“Schools in Rus'” - Punishments in schools. What is needed for the lesson? V. Pukirev “The sexton explains the picture of the Last Judgment to the peasants.” How did you study in Rus'? She wrote birch bark letters, waxed tablets. What was taught in schools? In Ancient Rus', anyone could learn basic literacy. Why did Rus' need schools? When did the first schools appear?
“Dolmen” - The diameter of the holes is from 32 to 43 cm. D) dolmens - monoliths - are completely carved into the rock, together with the roof. The legend about the origin of dolmens. Lesson plan: The holes were closed with plugs (bushings). The dolmen archaeological culture lasted from 2700 to 1400 BC. Holes and plugs. Camera of any shape and size;
“Russian national cuisine” - The spoon has always been the main cutlery of Russians. Soups remained of primary importance in the history of Russian cuisine. Old Russian cuisine of the 9th-16th centuries.2. Modern cuisine from 1917 to the present 1. St. Petersburg cuisine, late 18th century - 60s of the 19th century. Modern kitchen from 1917 to the present 3.
“Russian customs” - Russian custom when meeting dear guests. 11. What is the name of the holiday of seeing off the Russian winter? In the spring. Young daughters-in-law hosted their relatives. Name the authors of the Slavic alphabet. Proverb: “The sister-in-law has an evil head.” At Epiphany, water is blessed in churches. In the old days, our ancestors went to swim in rivers, ponds, and lakes.
“Izba” - The clergy sat on a large place without refusing. But, mainly, among princes, boyars, merchants, etc. and only in cities. The place of the owner of the house was called the big place. The ceiling is made of logs or beams split in half. In the red corner, on a large bench, the owner of the house was sitting at a table. 6-walled communication hut.
“At Home in Rus'” - Wax candles were made by rolling. “When it’s hot in the oven, then it’s cooked” - how does a Russian oven work? The upper boundary of the hut was the ceiling. With what and how did they illuminate the interior of the hut? A little later, the fireplace was illuminated by a torch inserted into the “Svetets”. They hunted hazel grouse, wild ducks, hares, geese and other game.
There are a total of 39 presentations in the topic
“Schools in Rus'” - What is needed for the lesson? What was taught in schools? Class teacher Nikiforova E.V. 2011. XI – XV centuries. B.M. Kustodiev “School in Muscovite Rus'”. How did they teach in schools in Rus'? How did you study in Rus'? When did the first schools appear? She wrote birch bark letters, waxed tablets. The first schools in Rus' were opened in the 10th century by decree of Prince Vladimir.
“Russian customs” - In Ancient Rus', the Nativity of Christ meant the beginning of winter. Wednesday is delicious. On Monday we celebrated Maslenitsa. Warm-up questions. Medicinal plants were collected. What are the holidays between Christmas and Epiphany called? Then fires were lit and round dances were held. Epiphany of the Lord is celebrated on January 19. In the old days, our ancestors went to swim in rivers, ponds, and lakes.
“Dolmen” - Purpose of the lesson: B) trough-shaped - that is, knocked out entirely in a rock block, but covered with a separate slab; To date, more than 2,300 dolmens are known in the Kuban and Black Sea regions. Dolmen - translated from Breton language means “stone table”. Total weight: from 6795 to 25190 kg. Dolmens can be very diverse in shape and material.
“Christmastide” - What are Christmastide? They believed that God would punish those who worked on Christmastide: a person who weaves bast shoes on Christmas Eve evenings would have crooked cattle, and someone who sews clothes would have their cattle go blind. Christmas time. Christmastide was usually celebrated in the evening and at night: daytime was reserved for daily work, and only with the onset of darkness did the peasants put aside their work and take part in entertainment and perform various kinds of rituals.
“Russian national cuisine” - Modern cuisine from 1917 to the present 5. Old Russian cuisine of the 9th-16th centuries.2. Kitchen of the Peter and Catherine era of the 18th century. Soups remained of primary importance in the history of Russian cuisine. Modern kitchen from 1917 to the present 1. The spoon has always been the main cutlery of Russians. Cuisine of the Moscow state of the 17th century.
“Izba” - Men’s corner, or “konik” - at the entrance. The ceiling beams were laid on a massive beam - the matrix. 6-walled communication hut. Since the 15th century, stoves with pipes have become widespread. A ring for the ochepa was screwed into the mat. The interior walls were whitewashed and lined with planks or linden boards. The clergy sat down in a large place without refusing.
There are a total of 39 presentations in the topic
The first mention of teaching children is found in the Russian chronicle of 988. It was this year that Prince Vladimir decided to convert to Christianity and convert all his subjects to this religion. Then the general need for literacy training was reinforced by the need for literate people to conduct church services. Prince Vladimir ordered to “collect children from the best people and send them to book education.” The first mention of teaching children is found in the Russian chronicle of 988. It was this year that Prince Vladimir decided to convert to Christianity and convert all his subjects to this religion. Then the general need for literacy training was reinforced by the need for literate people to conduct church services. Prince Vladimir ordered to “collect children from the best people and send them to book education.”
With the formation of a unified state, the need for literate people increased. By decision of the Stoglavy Council, schools for training priests were opened at churches and monasteries. Ordinary people were taught by special masters of “non-clerical” rank, who trained for 2 years for food and a small fee. The development of schools required the publication of textbooks. With the formation of a unified state, the need for literate people increased. By decision of the Stoglavy Council, schools for training priests were opened at churches and monasteries. Ordinary people were taught by special masters of “non-clerical” rank, who trained for 2 years for food and a small fee. The development of schools required the publication of textbooks.
In 1564, with the support of Ivan the Terrible, in Moscow at the Printing Yard, I. Fedorov and P. Mstislavets printed the first book in Russian, “The Apostle.” In 1565, the “Book of Hours” was published, the first book for teaching literacy. I. Fedorov was not only a publisher, but also a talented editor - he translated books, edited them, wrote “Introductions” and “Conclusions”.
A. Maksimov BOOK LEARNING In “Azbukovnik” we find confirmation of one very important fact: education in Rus' at that time was not a class privilege. “For this reason I speak always and never cease in speaking to pious people, of every rank and rank, noble and honorable, rich and poor, even to the last farmers.” In "Azbukovnik" we find confirmation of one very important fact: education in Rus' at that time was not a class privilege. “For this reason I speak always and never cease in speaking to pious people, of every rank and rank, noble and honorable, rich and poor, even to the last farmers.”
By the 17th century there were already quite a lot of schools in both cities and villages, and their number was growing rapidly. This confirms the existence of books called “Azbukovnik”. These were collections of educational, moralizing and encyclopedic articles. The most widespread are educational alphabet books. They consisted of the alphabet (with syllables and scripts), brief information on Russian and sometimes Greek grammar, arithmetic, and religious and moral teachings. By the 17th century there were already quite a lot of schools in both cities and villages, and their number was growing rapidly. This confirms the existence of books called “Azbukovnik”. These were collections of educational, moralizing and encyclopedic articles. The most widespread are educational alphabet books. They consisted of the alphabet (with syllables and scripts), brief information on Russian and sometimes Greek grammar, arithmetic, and religious and moral teachings.
Ryabushkin A. “School of the 17th century” For sloppiness and for school pranks, they were not only flogged with rods, but also forced to kneel on peas for several hours, leaving without lunch. Ryabushkin A. “School of the 17th century” For sloppiness and for school pranks, they were not only flogged with rods, but also forced to kneel on peas for several hours, leaving without lunch.
K. Lebedev. PETER I TAKES THE EXAM OF RUSSIANS RETURNING FROM ABROAD (NOVIKS) Under Peter I, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was established. Boys and young men of all classes (except serfs) studied there. Pushkar, hospital, and administrative schools were created. A decree was issued on universal educational conscription for children of all classes (except peasants). It was decided: without a certificate of completion of training, “marrying is not allowed...”.
Initially, in Ancient Rus', education did not play an important role, since except for the children of rich boyars and noble families, no one else could study science. The bulk of the population were peasants who worked day and night on their lands and the lands of their own owner. But the situation began to change during the period of the baptism of Rus'.
The origin of education in Kievan Rus began only after the baptism of the people by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. The first schools in Rus' were established in 988 in the city of Kyiv. This information is fully consistent with the famous chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years.” The name of the prince was indicated in the chronicle as the founder of the first school in Kievan Rus. By his decree, he ordered all the children of noble and boyar families to be collected and sent to schools to study book writing. But training was perceived by many as torture. Mothers did not yet understand where and why they were going to send their children. That is why they mourned them greatly, and said goodbye to the children, as if they were leaving for certain death.
The school created by Prince Vladimir was called “Book Teaching”, and was a real palace educational institution. It taught not only literacy, but also other sciences. There were about 300 students in this school, and they were all divided into small groups, each of which had its own teacher. After this, most often schools could be seen at monasteries and churches. For the first time, the term “school” itself appeared in Rus' only in 1382, when, according to pan-European traditions, this term began to designate educational institutions where people were taught crafts and given specialized knowledge.
During the reign of Prince Vladimir, only boys could study at school, and the first subject for their education was bookmaking. It was believed that men should be more savvy in communication, and girls should not know how to read and write, since they will become future housewives, and their responsibilities will only include proper management of the household. And for this you don’t need to know how to read and write. And only in May 1086 the very first women's school appeared in Rus', the founder of which was Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavovich. His daughter, Anna Vsevolodovna, simultaneously headed the school and studied science. Only here could young girls from wealthy families learn to read and write and various crafts.
At the beginning of 1096, schools began to open throughout Rus'. The first schools began to appear in such large cities as Murom, Vladimir and Polotsk, and were most often built at monasteries and churches. Thus, priests were considered the most educated people in Rus'. Since the 15th century, institutions at monasteries ceased to be built, and private schools appeared, which at that time were called “masters of literacy.”
School of the 14th century Miniature from the "Life of Sergius of Radonezh" Fragment. End of the 16th century.
In Rus', educational institutions were called schools: the word school came into use starting from the 14th century. Already in the first half of the 11th century, we know of the palace school of Prince Vladimir in Kyiv and the school founded by Yaroslav the Wise in Novgorod in 1030. The content of education, as in educational institutions of the West, consisted of the seven liberal arts dating back to antiquity: grammar, rhetoric, dialectics (the so-called trivium), arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy (the so-called quadrivium). Special schools existed for teaching literacy and foreign languages; Following the model of the Kyiv and Novgorod ones, other schools were opened at the courts of Russian princes - for example, in Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Suzdal, schools were created at monasteries. Schools were not only educational institutions, but also cultural centers; translations of ancient and Byzantine authors were made there, and manuscripts were copied.
In ancient Rus', the majority of the population was not only poorly educated, but also generally illiterate. However, numerous birch bark documents from the 11th–13th centuries have been found, not only in Veliky Novgorod, but also in other ancient Russian cities; Their content shows that their authors were people of very different social status, including merchants, artisans, even peasants; there were also letters written by women. Even the letter, which served as a school notebook for the child, has been preserved. There are other direct and indirect evidence regarding the widespread spread of literacy in Ancient Rus'. The decline of the cultural life of Ancient Rus' as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion (as is known, most of the Old Russian manuscripts perished at this time) also affected education. From being mainly secular, it became almost exclusively spiritual (monastic). It was the Orthodox monasteries that played at this time (XIII–XV centuries) the role of guardians and disseminators of Russian education.
The only limitation to education was the reluctance of the parents or their sheer poverty, which did not allow them to pay the teacher anything for educating their child. It all begins with the arrival of children in the morning at a special house - a school. A student who came to school early in the morning had to spend the whole day there, until the bell rang for the evening service, which was the signal for the end of classes. The teaching began with the answer to the lesson studied the day before. When the lesson was told by everyone, the entire “squad” performed a common prayer before further classes. Then the students approached the headman, who gave them the books they were to study from, and sat down at a common long student table. Each one took the place assigned to him by the teacher.
Books, being the property of the school, constituted its main value. The attitude towards the book was reverent and respectful. It was required that the students, having “closed the book,” always put it with the seal facing up and did not leave “indicative trees” (pointers) in it, did not unbend it too much and did not leaf through it in vain. It was strictly forbidden to place books on the bench, and at the end of the lesson the books had to be given to the headman. It was forbidden for students to talk outside the school about what was happening in it. The students had to “add up the school”: sweep away the rubbish, wash the floors, benches and tables, change the water in the vessels under the “light” - a stand for a torch. Lighting the school with the same torch was also the responsibility of the students, as was firing the stoves. The head of the school “team” assigned students to such work (in modern language, on duty) in shifts.
The instructions urge students not to fight, not to play pranks, and not to steal. It is especially strictly prohibited to make noise in and around the school itself. In general, discipline in the ancient Russian school was strong and severe. The whole day was clearly outlined by rules, even drinking water was allowed only three times a day, and “going to the yard for the sake of need” was only possible with the permission of the headman only a few times. In the school of Ancient Rus', lazy, careless and obstinate students were punished with rods
So, the students were constantly at school for most of the day. In order to have the opportunity to rest or be absent on necessary matters, the teacher chose an assistant from among his students, called the headman. The role of the headman in the internal life of the then school was extremely important. After the teacher, the headman was the second person in the school; he was even allowed to replace the teacher himself. Therefore, the choice of a headman for both the student “squad” and the teacher was the most important matter.
One headman and two of his assistants were selected from the students, since the range of responsibilities of the “chosen ones” was unusually wide. They monitored the progress of school in the absence of the teacher and even had the right to punish those responsible for violating the order established in the school. They listened to the lessons of younger schoolchildren, collected and gave out books, monitored their safety and proper handling. They were in charge of "leave to the yard" and drinking water. Finally, they managed the heating, lighting and cleaning of the school. The headman and his assistants represented the teacher in his absence, and in his presence - his trusted assistants. The headmen carried out all the management of the school without any reporting to the teacher. Conclusions: School of Ancient Rus'. Liked: Careful attitude towards books; Discipline; Appointment of prefects from among the students. Didn't like: Long stay of children at school; Punishment with canes; Few books; Little science was studied; Boys and girls were educated separately. Modern school. Like: There are many books and they belong to the student; There are breaks between lessons; Physical punishment is not applied to offenders; Study of many sciences; Boys and girls study together; Dislikes: Low discipline of students; Lack of respect for teachers and adults; Rudeness of senior students towards juniors.
GOKU SKSH No. 2, Angarsk
Prepared by students :
Malyshev Vlad, Mordovian Daniil
Leader, Russian language teacher :
Zhak Tamara Ivanovna
While working on this project, we set ourselves the goal of finding out how peers from the past learned to read and write.
We searched the archives and open sources for a long time for candidates for such an excursion, but it so happened that the undisputed winner was a boy Onfim
Onfim lived in the 13th century
V Veliky Novgorod .
And although Onfim and I are separated by almost 800 years,
we have a lot in common.
Posts by Onfim – valuable evidence of primary education in Ancient Rus'
Certificate No. 200.
In moments of rest from classes, Onfim draws. And judging by the number of drawings, he loves to draw and paint himself. Onfim is a dreamer, because this is how he presented himself, signing the drawing “ “I am a beast” - “I am a beast.”
"Onfim and his friends"
In summer 1956 a whole bundle of birch bark letters and drawings was found on Nerevsky excavation site. One of Onfim’s drawings served as the prototype for the monument that was erected in September 2015 sculptor Mikhail Yushchenko in Nizhny Novgorod
Onfim is depicted in the guise Archangel Michael, Defender of Veliky Novgorod- Motherland - Russia.
Now you are familiar with Onfim, the oldest and most famous boy in our country. Unfortunately, we don’t know anything about Onfim’s future life, but we really hope that all his childhood dreams came true. It was 800 years ago , but it seems that Onfim is your peer and contemporary. Can you guess why - he is a citizen of our country, just like you.
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