Biological emergencies

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics and epiphytoties.

An epidemic is a widespread spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

A pandemic is an unusually large spread of morbidity, both in level and in scope, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

Epizootics are infectious diseases of animals - a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and have epizootic spread.

Epizootic focus is the location of the source of the infectious agent in a certain area of the area, where in this situation the transmission of the pathogen to susceptible animals is possible. An epizootic focus can be premises and territories with animals located there that have this infection.

According to the epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups.

The first group is nutritional infections, transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure and water. The organs of the digestive system are mainly affected. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, and brucellosis.

The second group is respiratory infections (aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main route of transmission is airborne droplets. These include: parainfluenza, exotic pneumonia, sheep and goat pox, carnivorous plague.

The third group is vector-borne infections, infection is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods (ticks, mosquitoes). Pathogens are constantly or at certain periods in the blood. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, equine infectious anemia.

The fourth group is infections whose pathogens are transmitted through the outer integument without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse in terms of the pathogen transmission mechanism. Infection can occur when the pathogen enters an open wound or is bitten by an infected animal. These include tetanus, rabies, and cowpox.

The fifth group is infections with unclear routes of infection, i.e., an unclassified group.

Epiphytoties are infectious plant diseases.

The earlier crops are infected, the higher the degree of plant damage and the greater the yield loss.

The most dangerous diseases are stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and potato late blight.

Space emergencies

First of all, these are dangerous space objects (HSO) and cosmic radiation.

Asteroids are small planets whose diameter ranges from 11,000 km. Currently, about 300 cosmic bodies are known that can cross the Earth's orbit. In total, according to astronomers, there are approximately 300 thousand asteroids and comets in Space.

Solar radiation has a huge impact on earthly life.

It is known that excessive sun exposure leads to the development of severe erythema with swelling of the skin and deterioration of health. The most common eye injury caused by exposure to UV rays is photoophthalmia. In these cases, hyperemia, conjunctivitis occurs, lacrimation and photophobia appear. Similar lesions occur when the sun's rays are reflected from the surface of snow in arctic and high mountain regions ("snow blindness").

In recent years, the specialized literature has described cases of skin cancer in individuals constantly exposed to excessive solar radiation.

Traces of some diseases are found in ancient burials. For example, traces of tuberculosis and leprosy were found on Egyptian mummies (2-3 thousand years BC). Symptoms of many diseases are described in the most ancient manuscripts of the civilizations of Egypt, India, Sumer, etc.
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Thus, the first mention of the plague is found in an ancient Egyptian manuscript and dates back to the 4th century. BC. The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, a dependence of the spread of cholera on solar activity was discovered; out of six of its pandemics, four are associated with the peak of active sun. Epidemics also occur during natural disasters that cause the death of a large number of people, in countries affected by famine, and during major droughts that spread over large areas. Here are some examples of major epidemics of various diseases. - Sixth century - the first pandemic - the “Justinian plague” - arose in the Eastern Roman Empire. Over 50 years, about 100 million people died in several countries. - 1347-1351 - the second plague pandemic in Eurasia. 25 million people died in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. - 1380 ᴦ. - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe. - 1665 ᴦ. - in London alone, about 70 thousand people died from the plague. - 1816-1926 . - 6 cholera pandemics successively swept through the countries of Europe, India and America. - 1831 ᴦ. - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe. - 1848 ᴦ. - in Russia over 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera, of whom died about 700 thousand people. - 1876 ᴦ. - in Germany, every eighth resident of the country died from tuberculosis - The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic, spread by rats from sea ships, affected more than 100 ports of many countries of the world. -1913 ᴦ.-в In Russia, 152 thousand people died from smallpox - 1918-1919 - the influenza pandemic in Europe killed more than 21 million people - 1921. - in Russia, 33 thousand people died from typhus, and 3 thousand people from relapsing typhus

1961 ᴦ. - The seventh cholera pandemic began. - 1967 ᴦ. - in the world, about 10 million people fell ill with smallpox, 2 million of whom died. The World Health Organization is launching a large-scale vaccination campaign. - 1980 ᴦ. - Vaccination against smallpox was stopped in the USSR. It is believed that smallpox has been eradicated from the world. - 1981 ᴦ. - discovery of the disease AIDS. - 1991 ᴦ. - About 500 thousand people with AIDS have been discovered in the world. - 1990-1995. - 1-2 million people die from malaria every year in the world. - 1990-1995. - in the world, 2-3 million people fall ill with tuberculosis every year, of which 1-2 million people die. - 1995 ᴦ. - in Russia, out of 35 million people infected, 6 million people fell ill with the flu. - In 1996 ᴦ. The incidence of AIDS in Russia, compared to 1995, has doubled. Every day, 6,500 adults and 1,000 children worldwide become infected with the AIDS virus. By 2000 ᴦ. 30-40 million are expected to be infected with this terrible disease. - Unexpected activity in 1996 ᴦ. on the territory of Russia showed tick-borne encephalitis. Its incidence increased by 62%; 9,436 people fell ill in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Traces of some diseases are found in ancient burials. For example, traces of tuberculosis and leprosy were found on Egyptian mummies (2-3 thousand years BC). Symptoms of many diseases are described in the most ancient manuscripts of the civilizations of Egypt, India, Sumer, etc.
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Thus, the first mention of the plague is found in an ancient Egyptian manuscript and dates back to the 4th century. BC. The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, a dependence of the spread of cholera on solar activity was discovered; out of six of its pandemics, four are associated with the peak of active sun. Epidemics also occur during natural disasters that cause the death of a large number of people, in countries affected by famine, and during major droughts that spread over large areas. Here are some examples of major epidemics of various diseases. - Sixth century - the first pandemic - the “Justinian plague” - arose in the Eastern Roman Empire. Over 50 years, about 100 million people died in several countries. - 1347-1351 - the second plague pandemic in Eurasia. 25 million people died in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. - 1380 ᴦ. - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe. - 1665 ᴦ. - in London alone, about 70 thousand people died from the plague. - 1816-1926 . - 6 cholera pandemics successively swept through the countries of Europe, India and America. - 1831 ᴦ. - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe. - 1848 ᴦ. - in Russia over 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera, of whom died about 700 thousand people. - 1876 ᴦ. - in Germany, every eighth resident of the country died from tuberculosis - The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic, spread by rats from sea ships, affected more than 100 ports of many countries of the world. -1913 ᴦ.-в In Russia, 152 thousand people died from smallpox - 1918-1919 - the influenza pandemic in Europe killed more than 21 million people - 1921. - in Russia, 33 thousand people died from typhus, and 3 thousand people from relapsing typhus. - 1961 ᴦ. - The seventh cholera pandemic began. - 1967 ᴦ. - in the world, about 10 million people fell ill with smallpox, 2 million of whom died. The World Health Organization is launching a large-scale vaccination campaign. - 1980 ᴦ. - Vaccination against smallpox was stopped in the USSR. It is believed that smallpox has been eradicated from the world. - 1981 ᴦ. - discovery of the disease AIDS. - 1991 ᴦ. - About 500 thousand people with AIDS have been discovered in the world. - 1990-1995. - 1-2 million people die from malaria every year in the world. - 1990-1995. - in the world, 2-3 million people fall ill with tuberculosis every year, of which 1-2 million people die. - 1995 ᴦ. - in Russia, out of 35 million people infected, 6 million people fell ill with the flu. - In 1996 ᴦ. The incidence of AIDS in Russia, compared to 1995, has doubled. Every day, 6,500 adults and 1,000 children worldwide become infected with the AIDS virus. By 2000 ᴦ. 30-40 million are expected to be infected with this terrible disease. - Unexpected activity in 1996 ᴦ. on the territory of Russia showed tick-borne encephalitis. Its incidence increased by 62%; 9,436 people fell ill in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Biological emergencies EPIPHYTOTY

Outbreaks of biological pests occur constantly. The Siberian silkworm causes great damage to forest plantations. It killed hundreds of thousands of hectares of coniferous taiga in Eastern Siberia, primarily cedar taiga. In 1835 ᴦ. oak swamp caterpillars destroyed 30 thousand oak trees in the Bezhensky forest in Germany. Termites are extremely harmful to buildings, vegetation and food. There is a known case of destruction by termites. Johnstown on St. Helena.

Emergencies that happened to people BY NEGLIGENCE AND NEGLIGENCE

Japanese industry completely abandoned wastewater treatment after World War II. As a result, the mercury content in coastal waters amounted to 20 mg per kilogram. The fish here could practically no longer swim, but they were easy to catch. Only after the death of several hundred fishermen did the government impose a fishing ban. A similar picture was observed in Sweden. Cats fed pike meat caught in the Baltic Sea died after 2-3 months. The government of the country recommended that the population reduce their fish diet. - Due to the crop failure, the Iraqi government purchased treated grain for sowing from Mexico, about which the country's population was warned. By ignoring this warning and eating grain, 6,530 people were poisoned, and 495 of them died. - 1994 ᴦ. - in the Saratov region, workers at the Syzran-1 railway station stole 400 liters of liquid from a tank labeled “Methyl alcohol”. As a result, 22 people died, 47 people were hospitalized. - 1996 ᴦ. - in the Moscow metro on the roof of a duty train were found two corpses with traumatic brain injuries: young people decided to ride a train that was moving in a low tunnel. - Every year in the United States, 700 thousand Americans die who did not consult with doctors about the use of medications

Many people die while intoxicated. Thus, of the 8 thousand killed and 50 thousand injured at work annually in Russia, more than 30% were drunk.

According to international statistics, out of 300 people bitten by snakes, 20 people die. But snakes are aggressive only if a person attacks them or destroys their nests.

The world history of emergencies shows how diverse they are in terms of their causes and mechanisms of occurrence and how terrible they are in their consequences. By violating the global laws of nature, humanity is doomed to be in confrontation with it. For this reason, the number of emergencies, according to scientists, will, unfortunately, increase. This means that the need for specialists who can provide assistance to people in trouble will never go away. The work of rescuers in emergency situations places increased demands on the level of their professional training.

It is important to note that for information, I have provided the data that is available to everyone. The rescuer's textbook, one of the authors of which is Shoigu, is paid. And here it is not concern about overcoming emergency situations, but enrichment. The main thing is Golden Taurus, in connection with this we have so many emergencies. And without them it will be oh so boring, and most importantly, this is additional funding to eliminate the emergency. So learn from the old textbook. The new one is not for everyone.

Biological emergencies - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Biological emergencies" 2017, 2018.

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Abstract on the topic:

Biological emergencies

Introduction

The problem of protecting humans from dangers in various living conditions arose simultaneously with the appearance of our distant ancestors on Earth. At the dawn of humanity, people were threatened by dangerous natural phenomena and representatives of the biological world. Over time, dangers began to appear, the creator of which was man himself.

The high industrial development of modern society, dangerous natural phenomena and natural disasters and, as a consequence, negative phenomena associated with production accidents, an increase in the number of major industrial accidents with severe consequences, changes in the environmental situation as a result of human economic activity, military conflicts of various scales continue to cause huge damage to all countries of the planet, and events arising under the influence of similar phenomena and their consequences.

We live in a world that is unfortunately replete with manifestations of the destructive forces of nature. The increase in the frequency of their manifestation has extremely aggravated the problems associated with ensuring the safety of the population and its protection from emergencies.

The rapid development of productive forces and the development, often uncontrolled, of areas with difficult climatic conditions, where there is a constant danger of natural disasters, increases the degree of risk and the scale of losses and damage to the population and the economy.

Recently, there has been a dangerous trend of increasing the number of natural disasters. Now they occur 5 times more often than 30 years ago, and the economic damage they cause has increased 8 times. The number of victims from the consequences of emergency situations is growing year by year.

Experts believe that the main reason for such disappointing statistics is the growing concentration of the population in large cities located in high-risk areas.

The study of the most likely emergencies, their characteristics and possible consequences, training in the rules of behavior in such conditions is intended to prepare a person to choose the right solution to overcome an emergency with the least losses.

Natural emergencies of biological origin: epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties

The massive spread of infectious diseases among people, farm animals and plants often leads to emergency situations.

Epidemic is a massive spread of an infectious disease of people, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in this territory.

Epidemic (Greek epidemna, from epn - on, among and démos - people), the spread of any infectious human disease, significantly exceeding the level of normal (sporadic) morbidity in a given territory. Caused by social and biological factors. E. is based on an epidemic process, that is, a continuous process of transmission of an infectious agent and an unbroken chain of successively developing and interconnected infectious conditions (disease, bacterial carriage) in a community. Sometimes the spread of a disease has the nature of a pandemic; under certain natural or social and hygienic conditions, a relatively high level of morbidity can be recorded in a given area for a long period. The occurrence and course of E. is influenced both by processes occurring in natural conditions (natural focality, epizootics, etc.) and mainly by social factors (municipal improvement, living conditions, health care conditions, etc.). Depending on the nature of the disease, the main routes of spread of infection during E. can be water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever; airborne, for example with influenza; transmissible - for malaria and typhus; Several routes of transmission of the infectious agent often play a role. Epidemiology is the study of epidemics and measures to combat them.

An epidemic is possible in the presence and interaction of three elements: the causative agent of an infectious disease, the routes of its transmission and people, animals and plants susceptible to this pathogen. In case of mass infectious diseases, there is always an epidemic focus. In this outbreak, a set of measures is being carried out aimed at localizing and eliminating the disease.

The main of these activities in epidemic and epizootic foci are:

Identification of sick and suspected cases; enhanced medical and veterinary surveillance of infected people, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment;

Sanitary treatment of people (animals);

Disinfection of clothes, shoes, care items;

Disinfection of territory, structures, transport, residential and public premises;

Establishment of an anti-epidemic regime for the operation of treatment-and-prophylactic and other medical institutions;

Disinfection of food waste, wastewater and waste products of sick and healthy people;

Sanitary supervision over the operating modes of life support enterprises, industry and transport;

Strict adherence to sanitary and hygienic standards and rules, including thorough hand washing with soap and disinfectants, drinking only boiled water, eating in certain places, using protective clothing (personal protective equipment);

Carrying out sanitary and educational work. Regime measures are carried out in the form of observation or quarantine, depending on the type of pathogen.

Epizootic is a simultaneous spread of an infectious disease among a large number of one or many species of animals, progressing in time and space within a certain region, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

Epizootic (from epi... and Greek zуon - animal), a widespread contagious (infectious or invasive) disease of animals, significantly exceeding the level of normal (sporadic) morbidity characteristic of a given territory. The study of E. is part of the task of epizootology. E. characterizes the degree of intensity of the epizootic process, that is, the continuous process of spread of infectious diseases and microbial carriage among animals. The emergence of E. is possible only in the presence of a complex of interconnected elements, which are the so-called. epizootic chain: source of the infectious agent (sick animal or microbial carrier animal), transmission factors of the infectious agent (non-living objects) or living carriers; susceptible animals. The emergence and development of ecology is influenced by environmental conditions—natural (geographical, climatic, soil) and economic (economic, etc.), as well as social upheavals (wars, economic crises). The nature of E. and the duration of its course depend on the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent, the duration of the incubation period, the ratio of sick and susceptible animals, the conditions of keeping animals and the effectiveness of anti-epizootic measures. E. in certain diseases are characterized by periodicity of manifestation (after several years), seasonality, and stages of development, which are especially clearly manifested in the spontaneous course of E. Active human intervention, in particular the implementation of planned anti-epizootic measures, as is the case in the USSR, prevents to a large extent development of epizootics.

Specific anti-epizootic measures include forced slaughter of animals and disposal of their corpses. The main measures to protect plants from epiphytoties are: breeding and growing disease-resistant crops, compliance with the rules of agricultural technology, destruction of foci of infection, chemical treatment of crops, seed and planting material, quarantine measures.

Epiphytoty is a massive infectious disease of agricultural plants that progresses in time and space and (or) a sharp increase in the number of plant pests, accompanied by mass death of agricultural crops and a decrease in their efficiency.

Epiphytoty (from epi... and Greek phytуn - plant), the spread of an infectious plant disease over large territories (farm, district, region) over a certain time. In the form of E., rust and smut of cereals, potato late blight, apple scab, cotton wilt, snowy and common smut, and other infectious diseases usually appear.

In the past, epiphytotics caused great damage. Significant losses of potato crops from late blight are known in the 40s. 19th century in Ireland, sunflower - from rust in the 60s. 19th century in Russia, wheat - from stem rust in the Amur region in 1923. With the improvement of agricultural standards, with the development of methods for predicting mass plant diseases, and the use of effective measures to combat them, E. became more rare.

Typically, epiphytoties arise from individual foci of the disease under favorable conditions (accumulation and ability for rapid spread of the infectious principle, weather factors promoting the multiplication of the pathogen and the development of the disease, a sufficient number of susceptible plants). Phytopathogenic microorganisms spread from reservation sites and infect a large number of plants. As a result of the formation of several generations of the pathogen, new enlarged foci of the disease are created, the affected area (zone) expands, and E. occurs. Depending on the type of disease, the characteristics of the pathogen, the host plant and external factors, it develops quickly or slowly, with periodic outbreaks under favorable conditions. A relatively young field of science, epiphytotiology, studies various aspects of the epiphytotic process. Establishing the connection between the development of epiphytoty. with certain factors allows us to weaken their influence. For example, changes in the population of the pathogen and the host plant that cause the occurrence of epiphytoty are taken into account when substantiating disease forecasts and breeding agricultural varieties resistant to infectious diseases. crops and their placement in crop rotations.

Outbreaks of biological pests occur constantly. The Siberian silkworm causes great damage to forest plantations. It killed hundreds of thousands of hectares of coniferous taiga in Eastern Siberia, primarily cedar taiga. In 1835, oak swamp caterpillars destroyed 30 thousand oak trees in the Bezhensky forest in Germany. Termites are extremely harmful to buildings, vegetation and food. There is a known case of the destruction of Johnstown on St. Helena by termites.

The main actions aimed at preventing plant diseases are deratization, disinsection, biological, chemical and mechanical pest control in agriculture and forestry (spraying, pollination, surrounding pest areas with ditches).

epidemic epizootic epiphytoty biosphere

References

1. Fundamentals of life safety Daryin P.V. 2008

2. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Agriculture - letter E - EPIPHYTOTY

3. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Agriculture "EPIZOOTY"

4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes - M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978.

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Definition

When an emergency of this type occurs in a separate territory, human life, the existence of domestic animals and agricultural plants are seriously endangered, and the usual living and working conditions are disrupted.

The sources of emergencies of a biological nature are usually various kinds of infectious diseases. If there is insufficient control over the spread of the virus or slowness in taking eradication measures, the zone of infection will steadily expand, which means that more and more living organisms will be infected.

Story

Throughout the existence of mankind, there have been many examples of the destructive effects of pathogenic bacteria: in the Middle Ages, the plague destroyed almost two-thirds of Europeans, and at the beginning of the twentieth century, black smallpox claimed more lives than two world wars. Every year, new types of infectious diseases dangerous to humans appear, and scientists have not been able to cope with some of them: HIV, Lyme disease, etc.

In Russia, the problems of identifying, preventing and eliminating biological emergencies are dealt with by the Ministry of Sanitary Control, medical institutions and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Types of emergency situations. Man-made emergency

Emergencies are classified depending on their source of origin. Today it is customary to distinguish the following types:

Technogenic.
Ecological.
Natural.

A man-made emergency, that is, one that occurred at industrial, energy and other facilities. Its main feature is randomness.

Most often, a disaster is caused by human factor or improper operation of production equipment:

car accidents, plane, train, and water transport crashes;
fires in residential buildings and industrial facilities;
accidents with the threat of release of chemical and radioactive substances;
building collapse;
breaks, breakdowns in energy systems;
accidents at public utility facilities responsible for human life support (breakdown of sewerage, water supply, heat outages, gas supply failures);
dam breaks.

All man-made disasters occur due to insufficient control or neglect of the operation or safety requirements of an industrial facility or system.

Environmental emergency

For thousands of years, humanity has been trying to tame the entire world around us, to put nature at the service of its needs, which often has a disastrous effect on all life on the planet. Environmental emergencies are associated with serious and often irreversible changes in the environment:

drainage of territories, exceeding pollution standards;
changes in the composition of the air environment: previously unusual weather changes, excessive levels of impurities in the atmosphere, urban smog, exceeding noise standards, “ozone holes”;
problems associated with pollution of the hydrosphere, that is, the water composition of the earth: unsuitability of drinking sources, drainage, spread of desert, waste discharge into the sea.

A few decades ago, these problems were practically not dealt with, but now, after the Chernobyl disaster, shallowing of the Azov Sea and noticeable changes in seasonal temperatures, states around the world are interested in preventing and preventing emergencies. In Russia, large amounts of funds are allocated annually for these purposes.

Natural emergencies

Natural emergencies are caused not so much by the consequences of human activity as by natural phenomena. Although in some cases humanity is indirectly involved in the occurrence of certain disasters.

The classification of natural emergencies includes the following categories:

Earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Phenomena caused by geological processes: landslides, mudflows, erosion, landslides, etc.
The classification of natural emergencies also includes meteorological problems: hurricanes, tornadoes, hail, heavy rain, frost, ice, snowfall, blizzard, extreme heat, drought.
Dangerous marine phenomena: floods, tsunamis, typhoons, ice pressure or separation, etc.
Hydrological phenomena: rising water levels, congestion.
Natural fires.

Emergencies of a biological nature are also natural in origin, as they are caused by infectious diseases that spread to people, animals and agricultural plants. For this category, the following definitions apply: source of origin, zone of infection, live pathogens, epidemic, epizootic and epiphytotic process.

Causes

For each emergency, its own sources of the problem are identified. So, for biological emergencies these are infectious diseases. They are caused by the penetration of foreign microorganisms into the body, which are usually called pathogens.

Viral infections are the most destructive for people, animals and plants. In recent decades, influenza in various manifestations has become widespread, and every year viruses mutate and adapt to any drugs. In addition, this includes hepatitis, chicken pox, and among animal diseases - foot and mouth disease and glanders.
The next cause of biological emergencies is bacterial infections (meningococcal, intestinal, dysentery). Advances in medicine in recent decades have led to a decrease in the level of infection by pathogens of this type. Thanks to the creation of antibiotics and the promotion of preventive measures and hygiene, bacterial infections are no longer so terrible for humanity.

Elimination of the consequences of an emergency largely depends on identifying the cause of the outbreak. Infectious infection is a process that occurs in an individual organism; epidemic - when an infection spreads from one organism to another.

Extent of distribution

Depending on the scale of destruction and the number of victims, emergencies can be classified as follows:

A local emergency, when disasters or diseases do not spread beyond a small area, the number of victims is no more than ten people, and the material damage does not exceed one hundred thousand rubles.
Municipal - the emergency is located in the zone of a separate federal district or city, less than fifty people were injured, and the damage was within five million rubles.
Intermunicipal, when the affected area already covers two neighboring objects, be it villages or city districts.
An emergency situation acquires regional significance when the problem does not extend beyond the boundaries of a given area.
Interregional.
Federal, when the number of victims is more than five hundred people, and the distribution area covers more than two regions.

The consequences of biological emergencies are usually eliminated by each region separately. In rare cases, when infectious diseases affect a large number of people, a national emergency may be declared.

Distribution methods

Intestinal infections. They can occur when consuming contaminated food and water, or using the same utensils.
Respiratory tract infections. The cause of infection is direct contact with a sick person.
Infection through the outer skin. Occurs due to bites of insects, animals, rodents, ticks, or when injured by fragments containing viral pathogens.

A separate problem is posed by deadly infections spread during combat operations. Despite the bans on the use of such weapons of mass destruction, emergencies of a biological nature periodically occur in some hot spots of the world.

Stages of development

Environmental, natural and man-made emergencies almost always follow the same pattern, which includes the following phases:

The stage of origin, the accumulation of deviations from the norm of a particular process, the emergence of conditions and prerequisites for the occurrence of an emergency. Depending on the type of origin, this phase can last minutes, hours, years and centuries. Examples: fire danger in the forest, weakened immunity, insufficient control of the epidemiological situation in the region, etc.
The beginning of the emergency. The stage at which the process is initiated. In man-made disasters this is most often a human factor, in biological ones it is infection of the body.
The culmination, the very process of an extraordinary event. The maximum adverse impact on the population occurs (for example, the spread of influenza virus).
The fourth stage, the period of attenuation, when special services eliminate the consequences of emergencies, or they pass on their own for objective reasons.

Liquidation begins at the third stage and, depending on the category of emergency, can take months, years and even decades. The situation is especially difficult with biological emergencies. In some cases, it takes years to develop, test and introduce the necessary drugs.

Liquidation procedure

Biological emergencies are dangerous because infectious diseases spread very quickly and, if timely measures are not taken, can cause great damage to human health, even death. Therefore, a special program of action was developed to eliminate one of three links in the process of spreading diseases:

Impact on its disinfection.
Finding and breaking disease transmission routes.
Development of methods to increase the immunity of organisms to infectious diseases.

When carried out correctly, these measures help to localize the source of infection, and then the consequences of the emergency are eliminated.

Possible results

Viruses and bacteria enter the human body and immediately begin to actively multiply, causing significant damage to health. Every year, thousands of people around the world die from complications caused by the influenza virus, or from the destructive effects of hepatitis and other bacteriological diseases on internal organs.

The cause of an emergency can be anything. Pets and crops are also susceptible to various infections and, in turn, can also serve as a source of infection. Information often appears in the media about swine or bird flu, as a result of which a huge number of animals died or were forcibly killed, and significant damage was caused to industry.

Emergency prevention measures

Emergency prevention has its own specifics; much depends on the development of medical services in the country and the availability of government programs. In Russia, due to the harsh climate, the problem of the spread of the influenza virus, especially among children, arises every year.

The best way to prevent an epidemic, or to ensure that the disease causes minimal damage, is active prevention. If the measures taken do not help, you should follow the rules of conduct in case of emergency.

Depending on the nature of the implementation of infection control measures, as well as the degree of spread of the pathology, the following methods of preventing epidemics and pandemics are distinguished:

Preventive measures. They are undertaken constantly, even in the absence of illness. Recently, flu vaccinations have been carried out in Russia, widespread work has been carried out with the population, doctors urge patients to refrain from attending events with large numbers of people and to observe the rules of personal hygiene.
Anti-epidemiological actions carried out on an emergency basis during mass infection in a particular region.

Government measures are mandatory for all organizations and structures, while each person bears responsibility for their own health.

Examples in Russia

A hundred years ago, a simple flu could claim the lives of thousands of people in one season, but with the invention of immunomodulators and antiviral drugs and preventive measures, emergency prevention became much more effective. But even today, during the cold period, our country is faced with this epidemic on a national scale; every year microorganisms mutate and adapt to medications, so doctors have to look for new solutions.

In addition to the Ministry of Health, a structure such as Disaster Medicine is involved in eliminating the consequences of biological emergencies in Russia. This organization not only monitors morbidity in the country, controls the elimination of the consequences of mass infections, but also promotes rules of behavior in emergencies among the population, predicts and develops new methods of combating biological problems.

At the moment, particularly dangerous infectious diseases are plague, cholera, HIV, yellow fever, viral hepatitis A, dysentery, typhoid fever and influenza.

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics, and epiphytoties.

Epidemic is a widespread spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

A pandemic is an unusually large spread of morbidity, both in level and in scope, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

Among many epidemiological classifications, the classification based on the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen is widely used.

In addition, all infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

Intestinal infections;

Respiratory tract infections (aerosol);

Blood (transmissible);

Infections of the external integument (contact).

The basis for the general biological classification of infectious diseases is their division before it in accordance with the characteristics of the reservoir of origin - anthroponoses, zoonoses, as well as the division of infectious diseases into vector-borne and non-transmissible.

Infectious diseases are classified according to the type of pathogen - viral diseases, rickettsioses, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helminthiases, mycoses, diseases of the blood system.

Epizootics. Infectious animal diseases are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and become epizootic.

According to the breadth of distribution, the epizootic process occurs in three forms: sporadic incidence, epizootic, panzootic.

Sporidia is isolated or infrequent cases of manifestation of an infectious disease, usually not related to each other by a single source of the infectious agent, the most. low intensity of the epizootic process.

Epizootic is the average degree of intensity (intensity) of the epizootic process. An epizootic is characterized by the widespread spread of infectious diseases in a household, district, region, or country. Epizootics are characterized by mass occurrence, a common source of the infectious agent, simultaneity of damage, periodicity and seasonality.

Panzootic - the highest degree of development of an epizootic is characterized by an unusually wide distribution of an infectious disease covering one state, several countries, and a continent.

According to the epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups:

The first group is nutritional infections, transmitted through soil, food, and water. The organ of the digestive system is mainly affected. The pathogen is transmitted through

infected feed, manure and soil. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, and brucellosis.

The third group is vector-borne infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out using blood-sucking arthropods. Pathogens are constantly or at certain periods in the blood. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, equine infectious anemia.

The fifth group is infections with unknown routes of infection, i.e., an unclassified group.

Epiphytoty. To assess the scale of plant diseases, concepts such as epiphytoty and panitoty are used.

Epiphytoty is the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a certain period of time.

Panfitpotia is a mass disease that spans several countries or continents. Plant susceptibility to a phytopathogen is the inability to resist infection and spread in tissues. Susceptibility depends on the varieties released, time of infection and gender. Depending on the resistance of varieties, the ability to cause infection, the fertility of influenza, the rate of development of the pathogen and, accordingly, the incidence of the disease changes.

The earlier crops are infected, the higher the degree of plant damage and the greater the yield loss.

The most dangerous diseases are stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and potato late blight.

Plant diseases are classified according to the following criteria:

Place or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);

Place of manifestation (local, local, general);

Course (acute, chronic);

Affected crop;

Cause of occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).

All pathological changes in plants appear in various forms and are divided into rot, mummification, wilting, necrosis, plaque, and growths.

Biological emergencies. Biological Emergencies A biological emergency is. b) Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities

Biological emergencies

Space emergencies

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