Rashes appear on the skin from time to time. Skin rash in adults, causes and photos. What are skin rashes

This is the sudden appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of various changes that differ from normal skin in color and appearance and are often accompanied by redness and itching.

The appearance of a rash can be a local reaction of the skin to an external irritant, or it can be one of the symptoms of a common human disease. There are several dozen skin, infectious and other diseases in which a rash always occurs, and several hundred in which it can also appear.

Causes of the rash.

There are several groups of diseases in which a rash may appear on the skin or mucous membranes.

· Allergic diseases.

· Diseases of the blood and blood vessels.

The most common cause of rash is infectious diseases (measles, rubella, chickenpox, scarlet fever, herpes, infectious mononucleosis, infectious erythema, etc.). In addition to the rash, other signs are necessarily present: contact with an infectious patient, acute onset, fever, loss of appetite, chills, pain (throat, head, abdomen), runny nose, cough, or diarrhea.

2. An abscess is an element filled with purulent contents. The formation of pustules is manifested by folliculitis, furunculosis, impetigo, pyoderma, various types of acne.

4. A blister usually occurs with an allergic reaction and goes away on its own in a few minutes or hours after it appears. It is observed with insect bites, nettle burns, urticaria, toxicoderma.

5. Spots are characterized by a change in color (redness or discoloration) of certain areas of the skin and is observed in syphilitic roseola, dermatitis, toxicoderma, leukoderma, vitiligo, typhoid and typhus. Moles, freckles and sunburn are pigmented spots.

6. Erythema is a slightly elevated, sharply limited area of ​​the skin of a bright red color. Often occurs in individuals with hypersensitivity to food (strawberries, strawberries, eggs, etc.), medicines (nicotinic acid, antibiotics, antipyrine, quinidine, etc.), after ultraviolet irradiation, with erysipelas. In cases of infectious diseases and rheumatism, multiple exudative erythema occurs, as well as erythema nodosum.

7. Purpura - skin hemorrhages of various sizes (from small, punctate to large bruises). It is observed in hemophilia (violation of blood coagulation), Werlhof disease (violation of the duration of bleeding), capillary toxicosis (violation of capillary permeability), leukemia (blood disease), with scurvy (vitamin C deficiency).

· If a rash appears after taking any medications, it is necessary to urgently consult an allergist.

If the appearance of a rash is combined with fever and malaise, consultation with an infectious disease doctor is needed.

· See a dermatologist if the rash is accompanied by a burning sensation, tingling sensation, bleeding or blistering.

· If you suddenly have a severe headache, drowsiness, or small black or purple spots appear over a large area of ​​skin, call an ambulance without delay.

If the rash in the form of a ring spreads from one central red spot, some time after the tick bite (even after several months), see an infectious disease doctor immediately.

If several other family members develop the same rash, see an infectious disease doctor immediately.

· When red rashes appear, with sharp outlines, resembling a butterfly, protruding above the surface of the skin, located on the cheeks and above the bridge of the nose, it is necessary to consult a rheumatologist.

If a form of rash appears that presents significant difficulties for diagnosis, be prepared for a prolonged examination by a dermatologist.

Home remedies for reducing rashes.

To reduce the appearance of the rash and soothe the itching, you can try the following methods:

If there are no signs of infection, you can apply 1% hydrocortisone cream to the areas of the skin rash; see your doctor if there is no improvement after five or six days;

· Wear smooth natural cotton clothing to avoid irritation;

· Use baby soap or shower gel for washing;

· Exclude substances that irritate the skin or may cause an allergic reaction - jewelry, perfumes, cosmetics, washing powders, deodorants.

Rash called multiple changes on the skin and mucous membranes: elements that differ from normal skin in color, texture and appearance. Rashes can be on the abdomen, chest, face, arms, legs. Patients describe the rash as spots, redness, pimples, pimples, goose bumps, blisters, blisters, pustules, mosquito bites, etc. The type of rash can sometimes indicate a disease, but it is impossible to diagnose oneself by the appearance of the rash, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

What a rash looks like (types of rash)

The most common skin rash is formed by the following elements:

• stains... A blemish is a reddened area that does not protrude above the level of the surrounding skin. Redness is associated with excess blood flow. When you press on it with your finger, the stain disappears, and after the pressure stops, it appears again;
• nodules(papules) - thickened areas that protrude slightly above the level of the skin. Most often, papules are round or conical in shape. Papules can merge with each other, forming plaques, sometimes quite large in area (for example, the size of a palm). When pressed, the papule also loses its color;
• bubbles(vesicles). A bubble is an element, usually of a rounded shape, rising above the level of the skin and representing a cavity filled with a transparent, cloudy or bloody liquid;
• pustules(pustules). A pustule is a bubble with purulent contents. The skin at the base of the pustule can also be affected by inflammation;
• blisters- noncavity elements of a round or oval shape, slightly rising above the level of the skin, resulting from limited and acute edema.

The above items are called primary as they arise on clean skin.

In the course of the disease, at the site of the rash, and secondary elements:

• plots hyperpigmentation or depigmentation(the skin loses its natural color, becoming either darker or discolored);
• peeling(scales are formed - particles of the dying top layer of the skin);
• erosion(superficial skin damage resulting from the opening of the bubble and abscess). In severe cases, ulcers may occur - a violation of the integrity of the skin, capturing all layers of the skin - up to the subcutaneous fatty tissue;
• when combing - abrasions both superficial and deep;
• crust(formed as a result of the drying out of the compartments of the weeping surface - for example, in the place of bursting bubbles, pustules, as well as ulcers and erosions);
• plots lichenification(skin tightening with strengthening of its pattern), etc.

Rash for infectious diseases

The appearance of a rash on the skin is typical for infectious diseases, which mainly affect children: chickenpox (chickenpox), rubella, scarlet fever, measles.

If there is sufficient reason to suspect an allergic origin of the rash, you should see an allergist-immunologist. Taking antihistamines on your own, you can achieve the disappearance of skin rashes, but it is worth remembering that in this case the cause of the allergy remains unknown, no complex treatment is carried out, which means, most likely, more acute allergic reactions should be expected in the future.

By contacting the "Family Doctor", you will receive qualified help from experienced dermatologists, allergists, immunologists, and pediatricians who will establish the cause of the rash and prescribe an effective course of treatment.

A skin rash is especially troubling when itchy or very noticeable. Many people, not understanding the reasons, stop at treatment with alternative methods, which can sometimes worsen the situation.

When wondering what causes the rash, most people end up stopping traditional treatment, which can sometimes make the situation worse.

Causes

Common causes of a body rash include:

Digestive system disorders

The main ones include cealkia, liver disease, anemia caused by iron deficiency and kidney problems. This type of rash is thought to be caused by a buildup of substances in the body that trigger a response from the immune system.

Acne (acne) is often associated with disturbances in the digestive system, especially the liver Petechiae (spots with damaged capillaries) on pale skin may indicate anemia Urticaria may appear with hepatitis, although more often it has other causes (sun reaction, allergies, stress)

Allergic reaction to medications

Allergic reactions to medications are widespread. Among them are both medications for oral administration and external - antifungal agents such as Fluconazole, Ketoconazole; antibiotics such as Penicillin; and some pain relievers such as any oxycodone or duloxetine. Chemotherapy drugs can also cause rashes.

In the photo, an allergy to penicillin - a rash on the forearm

Cancer

It affects the immune system, especially leukemia and lymphoma, and can cause the characteristic rash. Individuals with leukemia often have small red patches on their skin caused by blood leaking from the capillaries that are just under the skin.

Lymphoma:

Similar acne can occur with lymphoma

Red bumpy rash with skin lymphoma

Leukemia:

Small red rash with leukemia

Thyroid disorders

If the thyroid gland produces too much hormones, it can lead to lumpy rashes that are common throughout the body. Fortunately, the body in such cases triggers specific processes of the immune system to restore the balance of hormones.

Severe dry skin may be associated with hypothyroidism

2% of patients with Graves disease develop pretibial myxedema

Vitiligo (light discolored spots) can occur against the background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, especially if at the same time focal (nested) alopecia is manifested - hair loss in places. But in most cases, vitiligo has nothing to do with the thyroid gland.

Household skin irritants

For more information about these and other types of rashes on the body, see the section where you will find more photos and descriptions.

The child has

A rash around a child's mouth can occur with teething, sometimes it spreads to the whole body

The sensitive skin of babies reacts sharply to various irritants, so rashes in children are not uncommon. Some of the reasons for these situations include:

• Baby acne (neonatal cephalic pustulosis)
• Prickly heat
• Eczema
• Toxic erythema
• Impetigo
• Miles in newborns
• Intertrigo
• Ringworm
• Scabies
• Infectious erythema (fifth disease)

Itchy rash on the body at night

There is a wide range of dermatological conditions that can cause itching at night. Most often this is due to xerosis - abnormal dry skin.

Note: If itching becomes chronic or is accompanied by a rash, inflammation or scaling, the cause may be a hidden disease that can only be detected and treated by a qualified dermatologist.

Some causes of itching at night:

• Allergic dermatitis
• Bed bugs
• Systemic diseases

With menopause

Menopause is a period of natural decline in reproductive and menstrual function. This leads to changes in the levels of hormones in the body. The amount of progesterone and estrogen gradually decreases, which leads to the appearance of a rash on the body.

Estrogen levels affect all organs, including the skin. The presence of a large number of estrogen receptors on the face, genitals and lower extremities is the main reason why these areas are most prone to rashes.

During menopause, collagen levels decrease, causing the skin to become thin, loose and flabby. In addition, the function of the sebaceous glands weakens, resulting in dry skin prone to itching and rashes.

Itchy, red rash on the buttocks

Sometimes redness and irritation appears on the buttocks or in the anus. In this case, do not put off going to the doctor. There are several reasons for this condition:

Herpes or STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

Herpes rash looks like small blisters with fluid, which then burst.

“Quite often, herpes affects the anus. In this case, the symptoms will be the same as for oral or genital herpes, ”says Sarika M. Ramachandran, MD, assistant professor of dermatology at New York University Langone Medical Center.

Fungal infection

Mushrooms live and reproduce in moist, dark places, so the space between the buttocks is the ideal environment for them.

Folliculitis

When a hair follicle is blocked by dead skin cells and bacteria, an inflammation occurs called folliculitis. Despite the unsightly appearance, the disease itself is not dangerous. In order to prevent the development of folliculitis, it is recommended to take a shower after each exercise.

Psoriasis

It is a chronic, non-contagious skin condition caused by overproduction of skin cells. Psoriasis should be treated with steroid creams, so if psoriasis is suspected, you should visit your dermatologist.

During pregnancy

A large number of different types of rashes can appear on a woman's body during pregnancy due to natural hormonal changes. Rashes may differ in their symptoms, but, in general, they are not dangerous, and do not harm the health of the unborn child.

Such rashes include:

• Itchy folliculitis of pregnancy
• Impetigo herpetiformis
• Gestational pemphigoid
• Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (ZUPPB)

Treatment

• Use a mild, gentle, fragrance-free cleanser.

General concept of skin rashes

General characteristics of skin rashes

With many diseases of an infectious nature, as well as with allergic conditions, various rashes may appear on the skin. It is important to be able to correctly assess the nature of the rash. If a rash develops, you should first see a doctor. Rashes caused by the same conditions look so different from person to person that it is sometimes difficult for even a skin specialist to diagnose. It is all the more easy for less experienced people to make mistakes. Still, it is desirable to have a general idea of ​​the most common types of rashes.

The elements of the rash are conventionally divided into primary and secondary.

Primary rashes are called rashes appearing on unchanged skin. These include:

2) papule;

3) tubercle;

5) blister;

6) bubble;

7) abscess.

Secondary are the rashes that appear as a result of the evolution of the primary elements. These include:

1) flake;

2) hyperpigmentation;

3) depigmentation;

6) erosion;

Primary elements, in turn, are divided into cavity, filled with serous or purulent contents (vesicle, bladder, abscess), and noncavitary (spot, papule, node, blister, tubercle).

A spot is a change in skin color in a limited area that does not rise above the level of the skin and does not differ in density from healthy areas of the skin. The size of the spot varies greatly - from punctate to extensive, the shape is often irregular. A speck ranging in size from a dot to 5 mm of pale pink or red is called roseola. Multiple roseola 1-2 mm in size - small-point rash, spots 10-20 mm in size - large-spotted rash, extensive areas of hyperemic skin - erythema.

The appearance of spots can be associated with inflammation and due to the expansion of the blood vessels of the skin. Such spots disappear when pressing on the skin with a finger and reappear after the pressure stops. Non-inflammatory spots are caused by bleeding. It can be petechiae - punctate hemorrhages, purpura - multiple round bruises measuring 2–5 mm, ecchymosis - irregular hemorrhages more than 5 mm. Unlike inflammatory spots, non-inflammatory spots do not disappear when pressure is applied to the skin.

A papule is a limited, slightly elevated formation with a flat or domed surface. It appears as a result of an inflammatory infiltrate in the upper layers of the skin or an overgrowth of the epidermis. The size of the papules can vary from 2-3 mm to several centimeters. Large papules are called plaques.

The tubercle is a dense, cavityless element protruding above the surface of the skin and reaching a diameter of 5–10 mm. It appears as a result of the formation of an inflammatory granuloma in the skin. Clinically, the tubercle is similar to a papule, but it is denser to the touch and, in contrast to the papule, necrotizes when it develops backward, leaving behind a scar, an ulcer.

A node is a dense, protruding above the level of the skin or located in its thickness formation. Reaches 10 mm or more. Formed by the accumulation of cellular infiltrate in the subcutaneous tissue and the dermis itself. The node can subsequently ulcerate and scar. Large blue-red nodules that are painful to touch are called erythema nodosum. Non-inflammatory nodes are found in skin neoplasms (fibroma, lipoma).

A blister is an acute inflammatory element resulting from limited edema above the skin level, has a rounded shape, 20 mm or more. It disappears quickly without leaving a trace. Blistering is usually accompanied by severe itching.

The bubble is a superficial, slightly protruding above the level of the skin, filled with serous or bloody fluid, a formation measuring 1–5 mm. The bubble can dry out with the formation of a transparent or brown crust, it opens, revealing limited weeping erosion. After resolution, it leaves temporary hyperpigmentation (depigmentation) or disappears without a trace. When leukocytes accumulate in the bubble, it turns into an abscess - a pustule. A pustule can also form primarily, most often in the area of ​​hair follicles.

Bubble (bull) - an element similar to a bubble, but significantly larger in size (3-15 mm and more). It is located in the upper layers of the epidermis and under the epidermis. Filled with serous, bloody or purulent contents. May subside to form crusts.

After itself, it leaves unstable pigmentation. Occurs with burns, acute dermatitis.

Scale - an accumulation of rejected corneous plates of the epidermis. The scales can be of various sizes: more than 5 mm (leaf-like peeling), 1–5 mm (lamellar peeling), the smallest (pityriasis peeling). They are yellowish or grayish in color. Abundant scaly peeling gives the impression of powdery skin. The appearance of scales is observed after measles, scarlet fever, with psoriasis, seborrhea.

The crust is formed as a result of the drying of the contents of the bubbles, pustules, separated by weeping surfaces.

An ulcer is a deep skin defect that sometimes reaches the underlying organs.

When assessing the nature of the rash, it is necessary to establish the time of appearance, localization, size and number of elements, their shape and color. The number is distinguished:

1) single elements;

2) an abundant rash (quickly counted on examination);

3) profuse rash.

Particular attention is paid to the color of the rash. The inflammatory rash has a red tint - from pale pink to bluish-purple. The feature of the secondary elements of the rash is also important: the nature and localization of peeling, the time for the crusts to fall off, etc.

Clinical characteristics of various skin rashes

Vesicle and bladder

These are limited superficial cavities, raised above the level of the skin and containing fluid. They differ in size: the diameter of the vesicle is less than 0.5 cm, the diameter of the bladder is more than 0.5 cm. Formed when the surface layer of the skin - the epidermis (intraepidermal cavities) or when the epidermis is detached from the skin itself - the dermis (subepidermal cavity).

Detachment of the stratum corneum of the epidermis leads to the appearance of subcorneal vesicles and blisters that occur with impetigo and subcorneal pustular dermatosis. The walls of the latter are so thin that the contents (plasma, lymph, blood and extracellular fluid) shine through them. Another mechanism for the formation of intraepidermal cavities is intercellular edema (spongiosis). Spongiosis occurs in allergic dermatitis and eczema. As a result of the destruction of the intercellular bridges and the separation of the cells of the thorny layer of the epidermis, gaps filled with exudate appear. This process is called acantholysis (typical for pemphigus and herpes). The subepidermal bladder is the primary element of bullous pemphigoid and late cutaneous porphyria.

Blisters on the skin form from exposure to bacterial (impetigo, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome), viral (herpes simplex and herpes zoster), or fungal (bullous dermatophytosis) infections.

Blistering occurs with primary contact dermatitis. A variety of exogenous (external) irritants that can cause primary skin inflammation (primary contact dermatitis) in any person are usually divided into the following groups:

1) mechanical (pressure, friction with tight clothes and shoes, corsets, plaster casts);

2) physical (high and low temperatures, which cause burns and frostbite; sunlight and artificial radiant energy);

3) chemical (strong acids, alkalis, some metal salts);

4) biological (various plants, for example, white ash, hellebore, buttercup). Blisters can occur after a tick bite.

Vesicles and blisters are formed in allergic dermatitis, toxidermia, eczema, atopic dermatitis in persons predisposed to allergic reactions. Finally, they are a sign of a severe inflammatory disease such as pemphigus. However, blisters are more likely to occur as a result of friction or pressure on the skin from shoes and garments. We are talking about the so-called scuffs.

Increased sweating of the feet, lack of proper care for them and the wearing of permeable shoes predispose to the occurrence of abrasions.

Bubbles can be located:

1) on clinically unchanged skin (pemphigus);

2) against the background of erythema and edema (streptoderma, herpes);

3) on the surface of the blister (erythema multiforme) or nodule (eczema).

Separate cavity elements merge to form large cavities (pemphigus) or group together, they can be close, close and not merge (herpes simplex and shingles).

Blister

A blister, or urtica, is a cavityless element that occurs as a result of a limited edema of the papillary layer of the dermis. It is the main clinical sign of a common allergic disease - urticaria. A characteristic sign of a blister is ephemerality, volatility. Having arisen quickly, it exists for a short time and disappears without a trace in a few hours. In some cases, an attack of the disease can last for several days.

Causes of occurrence. In the occurrence of urticaria, the leading are the allergic mechanisms of tissue damage as a result of an immediate reaction. External causes of blistering include:

1) food products (such as strawberries, raspberries, citrus fruits, eggs, bananas, tomatoes, chocolate, canned food, sausages, fish, etc.);

2) chemicals (including drugs);

3) temperature factors;

4) the formation of urticarial elements is observed after contact with some plants (for example, nettles);

5) with insect bites (mosquitoes).

The occurrence of rashes is facilitated by:

1) pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver (gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, helminthic invasion);

2) enzymatic deficiency;

3) increased capillary permeability;

4) in some cases, the manifestation of urticaria is associated with neuropsychic stress;

5) dysfunctions of the endocrine system (cases of urticaria before menstruation, during pregnancy) and metabolism.

External manifestations. The appearance of urticarial elements is accompanied by severe itching. Often the body temperature rises, there is a feeling of chills, headache and malaise. The defeat can spread. Sometimes the rash elements merge with the formation of giant edematous areas of the skin of a bizarre shape. The peripheral part of the urticarial elements has a more intense pink color than the central one. On the surface of the blister, point depressions are revealed in the places of the mouths of the hair follicles, which gives the impression of a lemon peel. In addition to the skin, edema with urticaria can develop within the mucous membranes of the larynx, bronchi, and intestines. Sudden swelling of the airways sometimes leads to asphyxiation.

Corns

Corn (clavus) is a sharply defined painful area of ​​traumatic hyperkeratosis. The resulting limited dense formation of a yellowish color, as if cone-shaped, is introduced into the skin like a nail (from Lat. Clavus - "nail").

Clinically, corn is distinguished by a significant thickness of the stratum corneum, which protrudes in the form of smooth or scaly plaques, usually round in shape. Large flat hyperkeratotic thickenings of the skin of a rounded or oval shape, having a slightly convex surface and passing into the surrounding skin without clear boundaries, are designated by the term callositas.

The cause of the formation of calluses and callosities is constant long-term mechanical irritation, pressure or friction of a limited area of ​​the skin.

Calluses most often appear on the feet, especially on the dorsum of the toes, when using poorly fitted, tight shoes. Less commonly, they occur on the soles and in the interdigital folds (usually between the 4th and 5th toes). When walking, the calluses become painful and can become inflamed. Because of the sharp pain, walking is often difficult.

Children of any age, most often early ones, may develop calloused formations on the fingers (usually on one finger) as a result of constant thumb sucking, especially when teeth have already erupted.

For manual workers (shoemakers, joiners, carpenters, miners, milkmaids), gymnasts, calluses form on the palms and fingers of the hands (professional stigma, omens, or signs).

Long-term corns acquire a woody density.

A certain pathogenetic significance in the appearance of corns is attached to the neuritis of the sensory nerves.

Calluses should be distinguished from plantar warts, which also occur at places of pressure and friction. Like calluses, they are very painful. However, after a hot bath, the hard papillae of the warts become juicy, and the warts acquire a "furry" surface.

In addition to calluses, calluses can form on the heels, soles and palms as a result of prolonged pressure. Sometimes they are located in the form of stripes on the lateral surface of the feet. Cracks often appear on the surface of callosities.

Significant development of horny layers that rise above the level of the skin leads to the formation of the so-called cutaneous horn. We are talking about insensitive epidermal outgrowths of a conical, cylindrical or multifaceted shape from yellowish-gray to brown or almost black. May resemble animal horns.

Clinical characteristics of the elements of the rash in infectious diseases

A rash is a common symptom of many infectious diseases, the most common of which are rubella, measles, scarlet fever, chickenpox, scabies, etc.

Rubella measles

With rubella, a rash appears on the face, neck and spreads throughout the body within hours after the onset of the disease. It is localized mainly on the extensor surfaces of the limbs, buttocks, back; in other parts of the body, it is more scarce.

The rash is small-spotted, its elements are pink spots of a round or oval shape, ranging in size from a pinhead to a lentil grain; they are located on unchanged skin and do not merge. On the 2nd day, the rash usually fades a little, on the 3rd day it becomes more scarce and shallow, remaining only in the places of its favorite localization, and then disappears without a trace, but sometimes insignificant pigmentation remains for several days. Varieties of rash include papularity and small spots.

When a rash occurs, the temperature usually rises to 38–39 ° C, but may be normal. The state of health is disturbed a little. Typically, the enlargement of the posterior cervical, occipital and other lymph nodes, which reach the size of pods 1-2 days before the rash, are dense, and may be somewhat painful. The increase often lasts up to 10-14 days, often even visually noticeable.

Rubella usually appears between 12 and 21 days after contact with a sick person. The diagnosis can only be made by a doctor, because a rubella rash can be easily confused with a measles rash, scarlet fever, prickly heat, and a drug rash.

Rubella occurs as a relatively mild viral disease. Rubella mainly affects children under 15 years of age. However, in recent years, there has been a shift in morbidity to an older age (20–29 years). The risk group is women of childbearing age.

When pregnant women contract rubella, the virus passes through the placenta and enters the fetal tissue, leading to its death or severe deformities. Therefore, when women become ill in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended in many countries.

Recognizing typical rubella cases during an outbreak is straightforward. But it is quite difficult to establish a diagnosis in sporadic cases, especially with an atypical course. In this case, virological diagnostic methods can be used. For this purpose, blood is examined in RTGA or ELISA, which are placed with paired sera taken with an interval of 10-14 days. An increase in antibody titer by 4 times or more is diagnostic.

Measles

With measles, the period of rash begins after a catarrhal period, characterized by symptoms of general intoxication (rise in body temperature to 38–39 ° C, headache, lethargy, general malaise), runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis. The duration of the catarrhal period is most often 2-3 days, but can range from 1-2 to 5-6 days. Before the onset of a rash, the temperature often drops, sometimes to normal values.

The appearance of a rash is accompanied by a new rise in temperature and an increase in other symptoms of general intoxication.

Measles is characterized by a phased rash. The first elements of the rash appear behind the ears, on the bridge of the nose, then during the first day the rash spreads to the face, neck, upper chest. Within 2 days, it spreads to the trunk and upper limbs, on day 3 - to the lower limbs. The rash is usually profuse, merging in places, especially a lot on the face, somewhat less on the trunk and even less on the legs. When it appears, it looks like pink roseola or small papules, then it becomes bright, enlarges and merges in places, which creates polymorphism in the size of roseola, after another day they lose papularity, change color - they become brown, do not disappear under pressure and turn into age spots in in the same order in which the rash appeared - first on the face, gradually on the trunk, and finally on the legs. Therefore, you can see pigmentation on the face at the same time, and still a bright rash on the legs.

Measles rash is almost always typical, varieties are rare. These include hemorrhagic changes when the rash takes on a purple-cherry hue. When the skin is stretched, it does not disappear, and when it turns into pigmentation, it first acquires a greenish and then brown color. Often, against the background of a common rash, hemorrhages appear in places exposed to pressure. The first symptoms of measles appear between the 9th and 16th day after contact with the patient. Measles is contagious from the moment the symptoms of a cold appear. The rash lasts 4 days at a high temperature, then begins to disappear; the temperature also drops, peeling appears (like small bran). If the temperature does not decrease or rises again, you should think about complications after measles - pneumonia and inflammation of the middle ear.

Enterovirus infection

Diseases of an enteroviral nature are very similar to measles. With an enterovirus infection, a bright spotted rash can appear in the same way as with measles, after a 2–3 day catarrhal period. In severe cases, the rash captures the trunk, limbs, face, feet. There are no stages of the rash. The rash disappears after 3-4 days without leaving a trace of pigmentation and peeling.

A kind of enterovirus exanthema (rash) is a disease that affects the hands, feet, and mouth. In this form, against the background of moderate intoxication and a slight increase in body temperature, a rash appears on the fingers and toes in the form of small vesicles 1-3 mm in diameter, slightly protruding above the skin level and surrounded by a corolla of hyperemia. At the same time, single small aphthous elements are found on the tongue and mucous membrane of the cheeks. Herpes sores may appear.

Clinical diagnosis of enterovirus infections is still imperfect. Even with pronounced forms, the diagnosis is made only tentatively.

The identification of Coxsackie viruses using a serovirological study (an increase in the titer of antibodies in paired sera) can provide serious assistance in the diagnosis.

Scarlet fever

With scarlet fever, a rash appears 1-2 days after catarrhal symptoms and intoxication (fever, deterioration of health, vomiting, pain when swallowing). There is a bright hyperemia of the pharynx, enlargement of the tonsils and lymph nodes. The rash first appears on warm, moist areas of the skin: in the groin, in the armpits, on the back. From a distance, the rash looks like a uniform redness, but if you look closely, you can see that it consists of red spots on the inflamed skin. The main element of the rash is a point roseola 1-2 mm in size, pink, in severe cases - with a bluish tinge. The center of roseola is usually more intensely colored. The distance of the dots above the level of the skin is better noticeable under lateral illumination and is determined by touch ("pebbled skin"). Roseola are located very densely, their peripheral zones merge and create general skin hyperemia.

The localization of the scarlet fever is very typical. It is always thicker and brighter in the armpits, elbow, inguinal and popliteal folds, in the lower abdomen and on the inner surfaces of the thighs (in the inguinal triangle). On the face, the rash as such is not visible, it appears in the form of redness of the cheeks. The nasolabial triangle remains pale, against its background the bright color of the lips is striking.

In the folds of the skin of the neck, elbow, inguinal and knee folds, dark stripes appear that do not disappear when pressed, they are caused by the formation of small petechiae, which appear due to increased fragility of blood vessels.

Scarlet fever is characterized by dry skin and often itching. White dermographism is considered typical - white stripes on hyperemic skin after holding it with a blunt object.

With scarlet fever, other types of rash can also occur:

1) miliary in the form of small, 1 mm in size, bubbles filled with a yellowish, sometimes turbid liquid;

2) roseolous-papular rash on the extensor surfaces of the joints;

3) hemorrhagic rash in the form of small hemorrhages, often on the neck, in the armpits, on the inner thighs.

It should be borne in mind that in the presence of these varieties, there is also a typical point rash at the same time.

The rash remains bright for 1-3 days, then begins to fade and disappears by the 8-10th day of the disease. The temperature drops and by the 5-10th day of the disease it returns to normal. Tongue and pharynx change at the same time. At first, the tongue is thickly coated, from the 2nd or 3rd day it begins to clear and by the 4th day it takes on a characteristic appearance: bright red color, sharply protruding enlarged papillae ("crimson tongue"). The "raspberry tongue" remains until the 10-12th day of illness. The throat changes disappear more slowly.

After the rash turns pale, peeling begins. The brighter the rash, the more distinct it is. On the face and neck, peeling is usually scaly, on the trunk and limbs - lamellar. Large-lamellar peeling appears later and starts from the free edge of the nail, then spreads to the ends of the fingers and further to the palm and sole.

Scarlet fever is one of the possible forms of diseases caused by ordinary streptococci. Usually children from 2 to 8 years old suffer from it. The carriers of the infection are not only patients with scarlet fever, but also patients with angina, as well as carriers of streptococci.

Currently, most patients with scarlet fever are treated at home. Hospitalization is carried out according to epidemiological indications (when it is necessary to isolate the patient from a closed group), as well as in severe forms.

Pseudotuberculosis

Pseudotuberculosis is an acute infectious disease characterized by general intoxication, fever, scarlet fever, lesions of the small intestine, liver and joints. The source of infection is mice. After eating contaminated foods (raw vegetables) and water, after 8-10 days, the body temperature rises, which is accompanied by repeated chills, nausea, and vomiting. Characterized by hyperemia of the face, conjunctiva, palms and plantar surfaces of the feet. The tongue is covered with a gray-white coating, after cleansing from the plaque it resembles a scarlet "raspberry tongue".

A skin rash appears on the 1-6th day of illness, more often between the 2nd and 4th day. The rash is small-punctate, profuse, located mainly on the flexor surface of the arms, the lateral parts of the body and on the abdomen in the region of the inguinal folds. Along with a small-point rash, small-spotted elements are sometimes observed, mainly around the large joints (wrist, elbow, ankle), or hemorrhages in the form of separate points or stripes in the natural folds of the skin and on the lateral surfaces of the chest. The rash disappears more often by the 5-7th day of illness, less often it remains up to 8-10 days. After its disappearance, lamellar peeling often appears.

Simultaneously with the blanching of the rash, the condition of the patients improves, the temperature decreases quite quickly.

The main differences from scarlet fever are the absence or lesser severity of angina and lymphadenitis, typical of scarlet fever. The rash with pseudotuberculosis also differs from the small-point uniform scarlet fever in frequent polymorphism: along with the point, there is a small-spotted and papular one. For pseudotuberculosis, the symptom of "gloves" and "socks" (limited hyperemia of the hands and feet) is characteristic, this is a difference from scarlet fever. Changes in the digestive organs, which are frequent for pseudotuberculosis, are also not characteristic of scarlet fever.

Clinical diagnosis is rare. Usually it is confirmed by the results of laboratory tests (bacterial culture and detection of antibodies in RPHA).

Chicken pox

Rashes with chickenpox are represented by spots and vesicles (vesicles). The onset of the disease is acute. Older children and adults may have headaches and general malaise the day before the rash appears. But a small child does not notice such symptoms. Without disturbing the general condition, with an increase in body temperature (or even at normal temperature), a rash appears on the skin of various areas. The first bubbles usually appear on the scalp, face, but can also be on the trunk and limbs. There is no specific localization. The rash is usually absent on the palms and soles. The development of chickenpox bubbles is very dynamic. Red spots appear first; in the next few hours, bubbles with a diameter of 3–5 mm, filled with a transparent liquid (they are often compared to a dew drop), form on their base. They are single-chambered and fall off when punctured.

The bubbles are located on an unfiltered base, sometimes surrounded by a red rim. On the 2nd day, the surface of the bubble becomes sluggish, wrinkled, its center begins to sink.

In the following days, crusts form, which gradually (within 7-8 days) dry out and fall off, leaving no trace on the skin.

A polymorphism of the rash is characteristic: in a limited area of ​​the skin, you can simultaneously see spots, papules, vesicles and crusts. In the last days of the rash, the elements of the rash become smaller and often do not reach the stage of bubbles.

In children, mainly at an early age, at the same time or several hours before the first bubbles appear on the skin, a prodromal rash often occurs. It usually accompanies the mass eruption of typical vesicles. Sometimes it is just a general hyperemia of the skin, sometimes a very delicate ephemeral rash, sometimes thick, bright, similar to scarlet fever. It lasts 1-2 days and disappears completely.

On the mucous membranes, at the same time as the rash, bubbles appear on the skin, which quickly soften, turning into an ulcer with a yellowish-gray bottom, surrounded by a red rim. Most often these are 1-3 elements. Healing is fast.

Chickenpox can occur at normal or subfebrile temperatures, but more often temperatures in the range of 38–38.5 ° C are observed.

The temperature reaches a maximum during the most intense eruption of bubbles: with the cessation of the appearance of new elements, it decreases to normal. The general condition of patients in most cases is not sharply disturbed. The duration of the disease is 1.5–2 weeks.

The source of chickenpox is people with chickenpox or shingles. The patient is dangerous from the beginning of the rash of bubbles and up to 5 days after the appearance of the last elements of the rash. After that, despite the presence of drying crusts, the patient is not contagious.

From the moment of infection, chickenpox appears between the 11th and 21st days. The patient is isolated at home until the 5th day, counting from the end of the rash.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

We must not forget about such a disease as tuberculosis. He is able to infect almost any organ or organ system. One of the forms of tuberculosis is tuberculosis of the skin. There are several forms of this disease.

Papulo-necrotic tuberculides often accompany the generalization of tuberculosis. Pea-sized nodules of pale pink and then brown color with a central depression are formed, which heals after necrotization with the formation of a whitish scar. Favorite localization - buttocks, outer surfaces of the upper and lower extremities; then - the body, face. The rash disappears within 6-8 weeks. Tuberculids should be differentiated from chickenpox (see above).

Lichenoid tuberculosis (scrofulous lichen) usually occurs in children. On the skin of the trunk, there are multiple, pinhead-sized, pale yellow or pale red nodules with slight peeling. Favorite localization - the skin of the back, chest, abdomen; elements are arranged in large groups. Disappear without a trace.

The disease often accompanies other forms of tuberculosis; outside of this, the diagnosis is difficult, since the rashes are similar to those in lichen planus and other diseases.

Shingles

The chickenpox virus can also cause shingles. Shingles is more common in adults aged 40–70 years, mostly who have had chickenpox earlier (more often in childhood). The incidence increases during the cold season.

The disease begins acutely, with a rise in temperature, symptoms of general intoxication and severe burning pains at the site of future rashes. After 3-4 days (sometimes after 10-12 days), a characteristic rash appears. The localization of pain and rash corresponds to the affected nerves (more often intercostal) and has a shingles in nature. First, there is infiltration and hyperemia of the skin, on which then bubbles appear in groups, filled with transparent and then cloudy contents. The bubbles dry up and turn into crusts. With the appearance of a rash, the pain usually becomes less intense.

A patient with shingles is isolated to prevent the spread of chickenpox.

Unlike chickenpox with shingles, the rash is monomorphic (you can see only spots or only bubbles at the same time) and there are pronounced pains in the intercostal nerves.

Rickettsiosis

A smallpox-like rash also occurs with a disease such as vesicular rickettsiosis. The infection is transmitted through a tick bite, it is possible to introduce the pathogen with the remnants of crushed ticks by the person himself into the skin or mucous membrane of the eyes and mouth. Sick people are not dangerous.

First, at the site of the bite, there is an ulcer ranging in size from 2-3 mm to 1 cm, located on a dense base. The bottom of the ulcer is covered with a black-brown scab, around - a corolla of bright red hyperemia.

Headache, chills, weakness, muscle pain appear. Fever usually lasts 5-7 days. The rash appears on the 2-4th day of fever, at first it has a maculopapular character, after 1–2 days a bubble appears in the center of most loose elements, then turns into a pustule with the formation of a crust (characteristic rash polymorphism). A rash in the form of separate elements is observed on the trunk, limbs, spreads to the scalp. When infected through the mucous membranes, conjunctivitis and aphthous stomatitis can occur.

Scabies

Vesicular and papulo-vesicular elements on the skin occur with scabies. The diagnosis is usually straightforward. The disease is accompanied by severe itching, especially at night. Itching causes scratching, usually complicated by a secondary infection. Scabies is caused by the scabies mite. Excessive sweating, skin pollution can contribute to the introduction of a tick in contact with the patient or his things.

A bubble is visible at the point where the tick entered the skin. Most often, the rash looks like small red papules (like poppy seeds) or blisters. The most common localization of the rash is the soles and palms, buttocks, flexor surfaces of the forearms, abdomen, inner thighs. With insufficient hygienic care, scabies is complicated by pyoderma and spreads throughout the skin. On the body of a patient with scabies, itch passages are visible, which have the appearance of gray and curved lines.

Syphilis

Sometimes skin tuberculosis has to be differentiated from syphilis. In the absence of treatment for primary syphilis, a secondary period occurs, which is characterized by rashes on the skin and mucous membranes. Bulging elements in this period are characterized by significant polymorphism: there may be roseola, papules, pustules, leukoderma.

It is important to know that even without treatment, these rashes sooner or later completely and usually disappear without a trace. However, the disappearance of the rash in no way means recovery, because the disease will soon manifest itself with a new outbreak of rashes (secondary recurrent syphilis).

Thus, the entire secondary period of syphilis proceeds cyclically, that is, old rashes are replaced by latent ones. Throughout the entire period of the secondary period (up to 5-6 years), the same patient may have several similar relapses. If the patient is not treated at this stage or is treated inaccurately, then syphilis will go into its tertiary period.

The nature of the rash differs somewhat in the fresh secondary period from the recurrent one. So, with a fresh period, a roseolous rash is abundant, scattered over large areas of the body and does not merge, and with relapses it is larger, but more often scarce, with a tendency to merge and grouping with the formation of arcs, half rings, rings, etc. In the malignant course of syphilis, a pustular (pustular) rash and leukoderma appear (whitish spots that form a kind of lace collar on the neck - "the necklace of Venus" - and differ to a lesser extent on the upper third of the body).

Diagnosis of syphilis consists of anamnesis, data from clinical examination and laboratory research (RMP, RSK, RPGA, ELISA, RIF).

Clinical characteristics of allergic skin rashes

Various skin rashes occur not only in infectious diseases, but also in allergic conditions. Clinically different allergic skin lesions develop as a result of an innate hypersensitivity of the body to allergens (medicines, foods, plants, etc.). Most often, the symptom complex of allergies fits into the framework of dermatitis, urticaria, eczema.

Hives

This is a disease from the group of allergic dermatoses that arise as a reaction in response to a wide variety of irritants (allergens). It appears from insect bites, contact with nettles, jellyfish, some caterpillars, as well as with the development of individual hypersensitivity to a number of medications (antibiotics, sulfonamides, amidopyrine, etc.), food products (chocolate, strawberries, strawberries, eggs, mushrooms, canned fish and etc.), when exposed to low and high temperatures, solar radiation, mechanical factors (compression, friction), with gastrointestinal intoxication, etc.

Urticaria is expressed by the sudden appearance on the skin of multiple, severely itchy blisters of a mauve shade, resembling blisters from a nettle burn. Their appearance is the result of an acutely occurring limited skin edema caused by an increase in the permeability of skin capillaries. The blisters have different sizes, after fusion they can take on the appearance of rather large plaques with scalloped edges.

With extensive rashes on the mucous membrane, especially in the area of ​​the nasopharynx (Quincke's edema), asthma attacks are possible, which forces the use of a tracheotomy. Therefore, in such a situation, the child must be urgently hospitalized.

Eczema

The appearance of eczema, like hives, is associated with allergies.

Eczema appears as rough, rough, red, scaly patches. If eczema is just starting or is mild, the spots are pale pink or pinkish beige. In severe eczema, the spots become dark red, itchy. Eczema gets wet.

As the inflammation subsides, the number of bubbles decreases, some of them dry out with the formation of crusts, and small pityriasis peeling appears on the affected areas. Due to the fact that eczema develops paroxysmal, all elements (vesicles, oozing, crusts and peeling) are observed simultaneously, which is the most characteristic symptom of eczema (evolutionary polymorphism). The disease is accompanied by severe itching. As a result of scratching, eczema is complicated by a secondary infection.

The most common localization of eczema is the back of the hands and the face. But the eczematous process tends to spread, in some patients it affects significant areas of the skin.

There is professional eczema, which occurs as a result of skin sensitization by various irritants: chemical, mechanical, physical. The predominant localization is on the back of the hands, forearm, face and neck. It differs from true eczema in less pronounced polymorphism, the absence of exacerbations and rapid healing with the elimination of the corresponding irritant.

Dermatitis

Allergies include dermatitis, which often simulates eczema. But unlike eczema, dermatitis, after eliminating the cause of the disease, usually quickly regresses and then completely disappears, and eczema is chronic, and relapses occur outside of connection with the original cause of the disease.

Dermatitis occurs under the influence of various factors (chemical, physical, thermal, plant, medication, and others). Especially often cause dermatitis alkalis, acids, varnishes, paints, organic solvents, glue, oils, turpentine, epoxy resins. Often the causes of dermatitis are antibiotics, sulfonamides, iodine, arsenic, some plants (primrose, buttercup, geranium, sea ivy, etc.).

The process is accompanied by redness, swelling, itching, burning, and sometimes even pain. In severe cases, as a result of severe exudation, blisters may appear, sometimes quite large, and with the addition of an infection, pyoderma.

Lichen planus

Lichens - skin diseases, manifested by spotty or nodular rashes. Depending on the nature of the elements, the corresponding name of lichen arose.

Lichen planus is a chronic allergic dermatosis. The clinic is characterized by flat, crimson-red nodules of irregular shape with a central depression and a waxy sheen on the surface. The arrangement of the elements is scattered, but it can also be linear with a predominant appearance on the flexion surfaces of the upper extremities. Children often have exudative forms with the formation of bubbles and blisters. Along with papules, the formation of other atypical forms is possible: annular, pigmented, atrophic. Simultaneously with the rash on the skin, the mucous membranes of the mouth and genitals are affected, where grayish-opal punctate papules are formed. The diagnosis is usually straightforward due to the peculiar appearance of the papules and characteristic localization. But sometimes it is necessary to differentiate lichen planus with scrofulous lichen (see tuberculosis of the skin). Scrofulous lichen is represented by grouped nodules of normal skin color, located mainly on the lateral surfaces of the body in patients with a positive Mantoux reaction.

Neurodermatitis

Chronic recurrent allergic diseases with rashes also include neurodermatitis. The causes of neurodermatitis are often helminthic invasions, the presence of foci of chronic infection, gastrointestinal disorders, and hypersensitivity to drugs.

Neurodermatitis can be focal and diffuse.

Focal neurodermatitis is characterized by intense itching and the appearance of nodules, scratching and infiltration, grouped into rounded foci and plaques with indistinct borders of pinkish-stagnant or red-brown color with small-lamellar scales and pigmentation along the periphery. Favorite places of localization are the lower part of the occiput, neck, anogenital region, inner thighs.

Diffuse neurodermatitis is localized on the face, lateral parts of the neck, in the elbows, in the popliteal hollows and on the skin of the trunk. Starting with severe itching of the skin, the process manifests itself with the manifestation of nodules, scratching and infiltration, covered with hemorrhagic crusts. Focal and diffuse neurodermatitis develops in individuals with vegetative vascular dystonia and severe vasospasm of the skin, manifested by white dermographism, dry skin, roughness due to protruding follicles, a kind of grayish color. The course of neurodermatitis is seasonal. In the summer, there is a significant improvement, in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods - relapses.

Often, neurodermatitis is combined with other allergic manifestations (asthmatic bronchitis, vasomotor rhinitis, hay fever, etc.).

In children, especially infants, due to the hydrophilicity (high water content) of the skin, neurodermatitis during periods of exacerbation can occur with the appearance of exudative papules and vesicular elements, resembling eczema.

Deprive pink

Lichen pink occurs as an allergic reaction to streptococcal antigen. It is accompanied by malaise and fever.

After the previous prodromal period with subfebrile condition, pain in the bones, joints, malaise on the skin of the trunk, face and extremities, spotty eruptions of an oval shape are formed, resembling medallions by the nature of an erythematous surface with a yellowish center in the form of corrugated tissue paper. Close inspection reveals a larger lesion, the so-called maternal plaque, which appears first. The spots are clearly defined, sometimes with a peripheral edematous ridge, and are located on the lateral surfaces of the body. Subjectively, there is a burning sensation and itching. In children, a feature of pink lichen is the presence of significant swelling, polymorphism, manifested not only by spots, but also by papular and vesicular elements. The course of the disease is seasonal, more often in the autumn-winter and spring-winter periods. Duration of existence - 6-8 weeks with the development of pigmentation, slight peeling and persistent immunity.

Skin rash treatment

Treatment of various skin rashes with traditional and non-traditional methods

Scuffs and bubbles

When only redness and more or less pronounced swelling of the skin are noted, warm baths with potassium permanganate are recommended, followed by lubrication with fucorcin.

Dermatovenereologists are of the opinion that large blisters should be opened. Removal (cutting) of the tire is carried out after preliminary treatment with alcohol or tincture of iodine. Sterile scissors are used, which are best boiled for this. Surfaces exposed after cutting off the tire are lubricated with a 1% aqueous solution of one of the aniline dyes or fucorcin, and then disinfecting and epithelizing ointments are applied.

Opening a large bubble, especially one located at places of friction or under stress, is necessary for a number of reasons. First, they can grow further, swell like balls, if trauma to the adjacent tissues continues. Naturally, the healing of the resulting tissue defect will take longer. Secondly, the pressure in its cavity that increases as the bladder grows will facilitate the penetration of microorganisms on the skin into the regional lymph nodes. In this case, lymphangitis and regional lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and nodes) occur. The skin over the lymph node turns red, becomes swollen and painful, and the temperature may rise.

If streptococcus enters the skin itself (dermis), erysipelas develops. The disease is extremely serious, in this case, the urgent participation of a doctor is required. In a patient with erysipelas, the temperature rises to 40 ° C and above. At the site of streptococcus penetration, a sharp edema and bright erythema appear, against the background of which bubbles form. In the event of a relapse, erysipelas can lead to persistent impairment of lymph circulation, difficulty in the trophic supply of tissues.

Small bubbles do not need to be opened. In this case, they should be pierced with a sterile needle, also having previously cleaned the surface with alcohol or tincture of iodine. The liquid must be removed through the hole formed. In this case, the lining of the bladder (layers of the epidermis) will be a natural bandage that will protect damaged skin from infection.

By the way, under its own epidermis, the healing of the resulting tissue defect will take place much faster.

After opening (or puncturing) the bladder, it is tied up using a cloth adhesive plaster or gauze napkins, secured with adhesive tape. The previously damaged skin surface is covered with aniline dyes (for example, brilliant green), ointment with antibiotics (erythromycin, polymyxin, gentamicin, tetracycline) or phytopreparations (ointment with calendula, arnica, eucalyptus, Kalanchoe, immortelle). A wet dressing should be replaced as it irritates the skin and is likely to become infected. The dry dressing can be left on for 2 days.

Small and minute skin breaks (cracks, abrasions), which are often formed in the lips, corners of the mouth, on the fingers and nipples of the breast, quickly tighten if they are lubricated with calendula ointment. You can also use other medicines with antiseptic properties: tinctures of eucalyptus, sophora, chamomile (rotocan) and mint. These drugs treat the skin around the rash 2-3 times a day.

To avoid the appearance of bubbles in the area of ​​rubbing parts of the body (within large folds, on the heels), you can use powders, starch or petroleum jelly. It is recommended to apply special foot creams. This must be remembered when going on a hike, a long walk or before a sporting event.

Blisters

In case of acute urticaria with the appearance of itchy blisters, when the skin is, as it were, burned by nettles, it is necessary first of all to cleanse the stomach and intestines. To do this, it is necessary to take laxatives (for example, a 25% solution of magnesium sulfate, 10-15 ml 3-5 times a day until a laxative effect is obtained), as well as enterosorbents. To relieve itching, it is recommended to take antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, suprastin, pipolfen, diazolin, fencarol, tavegil.

Presumptive food allergens, spicy foods, and tonic drinks are excluded from the diet. Limit the consumption of table salt. Preference is given to dairy products (it is better to use acidophilic milk, cottage cheese, yogurt). Topically applied antipruritic substances - 1-2% ointment with menthol, vinegar diluted in water (1: 3), 1-4% citric acid solution.

Corns

Fresh corns are softened by daily warm baths with the addition of soap powder, baking soda and borax to the water. After the bath, the softened skin of the corn is scraped off with a blunt knife blade or pumice stone. The rest of the corn is smeared with collodion containing salicylic and lactic acids. The mixture is applied to the corn for three evenings in a row, then, after a hot bath, the horny layers are easily removed completely. For the durability of the effect, these procedures are repeated several times.

Shows the use of a lead patch in half with salicylic acid.

The use of a corn patch is effective. Collodion or callus plaster should only be applied to the corn, and the surrounding skin should be protected with zinc ointment or petroleum jelly.

Arievich's ointment is successfully used, which is applied for 48 hours under compress paper (healthy skin is protected by applying an indifferent paste). Then, after a bath with potassium permanganate, the exfoliated epidermis is cleaned off. Repeat the procedure if necessary. The compress bandage has a deeper and stronger keratolytic effect.

There are reports of positive results of subcutaneous administration of a 1% solution of novocaine with adrenaline (2-3 drops of adrenaline 1: 1000 per 20 ml of novocaine solution).

Keratolytic agents are often recommended to soften and expel the stratum corneum. Used 10-20% acids - salicylic in the composition of ointments, varnishes, plasters (salicylic corn plaster "Salipod"), corn fluid. To enhance the keratolytic action in salicylic acid ointment add lactic (5-20%) or benzoic (5-15%) acids. Ureaplast ointment (contains 30% urea), 5-10% resorcinol ointment have a keratolytic effect.

To avoid recurrence, it is advisable to grease the exposed corn base with carbolic acid or sprinkle with silver nitrate.

For long-standing calluses, which usually do not respond to keratolytic agents, it is more advisable to use liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Cryotherapy is performed in a cosmetology clinic. First, keratinized layers are carefully removed. Depending on the size, nature and location of the corn, the application time with liquid nitrogen ranges from 30–40 s to 1–2 minutes. As a rule, during this period, a white corolla with a width of 0.5 to 1 cm is formed around the corn.

In stubborn cases, they resort to diathermocoagulation or removal of corns with a drill.

With multiple calluses, Bucca's rays are effective, X-ray therapy is performed.

Simultaneously with local treatment, vitamins A and E are prescribed, as well as medicinal plants rich in them (for example, sea buckthorn is recommended in the form of juice, infusion of fruits and leaves 20: 200, 0.5 cups 3 times a day). Vitamin A starting products are found in fairly large quantities in carrots, pumpkin, cabbage, tomatoes, green peas, buckwheat, cherries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants, apricots, parsley leaves, spinach, lettuce, sorrel.

For painful cracks in the calcified areas, vinyline, solcoseryl, ointments with the addition of retinol and 2% salicylic acid are prescribed.

In some cases, the issue of rational employment is being resolved.

To prevent calluses, it is necessary to avoid wearing tight or uncomfortable shoes, periodically do pedicure and treat sweating of the feet.

Treatment of skin rashes with infectious diseases by traditional and non-traditional methods

Rubella

Treatment for rubella is usually not required; according to indications, antipyretic, desensitizing agents, and vitamins are used. The patient needs bed rest, plenty of drink. The elements of the rash do not need to be treated with anything.

Rubella patients should be isolated until the 5th day after the rash.

Measles

Measles can be prevented or alleviated by timely administration of gamma globulin. This is especially necessary for a child under 3-4 years old, because at this age complications are most frequent and serious. Gamma globulin is also given to an older child, if required.

The action of gamma globulin lasts about 2 weeks, sometimes a little longer.

Patients with measles are treated at home. Patients with complicated measles need to be hospitalized. During a febrile period, bed rest is recommended. The bed is placed with its head end to the window so that the light does not enter the eyes.

Medical treatment for uncomplicated measles is either not available or very limited.

The eyes should be rinsed with a solution of boric acid, and a 20% sodium sulfacyl solution should be instilled 3-4 times a day; it is better not to wet the face while the rash lasts. It is useful to gargle the throat with broth of sage or chamomile.

When peeling begins, it is good to do warm baths (35 ° C) and add bran decoction to the bath, which greatly helps to ease peeling.

With a strong cough, give an infusion of marshmallow root and other expectorants.

The patient is given a large amount of fluids, fruit juices, vitamins.

Recovering from measles is slow. Weakness, fatigue, irritability may remain for several weeks.

The patient ceases to be contagious a week after the onset of the rash.

Enterovirus infection

There is no specific treatment. Bed rest, rest, warmth are very important, especially in the first days of illness. At elevated body temperature, give a cool drink, apply cold to the head.

The patient is isolated for 14 days. For those in contact with the sick, they are monitored for 14 days after the termination of contact.

Scarlet fever

The treatment of patients with scarlet fever is based on antibiotic therapy. The duration of the course is 5-7 days. The most effective is penicillin.

If you are intolerant to this medication, you can give erythromycin, tetracycline in age-related doses.

For the first 5–6 days, patients should be kept in bed. Vitamins are prescribed.

Patients with scarlet fever are isolated at home or in a hospital for 10 days from the onset of the disease. To alleviate the patient's condition, he is given an abundant cool drink for hyperthermia, alcohol compresses are made on the neck area, for pain in the ears, a 3% solution of boric acid is instilled, and a compress is made on the ear with warm camphor oil.

The rash does not need to be treated. During peeling, the patient is given warm baths 3-4 times a week, adding bran decoction to the bath to facilitate peeling.

Scarlet fever has similar clinical features with measles, rubella, and pseudotuberculosis (Far Eastern scarlet fever).

Pseudotuberculosis

Most often, patients are treated in a hospital.

With pseudotuberculosis, chloramphenicol is most effective. It is prescribed in usual therapeutic doses for 2 weeks.

Chicken pox

There is no specific and etiotropic treatment; bed rest is recommended. It is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of bed linen and underwear, cleanliness of hands. The elements of the rash are smeared with a 5% brilliant green solution.

The blisters are usually itchy. Itching can be partially eliminated by a warm bath, in which soda or starch is dissolved (1 glass for a small bath and 2 glasses for a large one). You need to use only soluble starch. The child is placed in a bath for 10 minutes 2-3 times a day.

You can not tear off the crusts from the dried bubbles, as you can bring an infection into them, which causes purulent complications. In severe forms of chickenpox, hospitalization is indicated.

Shingles

Since the disease proceeds against a background of reduced immunity, it is necessary to inject intramuscularly normal human immunoglobulin in a dose of 5-10 ml intramuscularly in the first days of the disease. A single injection is sufficient. Drugs that suppress immunogenesis (hormones, cytostatics) should be canceled. Antibiotics are prescribed only when secondary bacterial complications occur. Antipyretic drugs, vitamins are prescribed. Herpetic eruptions are treated with a 1% solution of methylene blue or brilliant green.

Scabies

For treatment, the skin is treated with a 20% benzyl benzoate emulsion (2 consecutive rubbing in for 10 minutes with a 10-minute break with a change of linen) for 2 consecutive days. On the 5th day - shower, change of linen.

In the absence of benzyl benzoate, treatment can be carried out with 33% sulfuric ointment, which is rubbed daily for 5 days with a cloth into the skin of the trunk, arms and legs. On the 7th day of treatment - washing and changing of linen.

Treatment by the Demianovich method is also effective: a 60% sodium thiosulfate solution is rubbed into the skin 3-4 times in a row in a few minutes, after which it is treated with a 6% hydrochloric acid solution (2-3 times). It should be borne in mind that these agents can cause dermatitis. At the end of the treatment, it is necessary to carry out the final disinfection in the apartment, process the bedding in the descamera, boil the linen and iron it with a hot iron.

Rickettsiosis

For treatment, antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol) are prescribed in age-specific dosages, vitamins, antihistamines, and drinking plenty of fluids.

Lupus

Treatment is based on the use of anti-tuberculosis drugs. At the same time, multivitamins, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, tavegil, etc.), calcium pantothenate and vitamin D are prescribed for several months. Conditions of work and rest, sanatorium treatment are of great importance. Local treatment is usually not available.

Syphilis

Patients with active manifestations of syphilis are treated, as a rule, in a specialized venereal dispensary, and patients with latent syphilis can be treated on an outpatient basis by a venereologist. Self-medication is unacceptable and even dangerous.

Treatment of allergic skin rashes with traditional and non-traditional methods

Hives

Urticaria is often recurrent.

If you suspect a food origin of urticaria, you need to make a cleansing enema, take a laxative (magnesium sulfate, etc.), take antihistamines (diphenhydramine, suprastin, tavegil, diazolin, etc.). Patients are transferred to a dairy-plant diet with limited salt, if they are not allergic to these products. You should try to identify the allergen and further exclude contact with it.

Cold lotions, zinc oil, water-zinc paste, ointments and creams with corticosteroid hormones such as prednisolone, hydrocortisone, flucinar are used locally. A home remedy for itchy hives is a hot bath with baking soda. To do this, you need to dissolve 1 glass of baking soda in a basin of water. Compresses with burdock leaves, fresh or dried, help well. To remove and reduce itching, infusion and decoctions of a series of tripartite, drooping birch, stinging nettle, and field horsetail are also used.

Eczema

Treatment of eczema is staged, taking into account the stage of the process, the location and nature of the rash, the patient's age, the cause of the disease.

In the acute period, with pronounced weeping, appoint:

1) cold lead water lotions;

2) 2% boric acid solution;

3) 1-2% resorcinol solution;

4) wet-drying dressings with furacilin solution;

5) ethacridine lactate (rivanol), silver nitrate;

6) oil suspensions (talkers) are effective, especially in open areas of the skin;

7) after eliminating wetness, use pastes, ointments and creams containing tar, sulfur, naphthalan, dermaton, bismuth nitrate, etc.

In the absence of soaking, shaken suspensions are used, best of all is the so-called zinc oil (zinc oxide - 30 g, boric acid - 1 g, sunflower oil - 70 g).

Along with drug treatment, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed:

1) ultraviolet radiation;

2) inductothermia of the paravertebral and lumbar parasympathetic ganglia;

3) baths with sea salt, oxygen, sulfide, radon, etc. are often used. Only a physiotherapist can prescribe the correct physiotherapeutic treatment.

Herbal medicine can be used to treat eczema.

To remove or reduce itching, use the infusion and decoctions of a series of tripartite, nettle. Exudative phenomena in the acute stage of the disease decrease or disappear when prescribing lotions with a decoction of oak bark, St. John's wort, peppermint, etc.

Healing baths are effective, especially for chronic forms of the disease. For baths prepare a collection weighing 100-300 g for 4-5 liters of water. The collection includes a string, chamomile, valerian officinalis, sage, celandine, St. John's wort. This mixture of medicinal plants is poured with boiling water, infused for 30–40 minutes, filtered and poured into a bath. The temperature of the water in the bath should be between 36–38 ° C, the duration of the procedure is 10–20 minutes, depending on the patient's condition, the form and stage of the disease.

Among the ointment forms containing herbal preparations, a certain effect is given by carophilic ointment, sanguirithrin liniment, tar (especially birch) in various concentrations (5-15%), etc.

For the secondary prevention of eczema, patients are recommended anti-relapse treatment (in autumn, spring). A preventive course of therapy should also include phytotherapeutic methods of treatment (decoctions or infusions of collections of medicinal plants for internal use, for baths), fortifying and stimulating agents.

Given the frequent relationship of the eczematous process with functional disorders of the digestive tract and liver diseases, an infusion or decoction of herbal preparations, including leaves of medicinal sage, plantain, nettle, licorice root, wormwood herb, St. John's wort, is prescribed inside.

Lichen planus

Treatment of lichen planus begins with the debridement of foci of chronic infection. At the same time, antihistamines are used (diazolin, pipolfen, diphenhydramine, etc.), B vitamins, especially B 2, B 6, nicotinic, ascorbic acids, rutin. In cases of an acute progressive course of the process, antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action, corticosteroids in age-related doses are prescribed.

Lichen pink

Treatment is carried out with broad-spectrum antibiotics in combination with antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, suprastin, and calcium compounds. Outwardly, corticosteroid ointments with antibiotics (hyoxysone, oxycort, lorinden C, lokakorten) are used.

Dermatitis

When dermatitis develops, it is necessary to eliminate the immediate cause of the dermatitis. The patient is given plenty of drink, laxatives (magnesium sulfate, etc.), as well as desensitizing and antihistamines (diphenhydramine, pipolfen, diazolin, tavegil, suprastin, etc.). At the same time, zinc oil, cooling lotions, glucocorticosteroid creams, ointments are applied to the affected skin. The diet during treatment is mainly milk-vegetable.

Neurodermatitis

Treatment of neurodermatitis should be directed to the cause or concomitant diseases that worsen the course of neurodermatitis. Antihistamines, tranquilizers (elenium, seduxen, bromine, valerian), corticosteroids in low doses, plasma transfusion are indicated. You need to follow a diet with restriction of carbohydrates, salt, fasting days. Locally used glucocorticosteroid ointments (prednisolone, sinalar, flucinar), antipruritic agents containing menthol, anestezin, diphenhydramine. Assign inside vitamins A, E, B 12, B 2, B 6.

In the prevention of neurodermatitis, constant attention should be paid to rational nutrition, exclusion of food allergens, sanitation of foci of infection, exclusion of household allergens (house dust, animal hair, household chemicals).

The main manifestation of dermatological diseases is skin rashes. Otherwise, this state is called exanthema. Various parts of the body can be involved in the process. The rash occurs in people of all ages, including children. Often, this symptom indicates the presence of a serious infectious disease.

Types of skin rashes are known to any dermatovenerologist. This is a pathological condition in which areas appear on the body that differ from healthy areas in texture and color. Primary and secondary morphological elements appear on the skin. Sometimes a polymorphic rash occurs. The following types of skin rashes are known:

• vesicular;
• spotted;
• pustular;
• urtica;
• papular;
• hemorrhagic;
• roseolous.

Sometimes large blisters form on the body. The primary morphological elements are blisters, tubercles, papules (nodules), pustules, vesicles (vesicles), blisters, spots, roseola, and hemorrhages. Over time, primary skin rashes transform into secondary ones. The latter include scars, abrasions, excoriation, scales, cracks, ulcers, erosion, ulcers, scabs, lichenification, dyschromia, vegetation, hyperpigmentation, and atrophy.

The rash may itch. The presence of pustules and itching most often indicates the development of pyoderma. Urticaria is separately highlighted. This is an allergic rash that disappears quickly. Morphological elements are small, medium and large. They can be arranged in groups or singly. Rashes on the body are allergic and infectious.

The following diseases are most often manifested by exanthema:

• acne;
• scabies;
• pediculosis;
• molluscum contagiosum;
• allergy;
• systemic lupus erythematosus;
• dermatitis;
• eczema;
• vitiligo;
• epidermophytosis;
• psoriasis;
• herpes;
• lichen;
• rubrophytosis;
• mycosis;
• furuncle;
• carbuncle;
• measles;
• scarlet fever;
• chicken pox;
• syphilis;
• hydradenitis;
• folliculitis;
• ostiofolliculitis;
• pemphigus;
• papillomavirus infection;
• rosacea;
• hyperhidrosis;
• sycosis;
• ecthyma.

If you find signs of exanthema in yourself, then you need to see a doctor. Only a specialist can prescribe the correct treatment for the disease.

Rash on the background of urticaria

If the rash on the body itches and is represented by multiple blisters, then this indicates hives. It arises as an independent disease or is a symptom of another pathology. Signs of urticaria at least once in a lifetime occur in every third person.

This rash is so called due to the presence of blisters on the body that resemble nettle burns.

The disease occurs in acute and chronic forms. The latter can drag on for many years. Acute allergic urticaria is most commonly diagnosed. It is often found in children. The following reasons for its appearance are known:

• an allergic reaction to certain foods;
• taking or administering medications;
• contact with dust, household chemicals or animal hair;
• intensive physical labor;
• stay in low temperature conditions;
• intense insolation;
• insect bites;
• stress.

With urticaria, a rash may appear against a background of diseases of the internal organs. The features of urticaria are:

• the presence of pink blisters;
• intense itching;
• complete reversibility of skin changes;
• lack of cicatricial changes;
• different localization.

Hives often spread throughout the body. Each time it can be localized in different areas. Blisters are itchy in most cases. These are cavityless morphological elements 5-10 mm in size. They lie in the dermis. Blisters can persist for several minutes or hours.

An allergic rash occurs due to sensitization of the body, the production of IgE and histamine.

Blisters on the skin in adults and children are the result of increased capillary permeability and fluid release into the intercellular space. Urticaria is physical, solar, cold, spontaneous, adrenergic, and cholinergic. In children, it is most often caused by food allergies.

Rash with pyoderma

If a rash appears, the cause may be pyoderma. This is a group of pustular skin diseases. Pyoderma includes sycosis, folliculitis, ostifolliculitis, vesiculopustulosis, furuncle, furunculosis, carbuncle and hydradenitis. The causative agents are streptococci and staphylococci. A small rash is characteristic of ostiofolliculitis.

It is caused by purulent inflammation of the upper part of the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. The rash is represented by pustules. They cover not the whole body, but individual areas. The pustules do not merge with each other and do not increase in diameter. The face is most commonly affected. Often a mustache and beard are involved. In this case, we are talking about sycosis.

The exanthema lasts for 5 days. Red rashes appear in the form of small nodules (papules). Soreness occurs on palpation. After 2-3 days, the nodule turns into a pustule. The latter contain pus. There is a dark point in the center of the pustules. A red spot remains in place of the primary elements. Peeling is observed.

No hair grows in the affected area. The disease lasts about a week. The pyoderma group includes a boil. With it, the hair follicle and the surrounding soft tissues become inflamed. Most often, the rash is localized in the neck, back, face and buttocks. Multiple abscesses are observed with furunculosis.

The main reasons are skin pollution and trauma. At the stage of infiltration, edema and tissue compaction occur. An infiltration of 1-2 cm is formed. Then a necrotic core is formed. The latter ends on the surface of the skin with a pustule. There is pus inside. Soon the pustule breaks open. The patient's condition is improving.

During the period of suppuration, symptoms of intoxication appear in the form of fever, headache and chills. A blistering rash is observed with vesiculopustulosis. This pathology occurs in young children. Sweat glands are affected. A blistering rash appears. The armpits, groin, head and trunk are affected. The rash persists for 1-1.5 weeks.

Exanthema on the body in children

A rash without itching occurs with scarlet fever, measles and rubella. Children most often face this problem. Rubella is a viral disease. With it, rashes on the skin in the form of red spots, swollen lymph nodes and high body temperature are observed. The pathogen is easily transmitted by airborne droplets.

The appearance of red rashes on the skin may be preceded by catarrhal phenomena in the form of a runny nose and nasal congestion.

The exanthema appears immediately after the incubation period. Small red spots appear on the body. The reason is the toxic effect of the virus on blood vessels. The face is initially affected. Then the rash goes down, affecting the trunk. In mild cases, exanthema may be the only symptom of the disease. A red spot with this pathology has a size of about 5-7 mm. The rash is flush with the skin.

Rubella in children can cause swollen lymph nodes and fever.

When you press on the stain, it temporarily disappears. The rash on the face is paler. The duration of the exanthema period is 2-3 days. The rash does not itch. Respiratory and visual symptoms are common. Possible damage to the oral mucosa. Rubella can be confused with measles. This is a more serious disease that is rarely diagnosed in our country. The rash with measles is maculopapular. She is prone to merging. In children, it is less abundant than in adults. During the period of rashes, catarrhal symptoms and signs of intoxication intensify.

Itchy rashes are common in diseases such as head lice and scabies. They are part of the STI group. Scabies is a dermatosis that develops when infected with microscopic mites. Infection occurs through bodily contact with the patient.

Scabies rash often occurs in people in prison, children, the military and people who live in cramped conditions.

With this pathology, the rash itches. It is represented by small blisters and pimples. Initially, vesicles and papules appear on the body. They end the moves of scabies mites. Itchy elements of the rash cause scratching and suppuration. This is how pustules are formed. On the skin there are paired and scattered rashes.

Polymorphism is characteristic. Most often itching is the skin in the interdigital spaces, the back of the palms, abdomen, lower back, extensor surfaces of the knees and elbows, legs and thighs. Scabies is characterized by the Ardi-Gorchakov symptom. In sick people, peeling, pustular rash and crusts are observed in the elbow area.

Infection is possible through personal items (razors, towels, combs, bedding, upholstered furniture, underwear, scarves, hats). The main route of transmission of the pathogen is sexual. Waterborne infection is possible. The main symptom is an itchy rash. It occurs at insect bites.

There is swelling and redness of the tissues. The rash is represented by red papules and spots. After a while, pustules appear. They can itch a lot. A characteristic sign of the disease is the presence of age spots. Nits and adult insects are found on the hair.

Rash with viral diseases

If blistering rashes appear on the body and there is a burning sensation, then the cause is herpes. It is simple (labial), genital and shingles. With herpes simplex, bright pink or red blisters appear that are localized in the area of ​​the lips and wings of the nose. They are small and are located in the form of foci. In each zone, there are 2 or more elements of the rash.

There is a clear liquid inside the bubbles. Over time, it becomes cloudy. If proper treatment is not carried out, then large blisters of 1-1.5 cm in size may appear. The elements of the rash dry out with the formation of yellow crusts. The latter disappear within a week. There remains a patch of pigmentation. The process involves the skin and mucous membranes.

Decreased immunity is one of the causes of herpes.

Burning and tingling sensations are possible along with the rash. With primary herpes, the general condition of the patient may worsen. Sometimes there is a congenital form of the disease. It is diagnosed in infants born to infected mothers. Herpes is characterized by a recurrent course. Rashes occur with a decrease in immunity.

In the genital form of the disease, the rash is localized in the external genital area. Herpes zoster is the most severe. It affects the skin and nervous system. The rash with this pathology has the following features:

• appears mainly in the cold season;
• occurs in people who have had chickenpox;
• observed mainly in adults;
• appears against the background of stress, hypothermia and weakening of the body;
• combined with headache, fever and loss of appetite;
• accompanied by itching and burning;
• painful;
• localized along the nerves;
• represented by pink spots up to 5 mm in size and vesicles;
• one-sided or two-sided.

These people show signs of peripheral nerve damage. If pale pink nodular rashes appear on the body, not everyone knows that this may be. This symptom indicates the development of molluscum contagiosum. With it, a rash on the body in adults does not itch. No plaques are formed. Infection occurs by a contact mechanism. A feature of the rash is that it is represented by hemispherical papules with a sunken center. They are watery in consistency and contain a white, mushy mass. The rashes are located randomly.

Examination and treatment tactics

Before treating patients, the following studies will be needed:

• dermatoscopy;
• bacteriological analysis of the contents of the vesicles;
• general clinical analyzes;
• biochemical blood test;
• allergic skin tests;
• provocative tests;
• immunological analysis;
• histological analysis;
• Wasserman reaction;
• linked immunosorbent assay;
• polymerase chain reaction;
• research on scabies and demodicosis;
• the study of the hormonal background.

In the treatment of herpes infection, antiviral drugs for external and systemic action are prescribed. These include Acyclovir, Valtrex, Valvir, Famvir and Zovirax. Herperax gives a good effect. For frequent relapses, a vaccine or immunoglobulin may be used. Immunomodulators are often prescribed.

To eliminate the rash against the background of scabies, anti-scabious medicines are used. The most effective is Benzyl benzoate. Additionally, antihistamines are prescribed. With a rash against the background of chickenpox, antiseptic treatment (brilliant green) is performed. Sick children really want to scratch their skin, but this is not recommended.

With a rash against the background of atopic dermatitis, a hypochlorite diet, tranquilizers, antihistamines and sedatives, dermatol ointment and symptomatic drugs are prescribed.

In case of development of allergic urticaria, contact with the irritant must be excluded.

Local and systemic medications are prescribed. The most effective are mast cell membrane stabilizers and H1-histamine receptor blockers. Thus, a rash on the body is the most common symptom of skin diseases. When it appears, you need to contact a dermatologist.