O. A. Butakova, Chief Physician of the Moscow Institute of Health Restoration, Head of the Health Academy at the International University of Peoples' Friendship named after. Patrice Lumumba, Academician of the International Academy of Informatization at the UN.
The entire human body is conventionally divided into organ systems, united according to the principle of work performed and function. These systems are called anatomical-functional; there are twelve of them in the human body.
Everything in nature is subject to a single law of expediency and the economical principle of necessity and sufficiency. This is especially evident in the example of animals. Under natural conditions, an animal eats and drinks only when it gets hungry and thirsty, and just enough to get enough.
Small children retain this natural ability not to eat or drink when we want, but obey only their desires and instincts.
Adults, unfortunately, have lost this unique ability: we drink tea when friends gather, and not when we feel thirsty. Violation of the laws of nature leads to the destruction of our body as a part of this very nature.
Each system performs a specific function in the human body. The health of the body as a whole depends on the quality of its execution. If any of the systems is weakened for some reason, other systems are able to partially take over the function of the weakened system, help it, and give it the opportunity to recover.
For example, when the function of the urinary system (kidneys) decreases, the respiratory system takes over the function of cleansing the body. If it fails, the excretory system - the skin - is activated. But in this case, the body switches to a different mode of functioning. He becomes more vulnerable, and the person must reduce his usual loads, giving him the opportunity to optimize his lifestyle. Nature has given the body a unique mechanism of self-regulation and self-healing. Using this mechanism economically and carefully, a person is able to withstand enormous loads.
12 body systems and their functions:
- central nervous system– regulation and integration of vital functions of the body
- Respiratory system– providing the body with oxygen, which is necessary for all biochemical processes, releasing carbon dioxide
- Circulatory system– ensuring the transport of nutrients into the cell and releasing it from waste products
- Hematopoietic organ system– ensuring the consistency of blood composition
- Digestive system– consumption, processing, absorption of nutrients, excretion of waste products
- Urinary system and skin– excretion of waste products, cleansing the body
- Reproductive system– reproduction of the body
- Endocrine system– regulation of the biorhythm of life, basic metabolic processes and maintaining a constant internal environment
- Musculoskeletal system– ensuring structure, movement functions
- Lymphatic system– cleansing the body and neutralizing foreign agents
- The immune system– ensuring the body’s protection from harmful and foreign factors
- Peripheral nervous system– ensuring the flow of excitation and inhibition processes, carrying out commands from the central nervous system to the working organs
O. A. Butakova, Chief Physician of the Moscow Institute of Health Restoration, Academician of the International Academy of Informatization at the UN.
The basics of understanding the harmony of life, self-regulation in the body, as in a particle of nature, came to us from the ancient Chinese concept of health, according to which everything in nature is polar.
This theory has been confirmed by all further development of human thought:
A magnet has two poles;
- elementary particles can be charged either positively or negatively;
- in nature it is heat and cold, light and darkness;
- in biology - male and female organism;
- in philosophy - good and evil, truth and lies;
- in geography it is north and south, mountains and depressions;
- in mathematics - positive and negative values;
- in Eastern medicine - this is the law of yin and yang energies.
Philosophers of our time called this the law of unity and interpenetration of opposites. Everything in the world obeys the law “in nature everything is balanced, strives for the norm, for harmony.”
So it is in the human body. A prerequisite for the normal functioning of each of the body systems (if we consider them separately) is the provision of favorable (optimal) conditions. Thus, if a person’s functioning of one system is disrupted due to circumstances, it is possible to help normalize its functioning only if optimal conditions are created.
The functions of the systems are inherent in nature as self-regulating. Nothing can go up or down indefinitely. Everything must come to an average value.
How can we influence the human body, the functions of its systems?
In many respects, the conditions for the optimal functioning of systems coincide, but for some positions they are individual and inherent in a particular system. The work of other systems and the body as a whole depends on the work of each system. There are no important or minor functions in life. All activities are equally important.
But under certain conditions, the importance of a particular function can increase dramatically. For example, in an epidemic, the immune defense function comes first, and if a person strengthens his immunity in time, this will allow him to avoid illness. And for good adaptation, a person must clearly understand the functions of systems and master methods of self-management of them. This means increasing the required function at the right time.
A person in ideal conditions, with optimal operation of all twelve systems, as well as with optimal sensory, intellectual and spiritual space, would be healthy and live a long time.
We need to highlight priority areas of influence on the body, which depend on living conditions, the nature of work, the level of psycho-emotional stress, heredity, the nature of nutrition, etc. The quality of the system’s operation directly depends on the conditions in which it is located. Individual conditions also shape the characteristics of optimal functioning.
Each person should have a program of optimal life activity, taking into account the individual characteristics of existence. Only in this case can he create the conditions for a long and happy life.
Based on materials from the book “System catalog of natural products Coral Club International and Royal Body Care”, author O. A. Butakova
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- Human anatomy. Volume 1. System of organs of support and movement. Splanchnology, Gaivoronsky I.V.. The textbook presents modern information about the structure of organs and organ systems of the human body. Each chapter reflects general and specific issues of human anatomy in the scope of educational...
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Topic 21. Human organ systems and their functioning.
Study questions
1. Tissues of the human body.
2. Human organs and organ systems.
1. Tissues of the human body.
Tissues and organs of the body. Tissue is a group of cells, together with intercellular substance, that performs common functions and, at the same time, is characterized by a common structure and origin. A collection of different and interacting tissues form organs .
Histology. The structure of tissues of living organisms is studied by the science of histology.
4 main types (types) of fabrics. Science identifies 4 main types of tissue: epithelial; connecting; nervous; muscular.
Epithelial (cover) tissue. Epithelial (integumentary) tissue, or epithelium, is a boundary layer of cells that lines the integument of the body, the mucous membranes of all internal organs and cavities, and also forms the basis of many glands.
Functions of epithelial tissue. The epithelium separates the organism (internal environment) from the external environment, but at the same time serves as an intermediary in the interaction of the organism with the environment. Main functions: Integument; Protective; excretory; Secretory.
Regeneration of epithelial tissue cells. Epithelial tissue cells live for a short time and are quickly replaced by new ones (this is called regeneration).
Connective tissue (Collagen). In general, connective tissue makes up what is called the internal environment of the body. This tissue is very diverse and is represented by various types - from dense and loose forms to blood and lymph, the cells of which are in liquid.
Types of connective tissue in the body. From this tissue are formed: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, fat. Therefore, its types are: bone, cartilaginous, fatty, liquid, loose, reticular.
Functions of connective tissue. Support; Protective; Transport; Storage.
Bone. The bone tissue that forms the bones of the skeleton is very strong. It maintains body shape (constitution) and protects organs located in the skull, chest and pelvic cavities, and also participates in mineral metabolism.
Cartilage tissue. It consists of cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular substance (cartilage matrix), characterized by increased elasticity. This fabric performs a supporting function, because forms the bulk of cartilage.
Blood and lymph. This is a liquid connective tissue consisting of formed elements (cells) and plasma (liquid with organic and mineral substances dissolved in it - serum and fibrinogen protein). Forms the circulatory system of the entire body.
Adipose tissue. Adipose tissue refers to loose connective tissue. Its cells are large and filled with fat. This fabric is divided into two types: white and brown.
Functions of adipose tissue. Nutritious; Protective; Shape-forming; Thermoregulating.
Muscle tissue and its types. Muscle tissue has excitability and the ability to actively contract under the influence of the nervous system and certain substances. Microscopic differences allow us to distinguish two types of this tissue - smooth (unstriated) and striated (striated).
Smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue has a cellular structure. It forms the muscular membranes of the walls of internal organs (intestines, uterus, bladder, etc.), blood and lymphatic vessels; its contraction occurs involuntarily.
Striated muscle tissue. Striated muscle tissue consists of muscle fibers, each of which is represented by many thousands of cells, fused, in addition to their nuclei, into one structure. It forms skeletal muscles.
Heart (cardiac muscle). Heart muscle is a type of muscle tissue. In cardiac muscle tissue, adjacent muscle fibers are interconnected; the fibers have a small number of nuclei located in the center of the fiber. Cardiac tissue has automaticity - the ability to involuntarily contract, which ensures the pushing of blood through the chambers of the heart.
Functions of muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue performs the following functions: provides involuntary contractions of the walls of internal organs and raises hair on the skin. Cross-striped muscle tissue performs the following functions: provides voluntary body movements, facial expressions, and speech. Important function: automation of cardiovascular tissue.
Nervous tissue. Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: nerve (neurons) and glial. Glial cells are closely adjacent to the neuron, performing supporting, nutritional, secretory and protective functions.
Nerve cells (neurons) and intercellular substance – neuroglia. The brain and spinal cord, as well as nerves, are formed from cells of nervous tissue. Nerve cells - neurons - consist of a body and processes. The intercellular substance of nervous tissue - neuroglia forms auxiliary cells or companion cells.
Functions of nervous tissue. Higher nervous activity. Body communication
with the external environment. Centers of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. Properties of excitability and conductivity.
2. Human organs and organ systems.
Organism. An organism is a certain complex or system that reacts as a whole to various changes in the external environment.
Organs in the human body. Usually an organ consists of several types of tissues, but one predominates. For example, the main tissue of the glands is epithelial, and the main tissue of the muscles is muscular. In the liver, lungs, kidneys, glands, the main “working” tissue is epithelial, in bones it is connective, in the brain it is nervous.
General structure of human organs. Living organisms are built from special chemical compounds - organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). They are part of any living cell. Cell substances form ordered structures - organelles, which ensure the vital processes of the cell.
Organ system concept. Organs that perform a single function and have a common plan of structure and development are united into organ systems. All organ systems are interconnected and form a single organism.
10 main organ systems of the human body. There are 10 main organ systems in the human body: Integumentary system; Musculoskeletal system; Digestive system; Circulatory system; Lymphatic system; Respiratory system; Excretory system; Reproductive system; Nervous system; Endocrine system.
Integumentary system of human organs. The integumentary system includes the skin and mucous membranes lining the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and digestive organs.
Composition and functions of the integumentary system. The integumentary system includes: skin and mucous membranes: oral cavity; respiratory tract; digestive organs. Main function: Protective. Protects the body from: drying out, temperature fluctuations, damage, penetration of toxic substances; penetration of pathogenic microorganisms.
Musculoskeletal system of human organs. The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and the muscles attached to it. It allows a person to stand, move, perform complex work, and protects internal organs from damage.
Circulatory system of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
Tasks of the circulatory system. This system supplies the organs of our body with nutrients and oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and other unnecessary waste products from them, and performs a protective function by participating in the immune system.
Humoral regulation. Regulation of vital processes in the body through fluids of the body (blood, lymph, tissue fluid, saliva) with the help of hormones secreted by cells, organs, and tissues is called humoral regulation.
Blood composition. Plasma. Leukocytes. Platelets.
Lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is formed by lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Takes part in the formation of immunity and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
Structure of the lymphatic system. The structure of the lymphatic system includes: lymphatic capillaries; lymphatic vessels; The lymph nodes; lymphatic trunks and ducts.
Digestive system. The digestive system consists of: the digestive tract; digestive and functional glands.
Basic functions of the digestive system. The functions of the digestive system are to digest food and absorb nutrients into the blood.
Human respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi) and the respiratory part - the lungs.
Respiratory functions. The function of the respiratory system is to ensure gas exchange between the external environment and the body.
Gas exchange. Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli of the lungs, and is normally aimed at capturing oxygen from the inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide formed in the body into the external environment.
Excretory system. The excretory or excretory system in biology is a set of organs that remove from the body excess water, metabolic products, salts, as well as toxic substances that have entered the body from the outside or formed in it.
Structure and functions of the excretory system. The excretory system is formed by the kidneys, which produce urine containing harmful metabolic products, and the urinary organs - the ureters, bladder and urethra.
Reproductive system. The reproductive system is a set of organs that ensure sexual reproduction of the body.
The main function of the reproductive system. The function of the reproductive system is to ensure the process of childbirth.
Sex cells - gametes. In the reproductive system, sex cells - gametes (sperm or eggs) are formed, and fertilization and development of the fertilized egg occurs.
General structure of the reproductive system. The reproductive system consists of the gonads, internal and external genitalia.
Nervous system. The nervous system regulates the functioning of organs, ensures their coordinated activity and adaptation to environmental conditions.
Structure and function of the nervous system. The nervous system consists of: the brain; spinal cord; nerves and nerve ganglia extending from them. Basic function: thanks to the nervous system, a person’s mental activity is carried out, his behavior is determined.
Endocrine system. This is a system for regulating the activity of internal organs through hormones secreted by endocrine cells directly into the blood, or diffusing through the intercellular space into neighboring cells.
Structure and functions of the endocrine system. System formed by endocrine glands. These include: the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and some other glands. It is the endocrine glands that secrete hormones.
Demos:
Human integumentary system.
Skin and mucous tissue of the nose.
Bone.
Cartilage tissue.
Muscle.
Raising hair on the skin.
Cardiomuscular tissue.
Nervous tissue.
Human internal organs.
Integumentary system.
Musculoskeletal system.
Digestive system.
Circulatory system.
Respiratory system.
Excretory system.
Nervous system.
Endocrine system.
Control questions:
Name the main tissues of the human body.
Define biological tissue.
Define an organ in the structure of the body.
Name the 4 main types (types) of fabrics.
Explain the concept of epithelial (integumentary) tissue and name its functions.
Formulate what is the peculiarity of the regeneration of epithelial tissue cells.
Expand the concept of connective tissue (collagen).
Name the types of connective tissue in the body.
Name the functions of connective tissue.
Expand the concepts of bone and cartilage tissue.
Explain the concept of adipose tissue and name its functions.
Explain the concept of muscle tissue and name its types.
Formulate the features of smooth muscle tissue.
Formulate the features of striated muscle tissue.
Prove with reason that the heart muscle is a type of muscle tissue.
Name the functions of muscle tissue.
Formulate the features of nervous tissue, nerve cells (neurons) and intercellular substance - neuroglia.
Name the functions of nervous tissue.
Name the main organs and organ systems of humans.
Formulate the concept of the human body.
Reveal the general structure of human organs.
Expand the concept of an organ system.
Name the 10 main organ systems of the human body.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the integumentary system of human organs.
Name the composition and functions of the integumentary system.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the musculoskeletal system of human organs.
Name the components of the musculoskeletal system.
Name the functions of the musculoskeletal system.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the body’s circulatory system.
Name the tasks of the circulatory system.
Expand the concept of humoral regulation.
Prove that the circulatory system is the basis of the internal environment of the body.
Name the composition of blood.
Expand the features of the concepts “plasma”, “leukocytes”, “platelets”.
Name the main functions of blood.
Reveal the functional features of tissue fluid and lymph.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the digestive organ system.
Explain the general structure of the digestive system.
Name the main functions of the digestive system.
Name the main components of a normal diet.
Prove that digestion is a process of physical and chemical processing of food.
Name the three sections of the digestive system.
Name the functions of the oral cavity, teeth and salivary glands.
Name the taste zones of the tongue.
Name the functions of the intestines and stomach.
Name the functions of the pancreas and liver.
Name the functions of different parts of the digestive tract.
Formulate the meaning of saliva and its enzymes: ptyalin and maltase.
Name the chemical features of the process of processing food with saliva.
Name the main components of saliva.
Open the esophagus device.
Explain the concept of esophageal peristalsis.
Tell us about the structure of the stomach.
Formulate the features of the physical and chemical process of food processing by the functions of the human stomach.
Tell us about the structure of the intestines and the functions of the digestive glands.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the human respiratory system.
Prove with examples the importance of breathing for life.
Name the functions of the respiratory organs.
Reveal the biological significance of breathing.
Expand the concept and significance of gas exchange and the trachea.
Expand the meaning and structure of the lungs.
Name the biological features of the respiratory process.
Expand the concept of vital capacity of the lungs.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the excretory system.
Expand the concept of the excretory system in biology.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the reproductive system.
Name the main functions of the reproductive system.
Expand the concept of gametes.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the nervous system.
Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
Literature:
1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural science: Textbook / T.I. Akhmedova, O.V. Mosyagina. – M.: RAP, 2012. – P. 367-392.
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These systems are incredibly diverse, performing functions ranging from cell reproduction to the gestation of a new human being, from blood circulation to the transformation of air into breathable molecules, to the process of grinding food, chemical processing and assimilation of necessary substances and elimination of waste. All systems work together, the result of their interaction is amazing efficiency.
Circulatory system
This system supplies blood from the heart and returns it to the heart, supplying all organs, structures and cells of the body. The heart, like a powerful pump, pushes vital fluid through the arteries and receives it back through the veins. In this way, the constant operation of the body's main engine is maintained.
Nervous system
The central nervous system includes the main organ of the body, the brain, as well as the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves. Together they transmit information to the brain about internal and external sensations, to which this central processor reacts accordingly both in sleep and when awake.
Skeleton
The skeleton, or skeletal system, is a strong structure consisting of bones supplemented by supporting elements such as ligaments and cartilage. The main function of this system is to give shape and support to the body, cover and protect internal organs, and provide mobility to the body. In addition, red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced in the bones.
Lymphatic system
Performs two main functions. On the one hand, it protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. On the other hand, thanks to the circulation of lymph, it contributes to the transport of fluids in the body, distributes them in tissues and transfers useful substances from the digestive system to the blood.
Respiratory system
Air enters the body through the upper respiratory tract. The central organs of the system, the lungs, provide the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from it. The circulatory system carries oxygen-enriched blood to all cells and returns it back for cleansing.
Endocrine system
Consists of glands distributed throughout the body, its main function is the production of about 50 types of hormones, chemical “messengers” of the body. The endocrine system, together with the circulatory system, connects organs whose task is to control, provoke or stimulate growth and metabolism.
Muscular system
Its function is appearance, fitness, protection of the body, and most importantly, movement. It is made up of organs of flesh tissue and cells capable of contracting - muscles, or musculature, distinguished between striated and smooth muscles. The first of them, striated muscles, are attached to the bones and are involved in voluntary movement. Smooth muscles obey the orders of the brain, but also participate in involuntary, unconscious movement. The heart muscle, the myocardium, is separate and different from the rest.
Urinary system
One of the systems that plays a key role in homeostasis, maintaining the internal balance of the body. Its specific task is to regulate the amount of water and chemicals, remove excess and toxins. The kidneys and bladder are the main organs of the system. The ureters and urethra carry urine from the kidneys and bladder and out of the body.
Digestive system
Resembles a large pipeline, the appearance and function of which changes as it moves from the mouth to the rectum and anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Food entering the body is processed in such a way that the main chemical components are released from it, in which the liver and pancreas are actively involved. The body readily accepts and assimilates useful nutrients and rejects unusable ones, eliminating them along with other waste products.
Organs.The human body consistsit from organs. Heart, lungs, heartki, hand, eye - all these are organs,i.e. parts of the body that perform certain functions.The organ has only its ownnatural form, structure and position in the organization low. The hand shape is different fromthe shape of the legs, the heart is not like the lungs or the stomach. Dependingdepending on the functions performedthere is also the structure of the organ.Typically, an organ consists of several tissues, often four main ones. Oneof which plays a primary role. Thus, the predominant bone tissue isbone, the main tissue of the gland - epithelial, the main tissue of the muskula - muscular. At the same time inevery organ has a connective tissuenervous and epithelial tissues (croveins).
The organ is part of the wholeth organism and therefore outside the organization Ma can't work. At the same timeMy body can do withoutsome organs. About this videosurgical removal is requiredlimbs, eyes, teeth. Each oforgans is an integral part more complex physiological system organ themes.
Organ systems . Life of an org nism is ensured by interactiondue to a large number of different organizationsnew Organs united by a specific physiological functionmake up the physiological system topic. The following physiology is distinguished:logical systems: cover,support and movement system, digestive, circulatory, respiratorynal, excretory, sexual, enprecrine, nervous, immune.
IN integumentary system included skin and mucous membranes. Leathercovers the outside of the body. Mucousthe shells line the inside of the stripsty nose, mouth, respiratory tract anddigestive system. Skin and mucous membranes protectbody from external influences - drying, temperature fluctuations, damage, penetration of various pathogens into the body it and toxic substances.
Support and movement system before placed with a large number of bones andmuscles. Bones connecting betweenfight, form a corresponding skeletoncommon parts of the body. For any polobody movements, for example when standing,sitting, lying, all his organsrest on bones. This issupporting function of the skeleton. The skeleton also performs a protective function,limiting the cavities occupied internallyearly organs. For example, ribs vertebrae and sternum form the thoraciccell, in the cavity of which there isorgans such as the heart are damaged,lungs. Supporting the skeleton and musclesthere is body movement. Unitedbetween themselves the bones are leversmi, which are set in motionreduction of those attached to him muscles.
Digestive system I'll turn it on Teaches the organs of the oral cavity -tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, intestines, liver, pancreaspancreas. In the food organsfood is crushed, moistened with saliva, and exposed to jellythoracic and other digestive juices As a result, the nutrients necessary for the body are formed. society. They are absorbed into the intestineske and are delivered by blood to everyonetissues and cells of the body.
Circulatory system comprises heart and blood vessels. The heart is pumping with its contractionspumps blood through vessels to organs andtissues where continuousnal metabolism. Thanks taco cell exchange is constantly receiving provide oxygen and other necessary substances and are freed from unnecessary nal substances, such as carbon dioxide gas and decomposition products.
Respiratory system participates in providing the body with oxygenand in freeing it from carbon dioxideth gas. The air first enters nasal cavity, then into the nasopharynx,larynx and further into the trachea and lungs. In the lungs, air comes into contact with gasromny network of blood vessels. Oxygen exchange occurs here and carbon dioxide.
Excretory system fulfilled disables the liquid removal functionmetabolic products. BasicThe organs of this system are kidneys They produce urine, whichurine flows down the uretershowling bubble. There it accumulatesand at a certain point emissions comes out.
Reproductive system performs reproduction functions. In the sexualsex cells are formed in the system ki. This system includes menthese gonads are the testes, the female gonads are the ovarieski. Development occurs in the uterus fetus
Endocrine system includes various endocrine glandstions. Each gland producesand releases special chemicals into the bloodsome substances. These substances are involvedare involved in the regulation of the functions of all cellsand body tissues.
Nervous system brings everything together other systems, regulates and agreesinterferes with their activities. Anydisruption of communication between the nervous systemtheme and organ leads to prekincreasing its normal functiontioning. Through sensory cells - receptors,located in the organs of vision,hearing, balance, smell, touchtion, constantconnection between the body and the environmentdoy. Thanks to the nervous systema psychic figure is manifesteda person’s personality, his behavior.
The immune system. Our body is able to protect itself from the harmful effects of microorganisms. If microbes nevertheless penetrate the body, then there they meet its protective forces - immunity. Central
the immune system is represented by the red bone marrow and thymus, the peripheral system is represented by the lymph nodes and spleen.
Functional system. In a physical education lesson, for example, not only the work of the muscles, but also the circulatory and respiratory systems is enhanced. Several organ systems working together to perform a task are called a functional system.
Thus, in the end it is possibleoutline the following construction schemebody: molecules - cellsny organelles - cells - tissueneither - organs - organ systems - organism.
Relationship between structure and function tions of organs.
Between the building organs and their functions there is a close connection. Let's consider this at measures.
It is well known that with insufficient development of the muscles that bend the arm at the elbow, their functions are weakenedlena and the person is not capable of fulfillingphysical work and liftingheaviness. But if these muscles are developedwork out, gradually exercising and loadingpressing them, the muscles will begin to develop grow and stand out more and more clearlylie under the skin of the shoulder. Means,Notonly the structure of the muscle determined affects its function, but the function also affects the structure of the muscle.
This example suggests that it is notIt is impossible to understand the structure of organs without knowingtheir functions. On the contrary, understand the functiontion is possible only by knowing the structure of the orGhana. Such a dependence between the systemthe formation of organs and their functions is one of the reasons for the unification of the twosciences - anatomy and physiology - into one academic subject.
Functions of the human body.A living organism always responds tochanges that occur inhimself and in his environmentde. The existence of the organism wasit would be simply impossible if it weren't for himreacted to lack of water, sourtemperature, change in temperature, oninfluence of various harmful substances or would be indifferent to food. Re the body's actions are aimed atto satisfy the arisenneeds it (hunger, thirst and etc.), protect from harmful actions and adapt to changechanging environmental conditions. This manifestation of the body's activitythe name of the function appeared.
For normal functioningof the human body exceptA particularly important feature is constant chemical compositionand physical and chemical properties of adhesive current and tissues –homeostasis. For example, cellsorganisms are very sensitive to changes in glucose levelsblood - one of the main nutritionsolid substances. Its constancylevel is achieved by the fact that atwhen in the blood it is deposited in the liver and muscles in reserve, and whenthe shortage again comes from there toblood. The index of constancy chithe chemical composition of cells and tissues is also the content in the bloodsalts, body temperature, etc.
Thus, an important functionthe human body is supportedzhanie constancy of its chemicalcomposition and physicochemical properties.
Another important function of the humanWhat is the establishment of continuous interaction with external mirum, which is achieved usingmental activity. BlagodaIn this way, a person forms a spiritualpicture of the outside world and accordinglyWhen interacting with her, he controls his behavior nim. As a result, the person achievedno goal, decides oncepersonal life situations. All this is united by the conceptmental what human functions .
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