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Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by specific pathogens: pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoan fungi, which, penetrating the human body (sometimes with food), come into contact with the cells and tissues of the body. At the same time, people who lead a healthy lifestyle are less susceptible to infectious diseases and tolerate diseases more easily.

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Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. There are many forms of bacteria, but the most common are: cocci, bacilli, spirillum. The ability of bacteria to cause infectious diseases is due to their ability to form toxins in the body (biologically active substances that can disrupt the functioning of living organisms).

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Mushrooms are microscopic - they resemble both plants and animals. Some microscopic fungi cause fungal skin diseases.

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The simplest microorganisms are a wide variety of single-celled organisms. Diseases caused by protozoa include, for example, amoebic dysentery, allergies, sleeping sickness and trichomoniasis.

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Depending on the place of introduction of the pathogen into the body and the mechanism of its entry, infectious diseases are divided into: - intestinal infections (typhoid fever, dysentery, polio, cholera, botulism, salmonellosis); - respiratory tract infections (chicken pox, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, smallpox, scarlet fever); - blood infections (epidemic relapsing fever, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, mosquito encephalitis, tularemia, plague); - infections of the external integument (viral hepatitis B, HIV infection, gonorrhea, erysipelas, syphilis, trachoma, rabies, tetanus).

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The direct cause of an infectious disease is the introduction of pathogenic pathogens into the human body and their interaction with the cells and tissues of the body. Sometimes the occurrence of an infectious disease can be caused by the ingestion of toxins from pathogens into the body (mainly through food).

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Infectious diseases are characterized by the following periods of development: - incubation (latent); - initial; - period of main manifestations of the disease; - period of extinction of symptoms of the disease (recovery).

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Let us consider in more detail the course of diseases in different periods. Incubation period Initial period - The period of main manifestations. Period of extinction - Recovery

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The incubation period extends from the moment of infection until the first symptoms of the disease appear and lasts from several hours (food poisoning) to several years (with rabies).

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The initial period manifests itself in malaise (chills, fever, nausea, headache), lasts several days and is not indicative of any specific disease.

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The period of main manifestations is so called because specific symptoms of this disease occur. This period ends with recovery, if the body copes with the infectious agents, or with the death of the patient. The period of symptom extinction is characterized by the disappearance of the main symptoms.

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Recovery of the body occurs after complete restoration of the body functions impaired by the disease. If this does not happen, then recovery is considered incomplete.

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Currently, five routes of transmission of infectious diseases are known: fecal-oral; - airborne; - liquid; - contact and household; - carriers of zooborne infections (wild and domestic animals).

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If an infectious disease is detected, it is necessary: ​​- Isolate the patient - Hospitalize the patient - Wear cotton-gauze bandages - Carry out disinfection - Take antibiotics - If a source of infection occurs, declare quarantine.

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Presentation on the topic: childhood infections

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Children's infections There are a number of infectious diseases that are commonly called children's diseases, since they are suffered mainly in childhood. Moreover, as a rule, this happens once, and strong immunity lasts for life. Childhood infections include: measles, rubella, varicella (chickenpox), scarlet fever, whooping cough and mumps (mumps). The main manifestation of measles, rubella, chickenpox and scarlet fever is a skin rash, the nature and sequence of appearance of which varies depending on the specific disease. The appearance of a rash is almost always preceded by fever, weakness, and headache. Infectious mumps (mumps) is characterized by enlargement and tenderness of one or two parotid glands - and the patient's face takes on a characteristic pear-shaped shape. The main manifestation of whooping cough is typical attacks of spasmodic cough. During a spasmodic attack, a wheezing inhalation is followed by a series of short convulsive coughing impulses, which follow each other without stopping during one exhalation. Some of these diseases (chicken pox, rubella) are relatively mild in childhood, while others can cause complications and have the most serious consequences. However, childhood infections are most severe and lasting in people who become ill with them in adulthood. If you suspect such infections in children or adults, you should consult a doctor (pediatrician or therapist), who will establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

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Chickenpox (chickenpox) Chickenpox (varicella) is a highly contagious acute infectious disease that occurs with a characteristic blistering rash. Children who attend kindergarten or school - places with large crowds of people - get sick more often. The disease is caused by one of the herpes viruses. Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease. The virus is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through airborne droplets (during conversation, staying in one small room). Infection can also occur from a patient with herpes zoster (caused by the same type of herpes virus). A person with chickenpox becomes contagious two days before the rash appears, and remains contagious for the first 5-7 days after the rash appears. The incubation period for chickenpox is 7-21 days. The virus enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and pharynx. The virus is then carried throughout the body by lymph and blood, penetrating the skin and mucous membranes, where it multiplies.

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Rubella Rubella is a highly contagious acute infectious disease caused by the rubella virus. Unvaccinated children aged 2-9 years are most often affected. Rubella is especially dangerous in the first 3 months of pregnancy - in this case, severe congenital malformations of the child often develop, and intrauterine fetal death is possible. In general, rubella is more severe in adults than in children. The source of infection is a person with a clinically pronounced or erased form of rubella. Transmission routes are airborne (when talking to a patient, kissing) and vertical (from mother to fetus). A contact route of infection is also possible - through children's toys. The patient becomes infectious 1 week before the rash appears and continues to shed virus for 5-7 days after the rash appears. A child with congenital rubella excretes the pathogen for a longer period of time (up to 21-20 months).

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Measles Measles is an infectious disease caused by the measles virus. The probability of a person who has not had measles becoming infected through contact with a sick person is close to 100%. Children of preschool and school age are most often affected. The source of infection is a sick person. The patient is contagious 4-6 days before the rash appears and during the first 4 days of the rash. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets - by coughing, sneezing, talking and even breathing. A vertical route of transmission of measles is also possible - from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

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Whooping cough Whooping cough is an acute infectious disease accompanied by inflammation in the upper respiratory tract and paroxysmal spasmodic cough. Unvaccinated children under 5 years of age are most often infected, and whooping cough is especially dangerous for children in their first year of life. At an older age, this infection is much easier. Whooping cough is caused by a specific bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. The microbe is transmitted by airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing, talking) during close contact with a sick person. The disease is highly contagious. However, contact (for example, through toys) transmission of infection is impossible, since the bacterium quickly dies in the external environment. Immunity after an illness is very stable and usually lasts for life. Recurrent diseases can occur in old age. However, as a rule, doctors mistake it for a cold - the disease is so mild.

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Scarlet fever Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, intoxication, sore throat and profuse pinpoint rash. Children aged 2-10 years are most often affected. The causative agent of scarlet fever is group A streptococcus, which can also cause kidney damage (glomerulunophritis), sore throat, chronic tonsillitis, rheumatism and other diseases. Scarlet fever occurs if, at the time of infection with streptococcus, there is no immunity to it. The source of infection is a patient with scarlet fever, tonsillitis, or a “healthy” carrier of stereptococci. The incubation period usually lasts from 1 to 10 days. A child is considered contagious the day before the first symptoms appear and for the next 2–3 weeks. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets (by sneezing, kissing, etc.). In addition, you can become infected with scarlet fever through food, shared utensils, clothing, or simply by holding the door handle, which was previously opened by a completely healthy-looking carrier of the infection.

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mumps (mumps) Epidemic parotitis (lat. parotitis epidemica: mumps, behind the ear) is an acute benign infectious disease with non-purulent damage to the glandular organs (salivary glands, pancreas, testes) and the central nervous system, caused by paramyxovirus. The name "mumps" is considered obsolete. Nowadays this disease is more often called “mumps”. In Latin, the parotid salivary gland is called glandula parotidea, and its inflammation is mumps; => this is where the name of the disease comes from. Children aged 3 to 15 years are most often affected. Infection occurs through airborne droplets (when coughing, sneezing, talking) from a sick person who is infected for up to 9 days. There are also several mutations of the virus that are sexually transmitted; because of this, the disease is sometimes classified as venereal. After suffering mumps, persistent immunity remains.

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Diphtheria An acute infectious disease that occurs with phenomena of membranous inflammation at the site of introduction of the pathogen. Diphtheria is caused by a special microbe - the diphtheria bacillus, discovered only in the last century. The diphtheria bacillus is resistant to cold and drying; can persist for several weeks on objects and things. When exposed to sunlight, it dies within a few hours; very sensitive to disinfectants. If trouble has not passed your home, boil the sick child’s things and bed, dishes and toys (at least pour boiling water over them); Wash door handles, faucets, and toilet seats and treat them with chloramine. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets, through objects and things used by the patient. The site of introduction is the mucous membrane. The diphtheria bacillus, when it gets on the mucous membrane of the throat, nose, larynx, feels very comfortable. It multiplies at lightning speed, producing poison that poisons the body. The toxin affects the heart muscle, nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Protection - vaccination.

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specific prevention of infectious diseases Vaccinal prevention is active immunization, which consists of introducing specific antigens into the body, to which it actively responds by developing immunity. From time to time, an unfavorable situation with infectious diseases arises, associated with unjustified medical exemptions from vaccination, and parents’ refusal to vaccinate their children. As a result of a decrease in immunoprophylaxis, the incidence of measles, whooping cough, mumps infection, etc. increases. Today, no one doubts that vaccination is the most effective method of combating infectious pathology, to which there is currently no alternative. At the same time, it should be rightly noted that vaccination coverage has increased by one and a half times in recent years. Modern vaccination is based on the principle of repeated antigen administration, which makes it possible to achieve a higher level and longer duration of antibody retention in the blood, as well as pronounced immunological memory. It has been established that the optimal interval between the first and second administration of the vaccine is from 1 to 2 months. With an earlier booster injection, vaccine antigens may be eliminated due to the high levels of antibodies induced by the first injection. Lengthening the interval between injections does not reduce the effectiveness of immunization, but leads to an increase in the non-immune layer.

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Protect me, immunity Almost any disease, especially an infectious one, leads to a weakening of the immune system and the emergence of a state of immune deficiency: surgery and anesthesia; overwork and chronic stress, poor nutrition, a number of hormonal drugs and antibiotics. There is a rule: the stronger and broader the effect of the antibiotic, the more it reduces immunity. Antibiotics are fungal yeast, but candidiasis (thrush) can often occur as a complication. In this case, antifungal drugs should be included in the rehabilitation course. Real immune therapy is quite complex, and so far only the drug Cordyceps can be considered a universal means of increasing immunity, which stimulates the reproduction of T-lymphocytes, which in turn regulate the level of immunity. Only diagnostics of the immune status allows the doctor to judge the presence of an immunodeficiency state. A person just needs to lead a healthy lifestyle and leave his immunity alone.

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The child's immunity is in the hands of the parents!!! The child’s immunity is established during intrauterine development. Therefore, if your baby is often sick, then smoking during pregnancy or drinking alcoholic beverages could be to blame. Sometimes the formation of a child’s immunity can be adversely affected by infectious diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy. Poor immunity can also be caused by malfunctions in the baby’s gastrointestinal tract or a lack of vitamins. If your baby has dysbiosis or rickets, then, most likely, he will subsequently have problems with his immunity. Therefore, do not delay visiting a doctor if you observe signs of these diseases in your baby. Immunity problems are also common in babies born prematurely. Severe illnesses or surgical interventions have a very negative impact on the child’s immunity. After any infectious disease, the baby’s immunity is weakened. Viral diseases such as influenza or chickenpox also disrupt your baby's immune system. For some time after illness, the baby will be very susceptible to various diseases and may even become a frequently ill child. factors that also affect the state of immunity are the baby’s diet and lifestyle. If your baby eats only sweets and does not consume animal food or vegetables at all, then, of course, his menu will lack the necessary substances, which cannot but affect the immune system. A sedentary lifestyle, rare and short walks outdoors, and prolonged sitting in front of the TV or computer monitor can also have an adverse effect. Passive smoking is very harmful for children. Watch your baby's health!!!

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Childhood diseases. Completed by: Marina Vladimirovna Yakovleva, teacher of GBDOU No. 19

Every child gets sick at least once in their life. There are a great many diseases and the reasons for their occurrence are very different - from improper ecology to infection due to contact with a carrier of the infection. The problem of diagnosing a particular disease is the similarity of their symptoms. Due to this, it is sometimes difficult even for a specialist to make a visual diagnosis. Illnesses in children require immediate examination by a specialist, since they may indicate serious disorders in the body. Introduction:

Infectious skin diseases in children.

Measles. The source of infection is a person with measles from the moment the first signs of the disease appear until the fifth day from the onset of the rash. In case of infection, after contact with the patient, 7 to 17 days pass before the disease manifests itself (incubation period). Measles is an airborne infection. The virus enters the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes from a person with measles, who spreads it by breathing, talking, sneezing and coughing. The disease begins acutely: the child complains of a severe headache, weakness, the temperature can rise to 40ºC, and there is no appetite. Soon a runny nose and cough appear - usually dry, painful, or barking - with laryngitis. The child's throat is red, swollen, the cervical lymph nodes are enlarged. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes is characteristic - conjunctivitis. Its manifestations in measles are pronounced: the eyes turn red, lacrimation, photophobia appear, and subsequently a purulent discharge appears. On the second or third day of illness, pink dotted rashes (enanthema) appear on the palate, and tiny whitish spots characteristic of measles (Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots) appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, gums and lips. Both can be seen before the rash appears on the body.

Angina. Symptoms of sore throat - fever up to 38-39 ° C - acute pain in the throat when swallowing and eating food; - general malaise, weakness; - aches in the joints; - enlarged lymph nodes; - the palatine arches, uvula, tonsils, and sometimes the soft palate are bright red in the first days; - there may be pustules or areas of accumulation of pus on the tonsils. The symptoms are very similar to the common cold, but sore throat is more severe, the sore throat is more acute, and the duration of the illness is longer, usually 5-7 days. It is important to recognize the disease early and begin immediate treatment.

Rubella. The incubation period of the disease lasts about three weeks, after which the first signs of rubella begin to appear. The sick child begins to suffer from a headache and mild catarrhal symptoms. Then a rash appears, the temperature rises, and a mild fever occurs, as a result of which the child becomes lethargic and moody. The first rashes appear on the face, behind the ears, under the hair, after which they spread to the arms, body and lower limbs. A typical manifestation of the disease is a rash that rapidly forms and spreads. The maximum number of such rashes is observed one day after the appearance of the first spot. The rubella rash is oval or round in shape, each of its elements does not exceed 3 mm and does not rise above the skin. The spread of rashes occurs in spurts, they are mainly localized on the buttocks, back and extensor surface of the arms, slightly fewer spots are located in the face and neck.

Chicken pox. The infection usually manifests as a mild fever and mild malaise. After a day, small red spots appear on the face, body, arms and legs, which swell, thicken and fill with liquid. Such signs of chickenpox in children may be accompanied by intense itching, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, irritability and sleep disturbances. Parents should constantly ensure that the child does not scratch the affected areas, otherwise the infection may recur. The liquid in the blisters is very contagious, as it contains live chickenpox virus, so in the first week of the disease, skin rashes may appear in several stages, each of which is accompanied by a rise in temperature. Around the 10th day, the blisters become crusty, the temperature drops and the child becomes non-infectious.

Scarlet fever. Scarlet fever has symptoms similar to tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections. However, this disease is more serious and can lead to undesirable consequences: damage to the kidneys, skeletal system, and the development of sinusitis. The most characteristic signs of scarlet fever in children: skin rash, often accompanied by severe itching that bothers the child; temperature rise to 38 degrees; white coating on the tongue; nausea, loss of appetite, upset stool, vomiting, indicating severe intoxication of the body by the products of streptococcus; a sore throat; enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, seizures (in very severe cases); headache; pain in the intestinal area; facial redness.

Erythema infectiosum The incubation period lasts from 4 to 14 days. The main manifestations of the disease, in addition to skin manifestations, are: fever, general malaise, lethargy, and sometimes a runny nose. At the moments when the rash appears, the clinical picture of the disease is accompanied by nausea, cough, diarrhea, and fever. Arthralgia rarely occurs. Skin itching may develop. The rash in nature resembles “slapped cheeks.” On the child’s torso and limbs, the rash merges into a mesh or lace pattern. It is extremely rare that the rash resembles a measles rash, which makes it difficult to differentiate the diagnosis. A rash in the form of slapped cheeks is a characteristic diagnostic sign; after 1-4 days it disappears. After this, a lace-like rash forms on the child’s skin, which is localized on the neck and extensor surfaces of the limbs.

Infantile roseola. Infantile roseola, the symptoms of which usually begin acutely, has 2 main signs: 1) Fever. The increase in temperature with roseola is quite sharp: it almost immediately jumps to 39-40.5°C. In this case, a characteristic feature is that the baby does not have any other symptoms indicating an infectious process. The fever lasts just over 3 days and usually goes away on its own without taking antipyretic medications. 2) Rash. Approximately 10-20 hours after normal temperature is restored, a profuse rash in the form of pink spots with jagged edges, slightly rising above the surface of the skin, spreads over the child’s body. These cutaneous formations persist for several hours or days, after which they disappear, leaving no traces of their presence. In addition to the above signs of infant roseola, its symptoms can be supplemented by enlarged lymph nodes in the cervical region and behind the ears, the appearance of lethargy, as well as irritability, tearfulness and appetite disturbances. Sometimes there is an enlargement of the spleen and liver.

Pustular skin diseases of children

Furunculosis. Furunculosis manifests itself by the appearance of boils on the skin of different parts of the body at different stages of maturation. The boil goes through a certain development cycle: first a painful pimple (pustule) appears, then the infiltration stage begins, when the pustule and surrounding tissue become denser. At the next stage, the hair follicle undergoes purulent melting. A purulent-necrotic focus forms in the pustule, in the center of which there is a dense rod. Then the necrotic tissue is rejected, the wound is cleaned, and the process ends with scarring. Small boils disappear without a trace, and scars may remain at the site of deep tissue damage.

Folliculitis The disease begins with redness and penetration into the tissues and the accumulation of cellular elements unusual for them in the areas of the hair follicle. Then a purulent putrefactive vesicle with pus in the central part appears, permeated with conical vellus hair. After it opens and is freed from purulent discharge, a small small ulcer appears, covered with a bloody purulent crust. If the entire follicle is affected, after the crust falls off, increased skin pigmentation or scar tissue remains on the dermis. Superficial folliculitis can disappear without a trace. The process of progression and disappearance of the inflammatory phenomenon of 1 follicle takes up to 7 days. The disease is predominantly multiple in nature. Its elements are usually localized in the hairy areas of the dermis: in the face, head, armpits, groin, lower extremities (mainly in females, lower legs and thighs). Elements of the rash occur simultaneously with pain and itching of varying levels of severity. If there is no proper therapy and hygiene, the disease is complicated by the growth of a boil, acute purulent-necrotic inflammation, increased sweating, ulcers, purulent inflammation of the tissue

Impetigo. Impetigo usually begins as blisters and red, sometimes confluent spots on the face, most often near the mouth and nose. The blisters quickly burst and release pus, which dries in the form of yellowish crusts. When the scabs fall off, red marks remain in their place, healing without scarring. Impetigo may be itchy but not painful. The temperature very rarely rises, even in children, but nearby lymph nodes may become enlarged. The disease is very contagious, so you should not scratch the affected areas - you can spread the infection to other areas of the skin. Impetigo can occur in the form of ecthyma, a severe form of skin infection that affects the deeper layer of the skin - the dermis. Ecthyma manifests itself as deep, suppurating ulcers, usually on the legs and feet. The discharge from the ulcers dries into a thick, grayish-yellow crust. Ugly scars may remain at the site of the ulcers. Ecthyma also causes inflammation of regional lymph nodes.

Streptoderma. Streptoderma in children of different ages develops as a result of damage by various strains of the common microbial agent streptococcus and a decrease in the effectiveness of immune defense. It is characterized by the appearance of typical vesicular rashes on the skin (less often mucous membranes), filled with purulent contents. In the absence of the necessary comprehensive treatment, streptoderma in a child progresses, spreading to new, previously healthy areas of the skin. The disease does not tend to disappear spontaneously; in especially advanced cases, blood poisoning and death of the child may develop.

The most common allergic diseases. Today, the number of children suffering from allergic diseases is constantly increasing. This phenomenon is explained by many factors: poor ecology, widespread use of household chemicals, the use of all kinds of medications, as well as the use of products containing artificial additives. In addition, frequent colds greatly weaken the functioning of the immune system, which is why allergic diseases develop faster in children.

Atopic dermatitis Symptoms: itching, redness of the skin, the appearance of crusts in the affected area. Typically, atopic dermatitis affects the child's face, neck, limbs, and front abdomen. In children of the first year of life, atopic dermatitis is associated mainly with allergies to food components, and can also be observed with intestinal dysbiosis.

neurodermatitis Symptoms: severely itchy areas of the skin (always in those places where the patient can reach to scratch or in places where the skin is constantly rubbing, for example, under a watch or ring), which very quickly become rough, rough and covered with small tubercles. As the skin recovers, the itching subsides. Relapses of neurodermatitis can occur quite often (in previous or new areas of the skin). Often the cause of exacerbation of neurodermatitis is stress. Itching with neurodermatitis often intensifies at night. Patients with neurodermatitis often experience exacerbations of the disease and, as a rule, suffer from itching for many years

Hives. Symptoms: itching of the skin with redness and swelling, on clearly defined areas of the skin (most often on the stomach, in the area of ​​large joints, on the back of the hands). A distinctive feature of urticaria is the short duration of its manifestations: as a rule, skin symptoms of urticaria last no more than a day. Another manifestation of an allergic reaction may be Quincke's edema or anaphylactic shock. Both of these dangerous conditions initially manifest as widespread itching.

psoriasis. A chronic inflammatory skin disease, the exact cause of which is currently unknown. Symptoms: the appearance of well-defined areas on the skin with redness and whitish scales (from small to large) on the surface. Areas of itchy skin may extend beyond these areas. Psoriasis is characterized by a chronic course with periods of exacerbation and remission of the disease.

Children's diseases of the sebaceous and sweat glands. Seborrhea. Seborrhea, or a disorder of sebum production, which consists of a change in the chemical composition of sebum and is accompanied by increased or decreased function of the sebaceous glands, usually manifests itself during puberty, as well as with poor nutrition, hygiene, and various diseases.

Acne Acne vulgaris, or acne, is most often a logical development of seborrhea and has a chronic purulent-inflammatory nature of inflammation of the sebaceous glands. The mechanism of their occurrence is the blockage of the ducts of the sebaceous glands, as a result of which stagnant fat begins to decompose and feed various, mainly coccal bacteria, forming purplish-bluish nodes with black dots.

Heat rash Heat rash occurs due to hyperfunction of the sweat glands, overheating or improper hygiene and manifests itself in a rash of pink-red millimeter nodules and spots on the neck, upper chest, lower abdomen and natural skin folds. In general, it is a harmless disease that can be cured by eliminating hygiene defects using potassium permanganate, talc with zinc, and infusions of medicinal herbs, but if prolonged, it can serve as a favorable basis for staphylococcal and streptococcal infections.

Conclusion: Even if one of the described diseases seemed most similar to you and you, having encountered such a problem as skin diseases in children and thoroughly studied the photographs, you should not self-medicate. Consult a doctor, otherwise you risk transferring the disease to a new, advanced stage.

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Slide 1

What are colds? Under the term “cold” - as they are often called in everyday life, in medicine there is the concept of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections.

The term "acute respiratory disease" (ARI) or "acute respiratory viral infection" (ARVI) covers a large number of diseases that manifest themselves with similar symptoms: fever, sore throat, cough and headache. And another similarity is that all these diseases are caused by viruses.

Flu caused directly by the influenza virus. Influenza is an extremely contagious infectious disease, dangerous for its complications: damage to the cardiovascular system, central nervous system and respiratory organs.

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The source of infection for all viral infections is a sick person.

We become infected by inhaling air with tiny droplets of saliva and sputum secreted by patients when coughing and sneezing - airborne transmission.

And also when in contact with patients by shaking hands, exchanging personal hygiene items (handkerchief, towel) and other household items (dishes, telephone, pencils, toys, etc.) - contact-household transmission route.

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With all colds, several days (1-14 days) pass from infection, that is, from the penetration of the virus into the body, to the development of the disease - this period is called the incubation period. At this time, the virus circulates in the blood and poisons the body with its waste products, which is manifested by characteristic symptoms: high fever, weakness, cough, headache, runny nose or nasal congestion.

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Now let's talk about what symptoms distinguish the flu from other colds. Often the word “flu” in everyday life is used to refer to any acute respiratory disease, which is erroneous, since in addition to influenza, more than 200 types of other respiratory viruses (adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, etc.) have been described to date, causing influenza-like diseases in humans .

Influenza has a sudden onset: body temperature rises to 39? C and higher, weakness occurs, the person gets chills, suffers from headaches and muscle pain.

For influenza, unlike other viral infections, symptoms such as cough and runny nose do not appear immediately, but several days after the onset of the disease.

ARVI can begin either acutely or gradually; body temperature rarely rises above 38? C. Symptoms such as sneezing, dry cough, sore throat, hoarseness appear immediately at the onset of the disease.

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Today it has already been proven that the main method of specific prevention of influenza is vaccination, or as we call it, inoculation, which stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies that prevent the multiplication of viruses. Thanks to this, the disease is prevented even before it begins. Vaccination is best done in the fall (September-November), since influenza diseases usually begin to be recorded between November and March.

After vaccination, immunity develops within two weeks, so vaccination begins in advance.

You must be healthy at the time of vaccination. After the preventive vaccination, for several days you should protect yourself from both hypothermia and overheating and limit visits to public places.

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Everyone should prepare their body not only for a “meeting” with the influenza virus, but also other viruses that cause colds. During the period from December to March, it is necessary to pay attention to nonspecific prevention.

To reduce diseases, compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards is very important:

• comfortable room temperature;
• regular ventilation;
• daily wet cleaning of premises using detergents.
• Hypothermia reduces immunity, so you need to dress for the weather.

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Personal preventive measures are of no small importance:

• Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing with a handkerchief (napkin), preferably using disposable ones, which should be thrown into the trash after use.
• Avoid touching your mouth, nose, eyes.
• keep a “distance” when communicating; the distance between people when talking should be at least 1 meter (arm’s length distance).

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Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, namely hand washing, is very important for prevention. Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap or disinfectant. It would seem that such an everyday activity as washing your hands is extremely simple, but there are some rules.

How to wash your hands correctly? Proper hand-washing technique includes using plenty of soap and rinsing under running water:

1. it is necessary to wet your hands under running water;
2. lather soap on your palms and lather well;
3. You need to treat your hands with soap foam for at least 10 seconds, because... the effectiveness of detergents depends on their exposure time;
4. you need to rub all your fingers, palms and the surface of your hands well, clean your nails; at this moment there is no need to hold your hands under the running water;
5. Rinse the soap off your hands under running water for at least 10 seconds;
6. When washing your hands, you should avoid splashing water;
7. Hands need to be dried - disposable paper towels are best for this.
8. The tap must be closed with a paper towel, because It is always touched with dirty hands before washing, therefore, there may be germs on the tap.
9. The used paper towel should be thrown into the trash bin without touching the bin with your hands.

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During epidemics of influenza and colds, it is necessary to:

• avoid close contact with sick people;
• limit attendance at cultural events, reduce time spent in crowded places.

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Prevention of ARVI and influenza consists of general improvement and strengthening of the body's defenses; for this it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle:

• sufficient sleep, it is useful to sleep with the window open, but avoid drafts;
• proper nutrition - daily use of fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet will increase overall immunity to viral diseases. In addition, it is necessary to take ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which helps increase the body's resistance. It should be noted that the largest amount of vitamin C is contained in the juice of sauerkraut, as well as citrus fruits: lemons, kiwi, tangerines, oranges, grapefruits.
• For prevention during flu and cold epidemics, it is necessary to consume garlic and onions daily. It is enough to chew a clove of garlic for a few minutes to completely cleanse the oral cavity of bacteria;
• walk more in the fresh air, play sports.

At the first signs of a cold, it is necessary to carry out emergency prevention with interferon, influenza, rimantadine, arbidol.

Slide 11

Proper use of a medical mask will help protect yourself from contracting viral infections.

A disposable mask can be purchased at pharmacies; a cotton-gauze mask can be easily made with your own hands. Unlike a disposable mask, which can be worn for no more than 2 hours, a cotton-gauze bandage can be worn for up to 4 hours, washed and reused.

Rules for using a mask. The World Health Organization makes the following recommendations regarding the use of masks:

• the mask must be carefully secured, tightly covering the mouth and nose, leaving no gaps;
• try not to touch the attached mask. After removing the mask, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or alcohol;
• a wet or damp mask should be replaced with a new, dry one;
• do not reuse a disposable mask;
• Used disposable masks should be discarded immediately.

Features of using the mask. It is important that a sick person wears a mask, as well as a healthy person when communicating with (caring for) a sick person.

Slide 12

I got sick. What to do?

• Minimize contact with other people, do not attend mass events, strive to use public transport as little as possible, and avoid close contact with healthy people.
• Maintain bed rest - popular wisdom says: “the flu likes to be kept in bed” and medicine agrees with this. To avoid complications, you need to not only stay at home during all days of illness, but also be sure to stay in bed.
• Maintain good personal hygiene and use a mask.
• Drink plenty of liquids - mineral water, fruit drinks, etc.

Slide 13

If there is a sick person in the house:

• place the patient in a separate room or fence him off with a screen;
• allocate separate care items, dishes, bed linen for the patient;
• the room where the patient is located must be ventilated several times a day and be warm (comfort temperature - 20-21°C); daily wet cleaning is carried out using disinfectants;
• When caring for a patient, use a mask and wash your hands frequently.

Thank you for your attention! Be healthy!

At the end of the lesson, you can conduct a survey of students and ask them the question: “What should you do to avoid getting sick?” (To summarize: lead a healthy lifestyle, get vaccinated, wash your hands thoroughly, use a mask, etc.)

Prevention of infectious diseases Teacher - organizer of life safety MKOU secondary school No. 1, Izobilny SK Lyakhova L.P. Ways to prevent infectious diseases

• limiting contacts;
• immunization;
• chemoprophylaxis of infections: the use of medications to prevent infection and reproduction of the pathogen;

• promotion

resistance

person to

infectious

disease.

Limiting contacts Prevention of infectious diseases begins with mandatory registration of all diseases. These include such as tuberculosis, tonsillitis, botulism, dysentery, whooping cough, influenza, etc.

• Prevention of infectious diseases begins with mandatory registration of all diseases. These include such as tuberculosis, tonsillitis, botulism, dysentery, whooping cough, influenza, etc.

If an infectious disease is detected it is necessary:

• Isolate the patient
• Hospitalize the patient
• Wear cotton gauze bandages
• Carry out disinfection
• Take antibiotics
• If a source of infection occurs, declare quarantine.

Immunity is the body's immunity to infectious diseases

• Natural immunity (congenital)
produced:
• as a result of past illnesses
• inherited

• Artificial immunity
(acquired) arises
• as a result of the introduction of ready-made antibodies into the body;
• with the introduction of blood serum from recovered people and animals
• when administering vaccines - cultures of weakened microbes

Test 1. You often (more than 4 times a year) catch a cold, the illness often occurs without fever, then you have a long and difficult recovery. 2. You suffer from allergic diseases. 3. You have problems with weight (too much or too little). 4. You often experience relapses of herpes that do not go away with fungal infections. 5. You have many bad habits: you smoke, overeat, enjoy sweets, and like to drink. 6. You are easily angered, after which you have difficulty calming down. 7. You don’t play sports at all and lead a sedentary lifestyle. 8. You sleep with your mouth open and snore in your sleep. 9. You have chronic diseases. 10.You have difficulty falling asleep and often have bad dreams. 11.You often feel tired, apathetic, and irritated. 12.You prefer to snack on chips, pies, buns. Love coffee and sweet carbonated drinks. And you eat fruits and vegetables occasionally. Key to the test

• If you answered yes to two or three statements, you should pay attention to your lifestyle, because your immunity is at risk.
• If you agree with six or more statements, it makes sense to consult a doctor for advice.

How to boost immunity? A sure way to boost your immunity is through exercise.

• If you have never played sports, it is better to start with simple walking. An intense 45-minute walk can be a great way to boost and strengthen your immune system.

One of the means to increase immunity and improve health in general is nutrition.

• Avoid refined, canned foods rich in various additives.
• Your diet should definitely include greens, fresh fruits and vegetables, honey and bee products, nuts, berries, cereals and grains, as well as small amounts of eggs, dairy and fermented milk products.
• Eat wholemeal and bran bread, as well as porridge: oatmeal, buckwheat, pearl barley.

Be sure to take balanced vitamin complexes.

You should not rely on the fact that everything you need is in vegetables and fruits.

The main and important step to gain lasting immunity is hardening. Immunomodulators directly affect the enhancement of immunity

• Now in pharmacies there is a fairly wide selection of immunomodulators.
• Consultation with a doctor is required!

Don't forget about immunomodulators created by nature itself.

• You can immediately highlight the top ten products that protect immunity:
• GREEN TEA,
• GARLIC AND ONION,
• CITRUS AND KIWI,
• YOGURT (KEFIR),
• FISH AND SEAFOOD,
• CARROT,
• RED SWEET PEPPER,
• BLUEBERRY, CURRANT, CRANBERRY,
• GREENS - PARSLEY, DILL, ASPARAGUS, etc.,
• SPICES – GINGER, CINNAMON, etc.

Fight stress.

• Do massages, relaxation exercises, relieve stress with soothing relaxing baths with herbs, salt, and aromatic oils.
• Sleep at least 8-9 hours a day, always in a well-ventilated room.

Doctors say that optimistic people are less susceptible to illness: flu and colds bypass them.

• Try to smile more often. After all, a smile reflexively stimulates the production of the hormone of joy, which helps strengthen the immune system.

Literature

• http://sila-priroda.ru/kak_povysit_immunitet.php
• http://www.lenagold.ru/fon/clipart
• http://yandex.ru/images/search
• Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 10. Frolov M.P. and others. M.: 2008. - 352 p.