The work of the human lymphatic system and lymphatic drainage. The structure and functions of the human lymphatic system - diseases, composition and purification of lymph with folk remedies Human lymph circulation scheme

In the human body, along with the cardiovascular system, there is also a complementary lymphatic system. This structure permeates all tissues and organs with capillaries, ensuring the movement of biological fluid - lymph and helping to strengthen the body's immune defenses.

The lymphatic system helps the body cleanse itself of toxins, toxins, microbes and infections, and also removes excess fluid from the intercellular space, pumping it into the vascular bed.

Lymphatic fluid is considered a type of connective tissue and includes lymphocytes - cells of the immune system. They perform vital functions, since they are able to distinguish inside the body "their" components from "foreign" ones - erythrocytes and leukocytes from infections and microbes, and then break down harmful particles with the help of T-lymphocytes.

Also lymph contains:

water;
salt;
minerals;
colloidal solutions of proteins;
fats.

This viscous liquid resembles blood plasma in its properties. In the body of an adult, it contains about one and a half to two liters. Circulation is provided by contractions of muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels, as well as by the movement of other muscles, the general position of the body and the phases of breathing.

Lymph functions in the body

Lymph circulation performs several functions at once:

Structure scheme

The anatomical structure of the lymphatic system can be depicted schematically:

The main components of its structure:

capillaries and vessels;
nodes;
ducts;
organs.

Lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels permeate almost all organs and tissues of the body. They are absent only in the spinal cord and brain, the inner tissue of the spleen, the lens of the eye, the middle ear and the placenta. The capillaries of the lymphatic system are thicker than that of the circulatory system, and have permeable walls physiologically more adapted to the absorption of substances. They merge into large ducts - vessels that also have thin walls, but are equipped with valves that prevent reverse or retrograde lymph flow.

Vessels slowly deliver fluid to groups of lymph nodes, consisting of lymphoid tissue, which contains:

lymphocytes;
plasma cells;
reticulocytes are young erythrocytes.

In the nodes of the lymphatic system, immune cells "ripen":

B-lymphocytes - produce antibodies and mobilize the immune system in case of threat;
T-lymphocytes - contribute to the breakdown of cells damaged by viruses.

The fluid released from the lymph nodes through large ducts enters the circulatory system. As you can see in the diagram, there are only two lymphatic ducts in the body - right and left, which flow into the corresponding subclavian veins.

The organs of the lymphatic system are:

spleen;
thymus or thymus;
tonsils.

The movement of lymph occurs from the bottom up due to the fact that the valves of this system pass fluid in only one direction. Therefore, it is important to massage in the direction of its circulation: from the fingers to the thoracic lymphatic duct, from the toes to the inguinal lymph nodes.

Causes of enlarged lymph nodes

Since the lymphatic system is aimed at cleansing the body and getting rid of harmful microelements, an increase in lymph nodes always indicates the presence of pathology.

The following photo is an example of what an inflamed lymph node looks like. In this case, the neck is affected.

The causes of inflammatory processes can be:

Infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. They can be both local and generalized, when the inflammatory process first occurs in one lymph node, and then spreads to others.

Autoimmune diseases that cause inflammation in the nodes are arthritis and lupus erythematosus.

Oncological diseases of the lymphatic system: Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Other types of cancer can cause inflammation and spread to the lymph nodes.

Cleansing the lymphatic system

Since the lymphatic system performs a number of vital functions, removing bacteria, infections and cellular debris from the body, it also needs to be cleansed.

A sedentary lifestyle, improper diet, technogenic influence - all this disrupts her work and leads to stagnation of lymph in the body. As a result, disease-causing substances are not removed from the body, but remain in it, which lowers the overall level of immunity and increases the risk of autoimmune diseases.

A healthy diet and a special massage will help cleanse the lymphatic system.

The diet should include the following foods:

fresh herbs;
seaweed;
linseed oil;
herbal teas.

To improve the outflow of fluid, you need to drink at least 7-8 glasses of clean water daily.

It will help to "revive" the processes of outflow and lymphatic drainage. However, only a masseur trained in a special technique should do it: the lymphatic system is very fragile, incorrect actions can damage the valves and cause a backflow of fluid. All movements should be performed in the direction of movement of the lymph - from the bottom up.

Lymphatic drainage:

promotes the penetration of fluid from tissues into the capillaries and vessels of the system;
accelerates lymph circulation;
activates the process of cleansing blood vessels from cellular decay products.

The lymphatic system is a complement to the cardiovascular system, unlike the circulatory structure, it is open and plays an important role in cellular cleansing and metabolic processes. Speaking about the structure of the lymphatic system, the drugs of the lower and upper extremities, small pelvis, head and neck, chest, and also the abdominal cavity are considered separately.

Before presenting the general characteristics of the lymphatic system (systema lymphoideum), it is important to note that it performs the function of removing foreign substances of exogenous and endogenous origin from organs and tissues by filtering tissue fluid (lymph) through the lymph nodes. The structure of the human lymphatic system includes lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, ducts, trunks and lymph nodes.

The structure of the capillaries and blood vessels of the lymphatic system

Capillaries of the lymphatic system ( vasa lymphocapillaria) , with a diameter of up to 200 microns, are found in all organs and tissues of the human body, except for the brain and spinal cord, eyeball, inner ear, epithelial cover of the skin and mucous membranes, cartilage, spleen parenchyma, bone marrow and placenta. The tissue fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries together with the substances it contains and takes the name of lymph (lympha).

The walls of the lymphatic capillaries are built from a single layer of endothelial cells. Due to this structure of the lymphatic capillaries, large protein molecules, particles of dead cells, and tumor cells easily penetrate through these walls together with tissue fluid. When connected to each other, the capillaries form closed lymphocapillary networks (retia lymphocapillaria) in organs and tissues.

Lymphatic vessels ( vasa lymphatica) , through which lymph flows to the lymph nodes and from these nodes, are formed when the lymphatic capillaries merge, three membranes are distinguished at the walls of the vessels. The inner shell (tunica intima) is thin. Outside of it is the middle shell (tunica media), then there is the outer shell (tunica externa). Lymphatic vessels have valves formed by folds of the inner lining. The presence of valves allows lymph to flow in one direction - to the lymph nodes - and gives the lymphatic vessels a characteristic clear-cut appearance.

From the nodes of the lymphatic system through their outflowing lymphatic vessels, lymph flows to the next (along the lymph flow) nodes or to large vessels - the lymphatic ducts and trunks.

Trunks of the human lymphatic system

Lymphatic trunks ( trunci lymphatici) and lymphatic ducts (ductus lymphatici) collect lymph (tissue fluid) from parts of the body and go to the lower parts of the neck, where these vessels flow into the so-called venous angle formed on the right and left by the fusion of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. The right jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter) flows into the right venous angle, through which lymph flows from the organs and tissues of the right half of the head and neck, the right subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius dexter), which carries lymph from the right upper limb, and the right lymphatic duct ( ductus lymphaticus dexter), which receives lymph from the organs of the right half of the chest cavity.

The left jugular trunk (truncus jugularis sinister), which receives lymph (tissue fluid) from the left half of the head and neck, and the left subclavian trunk (trunks subclavius sinister), flow into the left venous angle, formed by the fusion of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins, collecting tissue fluid from the organs and tissues of the left upper limb, and the largest lymphatic vessel is the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which receives tissue fluid (lymph) from the necessary half of the trunk and lower limbs.

The jugular trunk of the lymphatic system (right and left - truncus jugularis dexter et sinister) formed by the fusion of the outflowing lymphatic vessels of the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes of the corresponding side, lying near the internal jugular vein along its entire length.

The subclavian trunk in the structure of the lymphatic system (right and left - truncus subclavius dexter et sinister) is formed from the system of the outflowing lymphatic vessels of the axillary lymph nodes located in the axillary cavity.

Thoracic duct of the lymphatic system of the body

Thoracic duct of the lymphatic system ( ductus thoracicus) is formed in the retroperitoneal tissue (at the level of the XII thoracic - II lumbar vertebrae) when the right lumbar trunk (truncus lumbalis dexter) and the left lumbar trunk (truncus lumbalis sinister) merge. The lumbar lymphatic trunks are formed from the outflowing lymphatic vessels of the right or left lumbar lymph nodes. In the initial part of the thoracic duct also flows 1-3 intestinal trunks (trunci intestinales), carrying out lymph from the mesenteric lymph nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the prevertebral, intercostal, and mediastinal lymph nodes of the chest cavity flow into the thoracic duct.

The length of the thoracic lymphatic duct is 30-41 cm. The initial (abdominal) part of the thoracic duct often has an extension - the cistern of the thoracic duct (cisterna chyli) or has the appearance of a network formed by the outflowing lymphatic vessels of the lumbar, celiac, mesenteric lymph nodes.

From the abdominal cavity, the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm into the posterior mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, where it is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column, behind the esophagus.

As you can see in the photo of the human lymphatic system, at the level VI-VII of the thoracic vertebrae, the thoracic duct begins to deviate to the left, comes out from under the left edge of the esophagus, rises up behind the left subclavian and common carotid arteries and the vagus nerve:

At the level of the VI-VII cervical vertebrae, the thoracic duct bends and forms an arc of the thoracic duct (arcus ductus thoracici), which bends around the dome of the pleura from above and flows into the left venous angle or into the terminal section of one of the veins forming it. One of the structural features of the lymphatic system is the division (optional) of the end section of the thoracic duct into two or more (up to seven) trunks. The walls of the thoracic duct have a middle muscular membrane capable of pushing the lymph along the duct from its beginning to the mouth. The thoracic duct has 7-9 valves.

The right duct of the lymphatic system ( ductus lymphaticus dexter) has a length of 10-12 mm, the right broncho-mediastinal trunk flows into it, sometimes the right subclavian and jugular trunks flow into it, which usually follow independently to the right venous angle.

Vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system of the lower extremities

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the lower limb are subdivided into superficial and deep. Superficial lymphatic vessels located under the skin, on the superficial fascia, are formed from networks of lymphatic capillaries in the thickness of the skin, subcutaneous tissue. The superficial lymphatic vessels of the lower extremity follow along the great saphenous vein of the leg to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Part of the superficial lymphatic vessels of the sole of the foot and the back of the leg run along the small saphenous vein of the leg and flow into the popliteal lymph nodes located in the popliteal fossa near the popliteal arteries and veins. Deep vessels of the lymphatic system of the lower extremities, formed from the lymphatic capillaries of muscles, tendons, glenoid fossae, synovial sheaths, periosteum, are directed along deep blood vessels to the deep inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes of the lower extremities.

Inguinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici inguinales) , superficial and deep, to which the lymphatic vessels of the lower limb, external genital organs, skin of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, gluteal region are directed, are located in the upper parts of the femoral triangle, below the inguinal ligament. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici inguinales superficiales) in the general structure of the lymphatic system lie on the superficial plate of the fascia lata of the thigh.

Deep inguinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi) located in the ilio-comb sulcus near the femoral arteries and veins.

The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the inguinal lymph nodes through the vascular lacuna are sent to the pelvic cavity, to the external iliac lymph nodes.

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the small pelvis

Lymphatic vessels and pelvic nodes are divided into visceral and parietal lymph nodes.

Visceral (visceral) or internal iliac lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici iliaci interni) , located in the pelvic cavity near the internal organs. Near the bladder there are peri-vesical nodes (nodi lymphatici paravesiculares), near the uterus and vagina - peri-uterine (nodi lymphatici parauterini) and perivaginal (nodi lymphatici paravaginales). Near the rectum are peri-rectal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici pararectales). The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the visceral nodes of the pelvis are directed to the common iliac and subaortic lymph nodes (under the aortic bifurcation). Lymphatic vessels from the ovaries follow up to the lumbar lymph nodes.

Parietal (parietal), or external iliac lymph nodes ( ) , are located on the walls of the pelvis near large blood vessels - branches and tributaries of the external iliac arteries and veins.

Next to the superior and inferior gluteal arteries lie gluteal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici gluteales) , to which the lymphatic vessels are directed from the muscles and other organs of the gluteal region and from the adjacent walls of the small pelvis. Obturator lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici obturatorii) are located near the obturator vessels. On the anterior surface of the sacrum, medially from the anterior sacral foramen, there are sacral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici sacrales), to which lymph flows from the rectum. From the parietal lymph nodes of the small pelvis, the outflowing lymphatic vessels are directed to the external and common iliac lymph nodes.

External iliac lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici iliaci externi) are located near the external iliac arteries and veins, where these nodes form the medial, lateral and intermediate (in the groove between the vessels) chains.

The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the internal and external iliac nodes are directed to the common iliac lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici iliaci communes) located on the lateral wall of the pelvis next to the common iliac artery and vein, where these nodes also form lateral, intermediate and medial chains. The medial chain of the right and left common iliac nodes of the human lymphatic system at the top passes into the subaortic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici subaortici), located directly under the aortic bifurcation. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the common iliac and subaortic lymph nodes are directed to the lumbar lymph nodes lying near the abdominal part of the aorta and the inferior vena cava.

Lymph vessels and nodes of the abdominal cavity

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the abdominal cavity are divided into visceral (visceral) and parietal (parietal). Visceral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici viscerates) are located near the unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta (celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries). And celiac lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici coeliaci), lying near the celiac trunk, are directed lymphatic vessels from the lymph nodes of the stomach, pancreas and spleen, from the renal and hepatic lymph nodes. The right and left gastric lymph nodes are located near the lesser curvature of the stomach along its arteries and veins.

Left gastric lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici gastrici sinistri) adjacent to the left gastric artery and its branches. Lymphatic vessels from the anterior and posterior walls of the stomach flow into these nodes.

Right gastric lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici gastrici dextri) are located along the artery of the same name above the pylorus. The pyloric (pyloric) lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici pylorici) are located near the pylorus (on the head of the pancreas), next to the superior gastro-duodenal artery. Lymphatic vessels flow into the pyloric nodes not only from the pylorus, but also from the head of the pancreas. Cardiac lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici cardiaci) are located near the cardiac part of the stomach (cardia) and in the form of a chain surround the entrance to the stomach - the lymphatic ring of the cardia (anulus lymphaticus cardiae). To these nodes are directed the lymphatic vessels of the cardiac part of the stomach and its bottom, as well as from the abdominal part of the esophagus.

Along the greater curvature of the stomach are the right and left gastroepiploic abdominal lymph nodes, into which the lymphatic vessels flow from the walls of the stomach, adjacent to the greater curvature, and also from the greater omentum. The right gastroepiploic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici gastroomentales dextri) are adjacent to the right gastroepiploic artery. The left gastroepiploic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici gastroomentales sinistri) lie along the artery of the same name.

Along the upper edge of the pancreas (near the splenic artery and vein) pancreatic lymph nodes are located ( nodi lymphatici pancreatici) ... Splenic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici splenici) are located at the gate of the spleen, in the thickness of the gastro-splenic ligament. Lymphatic vessels are directed to these nodes from the fundus of the stomach, left gastroepiploic lymph nodes and from the spleen capsule.

From the head of the pancreas and from the duodenum, the vessels in the structure of the lymphatic system are directed to the pancreas-duodenal nodes (nodi lymphatici pancreatoduodenales), which are located between the head of the pancreas and the duodenum, at the place where the common bile duct flows into it. One of the nodes of this group lies in the front wall of the stuffing box hole (stuffing box node - nodus foraminalis).

Hepatic lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici hepatici) are located in the thickness of the hepato-duodenal ligament along the common hepatic artery and portal vein, as well as near the neck of the gallbladder (gall node - nodus cysticus). The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the hepatic and gallbladder lymph nodes are directed to the celiac and lumbar lymph nodes.

Mesenteric lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici mesenterici) located in the mesentery of the small intestine near the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the mesenteric lymph nodes follow to the lumbar lymph nodes or form intestinal trunks (trunci intestinales), which flow directly into the thoracic duct. The lymphatic vessels of the terminal ileum flow into the ileo-colon-intestinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici ileocolici).

The lymphatic vessels of the colon flow into the lymph nodes adjacent to the colon arteries - the branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The anatomy of the lymphatic system is such that the vessels of the cecum and the appendix flow into the cecum lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici caecales), as well as into the ileo-colon-intestinal lymph nodes. The lymphatic vessels of the ascending colon flow into the right colonic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici dextri), adjacent to the right colon artery and to the ascending colon.

The lymphatic vessels of the transverse colon are directed to middle colon-intestinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici medii colici) , lying in the thickness of the mesentery of the transverse colon, near the middle colon artery and its branches. From the descending and sigmoid colon, the lymphatic vessels are directed to the left colon lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici colici sinistri) and to the sigmoid intestinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici sigmoidei), which are located near the arteries of the same name and their branches.

To the sigmoid-intestinal lymph nodes and to upper rectal nodes ( nodi lymphatici rectales superiores) fit the lymphatic vessels from the upper part of the rectum. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the sigmoid-intestinal and left colon-intestinal lymph nodes are directed to the lower mesenteric lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici mesenterici inferiores). The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the ileo-colonic lymph nodes, as well as the right, middle and left colonic lymph nodes, are directed to the lumbar lymph nodes.

Lumbar lymph nodes in the anatomy of the human lymphatic system (nodi lymphatici lumbales) are located throughout the posterior abdominal wall (retroperitoneally) near the aorta and the inferior vena cava. In this group, left, right and intermediate lumbar lymph nodes are distinguished. The left lumbar lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici lumbales sinistri) adjoin in the form of a chain to the abdominal part of the aorta on the left, in front and behind (lateral aortic, preaortic and posterior aortic - nodi lymphatici aortici laterales, preaortici et postaortici). The right lumbar lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici lumbales dextri), located near the inferior vena cava, are divided into precaval, posterior and lateral caval lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici precavales, postcavales et cavales laterales). In the groove between the aorta and the inferior vena cava, there are intermediate lumbar (interraorthocaval) lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici lumbales intermedii). lymphatic system vessels + and nodes

Lymph passes through the lumbar lymph nodes from the lower extremities, walls and pelvic organs, from the internal organs located in the abdominal cavity, as well as from the gastric, mesenteric, hepatic, colon-intestinal and other lymph nodes.

Pay attention to the photo of the lymphatic system - the outflowing vessels of the lumbar nodes form the right and left lumbar lymphatic trunks (truncus lumbalis dexter et truncus lumbalis sinister), which flow into the thoracic duct:

Parietal lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity are also located on its anterior wall. In the lower parts of the anterior abdominal wall are the lower epigastric lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici epigastrici inferiores), paired, lying along the same blood vessels. Lymphatic vessels from the organs of the anterior abdominal wall flow into these nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of these nodes are directed downward to the external iliac lymph nodes, and upward, along the upper epigastric vessels to the peristernal lymph nodes.

In the abdominal cavity near the right and left lower phrenic arteries are located lower diaphragmatic lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici phrenici inferiores) , into which the lymphatic vessels of the diaphragm flow, the posterior part of the right and left lobes of the liver.

The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the lower diaphragmatic nodes of the lymphatic system are directed to the celiac and lumbar lymph nodes.

Vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system of the chest cavity

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the chest cavity are also subdivided into parietal (parietal) and visceral (visceral) lymph nodes. The parietal (parietal) lymph nodes of the chest cavity include the upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici phrenici superiores), which lie on the diaphragm, in front and on the sides of the pericardium, as well as the peri-sternal, intercostal and prevertebral lymph nodes.

In the group of the upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes (in relation to the pericardium), pre-pericardial, lateral pericardial lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici prepericardiales et pericardiales laterales) ... The pre-pericardial nodes are located behind the xiphoid process, at the point of entry into the diaphragm of the musculophrenic arteries. Lateral pericardial nodes lie near the phrenic nerves. The lymphatic vessels of the diaphragm, pericardium, pleura and the diaphragmatic side of the liver are directed to the upper diaphragmatic nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes flow into the peri-sternal, mediastinal, lower tracheobronchial and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes.

On the back side of the anterior chest wall to the right and left of the sternum, near the internal mammary arteries and veins, are located peri-sternal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici parasternales) ... Lymphatic vessels flowing from the organs of the anterior chest wall, from the pleura and pericardium, lower epigastric and upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes, as well as from the diaphragmatic side of the liver (penetrate through the diaphragm) and from the mammary gland, carrying out the lymphatic vessels of the right peri-sternal lymph nodes flow into these nodes flow into the preventive lymph nodes located near the right brachiocephalic vein. The lymphatic vessels of the left peri-sternal nodes flow into the pre-aortic lymph nodes, as well as directly into the thoracic duct.

In the intercostal spaces near the posterior intercostal vessels are located intercostal lymph nodes of the thoracic lymphatic system ( nodi lymphatici intercostales) , and near the spinal column are the prevertebral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici prevertebrales). Lymphatic vessels are directed to these nodes from the posterior wall of the chest cavity. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the intercostal nodes flow into the thoracic duct, as well as into the peri-pectoral and deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes located near the internal jugular vein.

Visceral (internal) lymph nodes of the lymphatic system of the chest cavity, located near the internal organs and large blood vessels, are divided into anterior and posterior mediastinal.

Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores) located in the upper mediastinum, subdivided into precaval lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici precavales), which lie anterior to the superior vena cava and the right brachiocephalic vein, pre-aortocarotid (nodi lymphatici preaorticocarotici), lying near the beginning of the left common carotid and subclavian chain located on the anterior surface of the left brachiocephalic vein and brachiocephalic trunk. The lymphatic vessels of the heart, pericardium, as well as the outflowing lymphatic vessels of the bronchopulmonary and tracheobronchial lymph nodes flow into the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the preventive lymph nodes form the right broncho-mediastinal trunk (truncus bronchome-diastinalis dexter), and also go to the pre-aortocarotid lymph nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the anterior mediastinum flow into the thoracic duct, into the left jugular trunk, and also go to the left lateral (internal jugular) lymph nodes of the neck.

Separately, with the characteristics of the lymphatic system of the thoracic cavity, posterior mediastinal nodes ( nodi lymphatici mediastenales posteriores) , which are located near the descending part of the aorta and near the esophagus: paraesophageal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici juxtaoesophageales), as well as interaortoesophageal nodes (nodi lymphatici interaorticooesophageales). Behind the aorta and on the side of it are near-aortic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici juxtaaortici). The outflowing lymphatic vessels of these nodes flow directly into the thoracic duct, as well as into the lower tracheobronchial and left bronchopulmonary lymph nodes.

The lymphatic vessels of the lungs are directed to the bronchopulmonary and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Intraorgan bronchopulmonary nodes ( nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) are located in each lung in the places of branching of the main bronchus into lobar and lobar - into segmental bronchi. Extraorganic (root) bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales (hilares)) are located around the main bronchus, near the pulmonary artery and veins. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the right and left bronchopulmonary lymph nodes are directed to the lower and upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and also flow into the preventive (right) and pre-aortocarotid (left) lymph nodes.

The lower tracheobronchial (bifurcation) nodes of the body's lymphatic system (nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales inferiores) lie under the place where the trachea is divided into the main bronchi. The superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes are located on the lateral surface of the trachea above the corresponding main bronchus. Near the trachea there are peri-tracheal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici paratracheales). The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the right upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes are involved in the formation of the right broncho-mediastinal trunk. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the left upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes flow into the thoracic duct.

Vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system of the head and neck of a person

Head lymph nodes are located on the border of the head and neck. Allocate the occipital, mastoid, parotid and retropharyngeal, submandibular, submental lymph nodes, from which the lymph flows down through the vessels to the superficial and deep lymph nodes of the neck.

Occipital lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici oscipitales) lie behind the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, near the occipital blood vessels. Lymphatic vessels go to the occipital lymph nodes from the skin of the occipital region and from the deep tissues of the occiput. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the lymph nodes are directed to the lateral deep cervical lymph nodes.

Mastoid emphatic nodes ( nodi lymphatici mastoidei) located behind the auricle on the mastoid process. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of these nodes are directed to the parotid, superficial cervical (near the external jugular vein) and to the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes. Parotid lymph nodes of the head (nodi lymphatici parotidei), superficial and deep, are located in the area of the salivary gland of the same name. Lymphatic vessels are directed to the parotid lymph nodes from the skin and other organs of the frontal and parietal regions of the head, from the auricle, the external auditory canal of the auditory tube, upper lip, parotid salivary gland. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of these nodes of the human head flow into the superficial (near the external jugular vein) and lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales) lie behind the pharynx and on its lateral walls. Lymphatic vessels are directed to these nodes from the walls of the pharynx, the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal (paranasal) sinuses, from the palate, auditory tube and tympanic cavity of the middle ear. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the pharyngeal nodes flow into the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes. The submandibular nodes of the lymphatic system of the head of the head (nodi lymphatici submandibulares) are located under the lower jaw. Lymphatic vessels are directed to these Nodes from the skin of the face, soft tissues of the eyelid, nose, lips, cheeks. Chin lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici submentales) lie between the anterior abdomens of the right and left digastric muscles. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of these groups of nodes are directed downward and flow into the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

Near the lymphatic system of the head in the neck, superficial and deep lymph nodes are distinguished. Surface cervical lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales ) are located near the external jugular vein, on the trapezius muscle. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of these nodes are directed to the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

Deep cervical lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi) located in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck. These nodes include prelaryngeal (nodi lymphatici prelaryngeales), thyroid (nodi lymphatici thyroidei), pretracheal (nodi lymphatici pretracheales), paratracheal (nodi lymphatici paratracheales) lymph nodes lying next to the trachea. In the lateral region of the neck, near the internal jugular vein, the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi) lie in the form of a chain.

In the lymphatic system of the neck, the outflowing vessels of the lateral cervical deep nodes form on each side of the neck a jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter et sinister). This trunk flows into the venous angle or into one of the veins forming it on the corresponding side, into the right lymphatic duct (right) or into the terminal section of the thoracic duct (left).

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the upper extremities

In the upper limb, superficial and deep lymphatic vessels are distinguished, heading to the elbow and axillary lymph nodes. Superficial lymphatic vessels are located near the saphenous veins of the upper limb. Deep lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from muscles, tendons, fascia, articular ligaments and capsules, periosteum, nerves accompany the arteries and deep veins of the upper limb.

Elbow lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici cubitales) are located in the cubital fossa superficially, near the medial saphenous vein, as well as in depth, under the fascia, near the arteries and veins. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the ulnar nodes are sent to axillary lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici axillares) located in the axillary cavity. In the group of axillary lymph nodes, lateral, medial (or thoracic), subscapular (or posterior), lower, central and apical lymph nodes are distinguished, which are adjacent to the walls of the axillary cavity, and the central and apical lymph nodes are located near the neurovascular bundle.

The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels of the upper limb, the anterior, lateral and posterior walls of the chest cavity and the mammary (breast) gland flow into the axillary lymph nodes of the upper extremities. From the mammary gland, the lymphatic vessels are directed mainly to the medial (thoracic) axillary, as well as to the central and apical lymph nodes. The lymph vessels of the mammary gland also follow to the peristernal and lateral cervical deep lymph nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the lateral, medial, posterior, lower and central groups of axillary nodes are directed to the apical axillary lymph nodes. The outflowing lymphatic vessels of the apical axillary lymph nodes form the subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius) or two or three large vessels that flow into the venous angle in the lower neck or into the subclavian vein on the right, and on the left into the cervical part of the thoracic duct.

Lymphatic system closely related to the cardiovascular system and complements it. The lymphatic system transports tissue fluid and proteins from the interstitial space through the subclavian veins into the blood. The fluid that circulates in the lymphatic vessels is called lymph. The system also carries fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream, which plays an important role in the body's defense system against infections.

The structure of the lymphatic system includes:

»Lymphatic capillaries, vessels and trunks: tubes through which fluid flows;

»Lymph nodes: formations located throughout the body;

»Lymphatic organs: spleen, thymus (thymus) and tonsils;

»Lymphatic ducts: there are two ducts - the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct, which flow into the right and left subclavian veins, respectively;

»Lymph: fluid that circulates through the vessels.

Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end of the tube, forming a huge network in the tissues and organs of the human body. The walls of the capillaries are very thin, so liquid, proteins and large particles can freely enter. Since these particles and proteins cannot pass through the walls of the blood vessel, they enter the bloodstream through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels are formed by the fusion of the smallest lymphatic capillaries. Lymphatic vessels resemble veins in structure, but have thinner walls and more valves to prevent lymph drainage.

All lymphatic vessels pass through the lymph nodes. They are combined into several groups and are located along the vessels. Many carrying vessels carry the lymph into the node, and it flows from there only through one or two outgoing vessels. Lymph nodes are small formations of a round, oval, bean-shaped, less often ribbon-like shape up to 2 cm long. Here the lymph is filtered, foreign inclusions are separated and destroyed, and here lymphocytes are produced to fight the infection. The outflowing vessels, departing from the nodes, are connected to the lymphatic trunks. They form two main ducts:

Thoracic duct: through it, lymph passes from the left hand, the left side of the head and chest and all organs below the ribs and flows into the left subclavian vein.

Right lymphatic duct: through it, lymph passes from the right upper quarter of the body - the arm, the right side of the head and chest - and flows into the right subclavian vein.

In this way, lymph is transferred from the interstitial spaces back into the blood. Any failure or blockage of the lymphatic system entails tissue swelling, or edema.

The rate at which lymph travels through the lymphatic system depends on many factors: for example, muscle contraction and relaxation help lymph flow back, as well as negative pressure or movement of the chest during breathing. Therefore, exercise significantly speeds up the flow of lymph. Exercise can help improve tissue congestion and swelling in joints and muscles. The volume of lymph passing through the capillaries and vessels depends on the pressure inside and outside the vessels.

In addition to the circulatory system, the human body has a lymphatic system. They are closely related to each other and completely complement each other. The lymphatic system, with the help of numerous capillaries, penetrates into all tissues and organs of the body (the diagram in the pictures is presented below) where it delivers the biological fluid - lymph, which is necessary for the normal functioning of internal organs.

This helps to increase the protective properties, as well as cleanse the body of toxins, infections, toxins and microbes.

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in the pictures will be presented below) is a complex mechanism that includes several structural components: vessels, nodes, lymph. And in order to understand this, it is worth considering the links of this chain separately.

Vessels

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in the pictures will clearly show the location of its main nodes) has some structural features. Its branches resemble plant roots. The vessels penetrate into the tissues of the organs. The exception is the brain, spinal cord, parenchyma of the spleen, lens, inner ear, sclera, placenta, cartilage tissue, and epithelial tissue.

The diagram shows how the human lymphatic system works.

The biological fluid flows from the cells into the capillary processes of the system, one end of which is completely closed. That is, the movement occurs only in one direction - up. The walls of the capillaries have good permeability, which allows the liquid to penetrate unhindered.

The capillaries converge into vessels equipped with valves that prevent the lymph from flowing back. They completely entwine the internal organs and flow to the lymph nodes located throughout the body. The trunks emerging from them are sent to the ducts, and eventually enter the veins. In this way, lymph enters the bloodstream.

Nodes

Lymph nodes are made up of lymphoid tissue. It is in them that B-lymphocytes are formed and developed, the role of which is indispensable in immune processes. Thanks to them, antibodies are produced to fight various pathogens.

In addition, T-lymphocytes are located in the lymph nodes, where they differentiate after contact with the antigen. Lymph nodes perform not only the role of a connecting link, but are also an active participant in the formation of immunity at the cellular level.

Lymph

Lymph is a liquid of biological properties, which includes lymphocytes. It consists of water, salts, fats and other substances. The viscosity of the lymph is provided by colloidal proteins. Its composition is in many ways similar to blood.

The volume of lymph in the body is 1-2 liters. The movement of the substance occurs under pressure, which is formed as a result of the contraction of the cells of the vascular walls. Significantly affects the speed of movement of lymph, adjacent muscles, breathing phases, body position.

Basic functions in the body

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in pictures shows the relationship of the lymphatic and circulatory systems) plays an important role in the body. Immunity, metabolic processes, protective function depend on how well it will function.

Important tasks assigned to drugs:

Delivery of fatty acids, small intestine fats to all organs and tissues that need them.
Cleansing the body of harmful substances.
Synthesis of lymphocytes that increase resistance to the negative influence of harmful microorganisms.
Removal of tissue fluid, which allows you to remove harmful substances from tissues.

Human lymph movement diagram

There are about 500 lymph vessels and nodes in the body. The movement of lymph in them occurs strictly from the bottom up, from the peripheral endings to the center. The fluid enters the lymph nodes through multiple vessels, and leaves through 1-2 channels. The movement of lymph, thus, reaches the main lymph vessels - the pillars.

The largest of these is the thoracic duct, which is located near the aorta. This vessel passes the fluid collected in the organs on the left side, located below the ribs, in the head, chest, and arm. Ultimately, the lymph of the left thoracic duct enters the subclavian vein.

Similarly, there is the right drug duct. Its function is to collect lymph from the right side, which extends from the head, arms and chest. This separation of the flow allows you to divide the load on the vessels and nodes, as a result of which the lymph has the ability to move freely in the body. Any blockage of the lymphatic vessels threatens with swelling and the formation of tissue tumors.

Organs of the lymphatic system

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in the pictures clearly depicts the location of the lymph nodes in the body), in addition to the vessels and nodes, includes organs. Each of them performs a specific function, which helps to strengthen the body's defenses.

The coordination of their work affects the level of the body's immunity.

Bone marrow. This organ is made up of soft tissue that is found in the cavity of the bone. It is in it that white and red blood cells are formed. Despite the fact that its weight is only 250 g, it produces 5 million blood cells daily, replacing obsolete ones.
Thymus. The organ is located behind the sternum. Its function is to provide protection against the effects of pathogens. It takes stem cells and converts them into T-lymphocytes. The organ is laid in the state of the embryo, but as a person grows, it gradually decreases. With the achievement of puberty, the thymus gland loses its peculiarity and redistributes its function between other organs.
Spleen. The function of this organ is to cleanse the blood of damaged red blood cells, foreign components and bacteria. The spleen also contributes to the formation of antibodies when an infection enters the body. The connection of this organ in metabolic processes has also been established, which contributes to the accumulation of iron in it, which is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

Types and groups of diseases

Dysfunction of drugs provokes the development of a number of diseases. They are all classified as inflammatory and non-inflammatory. The first type includes infectious and non-infectious diseases. The second - toxic, allergic, autosomal pathologies.

By the nature of development, they are acute, subacute and chronic. Depending on the scale of tissue damage, diseases of the lymphatic system are limited, widespread. With constant progression, the pathological process eventually develops into a generalized one.

The main types of diseases:

Causes of disorders in the body

Damage to the lymphatic system can occur for a number of reasons. Experts single out the most basic ones.

Heredity. The likelihood of developing the disease is very high if such diseases have been identified in close relatives.
Defeat by the virus. Many viruses, such as influenza, measles, HIV, are able to penetrate the lymphatic system, provoking the development of inflammation.
Bad ecology, bad habits. Both factors contribute to increased pollution of the body with toxins and harmful substances. As a result, the load on the lymphatic system increases significantly, which leads to its failure.

Symptoms of the onset of disease

Despite the fact that the diseases can be different, in most cases they have the same primary signs of drug damage.

The main symptoms are:

bothersome itching of the skin;
high temperature;
chills;
enlarged lymph nodes;
swelling of the limbs;
weight loss;
pigmentation of the skin, which was not there before;
enlargement of the spleen;
fast fatiguability;
general weakness;
irritability;
a sharp change in mood.

Subsequently, others are added to the already existing symptoms, depending on the type of pathological process.

Condition diagnostics

When making a diagnosis, the doctor takes into account the results of various examinations and tests. What kind of measures will be required, only a specialist can say on the basis of the patient's complaints and the symptoms identified when interviewing the patient.

Basic diagnostic methods:

Visual inspection. In this case, the doctor examines the lymph nodes, and also determines the likelihood of inflammation of the spleen by palpation.
Blood test. This examination allows you to determine the leukocyte formula.
Lymphography. The method is used to confirm or refute cancer. It is carried out by introducing a radiopaque component into the vessel of the lymphatic system. Subsequently, the movement of the liquid is monitored using images.
Biopsy, histological examination. The method involves the collection of fluid and tissue for the detection of a malignant tumor. Subsequently, the samples are sent to the laboratory to confirm or deny the diagnosis.

Based on the collected data, the doctor determines the form of the disease and the degree of tissue damage, which allows him to prescribe an appropriate course of treatment.

Treatment options

Therapy is carried out depending on the established disease, as well as the nature of the pathological process.

Treatment methods:

Medication. It is prescribed for enlarged lymph nodes as a result of bacterial or viral damage. Special therapy is not required, since the inflammation will pass on its own after the elimination of the underlying disease. Antiviral and antibacterial drugs are allowed. If an allergen acts as a provoking factor, then therapy is carried out with the use of antihistamines.
Surgery. This method is prescribed when an abscess forms in the lymph node, a tumor that should be eliminated in order to avoid serious complications. An operation to remove the spleen (splenectomy) is also used when an abdominal injury is received that provoked its rupture.
Sclerotherapy with alcohol. This method is used to detect benign neoplasms of small diameter. To remove them, the introduction of alcohol into the tumor tissue is used, which leads to their necrosis, and subsequently to death.
Chemotherapy. It is prescribed for the detection of malignant tumors. The principle of its action is based on the destructive effect on neoplasm tissues with toxins and poisons. The drug is injected into the body periodically after a certain number of days, since its action is aimed at destroying tumor cells, therefore, the introduction is associated with the cell cycle.
Radiation therapy. The procedure is prescribed for cancer. Its principle of operation is based on the use of high-dose ionizing radiation. Thanks to this technique, the growth and division of cells of a malignant tumor is stopped, which subsequently leads to its destruction.
Combined therapy. In some cases, the doctor will prescribe several treatments. This technique is used when the disease continues to progress despite the steps taken.

How to cleanse the lymphatic system

The human lymphatic system cleanses the body of harmful substances and toxins. On the schematic representation of her organs and nodes, which is presented in the pictures above, you can see how important it is for the full functioning of the internal organs. A negligent attitude towards one's health leads to increased lymph pollution.

This negatively affects its functionality. The liquid begins to linger in the vessels, and the concentration of toxins in its composition increases. As a result, the lymphatic system begins to work to the detriment of the body. This leads to a decrease in immunity, as a result of which the body's susceptibility to the effects of pathogens increases.

Signs of lymph contamination:

colds, infectious diseases;
failure of the function of the kidneys, liver, spleen;
regular exacerbations of chronic diseases;
skin rashes, pigmentation;
allergy;
obesity;
dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
inflammation of the joints;
diseases of the reproductive organs;
psoriasis.

Several methods can be used to cleanse lymph: medicines, massage, folk remedies. Each of them gives a lasting positive result. Therefore, it is worth understanding the features of each procedure separately.

Experts identify some rules for cleansing the lymph, which should be taken into account when carrying out the procedure. Ignoring them can lead to the futility of this event.

During the week before the start of the procedure, you should visit the bathhouse twice.
Carry out a cleansing enema at intervals of 3 days.
Increase the daily water intake to 2.5 liters.
To refuse from bad habits.
Carry out cleaning once every six months, in spring and autumn.
Frequent walks in the fresh air.
Enrich your diet with healthy foods. Give preference to greens, walnuts, flax oil, fresh fruits and vegetables, eggs, berries, dairy products.
Exclude fried and fatty foods, alcohol, animal fats, flour products, canned food, smoked meats, salted foods, sweets.
It is recommended to eat often, but in small portions.
You cannot starve, you need to eat as much as you want, but at the same time the food should be healthy.
Take food by the clock at the same time every day.

Medicines

In some cases, medications are prescribed to cleanse the lymphatic system. The need for this procedure is determined by the doctor, with frequent cases of damage to the body by viruses and infections. Medicines have a targeted effect on enhancing immunity. Dosage, frequency of admission, course of treatment depends on the individual characteristics of the patient.

The main types of drugs:

Herbal preparations(Immunorm, Immunal). They help to activate the protective function.
Medicines containing weakened bacilli(Broncho-munal, Likopid, Baktisporin, Broncho-Vaxom). Their use causes the body to produce antibodies to fight pathogens, which greatly enhances immunity.
Nucleic acid products(Derinat, Poludan, Sodium nucleinate). They have a complex effect on the body: they improve wound healing, activate the work of the bone marrow, and enhance the synthesis of leukocytes.
Medicines based on the thymus gland of animals(Taktivin, Timalin, Timogen). Strengthen immunity, normalize metabolism in cells.
Interferon preparations(Anaferon, Arbidol, Viferon). Increase resistance to viruses, infections.

Massage

The main types of massage:

Lymphatic drainage. The massage is carried out with a soft bristled brush. The skin should be dry, clean and warm. Movements should be superficial, wavy. Their direction should correspond to the movement of lymph in the vessels.
Vacuum roller procedure. The massage is carried out with a special device, which allows you to create a vacuum environment to expand the lumen in the vessels.
Pressotherapy. For the procedure, a special suit is used, where air is supplied. Under its pressure, the body initially contracts, and when released, it relaxes. Despite the feeling of discomfort during this massage, its effectiveness is much higher than other methods.
Microcurrents. The procedure is carried out with a special device that acts on the body with low-frequency current pulses. This helps to activate blood flow as well as lymph drainage. As a result, the stagnation of the biological fluid is eliminated.

The effectiveness of massage directly depends on the professionalism of the master. Therefore, it is recommended to contact medical institutions that have positively proven themselves over the years.

Folk remedies

To cleanse the lymphatic system, as well as to prevent diseases, it is recommended to use traditional medicine. This method is not only affordable, but also effective.

Effective recipes for restoring the function of the lymphatic system:

The function of the lymphatic system (diagram in pictures) in the human body should not be underestimated. Schematically, it is a separate organ, parts of which are located throughout the body, which can be observed in the figures given earlier in the article. The work of all internal organs depends on how effectively she will cope with her tasks.

Useful videos about the lymphatic system and its diseases

How the lymphatic system works:

Causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes: