Directions in which personality change occurs. Medical information portal "vivmed". What is personality change, personality disorders

Personality is the set of patterns—thoughts, behaviors, and feelings—that make up who you are. And what do you think? Models can be changed. It needs to be worked on, but if you are really committed to this idea, then anything can happen. Remember, however, that your old self is likely to be shone through regularly as our beliefs and thinking are shaped by our life experiences.

Steps

Laying the groundwork

Write your plan. This is a two-step action: what do you want to change and what do you want to become. You cannot have one without the other. Achievement requires a lot of effort, you will need to know which fight to choose before you start.

How will your projected new character contribute to your development as a person? At this stage, many people come to the conclusion that what is needed is not a change in personality, but rather one small habit that has a negative impact on your interaction with other people. Small enough?
If there is someone you would like to be more like, recognize what you want to emulate. Don't just look at the person and say, "Yes, I want to be like that." Understand what exactly you admire - how this person copes with different situations? Way of speaking? How to walk or move? More importantly, what contribution does it make to that person's well-being?

Tell someone. One of the reasons why Alcoholics Anonymous is so successful is because you bring out things that aren't usually talked about. If someone else encourages you to be accountable, then you get extrinsic motivation that you wouldn't get otherwise.
- Talk to a friend about what you want to achieve. If you trust this person, they will be able to push you in the right direction (either tell you that you are funny or keep you on track). The extra brain power and a pair of eyes further away from the picture, if you like, will help you figure out how to behave and what impression you're making.
Set up a reward system. It could be anything. Anything. It can be as small as moving marbles from one pocket to another, or as big as a vacation. Whatever it is, make it worth it to you.
- And set breakpoints on it. If you can walk up to that pretty girl and be able to say something, great! It's already something. If you can walk up to her next week and be able to tell a whole anecdote, great! Reward yourself for everything, it's a difficult task.
Changing the thought pattern
1. Don't label yourself. When you think of yourself as a shy and withdrawn person, you use that as a prop. Why don't you go to that party on Friday? …That's it. You don't have a reason. When you stop thinking of yourself in one way or another, the world opens up to you.
  - You are constantly changing. If you think of yourself as a nerd, you may find that you have these characteristics. But if you understand that you are constantly growing and changing, then you can open yourself up to opportunities that inspire that growth, opportunities that you would otherwise shy away from.
2. Stop thinking in "fixed" terms. Just like with labels, stop thinking only in black and white. Guys, it's not scary, authority is not evil, and textbooks are really useful. Once you understand exactly what your perception things define it for you, you will see more options and therefore more behaviors.
  - Some people view certain traits as “fixed” and this greatly influences their behavior. The opposite of this would be "growth" thinking, in which the beholder sees features as malleable and ever-changing. These ways of thinking develop in early childhood and can greatly influence personality. If you think things are "fixed," then you don't believe you can change them. How do you see the world? It can determine how you see yourself in a relationship, how you resolve conflicts, and how quickly you bounce back from setbacks.
3. Banish negative thoughts. Just stop. The beauty of your mind is that it is part of you and therefore you control it. If you've caught yourself thinking, "Oh God, I can't, I can't, I can't, I can't," then you probably won't be able to. When that voice starts speaking, shut it up. It won't do you any good.
Changing sensation patterns
1. Pretend to be a different person. Okay, the impersonation method got a bad rap, but if Dustin Hoffman did it, then we can try it too. With this method, you are completely immersed in someone else. It's not you, it's the new creature you're trying to be.
  - It's 24/7. You must adopt the habits of this new character in any situation. How does he sit? What is the expression on his face in a calm situation? What worries him? How does he kill time? Who is he associated with?
2. Make time for quirks. Okay, telling you to completely give up who you are and take on a new persona just by the power of thought and habit is ridiculous. There is no way you can stick to it 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Therefore, give yourself the allotted time to feel how you want.
  - If you're throwing a party on Friday that you're terrified of, tell yourself that you'll take 20 minutes on Friday night or Saturday morning just to be completely worried about it. 20 minutes of absolute illogicality and unproductiveness. But apart from that, nothing. Stick to it. Do you know what will happen? Eventually, you'll find that you don't have to spend any time on it at all.
Changing Behavior Patterns
1. Throw yourself into new conditions. In fact, the only way to see change in yourself is to add something new to your life. To do this, you will need to adopt new behaviors, new people, and new activities. You can't do the same thing over and over and expect different results.
  - Start small. Join the club. Get a job outside of your skills and abilities. Start reading about it. Also, don't go back to the old conditions. You don't want to spend time with people who are doing the opposite of what you're trying to achieve.
  - Put yourself in conditions. If you are afraid of spiders, go into a room with one. Day after day, a centimeter closer to him. You will end up sitting next to him. Still later, you'll keep it. Constant exposure dulls the feeling of fear in the brain. Now take the "spiders" and replace them with whatever is your target.
2. Keep a diary. You will need a fairly strong sense of self-awareness to stay on track. Keeping a journal will help you sort through your thoughts and analyze how you dealt with this change. Write down what worked and what didn't so you can fine-tune your method.
3. Say yes. If you find it difficult to throw yourself into new conditions, think of it this way: stop turning down opportunities. If you see a sign that you previously considered uninteresting, then look again. If a friend asks you to do something you know absolutely nothing about, go for it. You will become much better at this.
  - But remember to make safe decisions. If someone asks you to go jump off a cliff, don't do it. Use your brain.
Think about your new identity. Have you really achieved what you wanted to achieve? Do people think more positively of you now that you act and dress differently? Are you ready to sacrifice yourself for the sake of imitating the ideal person?
- Many people will realize at this stage that what they need is not a change of personality, but an acceptance of who they are and a willingness to try to improve themselves instead of hiding under the artificial image they take on in public.

Tips

Don't be discouraged if you don't change right away, it will take some time.
If you think you can't change who you are because of your parents or other people in your life, change the little things. Cut out the habits you don't like and introduce new ones. If mom or dad asks what's wrong, explain to them that your self-esteem is fine, that you're just trying to be more comfortable with yourself.
Change slowly. A sudden change can provoke questions. Address your problem and work with that area. Over time, it will become natural.
Remember that you don't have to change who you are to please people. It's hard to accept yourself for who you are, especially when you're in a bad mood but love yourself. Then others can too.
Start in the summer and then in the fall people will see the new you.
Never change who you are just because others don't like you. If you're a nerd, don't be cute just because they're "cool". Take a look at a group of real goths in your school. They all stand and laugh at the cuties and joke about how the bullies of the school will work for them one day.

Personality change A violation of fundamental character traits, usually for the worse, as a result of or as a consequence of a physical or mental disorder.

Brief explanatory psychological and psychiatric dictionary. Ed. igisheva. 2008 .

See what "Personal Change" is in other dictionaries:

Chronic, mild conditions of impaired memory and intelligence, often accompanied by increased irritability, grouchiness, apathy and complaints of physical weakness. These conditions are often observed in old age and can ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Personality Change, Personality Disorder- a long, stable, maladaptive stereotype of behavior that has been formed in a person for a long time. Typically, this behavior begins to manifest itself in a person in his youth. Severe deviations in behavior often cause suffering ... ... medical terms

PERSONALITY CHANGE, PERSONALITY DISORDER- (personality disorder) a long, stable, maladaptive stereotype of behavior that has been formed in a person for a long time. Typically, this behavior begins to manifest itself in a person in his youth. Severe deviations in behavior are often ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Medicine

F62.1 Persistent personality change after mental illness- Personality change that can be attributed to traumatic experiences associated with suffering due to severe mental illness. This change cannot be explained by a previous personality disorder and must be differentiated from ... ...

DEPENDENT PERSONALITY CHANGE- Personality change characterized by such excessive passivity that the individual allows other people to take responsibility for his life. Such individuals are usually characterized by a lack of self-confidence, they doubt their abilities and ... ...

AVOIDANCE, PERSONALITY CHANGE- A change in personality characterized by a hypersensitivity to rejection that is so strong that the individual avoids contact with other people and the establishment of relationships, unless he has a reliable guarantee of non-critical ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY CHANGE- Personality change characterized by compulsive behaviors such as being overly thrifty, stubborn, cleanliness, etc. Also called anankastic personality. See compulsion, obsession... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY CHANGE- Change of personality, in which the individual constantly lives on the border between normal, adaptive functioning and real mental inferiority. Usually such a person is characterized by instability in some area without obvious features. For example,… … Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

F62.0 Persistent personality change after disaster experience- Chronic personality change can develop following the stress of a catastrophe. Stress can be so severe that it is not necessary to take into account individual vulnerability to explain its profound impact on the individual. Examples include… … Classification of mental disorders ICD-10. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic instructions. Research Diagnostic Criteria

F62.0 Chronic personality change after disaster experience.- A. Data (from the anamnesis or from key informants) about a distinct and permanent change in the type of personal perception, the image of relationships and assessment of oneself and the environment following the experience of a catastrophe (for example, being in a concentration ... ... Classification of mental disorders ICD-10. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic instructions. Research Diagnostic Criteria

Books

No time to get old! Body types - types of thinking. Secrets of professional growth from the famous creator of personal development programs. Stop Being a Slave to Work (number of volumes: 4), Michael Despegel. "No time to grow old! Adjustment of lifestyle according to personality type". Stay 40 for 20+ years with the latest in sports and nutritional medicine. Deutsch…

Almost every person seeks to correct their perception, consciousness or any traits, habits. Changing the personality and its character is closely related to the "change of thinking." Let's say we are trying to drive out any obsessive thoughts from our heads, eradicate a bad habit, develop a stable negative attitude towards something.

Most of these changes are unconscious. After all, work on one's own consciousness requires not only colossal efforts, but also certain knowledge that most people do not possess. Sooner or later, a person has a keenly felt need for change. He wants to either become different or, at least, change the attitude of others towards him.

The desired self-image is built on the basis of personal ideas about bad, good behavior and a model of a successful personality. Of course, some very specific person can be taken as a standard. The lack of knowledge in the field of personality changes helps to make up for the expanses of the Internet, relevant literature, as well as thematic clubs and seminars.

Moreover, we do not consider now which aspects of the personality should be affected by these changes. Independent search for information often leads people to NLP methods. They allow you to achieve almost any change. However, when formulating your own improvement program, you should not forget about objective reality (for example, age, health status). Although the overwhelming majority of people do not fully take into account the depth of their resources and the breadth of potential opportunities. For example, there are those who organized their business at a very advanced age and achieved serious success.

Be optimistic. Why drive yourself into the framework of stereotypes and live, guided by the opinions of other people? For example, there is an expression that “if there is no strength at 20, then it won’t be, at 30 there was no love, then it won’t be, at 40 there is little money, then there won’t be much.” A terrific indicator of a person's capabilities and abilities is his desire. If it has not been lost, then the physical and mental resources are preserved. It remains only to properly dispose of them.

So, each person at one stage or another has already faced the need to change himself. What were the successes of this enterprise? Most likely, they cannot be called an enchanting achievement. Otherwise, you would not be roaming the Internet now again in search of an answer to your questions.

However, another scenario is also possible. You achieved what you wanted, but it was either given to you at too high a price, or it gradually fades away and you return to the point from which you started your struggle with yourself. Let's say the goal was a lifestyle change or weight loss.

A person begins to think that somewhere in his calculations he made a mistake, did not take into account something. It is much worse if he completely abandons his attempts to rebuild himself, deciding that he simply does not deserve it.

However, if you sit down and think, our life is full of changes. Remember, when you were born, you were such a tiny ball of life and weighed only a few kg. How often have your preferences changed? And how many times have you thought that now you are going through the most difficult moment, but then everything turned out to be not so tragic. Time passes and you change with it. Your preferences, attitudes, values and perception of this world are modified. This is not always noticeable to you, but it is obvious to others. How often have you heard from those whom you have not seen for a long time that you have become different? Therefore, you are subject to change.

What conditions must be in place for the desired self-image to be achievable?

1. Understanding the reasons that prevent to translate the plan into reality.

2. The changes don't have to be huge. If you want to change dramatically, then it is unlikely that you will be able to immediately reverse the situation, change the usual way of reacting and thinking. Be less ambitious. Outline a few simple steps that can lead you to your cherished goal.

3. Methods aimed at changing you should be easy and simple. Most importantly, believe in your success and you will certainly succeed.

Representatives of the scientific world also do not consider personality as a static entity. They believe that it can change either under the influence of external circumstances, situations, or purposefully, at the will of the owner himself.

Depending on the theory of personality, the process of its modification is considered from different positions. Let's say J. Kelly is convinced that a person is formed by "personal constructs" that are diametrically opposed to each other. They reflect the specifics of the perception of the surrounding reality and provide an opportunity to predict the consequences of certain actions. These same constructs are periodically reviewed and adjusted. For example, if any of them generates false predictions. Here you can draw an analogy with clothing. If any of its elements does not succinctly fit into the existing image, then it is reviewed and removed.

According to K. Rogers, the changes taking place in the personality provoke its “desire for actualization”. Each person tries throughout his life not only to preserve, increase, but also to use his own resources to the maximum.

This position is close enough to that advocated by A. Maslow in his works. He was convinced that the environment has a tremendous impact on the personality. It can be favorable for the realization of certain needs or, on the contrary, block them. Consequently, the actions of a person will be directed to the satisfaction of certain needs.

So, there are many theories of personality, and they all consider personality in one context or another. They agree on one thing - a person is not static. So, whether you like it or not, but in the process of life you inevitably change. However, remember - you yourself can choose for yourself the optimal direction of change.

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Personality changes

Behavior often changes over time and in different situations; however, changing behavior does not mean changing the underlying personality. Criteria for determining whether a change in behavior reflects an actual personality change, or simply the combined influences of the personality and the current situation, or two conflicting tendencies of the personality alone; circumstances under which personality changes can be expected; the extent to which personality change is possible, and the mechanisms putatively responsible for such change, all vary considerably between theories. researcher orientation. Personality changes may occur as a result of an accidental discovery or as a result of a targeted search. The change may be sudden, as in the case of religious conversion, or gradual, as usually happens in therapy. Moreover, change can take many forms.

Theories of personality and personality change

The idea that the authors of personality theories automatically advocate the constancy of personality traits is wrong; rather, many of them held the opposite concept and described the process of personality change. Thus, personality theories provide approaches to understanding personality change. Perhaps the most striking example of this is the work of George Kelly. Kelly suggested that personality consists of "personal constructs", bipolar perceptual landmarks used to interpret ("construct") the world around us and anticipate the consequences of actions taken. These constructs are periodically subject to revision based on life experience, i.e. if any construct generates erroneous predictions, then it must be and will be (in healthy people) changed. According to Kelly, a person can be compared to a set of clothes: if one thing does not fit, it is remade or replaced by another.

Carl Rogers argued that the main force in the direction of personality change comes from the "actualizing tendency" - the innate drive to maintain and increase the "genetic blueprint" or potential of the individual. This force, which allows the ideas of people. about himself to become a more accurate reflection of his "genuine" tendencies, is released in the conditions of the environment, in which the need for acceptance and love is freely satisfied. Rogers describes 3 conditions conducive to such positive growth in the therapeutic relationship: a) sincerity or congruence of the therapist; b) interested attention, or "unconditionally positive attitude" to the client; and c) the therapist's empathic understanding of the client.

Similarly, Abraham Maslow suggested that an individual's exposure to conditions that provide or prevent the satisfaction of basic needs (i.e., physiological, security, love and belonging, appreciation, and self-actualization) promotes movement up or down the hierarchy of needs, i.e. That is, since our behavior is governed by the unmet needs of the lower levels, changes in work, family or social. conditions can change the basic motivational structures. Such a movement could well be qualified as a personality change.

According to Freud's assumption of the determining role of childhood, the personality acquires its main features at the end of the phallic stage of development, at about the age of 5 years. This position, at first glance, contradicts the concept of personality change, but it is softened by the recognition that psychoanalytic therapy can cause significant redistributions in personality.

Jung, who rejected Freud's model in some important respects, proposed a general stage model of development that included the notion of personality change. Jung viewed the achievement of puberty as the "physical birth" of the individual. During the subsequent period, power and eros dominate among the motivational forces; the personality is focused on the outside world and the tasks of finding a friend or loved one and professional self-determination. However, around the age of 40, a radical change of orientation occurs: the need for meaning begins to play a dominant role, which implies the redirection of energy inward as the individual turns in his search for meaning to the unconscious.

Patterns of Personality Change

There are various attempts to describe the process of personality change outside the context of classical personality theories. For example, Jerome Frank suggests a set of characteristics that are common to psychotherapy, healing, "thought reform" and other systematic attempts at personality change. The agent of change is perceived as an influential and effective authority, expressing the desire and commitment to help the client. This agent represents a credible theory. system, and both parties, agent and client, take an active part in the program of intervention resulting from it.

Donald Meichenbaum described the process underlying psychotherapeutic change as "translating" the pre-therapeutic "inner dialogue" of the client's negative self-talk into a new language and into a new system of conceptualization.

Empirical Research on Personality Change

In numerous research relationships between personality change or stability and events such as pregnancy, surgery, alcoholism treatment, aging, and meditation have been studied. Between 1967 and August 1980, 597 papers on "personality change" were registered in the journal Psychological abstracts. Mn. of these articles report results obtained on limited samples and concerning narrow aspects of personality; an even greater disadvantage is the general lack of guideline theorists. orientation towards the process of change. However, taken together, they indicate the existence of personality changes.

Social relationships have a special influence on the formation of personality. Undoubtedly, the relationship between the individual and society will depend on what social relations prevail in society. And the success of such relationships is largely determined by the social group to which the person belongs, and biographical conditions, and the nature of education in the family, school, etc. in labor activity, the main form of social function is manifested - a business role. Practical activity makes it possible to achieve emerging goals and objectives. And as these goals and objectives are reflected in reality, they form generalized and stable relationships of the individual. However, only when the objective value of the activity coincides with the significant for a person, the business role has an impact on the core properties of the personality. The awareness of activity is directly related to putting meaning into it. The success of educational activity is the greater, the more the student independently seeks and finds additional sources of acquiring knowledge, not limited only to what is offered to him.

information. The next no less important link in the formation of personality relationships under the influence of a business role is the so-called goal gradient law (Hull, 1958). This law states that as the final goal is approached, the motive for action becomes stronger. Of two simultaneously relevant motives, a person will choose the one that can be satisfied earlier. “The deeper and more active social motives become, the more distant may be the goal or task of the activity that enhances the activity of the motive” (Merlin, 1977). Praise and censure have a great influence on the emergence of new motives and the formation of personality relationships. The main causes of psychological conflicts are negative assessments directly affecting at the moment or expected in the future, or due to

their self-esteem. In a psychological conflict, there are sharp transformations of the motives and attitudes of the individual. But how deep these transformations will be and what character they will acquire depends on the level of development of the social group and the individual. Thanks to certain ideas, judgments, concepts about the surrounding reality and about himself, a person justifies social relationships. Interpersonal relations arising in a social group are largely determined not so much by socio-economic relations existing in society as by specific relationships.

dominating in this group; in turn, depending on the origin, composition of the group, the nature of the activity, etc. The influence that interpersonal relations in a group have on a person's personality is especially noticeable when he moves from one social group to another. But why a change in personality properties occurs under the influence of another social group and what are the internal mental mechanisms of these changes are known only hypothetically. On the one hand, it is assumed that interpersonal relationships are determined in accordance with the standard of the ideal group, which is in the representation of a person and to which his personality is oriented. On the other hand, only self-consciousness determines the interpersonal relations of the individual in society. “The objective determination of all mental activity is always carried out through the internal, already established earlier in the human psyche” (S.L. Rubinshtein). Self-awareness of a person can be judged by self-esteem, as the most pronounced side of it. “Personal properties are not a cast of social conditions, not their mirror reflection, but a subjective reflection, transformed by consciousness” (Merlin, 1988). Personal relations, being active motives of activity, do not just reflect objective relations, but influence and modify them at their own discretion. There is also a reverse effect of social relations reflected by self-consciousness on the relationship of the individual, and as a result on the result of activity. Personality traits will definitely manifest themselves despite the lack of division of labor and division of existing functions, when all participants in joint activities perform exactly the same actions. And the success of their activities depends on how harmoniously their relationship develops and how much the mental properties of individuals correspond to each other. During adaptation to social activity, the personality is in a state of dynamic unstable equilibrium. If this balance is disturbed in the process of activity, a state of more or less prolonged disintegration of the personality arises, a state of discomfort, and old contradictions begin to aggravate or new contradictions arise between various relationships, properties, aspects and actions of the personality. This condition is called psychological conflict. Psychological conflict cannot arise from scratch, it needs both internal and external preconditions. The external conditions of the conflict are created in the presence of some deep and rather active motives and attitudes of the individual, the satisfaction of which is endangered. And the external prerequisites for the emergence of conflict inevitably arise in the life of any individual, any society.

1. the need to fight with nature - the inevitable occurrence of obstacles to the satisfaction of the motives and attitudes of the individual;

2. if you managed to satisfy some motives, inevitably appear

new, requiring satisfaction;

3. society sometimes puts a person in front of the need to suppress or limit vital motives.

But on the basis of only external premises, psychological conflict

impossible, internal conditions must arise. The internal conditions of the conflict are created with contradictory, sometimes opposite tendencies of the personality. Such, for example, as between various motives and attitudes of the individual; debt and personal interests; opportunities and aspirations. The internal conditions of psychological conflict are, as it were, conditioned by external situations and the history of personality development. The development and resolution of the conflict expresses an acute, critical form of personality development. Under the influence of a psychological conflict, the very structure of the personality can change, new personality relationships can be built. Psychological conflict has a significant impact on the development of self-consciousness and is often its necessary condition. The main way of personality development in psychological conflict (Rosenzweig, 1944) is an act of self-consciousness, which purifies the repressed motive (catharsis). Undoubtedly, only in the process of activity can develop

person's personality. The stage-by-stage or phase nature of this process presupposes the presence of the necessary physiological and psychological conditions for the emergence of the next phase on the previous or previous phase. "The inactivity of the first phase creates conditions for the removal of the parabiotic state and thus makes possible the emergence of dominants" (Merlin, 1988). In the final result, the private individual motives that regulate the procedural activity (occupation) acquire their former meaning. An increase in the functional level of nervous activity becomes possible due to long-term and stable dominants that underlie purposeful labor and objective actions. In actions, generalized personality relationships are laid, which influence the formation of a more or less distant

perspectives of the activities necessary to perform actions.

The psychophysiological prerequisites that are created during the transition to the next phase give reason to talk about the unconscious mechanism of a person's predisposition to one or another type of activity. The predispositions that are fundamentally laid down in each phase of the conflict determine not only the nature of the activity, but also the images of perception and memory, the course of reasoning. In the action phase, a person recognizes the pros and cons of the results of his work, in the sphere of his attention are such details of the work that earlier, when the activity was of a procedural nature, did not interest him at all. In this phase, when choosing an action, he already actively and willingly discusses the social significance and attractiveness of the activity, more carefully considers achieving the goal of the activity, all this was not in the previous phases. The presence of the main installation is indicated by the discontinuous nature of the change of phases in the psychological conflict. The emergence of these conflicts is due not to the contradiction between unconscious repressed drives and conscious social demands, but to the opposition, the contradiction between various conscious and unconscious motives within consciousness itself. These contradictions within consciousness itself led to the disintegration of activity, and as a result of disintegration, unaccountable unconscious attitudes occurred. In the course of the activity itself, old attitudes can disappear and new ones arise in their place. The further development of his personality largely depends on the act that a person performs during a conflict. Of great importance is the course of the conflict and the orientation of the personality, formed by the entire previous history of development. The orientation of the personality determines the psychological content of the conflict that has arisen in the same objective situation. The whole course of the conflict and the outcome itself depend on it. Although the role of completely random combinations of conditions that can completely change the expected outcome of events does not depend on the direction of the individual. These unexpected, random variables can be both subjective and objective. “In every psychological conflict experienced by a person throughout his life, he again and again creates his personality by his actions” (Merlin, 1998). All mental properties play some more important, some lesser role in ensuring the functioning of the subject. Of great importance is the possibility of vigorous activity of the individual is played by the features of his mental processes:

visual acuity and hearing, the quality of information storage in memory, the ability to concentrate, etc. all these signs not only serve the system of personality traits, but all together they are also a characteristic of consciousness as a whole. Personality is not a set, not a collection of individual mental properties with characteristics characteristic of each property, but their integral unity. All personality properties form a single system, the distinguishing feature of which is the pattern of relationships between properties. This personality system has the following features: “1. It includes a large number of mental properties and is determined by a large number of diverse conditions; 2. Personality characterizes a person as a subject that actively transforms reality, therefore the system of its mental properties is self-regulating; 3. A person is not born as a person, but becomes one. Personality is a self-developing system. [Merlin, 1959]

The dependence of any mental property on a specific condition may not be direct, but indirect. Other subsystems also have an impact on personality traits, although this influence is multi-valued. The successful functioning of this self-regulating system depends on the quality of the feedback between the system and the environment. In turn, society is considered as an even more general system in which each individual and social group are its subsystems. Psychological content is a necessary condition for the formation of mental patterns of structure and

personal development and subjective and objective terms of social relations. Only a constantly developing personality can be the subject of psychological research. Mental properties appear as the last bricks in the foundation of the structure of the personality system. One of the main characteristics of these properties is that they always express a person's attitude to a certain side of reality. Psychologically, every relationship can be divided into two different aspects. One side is the result of the impact of the object on the subject and expresses a person's reactions to certain aspects of reality, such as thoughts, images, emotions, mental states that appear in consciousness with a certain specific relationship. The other side appears as the result of the influence of the subject on the object and the development of such an attitude, which is characterized by a conscious direction of action, active motivation, selectivity in reflecting the environment. Each mental process is predetermined by the properties of the personality and its relationships. This predestination is expressed in the active selective nature of each process, which reflects the external world and is not a relation. It follows from this that personality relations do not appear from mental processes, but on the contrary, they themselves determine the direction of mental processes. And only one relation is represented by the mental process - this is the need for functioning, i.e. active attitude to the process. The ability to feel, perceive or think something is the main direction of a person's active attitude to the process.

personality emotional pathological

Pathological changes in the emotional properties of the personality

1) Affective excitability. This is a tendency to overly easy occurrence of violent emotional outbursts, inadequate to the cause that caused them. It manifests itself in fits of anger, rage, passion, which are accompanied by motor excitement, thoughtless, sometimes dangerous actions. Children and adolescents with affective excitability are capricious, touchy, conflicted, often overly mobile, prone to unbridled pranks. They shout a lot, get angry easily; any bans cause in them violent reactions of protest with malice and aggression. Affective excitability is characteristic of developing psychopathy, neurosis, pathologically occurring pubertal crisis, psychopathic variant of the psychoorganic syndrome, epilepsy and asthenia. With the emerging psychopathy of the excitable type and with epilepsy, affective excitability appears in combination with the prevailing gloomy mood, cruelty, vindictiveness, and vindictiveness. Irritability is one of the manifestations of affective excitability. This is a tendency to easily develop excessive negative emotional reactions that do not correspond to the strength of the stimulus in their severity.

Irritability can be a property of a pathological personality (for example, with psychopathy of an excitable, asthenic, mosaic type) or, in combination with other symptoms, is a sign of asthenia of various genesis (early residual organic cerebral insufficiency, traumatic brain injury, severe somatic diseases). Irritability can also be a property of dysthymia.

2) Affective weakness is characterized by excessive emotional sensitivity (hyperesthesia) to all external stimuli. Even small changes in the situation or an unexpected word cause irresistible and uncorrectable violent emotional reactions in the patient: crying, sobbing, anger, etc. Affective weakness is most characteristic of severe forms of organic cerebral pathology of atherosclerotic and infectious origin. In childhood, it occurs mainly in severe asthenic condition after severe infectious diseases.

The extreme degree of affective weakness is affective incontinence. It indicates a severe organic cerebral pathology (early strokes, severe traumatic brain injury, infectious diseases of the brain). It is rare in childhood.

A variety of affective weakness is anger, i.e., a tendency to quickly develop an affect of anger, accompanied by speech-motor excitation and destructive-aggressive behavior. It manifests itself in patients with asthenic and cerebrasthenic disorders associated with somatic diseases and residual organic lesions of the central nervous system. In epilepsy and post-traumatic encephalopathy, anger is longer and is accompanied by brutal behavior.

3) Affective viscosity. In some pathologies (epilepsy, encephalitis), affective viscosity (inertia, rigidity) can be observed, combined with a tendency to get stuck primarily on unpleasant experiences. In epilepsy, affective viscosity is combined with affective excitability, a tendency to violent inappropriate emotional reactions. In childhood, affective viscosity manifests itself in excessive resentment, fixation on troubles, rancor, and vindictiveness.

4) Pathological vindictiveness - associated with mental disorders (for example, with epilepsy), inadequately long-term experience by the subject of the situation that traumatized him with ideas about causing revenge to its source. However, unlike revenge, such an experience is not necessarily realized in action, but can persist for many years, sometimes for a lifetime, sometimes turning into an overvalued or obsessive goal.

5) Affective exhaustion is characterized by the short duration of vivid emotional manifestations (anger, anger, grief, joy, etc.), after which weakness and indifference set in. It is typical for people with a pronounced form of asthenic conditions.

6) Sadism is a pathological emotional property of a person, expressed in the experience of pleasure from cruelty towards other people. The range of sadistic acts is very wide: from reproaches and verbal abuse to severe beatings with infliction of severe bodily harm. Perhaps even murder out of voluptuous motives.

7) Masochism - a tendency to obtain sexual satisfaction only with humiliation and physical suffering (beatings, bites, etc.) caused by a sexual partner.

8) Sadomasochism is a combination of sadism and masochism.

Bibliography

1. Merlin V.S. "Essay on the psychology of personality", Perm, 1959

2. Merlin V.S. "Fundamentals of Personality Psychology", Perm, 1977

3. Merlin V.S. "Personality as a subject of psychological research",

Perm, 1988

4. Merlin V.S. "Personality and Society", Perm, 1990

5. J. B. Campbell

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