Gypsolyubka (Latin Gypsóphila) is a genus of plants from the Clove family (Caryophyllaceae). Perennial or annual, often highly branched grasses, rarely small shrubs.
Plaunok, or Selaginella (Latin Selaginélla) - the only genus of herbaceous spore plants from the family Plunkovye, or Selaginella (Selaginellaceae), department Lycopodiophyta.
Leaf (plural leaves, collected foliage; Latin folium, Greek φύλλον) - in botany, the external organ of a plant, the main functions of which are photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration. For this purpose, the leaf, as a rule, has a lamellar structure in order to give the cells, which contain the specialized pigment chlorophyll in chloroplasts, access to sunlight. The leaf is also the organ of respiration, evaporation and guttation (excretion of water droplets) of the plant. Leaves can retain water and nutrients ...
False spherical milkweed (Latin Euphórbia pseudoglobosa) - perennial succulent dwarf shrub; a species of the genus Euphorbia of the Euphorbiaceae family.
White Mary, or Common Mary (Latin Chenopódium álbum) is a fast-growing annual herb, a species of the Chenopodium genus of the Amaranthaceae family (previously the genus belonged to the Marevye family).
Big Shaker (Latin Briza maxima) is an annual herb, a species of the genus Briza, of the Cereals family, or Poaceae. It differs from other species of the genus in much larger spikelets. It comes from the Mediterranean, as an adventive is found in many countries.
Fícus benghalénsis is a tree of the Mulberry family that grows in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Growing up, it is able to turn into a large tree, occupying several hectares, with a crown circumference 610 meters long.
TAPROOT
TAPROOT, the first ROOT of a plant that develops from a PRIMARY ROOT. The taproot grows straight down and remains the main root of the plant, spreading out lateral roots to expand the spread of the root system. In biennial plants, whose leaves and stems usually die off in the first winter, the root is kept alive underground, ready to sprout new leaves the following year. In some vegetable crops (such as beets, carrots, and parsnips), the taproot develops into a fleshy organ called a root vegetable in which STARCH accumulates. Such root vegetables are edible for both animals and humans.
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary.
See what "ROD ROOT" is in other dictionaries:
The main main part of the root system of many plants, which is a direct continuation of the stem in the ground and develops from the original root of the seed embryo. Some plants, such as oak trees, have a tap or main root ... ...
A postmodern metaphor that captures the presumption of an axiologically colored perception of depth as a symbol of the location of the essence and the source of the phenomenon, which is rooted in it, which is associated with the interpretation, which is characteristic of classical metaphysics ... ... History of Philosophy: An Encyclopedia
See the beginning, the reason, the origin to uproot, put down roots ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. root beginning, reason, origin; radical; spine, core, ... ... Synonym dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Root (meanings) ... Wikipedia
Axial root, underground vegetative organ of higher plants, with unlimited growth in length and positive geotropism. The root fixes the plant in the soil and ensures the absorption and conduction of water with dissolved ... ... Wikipedia
Axial root, underground vegetative organ of higher plants, with unlimited growth in length and positive geotropism. The root fixes the plant in the soil and ensures the absorption and conduction of water with dissolved ... ... Wikipedia
Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (Radix). This part in most plants is very clearly expressed and differs well from the rest, but there are also many that are either completely devoid of K. or represent transitions to the stem and generally have non-typical K. Not to mention the lower ones, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
pivotal- see the rod; a / i, o / e. Pivot / th root of the bush. Rod / th question. Rod / th transformer (with rod) Mixed mixture (used in the manufacture of rods) ... Dictionary of many expressions
Being underground and remaining completely invisible, the root forms entire systems that directly depend on the habitat. If necessary, the type can be modified to provide the plant with everything it needs for growth and development.
Root and its meaning
The root is the underground part of the plant. It holds the shoot securely in the ground. The trunk length of some trees can be several tens of meters, but even strong gusts of wind are not terrible.
The main function of the root is to absorb and transport water with nutrients dissolved in it. This is the only way to get the required amount of moisture into the plant.
Root types
According to the structural features, there are three types of roots.
The main root of a plant is always one. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, it develops from the embryonic root of the seed. Lateral roots extend from it. They increase the absorbing surface area, allowing the plant to absorb the most water.
There are a lot of them directly from the shoot, they grow in a bunch. All types of roots have the same features of the internal structure. This element of the plant consists of forms a root cap, which protects the educational cells of the division zone from death. The stretch zone also consists of young, constantly dividing cells. Elements of conductive tissue and mechanical tissue are located in the suction and conduction zone. They make up the majority of any kind of roots.
To provide the plant with the necessary amount of water, only one root is not enough for it. Therefore, different are combined to form systems.
Core and fibrous root system
The fibrous system is represented by adventitious roots. They are typical for representatives of the Monocotyledonous class - Liliaceae and Onions. Anyone who tried to pull out a wheat shoot from the ground knows that it is quite difficult to do this. The bunch of adventitious roots grows strongly, occupies a large area, providing the plant with the necessary amount of nutrients. Bulbs of garlic or leeks, being, also have developed adventitious roots, united in
Consider the following type. The core root system consists of two types of roots: main and lateral. The single main root is the stem and explains the name of this plant organ. It can penetrate deeply into the soil, not only reliably holding its owner, but also getting scarce moisture from the lower layers of the soil. Several tens of meters is not an obstacle for him.
The core root system is typical for most angiosperms, since it is universal. The main root gets water from the depths, the lateral ones - from the top layer of the soil.
Advantages
The core root system is typical for plants growing in conditions of moisture deficiency. If there is no rain, the top layers of the soil are dry, water can only be reached deep from the ground. This function is performed by the main root. The core root system sometimes exceeds the shoot itself in length. For example, a camel thorn about 30 cm high has a root more than 20 m long.
Lateral roots are also important. They increase the suction surface, sometimes occupying a significant area.
Which plants do not have a tap root system? Those that live in conditions of excessive moisture. Such plants simply do not need to get water from the depths. However, the tap root system is significantly inferior to the fibrous root system in the total length of the roots.
Root modifications
The core root system, the structure of which fully meets the functions it performs, sometimes changes. The well-known roots of carrots are the thickened main roots. They store water and nutrients that allow plants to survive adverse environmental conditions. Such a modified tap root system is also typical for beets, radishes, radishes, and parsley.
Root crops are especially common in perennial and biennial plants. So, by sowing carrot seeds in the spring, you can already get a harvest in the fall. But if the plant is left in the ground for the winter, then in the spring it will again sprout and give seeds. In the cold winter, carrots survive on the basis of a thickened main root - a root crop. It allows you to hold out on stocks until the onset of heat.
The type of plant root system depends on the conditions in which it grows, and the characteristic features of the structure provide vital processes and increase the chances of survival in any climate and with any available amount of moisture and nutrients.
The roots of a plant are its vegetative organs, which are underground and conduct water and, accordingly, minerals to the rest, ground, plant organs - stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. But the main function of the root is still to fix the plant in the ground.
On the distinctive features of root systems
The common thing in different root systems is that the root is always divided into main, lateral and adventitious. The main root, the root of the first order, always grows from the seed, it is he who is most powerfully developed and always grows vertically downward.
The lateral roots extend from it and are called second-order roots. They can branch, and from them the adventitious roots, called roots of the third order, branch off. They (adventitious roots) never grow on the main, but in some plant species they can grow on stems and leaves.
This whole set of roots is called the root system. And there are only two types of root systems - pivotal and fibrous. And our main question concerns how the core and fibrous root systems differ.
The core root system is characterized by the presence of a pronounced main root, while the fibrous root system is formed from the adventitious and lateral roots, and its main root is not pronounced and does not stand out from the total mass.
In order to better understand how the tap root system differs from the fibrous one, we propose to consider a visual diagram of the structure of one and the second systems.
Plants such as roses, peas, buckwheat, valerian, carrots, maple, birch, currants, and watermelon have a core root system. Wheat, oats, barley, onions and garlic, lilies, gladiolus and others have a pelvic root system.
Modified shoots underground
Many plants underground, in addition to roots, have so-called modified shoots. These are rhizomes, stolons, bulbs and tubers.
Rhizomes grow mainly parallel to the soil surface, they are needed for vegetative propagation and storage. Outwardly, the rhizome looks like a root, but in its internal structure it has fundamental differences. Sometimes such shoots can come out of the ground and form a normal shoot with leaves.
Stolons are underground shoots, at the end of which bulbs, tubers and rosette shoots are formed.
A modified shoot is called a bulb, the storage function of which is carried by fleshy leaves, and adventitious roots extend from the flat bottom at the bottom.
The tuber is a thickened shoot with axillary buds, it performs the function of storage and reproduction.
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