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• Introduction
• 3. Measures to improve fire safety at the LLC SU "POESS" enterprise
• 3.1 Organization of fire safety measures
• 3.2 Action plan to improve fire safety at the LLC SU "POESS" enterprise
• 4. Calculation of the economic efficiency of measures included in the plan to improve fire safety
• 5. Issues of labor protection and emergency situations
• 5.1 Adjustment of labor safety instructions for a truck driver
• 5.2 Ensuring the sustainability of the functioning of economic facilities in emergency situations
• Bibliography
• Appendix A

Introduction

The object of research for the final qualifying work was the Construction Department "Priobelektrosetstroy" and then SU ​​"POESS" LLC, located at Nyagan, Sibirskaya Street 38/9, which was created in 2009. The main activity of the organization is the construction and repair of buildings and structures for industrial and civil purposes.

In turn, the company has proven itself as a reliable contractor and completes its tasks on time.

At this enterprise, workers may be exposed to hazardous and harmful factors in the working environment, in connection with which the study of the state of work to ensure occupational safety and fire safety at LLC SU "POESS" is relevant

The purpose of the work is to study the state of fire safety in LLC SU "POESS".

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

give a brief description of the object;

consider the organization of fire safety at the enterprise;

develop measures to improve the state of labor protection and fire safety at the facility;

consider issues related to emergencies at the site under study.

The sources of information for writing the final qualifying work were: legislative acts, normative and reference literature, periodicals, textbooks, information documents, production materials of the LLC SU "POESS" enterprise.

1. Requirements and basic parameters for organizing fire safety at economic facilities

1.1 Regulatory requirements for fire safety organization

A list of regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, compliance with which is checked when making amendments in accordance with the competence of the supervision of the bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Regulatory legal acts that will be used to write the work:

we will apply data from the federal law [No. 69-FZ] “On Fire Protection”;

[No. 390-FZ] Technical regulations on fire safety requirements"

the rules on fire safety in the Russian Federation will also be used [dated April 25, 2012. No. 390] and this resolution will appear as the main one;

Resolution [PP RF dated March 17, 2009 No. 241], which will confirm the list of products requiring mandatory confirmation of the requirements of [Federal Law No. 390] of technical regulation and fire safety requirements for which confirmation of mandatory certification or declaration of conformity is required upon release to customs territory of the Russian Federation;

to check fire risk calculations, the Russian Government Decree [No. 272 ​​“On the procedure for carrying out fire risk assessment calculations”] will be used;

To assess the conformity of protected objects (products) by assessing fire risk, we use the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation [No. 304 “On approval of the procedure for assessing the compliance of protected objects (products) with established fire safety requirements through an independent fire risk assessment.”]

to assess compliance with the technical regulations for fire safety, as well as the list of national standards and rules for sampling necessary for the application of the Federal Law [No.-390], we apply information from the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 10, 2009 [No. 304-r];

also by order of Rostekhregulirovanie dated 04/30/2009 [No. 1573 “On approval of the list of national standards and codes of practice”], as a result of which, on a voluntary basis, compliance with the requirements of the federal law of April 25, 2012 is ensured [No. 390-FZ “Technical regulations on fire safety requirements security"];

to determine the calculated values ​​of fire risks in buildings, we apply the Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated June 30, 2009 [No. 382 “Methodology for determining the calculated values ​​of fire risk in buildings, structures and structures of various classes of functional fire hazard”];

Calculations of fire risks at production facilities will also be used, and for this we will use the Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated July 10, 2009 [No. 404 “Methodology for determining the estimated values ​​of fire risk at production facilities”];

To familiarize yourself with the correct execution of documents for registering a fire safety declaration, we will take as a basis the Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated March 26, 2010. [No. 135 “On approval of the form and procedure for registering a fire safety declaration”].

For work we will use the following sets of rules:

on the fire protection system and evacuation routes [Code of Rules SP 1.13130.2009], as well as amendment No. 1 to this code;

the fire protection system and ensuring the fire resistance of objects will be taken from [Code of Rules SP 2.13130.2009];

fire safety plan event

We will also use [Code of Rules SP 3.13130.2009] to familiarize ourselves with and draw up events;

to apply measures to prevent the spread of fires throughout the enterprise, we use the Code of Rules [SP 4.13130.2009], as well as amendment No. 1;

to select alarm systems and automatic fire extinguishing systems, we will familiarize ourselves with the Code of Rules [SP 5.13130.2009] and amendment No. 1 to this set of rules;

to prepare sources of external fire water supply at the enterprise, the Code of Rules was used [SP 8.13130.2009];

Also, for the placement of fire extinguishers and the requirements for their operation, the Code of Rules [SP 9.13130.2009] is taken as a basis;

for internal fire water supply, the Code of Practice was used [SP 10.13130.2009];

1.2 Basic requirements for organizing fire safety at construction sites

Organizational managers and individual entrepreneurs at their facilities must have a fire safety system aimed at preventing people from being exposed to fire hazards, including their secondary manifestations.

The required level of ensuring fire safety of people using the specified system must be ensured by compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety or justified and amount to at least 0.999999 prevention of exposure to hazardous factors per year per person, and the permissible level of fire danger for people should not be more than 10-6 exposure to dangerous fire factors exceeding the maximum permissible values ​​per year per person. Justifications are carried out according to duly approved methods.

The legislation places responsibility for the fire safety of the enterprise on the employer. Accordingly, the employer is obliged to appoint officials responsible for fire safety of individual units (facilities).

Responsible persons who are assigned responsibility for fire safety by the employer are obliged to:

- communicate fire safety rules to employees;

- take part in the development of fire safety instructions;

- monitor the good condition of heating, ventilation, electrical equipment, etc.;

- monitor the technical condition of fire extinguishing equipment;

- organize the actions of personnel in the event of a fire (calling the fire brigade, using primary fire extinguishing equipment, evacuating workers).

Separate premises of enterprises (for example, warehouse premises of wholesale warehouses, large stores) are equipped with a special automatic fire alarm, which can be sent to security or taken to the remote control of local internal affairs bodies.

Supervision over compliance with fire safety requirements at enterprises and organizations is carried out by the State Fire Supervision authorities;

When violations of fire safety rules and regulations are detected, the State Fire Supervision Authority gives instructions to eliminate the identified deficiencies and, if necessary, suspends the operation of enterprises in whole or in part. Once the threat of fire has been eliminated, managers are allowed to resume work.

Fire safety rules provide for personal liability of the head of an enterprise and organization for failure to comply with established rules and regulations. Persons who commit violations and do not comply with the instructions of the State Fire Service bodies are subject to administrative, disciplinary, and in case of gross violations - to criminal liability. The State Fire Supervision authorities have the right to administer administratively in accordance with Art. 20.4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation impose monetary fines on citizens, officials and legal entities.

At each facility, instructions on fire safety measures must be developed for each explosion-hazardous and fire-hazardous area (workshop, workshop, etc.).

All employees of organizations must be allowed to work only after undergoing fire safety training, and if the specifics of work change, undergo additional training in preventing and extinguishing possible fires in the manner established by the manager.

Heads of organizations or individual entrepreneurs have the right to appoint persons who, due to their position or the nature of the work performed, by virtue of current regulations and other acts, must comply with the relevant fire safety rules, or ensure their compliance in certain areas of work.

Property owners, persons authorized to own, use or dispose of property, including managers and officials of organizations, persons duly appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety, must:

ensure timely compliance with fire safety requirements, regulations, decrees and other legal requirements of state fire inspectors;

create and maintain, on the basis of norms approved in the established manner, lists of particularly important and sensitive objects and enterprises at which fire protection, management bodies and fire protection units are created, as well as ensure continuous service in them and the use of personnel and fire equipment strictly according to purpose.

In all production, administrative, warehouse and auxiliary premises, signs indicating the fire department telephone number must be posted in visible places.

The rules for the use of open fire on the territory of organizations, the passage of vehicles, the admissibility of smoking and temporary fire hazardous work are established by general facility instructions on fire safety measures.

In each organization, an administrative document must establish a fire safety regime corresponding to their fire hazard, including:

the locations and permissible quantities of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products located in the premises at one time are determined;

the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in the event of a fire and at the end of the working day has been determined;

regulated:

the procedure and timing of fire safety training and fire safety training have been determined, and those responsible for their implementation have been appointed.

In buildings and structures (except residential buildings) where more than 10 people are on the floor at a time, plans (schemes) for evacuation of people in the event of a fire must be developed and posted in visible places, and a system (installation) for warning people about a fire must be provided.

At facilities with a large population of people (50 or more people), in addition to a schematic plan for evacuation of people in case of fire, instructions must be developed that define the actions of personnel to ensure the safe and quick evacuation of people, according to which practical training must be carried out for everyone at least once every six months. involved in the evacuation of workers.

Light, sound and visual information alarms must be provided in the premises, as well as at each evacuation, emergency exit and on evacuation routes. Light signals in the form of luminous signs must be turned on simultaneously with sound signals. The flickering frequency of light signals should not be higher than 5 Hz. Visual information should be placed on a contrasting background with the size of the signs corresponding to the viewing distance.

Employees of organizations, as well as citizens, must:

comply with fire safety requirements at work and at home, as well as observe and maintain fire safety regulations;

take precautions when using gas appliances, household chemicals, working with flammable (hereinafter - flammable) and combustible (hereinafter - GL) liquids, other fire-hazardous substances, materials and equipment;

If a fire is detected, report it to the fire department and take possible measures to save people, property and extinguish the fire.

Citizens provide, in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the opportunity for state fire inspectors to conduct surveys and checks of their industrial, utility, residential and other premises and buildings in order to monitor compliance with fire safety requirements.

Heads of organizations on whose territory dangerous (explosive) highly toxic substances are used, processed and stored must inform fire departments of the data necessary to ensure the safety of personnel involved in extinguishing fires and carrying out priority rescue operations at these enterprises.

Temporary buildings must be located from other buildings and structures at a distance of at least 15 m (except in cases where other fire safety distances are required by other standards) or near fire walls.

Separate block container buildings may be located in groups of no more than 10 in a group and with an area of ​​no more than 800 m2. The distance between groups of these buildings and from them to other buildings, shopping kiosks, etc. should be taken at least 15 m.

Smoking is not permitted on the territory and premises of warehouses and bases, grain collection points, trade facilities, production, processing and storage of flammable liquids, flammable liquids and combustible gases (hereinafter referred to as GG), production of all types of explosives, explosion and fire hazardous areas, as well as in in non-smoking areas of other organizations, in preschool and school institutions, in cereal areas.

Making fires, burning waste and containers is not permitted within the fire safety distances established by the design standards, but not closer than 50 m to buildings and structures. Burning of waste and containers in places specially designated for these purposes must be carried out under the supervision of operating personnel.

Signal colors and fire safety signs must comply with the requirements of fire safety regulations.

For all production and storage premises, a category of explosion and fire hazard must be determined, as well as a zone class according to the rules for electrical installations (hereinafter referred to as PUE), which must be indicated on the doors of the premises.

Standard safety signs should be posted near equipment that has an increased fire hazard.

The use in production processes of materials and substances with unstudied indicators of their fire and explosion hazard or without certificates, as well as their storage together with other materials and substances is not allowed.

Fire protection systems and installations (smoke protection, fire automatic equipment, fire water supply systems, fire doors, valves, other protective devices in fire walls and ceilings, etc.) of premises, buildings and structures must be constantly maintained in good working order.

Self-closing devices for doors must be in good condition. It is not allowed to install any devices that prevent the normal closing of fire or smoke doors (devices).

It is not allowed to carry out work on equipment, installations and machines with malfunctions that could lead to a fire, as well as when the control and measuring instruments and process automation that provide control of the specified temperature, pressure and other parameters regulated by safety conditions are turned off.

Violations of fire-retardant coatings (plaster, special paints, varnishes, coatings, etc.) of building structures, flammable finishing and heat-insulating materials, metal equipment supports must be immediately corrected.

Wooden structures and fabrics treated (impregnated) in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents must be processed (impregnated) again after the expiration of the treatment (impregnation) period and in the event of loss of fire-retardant properties of the compositions.

The condition of the fire retardant treatment (impregnation) must be checked at least twice a year.

At the intersection of fire walls, ceilings and enclosing structures with various engineering and technological communications, the resulting holes and gaps must be sealed with mortar or other non-combustible materials that provide the required fire resistance and smoke and gas tightness.

When redeveloping buildings and premises, changing their functional purpose or installing new technological equipment, current regulatory documents must be applied in accordance with the new purpose of these buildings or premises.

When renting premises, tenants must comply with fire safety requirements for this type of building.

Organizations with large numbers of people, as well as potentially fire-hazardous oil refining, woodworking, chemical industry, etc. enterprises must be provided with direct telephone communication with the nearest fire department or central fire communications point of populated areas.

In buildings and structures of organizations (except for individual residential buildings) it is prohibited :

storage and use in basements and ground floors of flammable liquids and gases, gunpowder, explosives, gas cylinders, goods in aerosol packaging, celluloid and other explosive and fire hazardous substances and materials, except for cases specified in current regulatory documents;

use attics, technical floors, ventilation chambers and other technical premises for organizing production areas, workshops, as well as storing products, equipment, furniture and other items;

arrange warehouses for flammable materials and workshops, place other utility rooms in basements and ground floors, if the entrance to them is not isolated from common staircases;

remove the design doors for emergency exits from floor corridors, halls, foyers, vestibules and staircases, and other doors that prevent the spread of fire hazards along evacuation routes. Make changes to space-planning solutions, as a result of which the conditions for the safe evacuation of people worsen, access to fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and other fire safety equipment is limited, or the coverage area of ​​automatic fire protection systems (automatic fire alarms, stationary automatic fire extinguishing installations, smoke removal systems, warning and evacuation control). Reducing the coverage area of ​​an automatic fire alarm or automatic fire extinguishing installation as a result of redevelopment is permitted only with additional protection of the volumes of premises excluded from the coverage area of ​​the above automatic installations, by individual fire detectors or modular fire extinguishing installations, respectively;

clutter doors, hatches on balconies and loggias, transitions to adjacent sections and exits to external evacuation stairs with furniture, equipment and other items;

carry out cleaning of premises and washing clothes using gasoline, kerosene and other flammable liquids and flammable liquids, as well as warming frozen pipes with blowtorches and other methods using open fire;

leave oily cleaning material uncleaned;

install blind bars on windows and pits near basement windows, except for cases specifically stipulated in the norms and rules approved in the prescribed manner;

glaze balconies, loggias and galleries leading to smoke-free staircases;

arrange storage rooms (closets) in stairwells and floor corridors, as well as store things, furniture and other flammable materials under flights of stairs and on landings. Under flights of stairs on the first and ground floors, it is allowed to construct only rooms for central heating control units, water metering units and electrical switchboards, fenced off with partitions made of non-combustible materials;

install additional doors or change the direction of door opening (in deviation from the design) from apartments to a common corridor (to the staircase landing), if this interferes with the free evacuation of people or worsens the conditions for evacuation from neighboring apartments;

install mezzanines, desks and other built-in premises made of flammable and low-combustible materials and sheet metal in production and warehouse premises of buildings (except for buildings of the V degree of fire resistance).

External fire escapes and fences on the roofs (coverings) of buildings and structures must be kept in good condition and subjected to operational tests at least once every five years.

In rooms with one emergency exit, the simultaneous presence of 50 or more people is not allowed.

In buildings of IV and V fire resistance degrees, the simultaneous presence of 50 or more people is allowed only in the premises of the first floor.

The number of people simultaneously present in the halls (premises) of buildings and structures with mass occupancy of people (premises with simultaneous occupancy of 50 or more people - auditorium, dining, exhibition, trading, exchange, sports, religious and other halls) should not exceed the number established by design standards or determined by calculation (in the absence of design standards), based on the condition of ensuring the safe evacuation of people in case of fire.

When determining the maximum permissible number of people in a room in the above cases, the estimated area per person should be taken in the amount of 0.75 m 2 / person. At the same time, the dimensions of evacuation routes and emergency exits must ensure the evacuation of people outside the premises within the required evacuation time.

The doors of attics, as well as technical floors and basements, in which the technology does not require constant presence of people, must be locked. On the doors of these premises there must be information about where keys are stored. Windows in attics, technical floors and basements must be glazed and permanently closed.

The overalls of persons working with oils, varnishes, paints and other flammable liquids and flammable liquids must be stored suspended in metal cabinets installed in places specially designated for this purpose.

In buildings with stained glass windows more than 1 floor high, it is not allowed to violate the structures of smoke-tight, non-combustible diaphragms installed in the stained glass windows at the level of each floor.

Electrical installations and household electrical appliances in premises where there is no staff on duty at the end of working hours must be de-energized, with the exception of emergency lighting, fire extinguishing and fire water supply installations, fire and fire alarm systems. Other electrical installations and electrical products (including in residential premises) may remain energized if this is due to their functional purpose and (or) provided for by the requirements of the operating instructions.

Three-dimensional self-illuminating fire safety signs with independent power supply and from the electrical network used on evacuation routes (including illuminated signs “Evacuation (emergency) exit”, “Emergency exit door”) must always be in working order and on. In auditoriums, demonstrations, exhibitions and other halls, they can be turned on only during events with people present. Evacuation lighting should turn on automatically when the power supply to the working lighting is interrupted.

When installing and operating spotlights, the use of flammable materials is prohibited.

Spotlights and spotlights should be placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from combustible structures and materials, and lens spotlights - at least 2 m. Light filters for spotlights and spotlights must be made of non-combustible materials.

It is prohibited to operate electric heating devices if the thermostats provided for by the design are missing or malfunctioning.

Openings at the intersections of electrical wires and cables (laid for the first time or replacing existing ones) with fire barriers in buildings and structures must be sealed with fire-resistant material before turning on the power supply.

When operating ventilation and air conditioning systems, it is prohibited:

leave ventilation chamber doors open;

close exhaust ducts, openings and grilles;

connect gas heating appliances to the air ducts;

burn off fat deposits, dust and other flammable substances accumulated in the air ducts.

Ventilation chambers, cyclones, filters, air ducts must be cleaned of flammable production waste within the time limits specified by the organization order.

For explosive and fire hazardous premises, a procedure for cleaning ventilation systems using safe methods must be established.

It is not allowed to operate technological equipment in fire-explosive rooms (installations) with faulty and disconnected hydrofilters, dry filters, dust collection and other devices of ventilation (aspiration) systems.

To prevent flammable dust, fibers and other waste from entering fans, stone catchers should be installed in front of them, and magnetic catchers should be installed to remove metal objects.

Hydraulic valves (siphons) that prevent the spread of flame through pipelines of storm water or industrial sewerage systems of buildings and structures that use flammable and combustible liquids must always be in good condition. Discharge of flammable liquids and flammable liquids into sewer networks (including during accidents) is prohibited.

Garbage chutes and laundry chutes must have valves specified by the design. Valves must always be in the closed position, be in good working order and have a seal in the ledge.

The doors of waste bins must be locked at all times.

Fire water supply networks must be in good condition and provide the required water flow for fire extinguishing needs. Their performance must be checked at least twice a year (in spring and autumn).

Fire hydrants must be in good condition, and in winter they must be insulated and cleared of snow and ice. Parking of vehicles on fire hydrant well covers is prohibited. Roads and access points to fire-fighting water supply sources must ensure the passage of fire fighting equipment to them at any time of the year.

When sections of the water supply network and hydrants are turned off or the pressure in the network decreases below the required level, the fire department must be notified.

Electric motors of fire pumps must be provided with uninterruptible power supply.

Appropriate signs (volumetric with a lamp or flat, made using reflective coatings) must be installed at hydrants and reservoirs (water sources), as well as in the direction of movement towards them. They must be clearly marked with numbers indicating the distance to the water source.

Fire valves of internal fire water supply must be equipped with hoses and stems. The fire hose must be connected to the valve and the barrel. It is necessary to re-roll the hoses onto a new roll at least once a year.

A general fire-fighting water supply diagram and a pump piping diagram must be posted in the premises of the pumping station. Each valve and fire booster pump must indicate their purpose. The order in which booster pumps are turned on should be determined by the instructions.

The premises of fire-fighting water supply pumping stations in populated areas must have a direct telephone connection with the fire department.

Electrically driven valves installed on bypass lines of water metering devices must be checked for functionality at least twice a year, and fire pumps - monthly.

Routine maintenance and preventive maintenance (hereinafter referred to as “maintenance and maintenance”) of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations, smoke protection systems, warning people about a fire and evacuation control must be carried out in accordance with the annual schedule drawn up taking into account technical documentation manufacturers, and timing of repair work. Maintenance and repair work must be carried out by specially trained service personnel or a specialized licensed organization under a contract.

During the period of maintenance or repair work associated with disconnecting the installation (individual lines, detectors), the manager of the enterprise must take the necessary measures to protect buildings, structures, premises, and technological equipment from fires.

In the premises of the control center (fire station), instructions must be posted on the procedure for the actions of the personnel on duty when receiving signals about a fire and a malfunction of fire automatic installations (systems). The control center (fire station) must be provided with telephone communication and working electric lights (at least 3 pcs.).

Fire automatics installations must be in good condition and in constant readiness, and comply with design documentation.

Converting installations from automatic to manual start is prohibited, except in cases specified in the rules and regulations.

Cylinders and containers of fire extinguishing installations, the mass of the fire extinguishing agent and the pressure in which are below the calculated values ​​by 10% or more, must be recharged or recharged.

Irrigators of sprinkler (drencher) installations in places where there is a danger of mechanical damage must be protected by reliable fences that do not affect the spread of heat and do not change the irrigation map.

It is not permitted to install plugs or plugs to replace broken or faulty sprinklers.

The fire extinguishing station must be provided with a piping diagram and instructions for controlling the installation in case of fire.

Each control unit must have a sign posted indicating the protected premises, the type and number of sprinklers in the installation section. Valves and taps must be numbered in accordance with the piping diagram.

Fire warning systems must ensure, in accordance with evacuation plans, the transmission of warning signals simultaneously throughout the entire building (structure) or selectively to its individual parts (floors, sections, etc.).

The procedure for using warning systems must be defined in the instructions for their operation and in evacuation plans, indicating the persons who have the right to activate the systems.

Annunciators (loudspeakers) must have no volume control and be connected to the network without plug-in devices.

If reliability is ensured, internal radio broadcast networks and other broadcast networks available at the facility may be used to transmit warning texts and control evacuation.

Persons authorized to own, use or dispose of property, managers and officials of organizations, persons duly appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety, upon arrival at the site of the fire must:

report the occurrence of a fire to the fire department, notify the management and duty services of the facility;

in the event of a threat to people’s lives, immediately organize their rescue, using available forces and means;

check the activation of automatic fire protection systems (notifying people about a fire, fire extinguishing, smoke protection);

if necessary, turn off the electricity (except for fire protection systems), stop the operation of transporting devices, units, apparatus, shut off raw materials, gas, steam and water communications, stop the operation of ventilation systems in the emergency room and adjacent rooms, take other measures to help prevent the development of fire and smoke in building premises;

stop all work in the building (if this is permissible according to the production process), except for work related to fire extinguishing measures;

remove all workers not involved in fire extinguishing outside the danger zone;

provide general guidance on fire extinguishing (taking into account the specific features of the facility) before the arrival of the fire department;

ensure compliance with safety requirements by workers taking part in fire extinguishing;

simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, organize the evacuation and protection of material assets;

organize a meeting of fire departments and provide assistance in choosing the shortest route to the fire;

inform fire departments involved in extinguishing fires and carrying out related emergency rescue operations, information about hazardous (explosive), explosive, and highly toxic substances processed or stored at the facility, necessary to ensure the safety of personnel.

Upon arrival of the fire department, the head of the organization (or the person replacing him) informs the fire extinguishing director about the design and technological features of the facility, adjacent buildings and structures, the quantity and fire hazardous properties of stored and used substances, materials, products and other information necessary for the successful extinguishing of the fire , and also organizes the involvement of forces and resources of the facility in the implementation of necessary measures related to extinguishing the fire and preventing its development.

2. Characteristics and state of fire safety at the enterprise LLC SU "POESS"

2.1 Characteristics of the enterprise

Construction management "Priobelektrosetstroy" "POESS" located at Nyagan, Sibirskaya street 38/9 was created in 2009. The main activity of the organization is the construction and repair of buildings and structures for industrial and civil purposes.

Over the course of three years, major and current repairs were completed. In a very short period of time, the construction company LLC SU "POESS" has established itself in a positive light in the construction market of Nyagan, and has gained regular clientele. The construction company LLC SU "POESS" provides services to individuals and legal entities.

The company also takes part in tenders and competitions for budget facilities. As a result of the victories, SU "POESS" LLC collaborated with such organizations as the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, MUFZ, education departments of the city of Nyagan, etc. The company employs highly qualified specialists who meet all the requirements of modern standards. The technical equipment of the personnel is updated annually, and the qualifications of the workers are improved. The composition of the enterprise remains constant for a long time. SU "POESS" LLC acted as both the sole contractor and performed the functions of a general contractor. In this regard, it is possible to master volumes of work at high speed, but at the same time, focusing on the quality of the work performed. At the moment, the company is firmly on its feet, as it has a strong material and technical base, trained highly qualified personnel, an impeccable reputation (no arrears in payments, no complaints about the quality and timing of work, no litigation).

The main activities of the company LLC SU "POESS":

Design.

The LLC SU "POESS" company today is a modern structure capable of solving a range of tasks in managing construction projects, performing the functions of the Customer and General Designer in the creation of commercial and residential real estate. When developing design documentation, we offer an integrated approach to solving all problems facing the Customer. The designer accompanies the Customer at all stages of design, starting from pre-design justification, assessment of investor costs and preliminary design to approval of the detailed design developed by LLC SU "POESS" and commissioning of the facility. The company consists of highly qualified specialists in the field of design of residential and public buildings: architects, designers, estimators, specialists in the design of utility networks and special sections of the project, as well as experienced specialists in carrying out approvals and collecting initial permits for design and construction. The design process is improved by acquiring and mastering modern software products by employees.

To work on projects, the company’s specialists use the most advanced graphic and calculation programs.

Construction.

The LLC SU "POESS" company carries out a full range of construction and installation works, performs turnkey construction work and actively uses previously acquired knowledge and experience in the construction of new facilities. The use of proven technologies and the use of new technical solutions allows us to strengthen our position in the market and reduce the cost of work, thereby increasing the competitiveness of the company. Our company employs a team of qualified specialists with extensive experience and knowledge in their field. With their help, projects of varying degrees of complexity were successfully implemented. Over the years, we have accumulated a wealth of experience in cooperation with various enterprises in the construction industry, government agencies, engineering institutions and supervisory authorities.

2.2 State of fire safety at the enterprise

In accordance with the previously existing Fire Safety Rules (PPB 01-03), in 2009, a fire protection plan for the enterprise was developed and approved by the General Director, which covers all issues of ensuring fire safety in LLC SU "POESS":

procedure for cleaning the territory;

procedure for notifying officials in case of fire;

fire fighting management;

actions of enterprise personnel in case of fire;

fire safety instructions for security shifts;

procedure for inspecting premises before closing;

instructions on fire safety measures in the administrative building;

instructions on fire safety measures in the garage;

instructions on fire safety measures in the dining room;

instructions on fire safety measures when performing gas welding work.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2012 No. 390 “On the fire protection regime” (as amended on March 6, 2015) in LLC SU “POESS” by order No. 27/02 dated February 27, 2015 “On the organization of fire protection”:

those responsible for the fire safety of the territory and facilities of the enterprise have been appointed;

designated and equipped smoking areas;

a procedure has been established for the removal of flammable waste and dust, and the storage of oily workwear;

the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in the event of a fire and at the end of the working day has been determined.

Regulated:

procedure for carrying out temporary fire and other fire hazardous work;

the procedure for inspecting and closing premises after completion of work;

actions of workers upon detection of a fire;

the procedure and timing of fire safety training and fire safety training have been determined, and those responsible for their implementation have been appointed.

Plans for evacuation of people in case of fire have been developed in the premises and posted in prominent places.

To ensure fire safety, a person responsible for fire safety has been appointed at the SU POESS LLC enterprise.

His responsibilities include:

develop and provide measures to ensure fire safety;

conduct fire prevention propaganda;

train employees in fire safety measures;

maintain fire protection systems and means in good condition;

assist the fire department in extinguishing fires;

provide the fire service with information and documents on the state of fire safety at the enterprise, and comply with the instructions of fire officials.

The territory of enterprises within the fire breaks between buildings and structures is promptly cleared of flammable waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves, dry grass, etc.

Combustible waste, garbage, etc. collected at specially designated sites in containers and then transported.

Roads, driveways, entrances and passages to buildings, structures used for fire extinguishing, and fire equipment are always clear, maintained in good condition, and in winter cleared of snow and ice.

Explosion and fire hazard categories have been determined for all production and warehouse premises and are marked on the doors of the premises.

In order to protect against fire, the enterprise conducts training exercises and also uses the following protective equipment:

fire alarm;

fire extinguishers type OU-3, OU-5 OU-10, OP-2, OP-3, OP-4, OP-5;

sensors that respond to temperature;

smoke detectors;

fire hydrants.

Fire extinguishers are periodically checked at SU POESS LLC. Composition of the fire extinguisher inspection committee:

Chairman of the Commission - Deputy General Director for General Issues;

members of the commission: head of the administrative office, labor protection engineer.

We carried out a periodic check of the charge weight of portable carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (OU-3, OU-5, OU-10) by weighing on electronic scales. During the inspection, it was established that the charge mass in the fire extinguishers corresponds to the specified passport data (passport: PO-31G, PO-61, PO-4G, PO-68, PO-7PS).

LLC SU "POESS" has determined the category of explosion and fire hazard for production and warehouse premises according to the PUE (PPB clause 33). Evacuation plans for the premises were carried out in accordance with GOST (PPB clause 16).

In the dining room, the doors of the electrical panel and ventilation chamber are made with fire resistance limits of at least 0.6 hours (SNiP 2.08.02-89 clause 1.82). A fire cabinet is equipped in the mechanical shop (PPB clause 3, NPB 151-96 clause 1).

Fire hydrants were also checked for the required water flow for fire extinguishing needs. Their performance is checked at least twice a year (in spring and autumn), by drawing up an appropriate inspection report [PPB 01-03 clause 89].

On Sibirskaya Street, 49, the boxing room is equipped with:

automatic installation of a fire alarm with signal output to a room with round-the-clock presence of personnel [VSN 01-89 clause 6.3];

fire warning system [NPB 104-03 tab.1,2]

The garage premises are equipped with primary fire extinguishing equipment in accordance with the standards [PPB clause 108 appendix 3].

An agreement for the maintenance of an automatic fire alarm installation was concluded with a specialized organization licensed to service two-story buildings [PPB clause 96].

The two-story building on Sibirskaya Street 2a is equipped with primary fire extinguishing equipment in accordance with the standards [PPB clause 108 appendix 3].

Potential fire hazards

The institution has a developed transport service with a daily fuel supply in tanks of about 600 liters of gasoline and 400 liters of diesel fuel, and also has a diesel generator with a fuel supply of about 600 liters, in connection with this there is

fire hazard associated with the storage and use of fuels and lubricants.

The institution operates 9 units of motor vehicles, a sawmill, sharpening and other equipment, and therefore there is a fire hazard associated with motor vehicles and other production equipment.

Due to the large number of office equipment in the administrative building, household electrical appliances in the dormitories, lighting fixtures around the perimeter and territory of the institution and other power equipment, there is a fire hazard associated with electrical equipment.

Since not all facilities of the institution are equipped with central heating networks from the boiler room, in which coal-fired boilers are installed, furnaces and electric heaters are installed in them, and therefore there is a fire hazard associated with heating equipment.

Welding and other hot work is also regularly carried out, both at stationary posts and when eliminating accidents, and in connection with this there is a fire hazard associated with hot work (electric welding, gas welding, cutting work).

Premises classified as category "B" are separated from other premises by fire barriers and are protected from destruction in an explosion.

2.3 Calculation of personnel evacuation time in case of fire

Due to the fact that the enterprise has not calculated the evacuation time for all premises, we will calculate the evacuation from the main building of the enterprise.

Initial data:

Building: public;

Fire resistance degree: IV;

Workroom: Main office of the enterprise LLC SU "POESS"

length: 25 m;

width: 20 m;

volume (Wп): 2.5 thousand m3;

area of ​​openings in the walls (S0): 25 m2;

Number of people: N=140 people;

Door width (dd. p.): from the working room: 2.8 m;

from the building: 3 m;

Corridors: total length: Lк=55 m;

with one width: dk=2.8 m;

Stairs: total length: Ll=8 m;

with one width: length=2.2 m;

Fire area: Sp. p. =40 m2.

a) the estimated evacuation time (t p) from work premises and buildings is determined as the total time of movement of the human flow on individual sections of the route according to the formula:

t r = t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + … + t i , (1)

where t 1 is the time of movement from the most remote workplace to the door of the room (in accordance with the figure, we will take this distance equal to the diagonal of the room L p);

t 2 time of passage of the doorway of the room;

t 3 - time of movement along the corridor from the door of the room to the flight of stairs;

t 4 - time of movement along a flight of stairs;

t 5 - time of movement along the corridor of the first floor to the exit door from the building;

t 6 - time of passage of the doorway from the building.

An approximate scheme for evacuation of people is presented in Figure 1 below.

b) the time of movement of the human flow in individual areas is calculated by the formula:

t i = L i /V i , (2)

where L i is the length of individual sections of the evacuation route, m;

Vi - speed of movement of the human flow on certain sections of the route, m/min.

room	Ladder

Scheme of the estimated evacuation route

c) the speed of the human flow (V i) depends on the density of the human flow (D i) on individual sections of the route and is selected from Table 1 of Appendix A.

d) the density of human flow (D i) is calculated for each section of the evacuation route using the formula:

D i = (N * f) / (L i * i), (3)

where N is the number of people;

f is the average area of ​​the horizontal projection of a person (take f = 0.1 m2);

i is the width of the i-th section of the evacuation route, m To calculate the density of human flow during evacuation from a work room, take i equal to half the width of this room.

e) the time it takes to pass a doorway can be approximately calculated using the formula:

t d.p. = N/ (d.p. * q d.p.) , (4)

where d.p. is the width of the doorway, m

q d.p. - throughput of 1 m of doorway width (taken equal to 50 people / (m * min) for doors less than 1.6 m wide and 60 people / (m * min) for doors 1.6 m wide and more).

f) Evaluation of the construction project.

In terms of functional fire hazard, this building has class F4 - "educational institutions, scientific and design organizations, management institutions." Fire resistance degree IV means that the fire resistance time of load-bearing walls and columns is within 0.5-1.0 hours.

Fire evacuation is a process of organized independent movement of people out of premises in which there is a possibility of exposure to dangerous fire factors. Evacuation is carried out along evacuation routes through emergency exits.

g) Calculation of the estimated evacuation time.

The estimated evacuation time tp from work premises and buildings is determined as the total time of movement of the human flow on individual sections of the route:

tp=t1+t2+t3+…+ti, (5)

where t1 is the time of movement from the most remote workplace to the door of the room (Lп);

...

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Slide 1 . Hello, my name is Zezyulya Dmitry, I study in grade 6A, and also participate in the Young Firefighters Team. I would like to present to your attention the work "Is my home my safety?».

Even in ancient Rus', starting from the 10th–11th centuries, as cities grew, the issue of fighting fires, which claimed thousands of lives, became more and more pressing.

Slide 2 Now in Russia great importance is attached to the development of fire safety

But and it's no secret thatfiresmost often occur from the careless attitude of people themselves towards fire.Every day the media informs us about household fires. Moreover, information is mainly received about fires in residential buildings in rural areas or holiday villages. Yes, according to the messageMinistry of Emergency Situations, in the city since the beginning of 2013, there have been 48 fires that claimed the lives of three people and injured seven.

Thus, the issue of fire safety has always been relevant.

And the material collected in this work can be used in extracurricular activities for the purpose of fire safety prevention.

Slide 3. I set myself a goal - to investigate the causes of fires in residential premises. To achieve the goal, I solved the following tasks listed on the slide.

Slide 4 The object of study is fire safety. The subject of the study isfire safety in urban housing and in rural areas (dacha villages).

Slide 5 I assumed that in the city the probability of domestic fires is less than in rural houses and holiday villages, but compliance with fire safety rules will reduce their number.

I used the following research methods in my work.

Slide 6 Wondering about home safety, I turned to the Internet, and the first thing I read was this definition:

Fire - uncontrolled, unauthorized combustion of substances, materials and gas-air mixtures outside a special source, and causing significant material damage, injury to people on objects and rolling stock, which is divided into external and internal, open and hidden;

Slide 7 I reviewed statistical data on domestic fires in Russia for 2012. From these figures it is clear that the main cause of domestic fires is careless handling of fire. Thus, I concluded that preventive work is necessary.

Slide 8 The next stage of my work is to determine the causes of fire in everyday life. I learned about the following reasons presented on the slide

Slide 9. I became acquainted with the safety rules in a city apartment, which are determined by firefighters.

• When using gas equipment
• When using household chemicals
• About safety during the New Year holidays when using pyrotechnics.

Slide 10 I also became familiar with the rules that must be followed. To protect your dacha from fire.

• During construction

• When using flammable liquids, flammable liquids. Flammable gases
• When using stove heating
• When using gas equipment
• When using electricity and electrical appliances

Slide 11

While working in the squad of young firefighters, I became familiar with the rules of conduct during the fire. The basic rules are listed on the slide.

Also, certain actions must be followed after a fire. They are listed on the slide.

Slide 12 Based on fire safety requirements for the maintenance of urban apartments and the maintenance of houses in rural areas (dacha villages), I compiled fire safety criteria by which I assessed how safe my apartment and my dacha are from the point of view of a fire.

Slide 13 In the apartment, I noted partial compliance with fire safety regarding the placement of furniture at a distance from the gas stove, as well as the presence of fire-hazardous household substances.

Slide 14 While studying the dacha from the point of view of fire safety, I saw the presence of flammable substances in greater quantities than in the apartment.

Slide 15 I concluded: a city apartment is safer from the point of view of fire, because... At the dacha, we do not always comply with the necessary requirements during construction, as well as the rules when using stove equipment; in addition, at the dacha we use more flammable, combustible liquids and combustible gases.

Slide 16 Afterwards, I had a conversation with the 1st grade kids about fire safety rules on the topic “Is my home my safety?” The purpose of the class is to introduce the basics of fire safety in an apartment building and in the country. During class, I asked the kids to solve a crossword puzzle. I present this crossword puzzle for your attention. (solving a crossword puzzle). The guys also worked in groups, completing tasks on cards. I propose to complete the task of the first group and talk about your actions in the event of a fire on the TV.

Slide 17 From the above material it follows that fires pose a threat to human life and health. The faster society, science and technology develop, the more pressing the problem of fires and ensuring fire safety becomes. I made an attempt to assess the safety of my home from the point of view of a fire. My hypothesis was confirmed. Indeed, the likelihood of a fire in the city is less than in rural houses and holiday villages, which is also confirmed by statistical data. Therefore, preventive work with the population to ensure fire safety is required. Together with my classmates, working in the squad of young firefighters, we carry out such work among the children of our school and also with the population of our neighborhood.

The next stage of my research work is to monitor compliance with fire safety rules among students, parents and teachers of our school.

Slide 18 Take care of yourself, human life is the greatest value on Earth!

Thank you for your attention!

1. Types of danger

§ 1.1 Natural hazards

§ 1.3 Anthropogenic hazards

2. Fire danger

§ 2.1 Fire Hazard Study

3. Fire hazards

4. Calculation of the Peclet criterion

§ 4.1 Fire retardant devices

§ 4.1 Calculation of the Peclet criterion

5.Procedure for determining the substance released from the apparatus

§ 5.1. Characteristics of the emergency situation.

§ 5.2. Local and complete identification of those leaving the devices

substances

6.Procedure for determining the categories of premises

7. Classification of main pipelines

§ 7.1 Main pipelines

§ 7.2 Basic requirements for main pipelines

8. Process pipeline

§ 8.1 Laying pipelines

§ 8.2 Basic requirements for pipelines with flammable liquids and gases

§8.3 Classification of process pipelines

9. Fire hazard of painting process

§ 9.1 Mechanical spray painting

§ 9.2 Dip and pour painting

10. Fire hazard of technologies for grinding substances and materials

§ 10.1 Mechanical processing of metals

§ 10.2 Prevention of the grinding process of solids

§ 10.3 Activities in the process of grinding substances and materials.

11. Fire hazard of drying processes

§ 11.1 Concept of drying

Bibliography

1. Types of danger

Danger – The potential for the occurrence of processes or phenomena that can cause injury to people, cause material damage and have a destructive effect on the surrounding atmosphere.

The danger varies according to the following types:

Natural origin;

Technological origin;

Anthropogenic origin.

§ 1.1 Natural hazards

Occurs when weather conditions change, natural light in the biosphere, as well as from natural phenomena occurring in the biosphere (earthquakes, floods, etc.).

During an earthquake, a systematic shock is observed, deformation of rocks occurs, possible volcanic eruptions, a surge of water (tsunami), displacement of rocks, snow masses, etc.

A great danger is posed by high solar activity. One of the natural hazards is lightning.

A lightning discharge is an electrical discharge in the atmosphere between differently charged particles of a cloud, neighboring clouds and between a cloud and the ground. Lightning discharges and lightning can strike buildings or structures with direct impact. Damage by a direct lightning strike to buildings and structures that do not have an electrical connection to the ground or are made of conductive materials is accompanied by complete or partial destruction of their structural elements.

The secondary impact of lightning means: the appearance of a potential difference on structures, pipelines, electrical cables and electrical wires indoors that have not been subjected to a direct strike.

§ 1.2 Technological hazard

Created in technogenic areas. This includes: gas pollution and dust in the air, noise, vibration, electric fields, atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, air movement, insufficient or reduced illumination, monotony of activity, heavy physical labor.

Traumatic injuries include: electric current, objects from high places, parts of collapsing buildings and structures.

§ 1.3 Anthropogenic hazards

Associated with human activities. Errors in human veins can occur on vacation, at home, in the field of production activities, in emergency situations, when people communicate with each other, when managing the economy and as a result of government activities.

The causes of errors depend on the psychological structure of the operators’ activities (perception errors - did not recognize, did not discover; memory errors - forgot, did not remember, could not recover; thinking errors - did not understand, did not foresee, did not generalize; decision-making errors - responses) and the types of these activities , from a lack of skill and structure of attention.

2. Fire danger

Fire hazard is the possibility of the occurrence and (or) development of a fire contained in any substance, state or process. GOST 12.1.033-81.

Fire hazard indicators are a value that quantitatively characterizes any property of fire hazard.

The fire hazard of any technological process is determined by the following:

· presence of flammable load;

· the magnitude of possible excess pressure during combustion of gases, vapors and dust of the air mixture indoors or in open spaces.

The fire hazard of flammable substances is characterized by flash and ignition temperatures.

A flash is the rapid combustion of a flammable mixture, not accompanied by the formation of compressed gases. The flash point is the lowest (under special test conditions) temperature of a combustible substance at which vapors and gases are formed above its surface that can ignite in the air from an ignition source, but the rate of their formation is still insufficient for subsequent combustion. The cessation of combustion is explained by the fact that the heat transferred to the combustible substance during the outbreak is insufficient to heat this substance to its ignition temperature.

Based on the vapor flash point, which characterizes the fire hazard, liquids are divided into flammable (FL) and flammable (FL). Flammable liquids are capable of burning independently after removal of the ignition source; they have a flash point above 61°C in a closed crucible or 660°C in an open crucible.

Flammable liquids are also capable of spontaneous combustion after removal of the ignition source, but have a flash point no higher than 61 0C in a closed crucible or 660C in an open crucible.

Ignition is a fire accompanied by the appearance of a flame.

The ignition temperature is the temperature of a flammable substance at which it emits flammable vapors and gases at such a speed that, after ignition from the ignition source, stable combustion occurs.

Ignition sources can be flame, radiant energy, spark, static electricity discharge, heated surface, etc.

The ignition process is the initial stage of combustion. Unlike a flash, the amount of heat during ignition transferred to the combustible substance from the flame is sufficient for the timely formation of vapors and gases. Moreover, as a result of the decomposition and evaporation of the combustible substance, combustion continues until all the substance is burned.

§ 2.1 Fire hazard study

The study of the fire hazard of production includes the following stages: determination of the fire and explosion hazard of materials circulating in production; fire hazard research; research into the danger of its spread; determination of possible material damage; investigation of danger to human life.

Determination of the fire and explosion hazard of materials circulating in production begins with the establishment of the main indicators of their fire hazard (flammability, flammability, explosion hazard, flash point, lower concentration limit of ignition), as well as with the determination of their physical and chemical properties that affect the conditions for the occurrence and development of a fire (pressure, temperature ).

Information about the fire hazard of certain materials is usually obtained from the relevant GOST standards for substances and materials, as well as from reference books and other information sources. If there is no data on the properties of a material, they can be determined by calculation or experiment using standard methods.

When finding out the characteristics of fire and explosive materials circulating in production, you should know how they are distributed in various areas of this production.

The study of fire hazard consists of establishing the possibility of the simultaneous appearance of three components: a combustible material, an oxidizer and an ignition source.

In most cases in production, the oxidizing agent is air oxygen from the environment. The possibility of its contact with a flammable substance depends on the degree of sealing of the process equipment. Ignition sources in production can be technological, natural (for example, a lightning strike) or as a result of careless handling of fire by people.

In accordance with the general methodology for analyzing the fire hazard of a technological process, the study of the fire hazard must establish: the possibility of the formation of a flammable environment inside the equipment during its normal operation, during start-up and shutdown periods; the possibility of the formation of a flammable environment in rooms and open areas when flammable materials escape from normally operating equipment; the possibility of damage to equipment with the release of flammable materials from it and the formation of a flammable environment in rooms and open areas; the possibility of the appearance and contact of ignition sources with a flammable environment.

The study of the danger of fire spread consists of establishing the possible sizes of various fire zones (combustion zone, radiation zone, smoke zone, explosion zone), in which serious consequences can occur: human casualties and material damage. The starting points for calculating the size of fire zones are, firstly, the places where a fire is most likely to occur from technological causes; secondly, the location of the fire from a natural ignition source; finally, the location of the fire due to careless handling of fire.

Possible ways of spreading a fire are, first of all, openly processed and openly stored materials, transport communications, technological equipment, spreading materials, as well as a blast wave. The explosion zone of the steam-gas mixture formed inside the production premises can be taken to be equal to the area of ​​the premises. Calculations of explosion zones that occurred inside technological equipment, detonation explosions and explosions of explosives are performed using special methods.

The study of the danger to human life consists in taking into account the location, number and job functions of people, to establish the hazardous factors affecting people, to assess the possibility of people leaving the danger zone, or to assess the possibility of protecting people from the effects of fire hazards in the workplace. The possible causes of death in different fire zones should be analyzed in detail. In the combustion zone - this is combustion or overheating of a person; in the radiation zone - also human overheating; in the smoke zone - suffocation from lack of oxygen, inhalation of toxic combustion products, loss of visibility; in the explosion zone - serious bodily injuries from the impact of the blast wave, collapse of structures and scattering of fragments.

The threat to human life and measures to protect against this threat must be examined regardless of the number of people servicing a given production. The probability of exposure to dangerous fire factors for each person must be calculated. The number of people should be taken into account in the protective measures provided: the width of evacuation routes, the method of evacuation, the size of protective cabins, etc.

3. Fire hazards

A dangerous fire factor is a fire factor, the impact of which leads to injury, poisoning or death of a person, as well as material damage. GOST 12.1.033-81.

The required level of fire safety for people must be at least 0.999999 prevention of exposure to hazardous factors per year per person, and the permissible level of fire danger for people must be no more than 10-6 exposure to hazardous fire factors exceeding the maximum permissible values ​​per year per person.

Hazardous factors affecting people and material assets are:

· flames and sparks;

· increased temperature of the environment, objects, etc.;

· toxic products of combustion and thermal decomposition;

· reduced oxygen concentration.

Secondary manifestations of fire hazards affecting people and material assets include:

· fragments, parts of destroyed devices, units, installations, structures;

· radioactive and toxic substances and materials released from destroyed devices and installations;

· electric current resulting from the transfer of high voltage to conductive parts of structures, devices, and units;

· hazardous factors of explosion in accordance with GOST 12.1.010, which occurred as a result of a fire;

· fire extinguishing agents.

4. Calculation of the Peclet criterion § 4.1 Fire-retarding devices

Fire and explosion spread through industrial communications in cases where a flammable medium has formed inside pipelines, air ducts, trenches, tunnels or chutes, when pipelines with this flammable medium operate with an incomplete cross-section, if there is a layer of flammable liquid on the surface of the water in the factory sewerage system, when there are flammable deposits on the surface pipes, channels and air ducts, if the system contains gases, gas mixtures or liquids that can decompose with ignition under the influence of high temperature or pressure. In such cases, fire can spread through conveyors, elevators and other transport devices, as well as through unsealed openings in walls and ceilings.

To prevent the spread of fire through industrial communications, dry fire arresters, fire arresters in the form of hydraulic shutters, shutters made of solid crushed materials, automatic shutter valves, water curtains, lintels, backfills, etc. are used.

Various principles and methods for calculating fire arresters are known, based on various assumptions about the mechanism of heat loss from the flame extinguishing zone.

Ya. B. Zeldovich's method is generally accepted in domestic practice, but does not apply to special combustion conditions when there is no heat removal into the heated walls of the channel.

§4.1 Calculation of the Peclet criterion

In the theoretical works of Ya. B. Zeldovich it is shown that at the limit of flame propagation in tubes of small diameter, a constant Peclet number is achieved. Subsequent experimental studies established that at the limit of flame extinguishing, the value of the Peclet number ranges from 60... 80 and is approximately the same for all flammable mixtures and fire-extinguishing nozzles in a wide range of changing experimental conditions. Using this pattern, it is easy to find the critical diameter of the fire arrester.

The Peclet number in relation to this condition is expressed as

where Re is the Peclet number, at the flame extinguishing limit equal to 65;

a is the thermal diffusivity coefficient of the burning mixture (m/s2);

un - normal flame propagation speed (m/s);

d – diameter of the fire arrester valve (m).

It has been established that when the temperature is less than 65, combustion in a narrow valve is not possible.

For critical conditions

where λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the combustible mixture (W/m K);

Ср – specific heat capacity of the combustible mixture (J/kg K);

p is the density of the combustible mixture (kg m3).

According to the gas state equation, pV=GRT,

where R is the gas constant (J/kg K);

T - temperature of the combustible mixture (K);

p - pressure of the combustible mixture (Pa);

G is the amount of combustible mixture.

Substituting (4.3) and (4.4) into (4.2) and solving the equation for the critical channel diameter, we obtain:

In accordance with experimental data, the actual diameter of the channel of the fire extinguishing nozzle of the fire arrester should be taken taking into account the double safety factor, that is

If the fire arrester nozzle consists of granular bodies (gravel grains, glass or porcelain balls, rings), it is necessary to proceed from the calculated size of the channel to the size of the granule. The diameter of the channels (pores) formed in the packing layer from granules of the same size, close in shape to spherical particles, is taken equal to 0.25...0.36 of the ball diameter, from which

where drp is the diameter of the granule.

5. Procedure for determining the substance released from the apparatus §5.1 Characteristics of an emergency situation

Technological equipment and the technological processes carried out in it are designed in such a way that under normal operating conditions no danger arises. However, emergencies do occur. By “accident” we mean failure, damage to any device, machine, etc. during operation or movement. In most cases, accidents, regardless of their nature, are the result of errors made at the stages of development, design, manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance and repair of production equipment.

For each suspected accident, the cause of the damage is determined from the preliminary list compiled for the machine or apparatus; degree of damage (local damage, complete destruction); flow rate and duration of the leak (including the total amount of substance released); the size of the external danger zone (as a result of gas dispersion, spreading and evaporation of liquid); conditions of ignition and the nature of the primary source of fire.

Each accident is associated either with local damage to technological equipment or with complete destruction of the apparatus.

Accidents and damage to equipment with flammable substances usually lead to outbreaks, explosions and fires in industries.

This chapter discusses methods common to all accidents (that is, independent of the location and cause) of determining the flow rate and duration of leaks, the amount of released substance, the dynamics of the formation and growth of the size of the external hazardous zone.

§5.2. Local and complete determination of substances released from devices

Local leaks, that is, the amount of substance coming out of a damaged apparatus, can be determined by the formula

where a is the flow coefficient (0.7 can be used);

f is the area of ​​the hole through which the outflow occurs (m2);

υ-constant or average speed of outflow of matter (m2);

p – density of the substance at outflow (kg/m3);

τ - duration of expiration or time until liquidation of the accident (s).

The area of ​​the damaged area (hole) f is determined taking into account the causes and nature of the damage and the design features of the equipment.

The duration of the outflow of a substance from a damaged apparatus τ consists of the time from the beginning of the outflow until the moment of detection of damage τ1, the duration of operations to stop the leak τ2 (closing valves, installing plugs, etc.) and the duration of the residual outflow τ3, i.e.

τ=τ1+τ2+τ3 (5.2)

It should be noted that the size of each period of time depends on many factors. Thus, the time of detection of damage and the onset of leakage τ1 depends on the nature and extent of damage, the number and location of work stations of service personnel at the production site and at the production control point, the presence of stationary means of monitoring the technological process, and the sensitivity of these means to deviations from the norms of the technological regime. In case of significant damage, in most cases the damage detection period can be taken equal to zero.

The duration of operations to stop a leak τ2 depends on the number of supply pipelines, the number, location, type of drive and the duration of operation of the shut-off valves, as well as the number of service personnel, their preparedness to eliminate an emergency. In the event of damage to complex technological installations with rigid technological connections, the shutdown time of all interconnected units and installation units. This time can be measured in hours. In the simplest cases, the equipment shutdown time is taken to be 15 minutes for manual operations and 2 minutes for automatic ones.

The duration of the residual outflow τ3 depends on the volume of the equipment being cut off, its operating parameters at the time of shutdown and the parameters of the outflow itself. The duration of this period is determined by hydrodynamic calculation.

The rate of flow of matter. The instantaneous rate of fluid flow through the hole is determined by the formula

where g is the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s);

N – reduced liquid pressure (m).

If outflow occurs from the container only under the pressure of a column of liquid (Fig. 5.1, a), then H is determined by the difference in elevations from the liquid level to the place of damage, i.e.

If the device operates under excess pressure (Fig. 3.1.6), then

where p is the operating excess pressure in the apparatus (Pa);

ρl is the density of the liquid at operating temperature (Pa).

Gas flow rate. The outflow of gas or steam under pressure through the holes is accompanied by their polytropic expansion and occurs at sonic or subsonic speed depending on the ratio, the ambient pressure ρ0 where the outflow occurs, and the pressure ρin the apparatus. The boundary between two outflow modes (critical and docritical) is denoted by the critical pressure ρcr, determined by the relation

where k is the adiabatic exponent.

Rice. 5.1. Outflow of liquid in case of local damage to the apparatus: a- at atmospheric pressure in the apparatus; b - with excess pressure in the apparatus

The critical ratio v for monatomic gases is 0.489, for diatomic gases 0.528, for polyatomic gases 0.548.

If ρ0<ρкр, истечение будет сдозвуковой (докритической) скоростью, определяемой по формуле

where V is the specific volume of gas under outflow conditions (m3/kg);

ρ0 – atmospheric pressure (Pa).

If ρ0>ρcr, the outflow will occur at a sound (critical) speed, determined by the formula

Replacing ρV with RT (according to the Clapeyron equation), we obtain:

where R is the gas constant;

T is the temperature of the gas in the apparatus.

The last formula can be simplified. For diatomic gases />; for polyatomic gases />.

In case of complete destruction of the apparatus, the total amount of flammable substance (gas or liquid) is determined by the formula

Gob=Gap+Gtr, (5.10)

where Gap is the amount of substances present in the apparatus at the time of destruction;

Gtr - the amount of substances supplied to the device through the pipelines before they are turned off.

The amount of substance in the apparatus at the time of destruction is determined based on the capacity and degree of filling of the apparatus. The amount of substance supplied to the emergency apparatus through pipelines depends on their size and consumption of the substance in the pipelines, the method of detecting the accident and shutting off the pipelines.

The area of ​​liquid spreading during accidents of apparatus and pipelines depends on the amount of liquid spilled, its viscosity, temperature, intensity of flow, height of fall of the jet, slope of the site or floor and other factors.

The spreading area of ​​flammable liquids F (m3) is determined by the formula

where α is the wetting angle of the floor surface with the spilled liquid;

g - gravity acceleration (9.8 m/s);

ρ - liquid density (Pa);

σ - surface tension coefficient of flammable liquid (Pa/s);

Kp is a coefficient taking into account the state of the surface.

Taking Kp = 1.0 for an ideal glass surface, we experimentally found: for Metlakh tiles Kp = 0.9; for soil Kp = 0.9; for reinforced concrete slab - 1.1; for asphalt - 1.1; for concrete (with marble chips filler) - 0.5.

For a practical assessment, you can use the values ​​of the specific area for spreading given in NPB 105-03 “Determination of categories of premises, buildings and outdoor installations for explosion and fire hazards”. In the case of the release of flammable liquid in industrial premises, the area is determined from the condition that one liter of mixtures and solutions , containing 70% less by weight of solvents, is poured over an area equal to 0.5 m2. And the remaining liquids per 1 m2 of the floor of the room in the event of a flammable liquid leaking into an open area.

6. The procedure for determining categories of premises §6.1 “Definition of categories of premises, buildings and external installations for explosion and fire hazards” (NPB105-03)

These standards establish a methodology for determining the categories of premises and buildings (or parts of buildings between fire walls - fire compartments) for production and warehouse purposes according to explosion and fire hazard, depending on the quantity and fire and explosion hazard properties of the substances and materials located (circulating) in them, taking into account the characteristics of the technological processes of the production facilities located in them , as well as a methodology for determining the categories of outdoor installations for production and storage purposes according to fire hazard.

The methodology for determining the categories of premises and buildings by explosion and fire hazard should be used in the design, estimate and operational documentation for buildings, premises and external installations.

Categories of premises and buildings of enterprises and institutions are determined at the design stage of buildings and structures in accordance with these standards and departmental standards for technological design, approved in the prescribed manner.

The requirements of the standards for outdoor installations must be taken into account in projects for construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, when changing technological processes and during the operation of outdoor installations. Along with these standards, you should also be guided by the provisions of departmental technological design standards regarding the categorization of outdoor installations approved in the prescribed manner.

In the field of explosion hazard assessment, these standards highlight categories of explosion- and fire-hazardous premises and buildings, a more detailed classification of which by explosion hazard and the necessary protective measures must be regulated by independent regulatory documents.

The categories of premises and buildings, defined in accordance with these standards, should be used to establish regulatory requirements for ensuring explosion and fire safety of the specified premises in relation to planning and construction, number of floors, areas, placement of premises, design solutions, engineering equipment.

These rules do not apply to:

o for premises and buildings for the production and storage of explosives, means of initiating explosives, buildings and structures designed according to special norms and rules approved in the prescribed manner;

o for outdoor installations for the production and storage of explosives, means of initiating explosives, outdoor installations designed according to special norms and rules approved in the prescribed manner, as well as for assessing the level of explosion hazard of outdoor installations.

Categories of explosion and fire hazards of premises are determined for the most unfavorable period in relation to fire or explosion, based on the type of flammable substances and materials located in the apparatus and premises, their quantity and fire hazardous properties, and the characteristics of technological processes.

Combustible gases, flammable liquids with a flash point of no more than 28°C in such quantities that they can form explosive vapor-gas mixtures, upon ignition of which a calculated excess explosion pressure in the room develops in excess of 5 kPa.

Substances and materials capable of exploding and burning when interacting with water, air oxygen or with each other in such quantities that the calculated excess explosion pressure in the room exceeds 5 kPa

explosive and fire hazardous

Combustible dusts or fibers, flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28°C, flammable liquids in such quantities that they can form explosive dust-air or steam-air mixtures, the ignition of which develops a calculated excess explosion pressure in the room exceeding 5 kPa

fire hazardous

Flammable and low-flammable liquids, solid flammable and low-flammable substances and materials (including dust and fibers), substances and materials that can only burn when interacting with water, air oxygen or with each other, provided that the premises in which they are present in stock or in circulation, do not belong to categories A or B D Non-combustible substances and materials in a hot, incandescent or molten state, the processing of which is accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks and flames; flammable gases, liquids and solids that are burned or disposed of as fuel D Non-combustible substances and materials in a cold state

When calculating the values ​​of explosion and fire hazard criteria, the most unfavorable variant of the accident or the period of normal operation of the devices, in which the largest number of substances or materials that are most dangerous in relation to the consequences of the explosion, are involved in the explosion, should be selected as the calculated one.

If the use of calculation methods is not possible, it is allowed to determine the values ​​of explosion and fire hazard criteria based on the results of relevant research work, agreed upon and approved in the prescribed manner.

The amount of substances entering the premises that can form explosive gas-air or steam-air mixtures is determined based on the following premises:

a) a calculated accident occurs in one of the devices according to;

b) all contents of the device enter the premises;

c) there is a simultaneous leakage of substances from the pipelines feeding the apparatus along the forward and reverse flows during the time required to turn off the pipelines.

The estimated time to shut down pipelines is determined in each specific case based on the actual situation and should be a minimum of taking into account the passport data for shut-off devices, the nature of the technological process and the type of design accident.

The estimated pipeline shutdown time should be taken equal to:

the response time of the automatic pipeline shutdown system according to the installation’s passport data, if the probability of failure of the automation system does not exceed 0.000001 per year or redundancy of its elements is ensured;

120 s, if the probability of failure of the automation system exceeds 0.000001 per year and redundancy of its elements is not ensured;

300 s with manual shutdown.

It is not allowed to use technical means to disconnect pipelines for which the shutdown time exceeds the above values.

“Response time” and “shutdown time” should be understood as the period of time from the beginning of the possible flow of flammable substances from the pipeline (perforation, rupture, change in nominal pressure, etc.) until the complete cessation of the flow of gas or liquid into the room.

Quick-acting shut-off valves must automatically shut off the supply of gas or liquid in the event of a power failure.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with the established procedure, it is allowed to exceed the above values ​​of the pipeline shutdown time by a special decision of the relevant federal ministries and other federal executive bodies in agreement with the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia at the production facilities and enterprises under its control and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia;

d) evaporation occurs from the surface of the spilled liquid; the area of ​​evaporation when spilled on the floor is determined (in the absence of reference data) based on the calculation that 1 liter of mixtures and solutions containing 70% or less (by weight) of solvents is spilled over an area of ​​0.5 m2 , and other liquids - per 1 m2 of floor space;

e) evaporation of liquid also occurs from containers operated with an open liquid surface, and from freshly painted surfaces;

f) the duration of liquid evaporation is assumed to be equal to the time of its complete evaporation, but not more than 3600 s.

8. The amount of dust that can form an explosive mixture is determined from the following premises:

a) the design accident was preceded by dust accumulation in the production area, occurring under normal operating conditions (for example, due to dust release from leaking production equipment);

b) at the time of the estimated accident, a planned (repair work) or sudden depressurization of one of the technological devices occurred, followed by an emergency release into the room of all the dust in the device.

The free volume of a room is defined as the difference between the volume of the room and the volume occupied by the technological equipment. If the free volume of the room cannot be determined, then it can be assumed to be conditionally equal to 80% of the geometric volume of the room.

7. Classification of main pipelines §7.1 Main pipelines

Trunk pipelines designed for transporting commercial oil and petroleum products (including stable condensate and gasoline) from areas of their production (from fields), production or storage to places of consumption (oil depots, transshipment bases, tank loading points, oil terminals, individual industrial enterprises). They are characterized by high throughput, pipeline diameter from 219 to 1400 mm and excess pressure from 1.2 to 10 MPa.

Main pipelines, according to SNiP 2.05.06.85*. “Main pipelines”, are divided into two classes:

Class I – at operating pressure from 2.5 to 10 MPa (over 25 to 100 kgf/cm2) inclusive;

Class II – at operating pressure from 1.2 to 2.5 MPa (over 12 to 25 kgf/cm2) inclusive.

Main oil pipelines and oil product pipelines, based on the diameter of the pipeline, are divided into four classes:

I. From 1000mm to 1200mm inclusive;

II. From 500 mm to 1000 mm inclusive;

III. From 300 mm to 500 mm inclusive;

IV. From 300 mm less.

§ 7.2 Basic requirements for main pipelines

1. Main pipelines (gas, oil and petroleum product pipelines) should be laid underground.

Laying pipelines on the surface, in an embankment or on supports is allowed only as an exception, if the justification is consistent. In this case, special measures must be taken to ensure the safety of these pipelines.

2. The laying of pipelines can be carried out singly or run parallel to other existing project pipelines in the technological corridor.

8. Process pipeline §8.1 Laying of pipelines

Technological pipelines intended for transportation within an industrial enterprise or group of these enterprises of various substances (raw materials, semi-finished products, reagents, as well as intermediate or final products obtained or used in the technological process, etc.) necessary for conducting the technological process or operating equipment.

Pipelines are laid inside the embankment. When laying pipelines through an embankment, tightness must be ensured at the place where the pipes pass.

Process pipelines with flammable and liquefied flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids laid on the territory of the enterprise must be ground or above ground on fireproof supports and overpasses.

When crossing technological pipelines outside the territory of the enterprise with flammable and liquefied hydrocarbon gases, flammable liquids of railway and tram tracks, trolleybus lines and general roads, under pipelines, protective metal trays must be installed, protruding at a distance of at least 15 m from the axis of the outer track and 10 m from the edge of the road subgrade. Pipelines in these places should not have fittings or detachable connections.

When underground crossing of process pipelines with the specified products of in-plant railway tracks, highways and driveways, the pipelines must be laid in cases made of steel pipes with a diameter of 100-200 mm larger than the diameters of the pipelines laid in them. The ends of the cases must be sealed with tarred strands, filled with bitumen and protruding 2 m in each side from the outermost rail or from the edge of the roadway.

Vertical distances from railway tracks and power lines to process pipelines should be taken to the protective devices of these pipelines.

The distances from buildings, structures and other objects to inter-shop and process pipelines transporting flammable and liquefied hydrocarbon gases, flammable and combustible liquids must be no less than those indicated in Table 2.

Installation of equipment under inter-shop process pipelines with flammable products is not allowed. Containers for draining liquid from pipelines and pumps for them must be located outside the dimensions of the overpass.

The distance from pipelines to the specified equipment is not standardized.

Technological pipelines must have fireproof thermal insulation protected from destruction.

Laying transit pipelines with explosive and fire hazardous products above and below external installations, buildings, as well as through them is not permitted.

table 2

No. Name of objects Distance to pipelines, m 1 From production, warehouse, auxiliary and other buildings and structures, regardless of fire hazard categories 510 2 From in-plant railways 5 3 From in-plant highways 1.5 4 From power lines (overhead ) 1.5 support heights 5 From open transformer substations and distribution devices 10 6 From gas tanks with flammable gases and tanks with flammable liquids, flammable liquids and LPG 15 7 From any wells of underground communications outside the dimensions of the overpass

But it is allowed to lay pipelines with flammable, toxic and aggressive substances through household, administrative, electrical rooms, process control rooms, ventilation chambers and other similar rooms.

If there is a technological need for laying pipelines with flammable products from one department of the workshop to others, the pipelines must be placed in a corridor specially designated for this with enclosing structures that have a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour.

§ 8.2 Basic requirements for pipelines with flammable liquids and gases

1. When operating process pipelines with flammable gases, you must comply with the “Rules for the design and safe operation of pipelines for flammable, toxic and liquefied gases”, “Safety rules in explosive and fire-hazardous chemical and petrochemical production” and the requirements of this section of the Rules.

2. In production workshops and at individual installations, a pipeline diagram must be posted indicating the location of valves that shut off the flow of product in the event of a fire.

3. Operating personnel need to know the location of pipelines, valves and their purpose, and also be able to clearly and quickly switch valves in case of accidents and fires.

4... It is necessary to ensure that the openings where pipelines pass through solid walls are sealed tightly.

5. When laying inter-shop pipelines with flammable liquids and gases in channels and trenches (open and closed), it is necessary to ensure that where the trenches and channels pass from one room to another through the fire wall, there are serviceable gas-tight jumpers (diaphragms) made of non-combustible materials.

6. To avoid the formation of plugs in external pipelines that transport viscous and easily solidified flammable products (with a pour point close to zero or above), it is necessary to constantly monitor the heating of these pipelines and fittings, as well as the serviceability of their thermal insulation.

7. In closed chutes and tunnels where there are pipelines with fire and explosive substances, in places where flammable vapors and gases are most likely to accumulate, it is necessary to install gas analyzers that automatically signal the creation of dangerous concentrations.

8. It is not allowed to use plugs to disconnect a pipeline that is stopped for a long time from another pipeline that is under pressure. In such cases, it is necessary to provide a removable section of the pipeline, and install plugs at the ends of existing pipelines.

9. Protective burst discs on pipelines must be in good working order. The location of the bursting discs, their material, diameter and thickness must correspond to the design data.

10. The serviceability and cleanliness of thermal insulation on hot pipelines should be constantly monitored. It is not allowed to operate hot pipelines with damaged thermal insulation or if flammable liquids have come into contact with it.

11. If there is a significant breakthrough of gas or liquid from damaged pipelines, as well as if a fire occurs in inter-shop communications, call the fire brigade and gas rescue service. At the same time, measures must be taken to localize the accident and stop the supply of product to the damaged pipeline.

§8.3 Classification of process pipelines

Technological pipelines are classified according to the type of substance being transported, pipe material, operating parameters, degree of aggressiveness of the environment, location, categories and groups.

By the type of substance being transported, technological pipelines can be divided into oil pipelines, gas pipelines, steam pipelines, water pipelines, fuel oil pipelines, oil pipelines, gasoline pipelines, acid pipelines, alkali pipelines, as well as special purpose pipelines (thick and liquid lubricant pipelines, heated pipelines, vacuum - wires), etc.

According to the material from which the pipes are made, pipelines are distinguished: steel (carbon, alloy and high-alloy steel), non-ferrous metals and their alloys (copper, brass, titanium, lead, aluminum), cast iron, non-metallic (polyethylene, vinyl plastic, fluoroplastic, glass), lined (rubber, polyethylene, fluoroplastic), enameled, bimetallic, etc.

According to the relative pressure of the transported substance, pipelines are divided into vacuum, operating at a pressure below 0.1 MPa, low pressure, operating at a pressure of up to 10 MPa, high pressure (more than 10 MPa) and non-pressure, operating without excess pressure.

Based on the temperature of the transported substance, pipelines are divided into cold (temperature below 0 ° C), normal (1 ... 45 ° C) and hot (from 46 ° C and above).

Based on the degree of aggressiveness of the transported substance, pipelines are distinguished for non-aggressive, slightly aggressive, moderately aggressive and aggressive environments. The resistance of a metal in corrosive environments is assessed by the rate of corrosion penetration - the depth of corrosion destruction of the metal per unit time, mm/year. Non-aggressive and low-aggressive environments include substances that cause corrosion of the pipe wall at a rate of less than 0.1 mm/year, moderately aggressive - within 0.1... 0.5 mm/year and aggressive - more than 0.5 mm/year.

By location, pipelines can be intra-shop, connecting individual devices and machines within one technological installation or workshop and located inside a building or in an open area, and inter-shop, connecting individual technological installations, devices, containers located in different workshops.

According to the degree of impact on the human body, all harmful substances are divided into four hazard classes (GOST 12.1.005 - 88 “General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area” and GOST 12.1.007 -76 * “Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements”): 1 - extremely dangerous; 2 - highly dangerous; 3 - moderately dangerous; 4 - low-risk.

According to fire hazard (GOST 12.1.004 - 91 “Fire safety. General requirements”) substances are non-flammable (NG), low-flammable (TG), flammable (TV), flammable liquids (GZh), flammable liquids (FLL), flammable gases ( GG), explosive (explosive).

9. Fire hazard of the painting process §9.1 Mechanical spray painting

Recently, the method of applying paint and varnish material under high pressure has become widely used. Its application is also called mechanical spraying. The essence of this method is to use the changing properties of the paint and varnish material at large pressure differences from 10 to 20 MPa. When even cold paint and varnish material exits the nozzle, a finely dispersed torch is formed, which reduces the loss of fog formation and reduces the likelihood of the formation of a fire-explosive concentration.

The fire hazard of painting processes is due to the properties of the paints and varnishes used, which contain from 50 - 60% and even 70 -80% flammable solvents. A large amount of evaporating solvent vapors that have found a source of ignition and branched paths for the spread of fire.

The most dangerous method of spraying is with compressed air, which creates a fire and explosive mixture of tiny particles of varnish and paint in the air.

One of the measures to prevent the formation of flammable mixtures is a ventilation device to suck out vapors from the source of painting products. Therefore, painting should be done in chambers with constant air exchange or in close proximity to the intake devices of air ducts that suck out vapors of a flammable liquid. Workplaces are isolated from the environment of the production premises.

Combining the ventilation systems of painting booths (booths) and other rooms is not allowed. Vapors of paint and varnish material carried away by the ventilation system are captured using filters or sprayed water, cleanable traps.

The ventilation system must have an automatic lock to ensure that paint stops when the fan stops.

The amount of air that must be passed through the spray booth to ensure safe conditions is determined by the formula

where F – sections of open chamber openings;

U – speed of air movement in the chamber openings (1 m/s, for toxic substances 1.3 m/s);

α – coefficient taking into account suction through cabin leaks (taken from 1.1 to 1.2).

When painting large products, carriages, locomotives, ventilation is provided according to the principle of ventilation of limiting the area of ​​the product that is currently being painted. In this case, the product moves relative to the ventilation unit or the ventilation unit moves relative to the product. The speed of the suction air must be at least 1 m/s.

The chambers are equipped with gas analyzers, which are blocked by fan operation. Another direction to reduce the fire hazard of paint is the replacement of flammable and combustible solvents, film formers and varnishes with fireproof ones.

Specific sources of ignition in these processes are impact sparks (mechanical) and spontaneous combustion of waste, which includes: nitro varnishes, linseed oil, enamel, as well as spontaneous combustion of deposits of paint and varnish materials in air ducts. Therefore, for preventive purposes the following is provided:

Removing paint and varnish materials from the premises;

Cleaning air ducts from deposits of paint and varnish materials;

Monitoring the serviceability of equipment, the absence of sparks, impacts and friction when operating fans and when using tools.

The rapid spread of fires is facilitated by:

A large number of paints and varnishes;

Flammability of the painted products themselves, regardless of the material;

A ventilation system through which flames can spread to adjacent workshops and floors.

Therefore, preventive measures include:

1. limiting the amount of flammable substances and materials located directly in paint shops;

2. laying ventilation air ducts along the shortest path directly outside or into the cleaning device;

3. installation of fire arresters and fire-retarding dampers, especially on branches from the cabin and units;

4. cleaning the cabin and chambers from waste, and the air ducts from deposits of paint and varnish materials.

§9.2 Dipping and pouring painting

This method is used in conveyor technology, when painted products are fed for drying. Products are dipped into the bath using lifting devices. If the volume of the bath exceeds 0.5 m3, special painting booths with exhaust ventilation are installed.

The pouring method differs little from dipping. Jet dousing and dousing followed by exposure to solvent vapors consists in the fact that the product is generously doused with paint and directed into a chamber or tunnel in which solvent vapors are located. Here, excess paint drains from the product, and the remaining paint evenly covers its surface. This method has a number of advantages over others:

1. paint and varnish material costs are reduced;

2. it is possible to use conveyors;

3. good conditions are created for processor automation;

4. The amount of paint in the system is sharply reduced compared to dipping, which helps reduce the scale of a possible fire.

In the furniture industry, the varnish-filling method is widely used, using varnish-filling machines. The main element of these machines is the varnish-filling head, from which the varnish flows in the form of an endless, thin, wide film, which lies on the painted furniture material moving along the conveyor. The resulting vapors are sucked off, and the material is dried.

When painting by dipping and pouring, a flammable environment is formed in paint units, ventilation ducts, in containers with paint and varnish materials and in the production room. Paint flows abundantly from the products into the receptacles, and abundant evaporation of solvents from the surface of the baths and products occurs, both at the time of painting and when the products are transferred to drying.

If the ventilation system malfunctions, fire and explosive mixtures may form. The fire spreads through paint and varnish materials located in complaints, containers, collections, and communications. To prevent the formation of a flammable environment, good air exchange is required with an air speed of 1 to 1.5 m/s.

Provides automatic blocking, excluding paint supply when the ventilation system is stopped; automatic control and alarm about the appearance of dangerous concentrations; automatic regulation of concentrated vapors in painting booths.

10. Fire hazard of technologies for grinding substances and materials §10.1 Mechanical processing of metals

The processes of mechanical processing of metal, wood, plastics, minerals and other solids and materials are always associated with the use of flammable liquids, the presence of explosive concentrations of vapors, flammable and combustible liquids, fire and explosive dust. These processes are associated with an increase in temperature, which can in turn cause a fire or explosion.

For metal processing, turning, drilling, grinding, gear cutting and welding operations are used using appropriate equipment. Mechanical processing of metals involves the use of significant forces to overcome frictional forces, which in turn causes heating of the material.

The main factors influencing the degree of heating of the material are the cutting speed, cutting tool feed, quality of tool sharpening and mechanical and technological properties of the material. Under normal conditions, heat is dissipated into the environment and does not pose a danger. By increasing the cutting speed and tool feed, the amount of heat increases and the source material (processed) can become a source of ignition.

The flammable material in cold metal processing shops is mainly oils used in machine lubrication systems for cooling cutters and tools. To protect against corrosion, metal arriving at the warehouse is always coated with a layer of lubricant. This lubricant, along with the waste, gets onto the conveyor belt, the conveyors become dirty and conditions are created for the occurrence and spread of a fire.

The processing of Mg, Ti, Zr and their alloys poses a particular fire hazard. Magnesium dust ignites even from a spark, the combustion process takes place in the form of an explosion. Dust and shavings of magnesium and its alloys spontaneously ignite in the presence of small amounts of oil. Even more dangerous, magnesium dust, when electrified, can ignite, which poses a great danger in systems on which it settles (air ducts, aspiration units).

The main fire safety requirement during metal processing processes boils down to the following:

1. compliance with the established processing mode (cutting, sawing, grinding speed, feed rate);

2. preventing the use of blunt instruments and machines unsuited for these purposes;

3. maintaining the serviceability and efficiency of the machine cooling systems (the water supply system is blocked with the machine starting system);

4. by ensuring that the oil system is in good working order, oil leakage must be prevented;

5. regular cleaning of the conveyor from oily contaminants using technical detergents;

6. electrical equipment of machines must be in accordance with the specifications;

7. For alloys, fire extinguishing compounds of the PS-1, PS-2 brand are used.

§10.2 Prevention of the process of grinding solids

Solid combustible substances (grain, coal, grain, paint, sulfur) are crushed, crushed and ground. Grinding is divided into crushing: coarse, medium, fine, fine and ultra-fine. Coarse crushing is carried out in brush and cone crushers. For medium and fine crushing, roller hammer and deflector crushers are used. Fine grinding is carried out in ball mills, ultra-fine in vibrating colloidal mills.

The processes of grinding flammable substances represent an increased danger, since they are accompanied by an increase in the surface of the solid and its reactivity. In this process, explosive dust is formed, creating two flammable systems: solid matter, air and aerosol. The greatest danger of them is flammable air suspension.

Dust settles on equipment and building elements and forms a flammable medium, aerogel. The danger of airgel is that it can easily transform into an aerosol, which is explosive.

Sources of ignition for solid substances: sparks resulting from stones and metals entering machines, along with raw materials; when metal parts of the machine strike each other; when the car breaks down; when discharging static electricity, as well as heated bodies.

§10.3 Activities in the process of grinding substances and materials.

1. In cases where the sealing of machines performing crushing, grinding, transportation and other similar operations associated with the production of crushed products does not prevent the release of dust into the room, the places where dust is emitted must be equipped with vacuum cleaners. It is not allowed to evacuate cars with faulty vacuum cleaners.

2. Hatches and doors located on grinding and crushing units and pipelines with dust must be tightly closed. The loading of crushed flammable substances into machines should not exceed the maximum weight specified in the manufacturer’s passport.

3. To avoid equipment breakdowns and the appearance of sparks during impacts, metal objects and stones should not be allowed to enter crushers and mills along with flammable raw materials.

If there are magnetic catchers, it is necessary to monitor their serviceability and efficiency.

4. Machines for grinding and mixing crushed substances, equipped with an inert gas supply system, must have a proper interlock, allowing the machines to be started only after the inert gas has been supplied and the gas supply to be turned off only after the machine has stopped.

6. Ground the machines to prevent the formation of static electricity.

5. To reduce the possibility of accumulation of settled explosive or spontaneously combustible dust in machines and apparatus, the presence of dead-end branches, disconnected lines, condensation of water vapor should not be allowed to avoid wetting of the walls, and the formation of dust hanging in the bunker part of the machines and apparatus.

6. Cleaning of machines and cleaning of premises from dust must be carried out within the prescribed time limits carefully, without stirring up dust.

7. When extinguishing hot spots of burning dust, in order to avoid its agitation and explosion, it is necessary to use sprayed water with wetting agents.

11. Fire hazard of drying processes §11.1 Concept of drying

Drying is the thermal process of removing moisture from solid materials by evaporating it and removing the resulting vapors.

Moisture can be removed by settling and using centrifuges, but more complete removal of moisture is achieved during thermal drying. Removing moisture during drying is reduced to moving it from the volume of the material to the surface and moving it from the surface of the material to the environment.

§11.2 Drying processes

Main requirements for drying materials:

1. For each dryer, maximum permissible loading rates of the dried material and operating temperature conditions must be established.

When operating dryers, it is necessary to constantly monitor compliance with the temperature regime of the drying process and the serviceability of control and alarm devices.

2. Dryers for drying thermally unstable materials and materials prone to spontaneous combustion must have automatic temperature control devices.

3. When drying substances and materials, it is necessary to ensure that the ventilation system of the dryer constantly ensures an explosion-proof concentration of vapors and gases in the drying volume of the chamber.

To control the concentration of flammable solvent vapors in the dryer, automatic gas analyzers must be installed that provide a signal when a concentration equal to 20% of the lower flammability limit is reached. If there are no commercially available gas analyzers for vapors of a given solvent, it is necessary to provide laboratory monitoring of the concentration of vapors in the air, periodically taking samples for analysis.

4. In dryers operating with air recirculation, it is necessary to control the permissible amount of air return (recirculation) so that the drying chamber cannot create a concentration of vapors and gases exceeding 20% ​​of the concentration of their lower flammability limit. Gates on the flow line must be equipped with limiters.

5. Continuous dryers are allowed to operate if they have a properly functioning locking system that ensures automatic shutdown of heating (air heaters, radiators, electrodes, etc.) in the event of a sudden stop of the conveyor or exhaust fan.

6. When operating dryers in which the dried material is in a moving or suspended state, it is necessary to monitor the serviceability and timely check of the grounding system. If the grounding of chambers, pipelines and cyclones is ineffective due to the deposition of non-conductive dust on the walls, a drying agent that is electrically conductive should be used or inert gases should be used for drying.

7. In explosive dryers, care must be taken to ensure that the fans are explosion-proof, and that the door frames are made of metals that do not produce sparks upon impact.

8. To prevent the spread of fire, it is necessary to ensure that automatically closing valves on the suction lines or fresh air supply lines are in good working order.

9. It is necessary to regularly monitor the quality of cleaning drying chambers, heaters, air ducts, filters, cyclones and transport devices from dust and other deposits. Cleaning times must be specified in the production instructions.

10. Monitor the condition of automatic fire extinguishing systems and check their serviceability within the established time limits. If the material being dried catches fire, the ventilation system and transport devices must be stopped immediately. Dryers should be equipped with steam extinguishing devices or a water deluge system.

11. It is prohibited to store combustible materials in production premises in quantities exceeding the shift norm; leave uncleaned oils, drying oils, varnishes, adhesives and other flammable materials and items after finishing work.

12. Dryer buildings (rooms) must be fireproof. When heating batteries are located in the lower part of the drying chambers, the steam pipes must have a smooth surface and be covered with a mesh on top. Periodically, but at least once a week, it is necessary to clean the chambers and battery locations from wood chips, debris, etc.

Bibliography

1. GOST 12.1.004-91 Fire safety. General requirements. M.: Standards Publishing House, 1992. (as amended on October 21, 1993)

2. Fire safety rules for the operation of chemical industry enterprises. PPBO-103-79. VNE 5-79. M.: Ministry of Chemical Industry, 1967.

3. Departmental guidelines for fire safety design of enterprises, buildings and structures of the oil refining and petrochemical industries. VUPP-88. M., 1989.

4. GOST R 12.3.047-98 Fire safety of technological processes. M.: Standards Publishing House, 1998.

6. Safety rules for auxiliary workshops of mining enterprises. PB 06-227-98, M., 1998.

7. SNiP 2.01.02-85*. "Fire safety standards". M.: GOSSTROY USSR, 1991.

8. Baratov A.N. Fire prevention of technological processes of production. M.: VIPTSH Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1985.

9. Shevandin M.A., Botoev B.B., Rubtsov B.N. Safety in emergency situations. Civil defense. M.: Route, 2004. – 356 p.

10. Sibarov Yu.G. Labor protection in railway transport. M.:Transport, 1981.S. 23-25

Research topic: “Research and development of a system of scientific and technical design of the Republic of Kazakhstan”

The message of the Head of State to the people of Kazakhstan “New decade - new economic recovery - new opportunities for Kazakhstan” is a 10-year plan for Kazakhstan, a realistic and carefully verified long-term plan to further improve the well-being of the entire people, every family, every person. Among the accelerated priorities are oil refining and infrastructure of the oil and gas sector; metallurgy and production of finished metal products; , energy and transport. They are sources of increased industrial risks. All this leads to an increase in potential sources of fires, and also indirectly poses a huge danger to the life and health of citizens.

New industrial, transport and rapid industrial-innovative growth will require central and local executive bodies, as well as the relevant structures of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, coordinated actions with entrepreneurs to introduce new production and technological processes, including those ensuring a sufficient level of industrial and fire safety.

Ensuring fire safety is an integral part of state activities to protect the life and health of people, property, national wealth and the environment. It is necessary to take measures to increase the responsibility of hazardous industries, tighten technical standards in the field of industrial and fire safety, as well as increase the level of state and production control at explosion and fire hazardous facilities, as well as begin to develop a methodological framework regulating the safe operation of new, technologically breakthrough industries , to develop new forms and approaches for monitoring the state of industrial and fire safety for implementation.

3. Development of fires and the state of fire protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

4. Development and creation of a republican map of risks of occurrence and assessment of possible consequences of fires

5. Development of regulatory legal acts regulating, on a scientific basis, the creation of a system of scientific and technical design of fire safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Justification for the choice of directions and relevance of research

A comprehensive solution to the problems of ensuring fire safety in the country should contribute to the preservation of the life and health of citizens, the preservation of material, cultural and natural values, as well as further intensive industrialization of the country and the growth of the well-being of the people of Kazakhstan.

Based on a study of the fire safety system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its individual blocks and elements, we have identified the main problems associated with its improvement. Deep and detailed analysis, modeling and forecasting of the system’s operation will allow us to take timely measures to optimize it and ensure operational efficiency.

The development and creation of a nationwide system for monitoring and forecasting the fire situation and a system for scientific and technical design of fire safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan are the basis for building a fire safety system in Kazakhstan.

The mathematical model we have developed, and a computer modeling program based on it, will improve the accuracy and speed of the calculations.

The development of a software product will improve the accuracy of calculations when solving problems, and will also reduce labor costs in their implementation. It will be possible to simulate and observe the behavior of an object located next to a burning object using graphical means. This will make it possible to visually represent the situation during a fire at different periods of time, the temperature regime of the irradiated object and its survivability under the influence of dangerous fire factors, and will allow for research and prediction of the situation during a fire on virtual, simulated fires.

The use of this software product will allow you to study the most important and significant elements of the fire safety system in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Novelty and prospects of research, difference from previously conducted similar studies in the republic, near and far abroad countries

In the 80-90s of the last century, attempts were made to create a system for ensuring fire safety of the national economy. This system interacts with all elements of the country’s national economic complex and is called upon to actively participate in the process of its sustainable functioning, the safety of labor processes in the living environment, which are constantly changing and becoming more complex under the influence of scientific and technological progress. The main purpose of its creation and operation was to protect the life and health of people from fire hazards and to protect national wealth from destruction during fires, i.e., prevention of occurrence and liquidation in case of occurrence. With the collapse of the USSR, this system was not fully implemented. And research conducted in the field of creating fire safety systems concerned individual cities and towns.

Similar studies are being conducted in Russia, Eastern European countries, the USA, and Cuba. Such studies have not previously been conducted in Kazakhstan.

The system of state fire control and fire service that exists today was founded under administrative-command conditions. In recent years, the Government of Kazakhstan, at the initiative of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, has repeatedly made attempts to reform the fire safety system. However, all of them were, as a rule, organizational and structural in nature. And despite the complex of organizational, legal and technical measures being taken, significant reductions in the dynamics of fires in the country are occurring.

The realities of today dictate the need for a radical change in organizational and legal schemes for ensuring fire safety.

Our research involves the creation of a nationwide fire safety design system, where each settlement will be a component of a unified system. The use of foreign developments and models is limited due to the fact that Kazakhstan has its own regulatory framework, socio-economic, geopolitical, climatic and other features.

The prospects of the work lie in the fact that the need to create a system of scientific and technical design of fire safety is dictated by the need to ensure fire safety of the population and national economic facilities, and on its basis the activities of the entire fire service of Kazakhstan will be built

Expected results:

1. A mathematical model will be developed to assess and predict the fire situation in Kazakhstan;

2. A database has been created for monitoring, analysis of fire data and further forecasting of the situation.

3. A republican map of risks of occurrence and assessment of possible consequences of fires has been created

4. Relevant regulatory, technical and methodological documents will be prepared and additions will be made to the regulatory documents regulating the creation of a system of scientific and technical design of fire safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Research paper on the topic

“The prestige of the firefighter profession

as a social factor in choosing a profession"

(sociological research)

Kutsar Natalya,

Butenkov Alexander,

MBOU Grushevskaya Basic Secondary School,

Art. Grushevskaya, Aksai district, Rostov region

7-8 grade

Scientific adviser:

Butenkova Tatyana Ivanovna,

physics and life safety teacher,

Aksai

I. Introduction

II. Main part

1 - Sociological research and its types

2 - Prestige of the firefighter profession in different countries

III. Sociological research

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Literature

Introduction

The radical changes that have occurred in the lives of Russians over the past decades have had a great impact on various groups of youth, especially on their values, orientations and life paths. The traits and properties expressed in the assessments, preferences and behavior of young people today will largely determine the appearance of Russia in the 21st century.

Today's youth are entering independent life at a very difficult and dynamic time. Fundamental changes have taken place in the political life of the country, processes of democratization of society are developing, private property is restored and widely distributed, the labor market is expanding, socio-economic development is contradictory, social differentiation of society is increasing, the system of mass communications and computerization are developing at an unprecedented pace. As for young people, it is even more difficult for them to understand the problems they face when entering life, determining their place and calling.

That is why comprehensive studies of the social problems of Russian youth at the beginning of the third millennium are needed. Such studies have obvious prognostic significance and create the necessary basis for promptly influencing social processes and resolving conflicts and contradictions. In particular, it is necessary to study the modern social and professional orientations and life paths of young people.

Young people cannot realize their social orientations, translating them into life paths, without the help of various channels, micro- and macro-institutions of the education system. Various institutions of the educational system not only transmit to the younger generation a volume of knowledge, cultivate labor skills and transfer special skills, they also form further value orientations, in particular for continuing education and acquiring professional training, and predetermine one or another social position to which the trained specialist will belong. . Therefore, the study of social orientations and life paths of young people becomes extremely relevant.

The current stage of formation and development of statehood in Russia is accompanied by fundamentally new processes in various areas of public life. They led to the emergence of a number of serious social problems related to the personality of the firefighter 1 and his professional activities.

The need to study the prestige of the firefighter profession 2 in order to manage its dynamics is dictated by the current social and scientific situation and requires solving the entire complex of socio-economic and managerial problems associated with the current situation of workers

1 Appendix No. 1

2 Appendix No. 2

VDPO in the social structure of society and the low prestige of the profession

fireman It is necessary to change the attitude towards the officer profession on the part of public opinion and especially government bodies.

The relevance of a sociological study of the prestige of the firefighter profession is associated with the following circumstances.

Firstly, the need to analyze and evaluate the real state of the prestige of the firefighter profession as an important factor in the professional orientation of young people, increasing the attractiveness of the profession for various social strata.

Secondly, with the need to identify factors influencing the mechanism for forming a scale of prestige ratings among various social strata and population groups in order to determine the most effective ways to increase the prestige of the profession in Russian society

Object of this study are young people (ages 13 to 16 years)

Subject of study - the essence, content and social mechanism for the formation of the prestige of firefighters, as the most significant factors and conditions influencing the regulation of the prestige of the firefighter profession,her values ​​and orientations in life.

Purpose of the study- based on the analysis of existing theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the prestige of the firefighter profession and the actual results of the sociological study conducted by the authors, analyze the state and dynamics of the prestige of the firefighter profession and develop ways to increase it in modern conditions.

Hypothesis – The profession of fire service workers is prestigious, as it has been necessary at all times and is quite highly paid.

The following tasks are subordinated to the goals:

1. Find out the professional preferences and preferences of modern youth in relation to the profession of firefighter;

2. conduct a sociological survey among students in grades 6-9 in order to determine the prestige of the firefighter profession.

3. Analyze the results of sociological research on the value orientations of young people.

4. Determination of the practical significance of the research.

Practical significance This work assumes the possibility of using the research results to determine the situation of possible labor market demands and in order to raise the prestige of the firefighter profession (during fire safety measures, the work of the DUP squad, in pre-vocational training classes, etc.).

Research methods:

Data collection and analysis method;

Sociological survey;

Method of comparison, analysis, generalization;

Studying the works of specialists in the field of social psychology;

Method of comparison and analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators;

Studying literature.

MAIN PART

Sociological research and its types.

In the structure of sociological knowledge, three interrelated levels are most often distinguished: 1) general sociological theory; 2) special sociological theories (or middle-level theories); 3) sociological research, also called private, empirical, applied or specifically sociological. All three levels complement each other, which makes it possible to obtain scientifically based results by studying certain social objects, phenomena and processes.

Social life constantly poses many questions to a person, which can only be answered with the help of scientific research, in particular sociological research. However, not every study in the field of sociology is actually sociological. It is important to distinguish them because today we often encounter an arbitrary interpretation of such research, when almost any concrete social development of a particular social science problem (especially if survey methods are used) is wrongfully called sociological research. The latter, according to the Russian sociologist E. Tadevosyan, should be based on the use of specific scientific methods, techniques and procedures specific to sociology in the study of social facts and empirical material. At the same time, it is inappropriate to reduce sociological research only to the collection of primary empirical data, to a sociological survey, since this is just one of the stages, albeit a very important one, of sociological research.

In a broad sense, sociological research is a specific type of systematic cognitive activity aimed at studying social objects, relationships and processes in order to obtain new information and identify patterns of social life based on theories, methods and procedures adopted in sociology.

In a narrower sense, sociological research is a system of logically consistent methodological, methodological, organizational and technical procedures, subordinated to a single goal: to obtain accurate and objective data about the social object, phenomenon or process being studied.

In other words, sociological research is a specific type of social (social science) research (their “core”), which considers society as an integral sociocultural system and relies on special methods and techniques for collecting, processing and analyzing primary information that are accepted in sociology.

Moreover, any sociological study involves several stages. First, or preparation stage, consists of thinking about goals, drawing up a program and plan, determining the means and timing of research, as well as choosing methods for analyzing and processing sociological information. Second phase involves the collection of primary sociological information - collected non-generalized information in various forms (records of researchers, extracts from documents, individual responses from respondents, etc.). Third stage consists of preparing information collected during sociological research (questionnaire survey, interviews, observation, content analysis and other methods) for processing, drawing up a processing program and actually processing the received information on a computer. And finally, the fourth or final stage is the analysis of the processed information, the preparation of a scientific report on the results of the study, as well as the formulation of conclusions and the development of recommendations and proposals for the customer or other management entity that initiated the sociological research.

Prestige of the firefighter profession in different countries 3

What is considered the most prestigious job in the USA? Harris Interactive has published its traditional ranking of the most prestigious professions for Americans. The most prestigious profession was a firefighter 62% of US residents consider this activity to have “very high” prestige.

IN THE USA Firefighters' popularity increased after September 11, 2001. In terms of prestige, their work is now second only to that of a scientist and doctor, but does not require higher education: firefighters are trained in just two years.

Finland In terms of popularity, the profession of a firefighter is in second place after the profession of a doctor.

AND in Russia this profession arouses a certain interest -39% of Russians consider the profession of a firefighter to be prestigious. This was reported by sociologists of the portal based on the results of a survey dedicated to Fire Protection Day (April 30). .

A profession that benefits people and the planet is always prestigious”; "Why not? This is a necessary profession"; "When it comes to the present

3 Appendix No. 3

a firefighter who puts out fires and saves people, and does not sit in an office over papers. A firefighter is a heroic profession,” the respondents commented on their answer. It is interesting that Russians under 18 (49%) are more likely than others to believe in the prestige of this profession. 23% of survey participants disagree with them, according to whom low wages combined with the increased danger to the health and life of a firefighter do not allow us to talk about the prestige of this profession : “Firefighters are not paid what they should be paid for risking their lives”; "Low salary"; “Now it’s prestigious to be an oligarch, a pop star...” Many survey participants (38%) were unable to give a definite answer to the question posed, but the need for this profession for society and the heroism of those who chose it as their life’s work do not raise doubts in them: “It’s hardly prestigious, but I have people in this profession cause respect"; “The main thing is not prestige, but what people need.” However, working conditions cannot be called easy and safe. It is not for nothing that doctors point out that the percentage of cardiovascular diseases among representatives of this profession is above average. However, firefighters have a very high level of satisfaction with their jobs—higher only among priests (data from surveys by the National Opinion Research Center).

Some comments from Russian respondents:

“Yes” – 39%
"Why not? This is a necessary profession."
“It’s always prestigious to save people.”
“Then who will save us from fires if not them? Moreover, fires in our country have become more frequent.”
“A profession that benefits people and the planet is always prestigious.”
“Work related to protecting people’s lives and health is always prestigious and honorable.”
“If we are talking about a real fireman who is engaged in putting out fires and saving people, and does not sit in an office over papers. Firefighting is a heroic profession.”
“There are a lot of emergencies.”
“I have friends who work there. They are very happy, and I am very proud to have such friends!”

“No” – 23%
“Dangerous work with low pay. Hence the instability in families, scandals, etc.”
“Firefighters are not getting paid what they should be getting for putting their lives on the line.”
“Now young people are looking for more decently paid jobs.”
"Low salary".
“Now it’s prestigious to be an oligarch, a pop star...”

“Difficult to answer” – 38%
“The prestige of a job depends on many factors, including its payment. Since you can earn more by standing at a market counter than by doing research work at a research institute or a scientific and technological center, the concept of prestige has become vague.”
“But I have a lot of respect for the people who choose this profession.”
“I know that now firefighters are under the auspices of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Then most likely yes, but it’s unlikely that many today become firefighters...”
“The main thing is not prestige, but people’s need.”
“It’s hardly prestigious, but people in this profession command respect from me.”

SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Sociological survey

Location of the survey: Russia, Grushevskaya village

Study population: active population 13 - 16 years old

Sample size: 102 respondents

QuestionI : Do you consider the profession of a firefighter to be prestigious? Why? Thank you.

This diagram shows that the firefighter profession is considered prestigious

Yes (55 people) – 54%;

No (25 people) – 25%;

I don’t know (22 people) – 21%.

Some comments from Grushevsky respondents:

Yes (55 people) – 54%:

This diagram shows that the opinions of 54% of respondents who consider the firefighter profession to be prestigious are also divided:

Firefighters save lives, there is nothing more valuable than human life

(20 people) – 36%;

I have great respect for the profession of firefighter, because these people save the most precious things from death - human lives, houses that a person, perhaps, spent half his life building and lovingly furnishing. And this can instantly perish irrevocably. Therefore, I believe that it is very prestigious and necessary, especially now, when so many fires happened in the summer, and even in winter due to negligent attitude to fire safety rules, for example, in the Lame Horse bar in Perm.

Firefighters have a good salary (4 people) - 7%;

Necessary work, as there are a lot of fires (7 people) – 13%;

I like it because there is a lot of risk and masculinity inherent in this work.

(5 people) – 9%.

-NO (25 people) – 25%:

From this diagram it can be seen that the reasons for the lack of prestige of the firefighter profession are also named differently:

A very risky profession, life is more expensive (7 people) – 28%;

There are more prestigious professions (5 people) – 20%;

The risk is big, the salary is small (10 people) -40%.

Question II : Would you choose the profession of a firefighter as your future specialty? Why? Thank you.

This diagram shows that the majority of respondents do not want to be firefighters:

YES (13 people) -13%;

No (75 people) – 73%;

I don’t know (14 people) - 14%.

Some comments from respondents : - Yes (13 people) -13%:

This diagram shows that most people who want to become firefighters dream of saving people:

I like that she is courageous and risky (5 people) – 39%;

I want to save people (8 people) – 61%.

-No (75 people) – 73%:

This diagram shows that the majority of respondents believe that:

This is very risky, dangerous (7 people) – 9%;

The salary is small (10 people) -13%;

I want to have a different profession (12 people) – 16%;

Not a prestigious profession (5 people) – 7%.

CONCLUSION:

At the beginning of the study, the authors identified a hypothesis about the prestige of the profession of fire service workers, since in theory it was necessary at all times and should be quite highly paid. The hypothesis was partially confirmed, since the majority of respondents believe that the profession of a firefighter is quite prestigious, but not highly paid and quite risky.

With all the advantages obtained as a result of the globalization of the world, the threat of mass fires increasingly arises (peat bogs near Moscow in 2010), and the threat of terrorism and other global disasters has also become a problem of modern times. This requires the modern government to create a new structure that unites the efforts of various rescue services under a single leadership - a natural process of improving the management system, increasing the safety of the population and Russia as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to raise the prestige of the firefighter profession to a higher level.

Thus, research into the prestige of the firefighter profession is currently relevant and necessary.

Practical significance This work assumes the possibility of using the research results to determine the situation of possible labor market demands and in order to raise the prestige of the firefighter profession (during the implementation of fire safety measures, the work of the DUP squad, in pre-vocational training classes, etc.).

APPLICATION

Appendix No. 1

A little bit of history

A firefighter is a fire department worker whose main task is to act in emergency situations in various places in order to save human life and extinguish a fire. Preparation for fire prevention actions are also important aspects of this profession.

In Russia, the profession of a firefighter has long been prestigious and respected among the people. It is no coincidence that many people in high society considered it their duty not only to assist the fire department, but also to go directly to fires, as they were aware of their devastating impact, and the need to help by personal example to attract a large number of forces and resources to extinguish them.

The profession of a firefighter arose in connection with the need to extinguish and prevent fires. Since ancient times, fires have been extinguished by the whole world: for this, residents were obliged to immediately run with those tools that were assigned to them according to the painting: with axes, buckets, hooks and “all kinds of supplies that are suitable for a fire.” However, the spontaneous fight against fire as statehood was formalized required orderliness, and by the 15th century legislative decrees of Moscow princes regarding fire safety appeared. During the reign of Peter I, a decree was issued on the involvement of troops in extinguishing fires, then military fire brigades were assigned to them under the leadership of officers. For the first time in Russia, professional fire protection was organized in St. Petersburg on July 24, 1803. It consisted of “soldiers incapable of front-line service.” In subsequent years, such teams appeared in other cities. Residents were freed from the need to support firemen and night watchmen. Fire departments had to have buildings with the necessary structures to accommodate firefighting tools, supply, people and horses. Since soldiers constantly engaged in firefighting had to serve for 20 years without the right to leave, naturally they began to acquire knowledge and experience in this matter. Evacuation and rescue of people from burning, smoke-filled buildings and structures is the most important task of the fire service. Thus, from the beginning of the 19th century, the profession of a firefighter began to take shape: a profession in the scientific sense of the word is defined as a type of labor activity (occupation) of a person who possesses a complex of special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and work experience. On July 18, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the Regulations on the State Fire Supervision Bodies in the RSFSR, which determined the functions, rights and responsibilities of its employees. In 1926 – 1927 The first psychophysiological study of the work of a firefighter was also carried out, in which the features of this profession were scrupulously studied. The authors highlighted one of the main features of a firefighter’s work: he prepares and waits for sometimes a very long time, when he will have to put his knowledge and skills into practice. There was a certain lack of formalization of the firefighter profession, its instability, manifested in the presence of a small number of professionals (people who are exclusively engaged in this work), a high turnover of workers, in which there could not be a stable development of skills and knowledge, and in the absence of professional selection. During the years of Soviet power, the fire department was significantly strengthened. It became part of the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and, together with this department, underwent many structural reforms, but despite this, all the reforms confirmed the importance and significance of the fire protection specialists in operational-tactical and preventive areas of activity. A significant network of educational and scientific institutions was formed, which made it possible to create a personnel and scientific base for fire protection. All this had a positive impact on the status of the firefighter profession, raising its social level and prestige.

What's dangerous about being a firefighter?

Firefighters work in an ever-changing and often unstable environment. A burning building with people in need of rescue may lack normal structural integrity, and means of access such as stairs and elevators may present fire hazards. The work is often stressful and many situations require the use of specialized personal protective equipment.

A firefighter may be called upon to work in a variety of extreme situations, such as traffic accidents, industrial accidents, floods, earthquakes, civil unrest, spills of hazardous chemicals and materials, and aviation and maritime accidents. They may also be called upon to perform rescues in a variety of situations, such as rescues from vehicles, from above, or from underground. Because the environment can change with each call, a firefighter is rarely aware of all the risks in the work environment. Emergency vehicles may include fire trucks, rescue vehicles, boats, helicopters and all other land vehicles. The risk of a transport accident increases when traveling on calls. Firefighters face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, post-crash stress, and overuse injuries from improper lifting.

Falls from heights while working on stairs.

Falls from heights due to collapse of structures.

Objects falling from heights during rescue, firefighting or property salvage operations.

Injuries resulting from impacts with glass, metal and other sharp objects resulting in cuts and scrapes, including injuries from explosions.

Fall due to collapse of structures.

Overexertion from heavy lifting during firefighting and rescue operations.

Contact with hot surfaces or superheated gases.

Inhalation of superheated air and combustion products.

Contact and exposure to chemical products during firefighting operations, hazardous chemical spills, and casualty rescue operations.

Air supply disruption during firefighting operations.

Injuries in traffic accidents while on call.

Falling in the area while fighting a fire.

Collapse of ceilings, walls and floors.

Sudden combustion or flash of gas products.

Exposure to fire resulting in burns.

Exposure to fire resulting in heat shock.

Exposure to cold during winter firefighting, rescue and maritime rescue operations.

Explosions of objects on the territory during a fire.

Exposure to noise from pump and other equipment operation.

Lack of oxygen in the inhaled air.

The presence of carbon monoxide and other combustion products in the inhaled air.

Exposure to chemicals during extreme chemical incidents.

Risk of infection during contact with patients during medical care in extreme situations.

Psychological stress due to post-traumatic stress syndrome.

Overuse and injury to muscles and skeleton from handling or moving heavy and awkward objects, such as fire hoses and specialized rescue equipment, while wearing heavy personal protective equipment. A firefighter faces all of these hazards every day.

Appendix No. 2

Profession – Firefighter

« Every firefighter is a hero, every minute in war, every minute he risks his life.”

(V.A. Gilyarovsky)

« The firefighter's profession is one of the most difficult professions in the world. You can learn to climb a retractable ladder, use a gas mask, move in thick smoke, run, jump, lift weights... But the most difficult thing is to be ready to risk your life at every moment to save someone else.

People who are engaged in restoring health and warmth to others, showing an amazing unity of skill and humanity, stand above all the great ones on this earth."

(Voltaire)

In Russia there is a kind of fire fraternity. If a firefighter finds himself in another region and has any problems, he can safely come to any fire service unit in that region - and his colleagues will definitely help him.

All over the world, the firefighter profession is one of the ten most dangerous and risky. The fireman's code of honor obliges him to risk his own life in order to save people.

At all times, people have encountered fires. And at all times they were saved, those who were nearby gave them a helping hand. Those in trouble were sympathized with and empathized with.

This ability to sympathize with a stranger, to perceive someone else’s grief as one’s own, is characteristic of many people. But for some - to a special extent. So they become professional firefighters, and units of the State Fire Service are formed from such people.

A firefighter is not just a profession, it is a special state of mind. Such a soul never becomes callous, it does not withdraw into itself; she is always open and always ready for a feat.

A real firefighter does not know what fatigue is, does not know the words “I can’t.” At any time of the day, in any weather, in any condition and mood, he is ready to go through fire and water. Sometimes burning buildings take days to be extinguished. Firefighters have such a thing as a combat crew - this is a team that goes to a fire. The name is very accurate.

Save and help. This is the goal that Russian firefighters face every day. An extreme situation for them is a normal situation, an ordinary weekday. Human grief is what they see in front of them all the time.

According to doctors, every trip to a fire is tantamount to a pre-heart attack in its negative impact on the human body.

Every year over 5 million fires occur around the globe, from which a large number of people die, buildings and various equipment are destroyed. Material assets worth tens of billions of conventional units are being destroyed. Large forest fires that occur every year cause enormous material, environmental and social damage.

In addition to good physical fitness, in addition to high moral qualities and psychological stability, a modern fire safety specialist must have a broad outlook, deep professional knowledge, not inferior in level and depth to the knowledge of professionals - builders, technologists, designers and other highly qualified specialists who create and operate various material embodiment of human thought.

The Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief Sergei Shoigu noted:

“No, even the most advanced technology, has such qualities as dedication, dedication, courage and bravery. Those qualities that the employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations are so generously endowed with: people united in spirit, dedicated to their work, ready to pay the highest price for saving a person - their lives. Therefore, our greatest asset and achievement are people. The people who came up with the idea of ​​creating a Russian rescue corps and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, who worked in the very first years and continue to work now. They did and are doing complex, hard, and often thankless work. After all, rescuers and firefighters are the last hope of people in trouble: only they bring help, compassion and salvation... How many people have they helped? I think there is no such figure, and it is not very important. They just know for sure the value of human life."

Appendix 3

Brief overview of volunteer fire brigade abroad

Voluntary fire protection (VF) abroad is multifaceted and heterogeneous, has different historical roots, national characteristics and traditions. At the same time, in all countries it was created with the aim of uniting the efforts of citizens (non-professionals) in the fight against fires.
In most European countries, additional professional training is organized on the principles of material incentives (full or partial remuneration) for management and key technical personnel (drivers, mechanics, mechanics) of additional professional training.
The activities of the remaining members of the DPO are stimulated by benefits, time-based wages for performing work to extinguish fires or for the time they are on duty at a fire station. It should be noted that in almost all European countries moral incentives for volunteer firefighters in the form of awards, insignia, and public gratitude are widely used. The prestige of volunteer firefighters became possible thanks to high moral principles and historical traditions based on respect for the firefighting profession, raising the prestige of this profession in public opinion through the fire safety policies pursued by the authorities of these countries.
A feature of the DPO of European countries is that it is part of public associations (unions, associations, etc.) along with professional firefighters and scientific and technical organizations involved in the development and production of fire fighting equipment and fire-technical weapons.

In Austria DPOorganize, provide and finance municipal authorities of lands and communities. Volunteer units are organized along the lines of professional units, but have a very limited paid staff. The number of volunteer firefighters in Austria is an order of magnitude higher than the number of professional firefighters.

Particular attention is paid to the training of volunteer firefighters. The main teaching method is practical training. A special feature of Austrian volunteer firefighters is the presence of a massive reserve that has undergone primary training and acquired basic firefighting skills. In addition to working to extinguish fires, volunteer firefighters actively work to prevent fires through fire prevention propaganda and holding public events. Much attention is paid to preserving and maintaining the traditions of volunteerism, a network of museums with fire-technical themes is being developed, and collecting fire paraphernalia is widespread. The prestige of DPO in the eyes of public opinion is maintained at a high level.

In BelgiumAlmost the entire fire department in the country consists of volunteer firefighters. Volunteer firefighters enjoy fairly broad benefits, therefore, when recruiting voluntary fire brigades, preference is given to technical specialists, athletes, and people of liberal professions. About 7% of volunteer firefighters are women. A characteristic feature is the selection and training of a certain number of volunteers for professional fire brigades, using them as a reserve and auxiliary service.

In Great Britain DPO does not have an organizational structure on a national scale. At the same time, volunteer firefighters are represented in all fire protection associations, including associations for the production and sale of fire-fighting equipment and research organizations in the field of fire safety. DPOs in the UK are seen as complementary to professional units and are involved in fire fighting and prevention as required. Along with territorial subdivisions, DPS is also created at facilities. The full-time positions of heads of facility teams are staffed mainly by professionals. In rural areas and small settlements, the fire department is created under the supervision of a professional fire department. Purely volunteer fire brigades are found only in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

In DenmarkThe task of ensuring fire safety in the country is entrusted to professional fire protection. Voluntary fire brigades exist in very small numbers. Professional fire protection is maintained at the expense of municipalities. Industrial enterprises have private fire protection.

In IrelandOnly the capital, Dublin, has a professional fire brigade; all other populated areas are protected by mixed fire brigades, consisting of volunteer firefighters and a minimum number of professional firefighters.

In ItalyThe National Firefighter Corps is composed of volunteers, primarily drawn from career firefighters who have reached the end of their service and are automatically enrolled in the volunteer reserve by law.

Fire brigade of Luxembourg consists almost entirely of volunteer firefighters; only in the capital there are professional fire department units. The country's legislation obliges each district (settlement) to have its own fire service. Local authorities are responsible for organizing the training of volunteer firefighters. Equipment for firefighters (purchase of special clothing, safety shoes, helmets, individual firefighting equipment) is carried out at the expense of volunteers. Women are invited to serve in the voluntary fire department.

In Finland, voluntary fire brigades are organized in both cities and rural communities. They are maintained through funds allocated by the Rescue Department and subsidies received from city magistrates or rural communities.

In FranceVoluntary fire protection makes up about 90% of the number of fire organizations. The activities of voluntary fire brigades are aimed not only at preventing and extinguishing fires, but also at providing assistance in all emergency situations and eliminating the consequences of natural disasters. Firefighting accounts for 13% of all types of assistance.

In Germanythe principles of organizing fire volunteerism differ significantly from the principles of organizing fire volunteerism in Russia. In Germany, there is no federal governing body for the Volunteer Firefighters Unions of each of the 16 states. Each land has developed and approved by the legislative bodies of the land its own laws on voluntary fire protection of the land, the procedure for organizing fire protection and the concept of protection from man-made disasters. These documents may differ significantly in content depending on the financial condition of a particular German state. At the same time, the principles of organizing voluntary fire protection in each of the lands are approximately the same.

According to the Law, every community is required to create a fire department. In cities with a population of over 90 thousand inhabitants, professional fire brigades are organized along with voluntary fire brigades. In cities with a population of less than 90 thousand residents, a fire department is organized, which is supplemented with full-time employees to service the central communication control center and ensure the departure of the first fire truck. Of all DPO members, 80% live in rural areas.

For example, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate the total number of fire departments is 62 thousand people (including 60 thousand volunteer firefighters, 1 thousand professional firefighters and 1 thousand firefighters in fire departments) with a population of 3.5 million people. .

The average number of members of each volunteer fire department is about 100 people. Voluntary fire departments protect settlements with a population of less than 90 thousand people. The number of units is determined from the statutory condition that the time of arrival of the operational unit of the DPO at the place of call should not exceed 8 minutes. In Germany there is no unified federal register of volunteer firefighters, and their number is taken into account for each unit separately. The creation and maintenance of operational units of the DPO is the responsibility of local governments. The cost items for the maintenance of the operational units of the DPO are determined by the estimate, which is drawn up by the management of the unit and approved by the burgomaster. The operational units of the DPO do not have full-time employees and are not granted the rights of a legal entity. In everyday life, DPO fire stations are locked. When a call for a fire is received at the police station, the dispatcher on duty sends information to the pagers of volunteer firefighters, which indicates the purpose of the call, the address of the incident, a list of specialists to service the call (doctors, drivers, divers, structural dismantling specialists, etc.). Volunteer firefighters are required to leave the place of their main work and arrive at the fire station in a time that allows them to meet the legal standard of 8 minutes. Volunteer firefighters receive a salary at their main place of work for the time spent on operational work extinguishing fires and during the training period. Subsequently, the financial costs of employers for paying salaries to volunteer firefighters during their absence from their main job are compensated from the funds of local governments. All volunteer firefighters are required to be insured in the event of death, injury or disability while performing operational work. Up to 30% of the operational fire departments are women, who perform the same work as men (including working in oxygen-isolating gas masks, working at heights, and taking part in rescuing victims). Volunteer firefighters have no other incentives or benefits.

The training unit of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate trains both volunteer firefighters and professional firefighters. The duration of training for volunteer firefighters is 10 weeks, and for professional firefighters 40 weeks. The training center simultaneously trains 128 people and operates continuously for 10 months a year. The training center is provided with modern equipment, has various installations and premises for firefighter training, and more than 40 million German marks (about 20 million US dollars) were spent on its creation.

Since 1964, the country has had a youth fire brigade.

In SwedenVoluntary fire brigade makes up more than 80% of the country's fire brigade. Municipalities are responsible for the organization and activities of the voluntary fire department. The municipal fire brigade (both professional and voluntary) is responsible for extinguishing fires, rescuing people and providing assistance in various emergency situations.

IN THE USAThe number of volunteer fire brigade is five times higher than the number of professional fire brigade, and this ratio tends to increase. There are quite noticeable differences between individual volunteer teams, which makes it very difficult to generalize about the experience of their organization and activities. Thus, some teams serve small rural villages, others - densely populated areas, while having a significant budget and a large number of personnel.