When donating blood, many patients are interested in what indicators are considered correct. To get acquainted with the norm of a woman’s blood test, the table will be the most suitable option: it is visual and understandable.
There is no such person who has not had a blood test done at least once in his life. This is the most common diagnostic method. With its help, you can detect many changes in the blood and identify the general condition of the body. The doctor, having studied the results of the analysis, compares them with the general clinical picture of the disease, makes a diagnosis and prescribes appropriate treatment.
Blood tests are different. They are prescribed by the attending physician. The doctor chooses the type of analysis depending on what he wants to find out and what disease to identify. Typically, a patient donates blood in the following cases:
- General blood analysis. This study is carried out in almost any visit to the doctor. It is also prescribed for preventive purposes. It determines the level of hemoglobin, the amount of different blood components and other indicators.
- Blood test for biochemistry. It is used to study enzymes, carbohydrates, proteins and more. This test helps the doctor learn about the condition of the liver and kidneys. It shows whether there is any inflammatory process in the body. Biochemical analysis can help make a correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
- Hormone analysis. The result of this study will provide information about the hormonal imbalance in the patient's body.
- Allergen analysis. Allows you to find out which pathogen is the culprit of the allergy.
These are not all possible tests, but only the most common ones. Usually the test results contain norms. But only a doctor can correctly decipher the patient’s data. The patient can only see how this or that indicator differs from the generally accepted ones.
Blood is drawn in the morning on an empty stomach. This is done because the composition of the blood can change during the day. This may be due to food intake, physical activity, psycho-emotional stress, and more. And in the morning the cellular composition of the blood is quite constant. If you need to donate blood again to clarify the diagnosis, it is better to do it at the same time as the first time. This is the only way to count on an accurate result.
Complete blood count: what indicators are considered normal for women
A clinical test involves drawing blood from a finger (sometimes from a vein). The patient does not need to prepare in any special way for the study. The main thing is not to have breakfast before the test.
The following table presents the main indicators corresponding to the norm for women:
| Index | Norm |
| Hemoglobin, gram/liter | From 120 to 140 |
| Hematocrit, % | From 34.3 to 46.5 |
| Red blood cells, number | From 3.7 to 4.7x1012 |
| Average volume of red blood cells, femtoliters | From 78 to 94 |
| Average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes, pictograms | From 26 to 32 |
| Color index | From 0.85 to 1.15 |
| Reticulocytes, % | From 0.2 to 1.2 |
| Platelets | From 180 to 400x109 |
| Thrombocrit, % | From 0.1 to 0.5 |
| ESR, millimeter/hour | From 2 to 15 |
| Leukocytes | From 4 to 9x109 |
| Eosinophils, % | 0 to 5 |
| Basophils, % | 0 to 1 |
| Lymphocytes, % | From 18 to 40 |
| Monocytes, % | From 2 to 9 |
Hemoglobin is a component of red blood cells. It delivers oxygen from the lungs to all tissues and organs. At the same time, it removes carbon dioxide from the body. A low level of this blood component can mean anemia and oxygen starvation. An increased content means an excess of red blood cells, blood thickening, cardiovascular diseases, and dehydration.
The number of red blood cells is a very important indicator. If they are much less than normal, then anemia is possible. Excess indicates that thrombosis is likely.
ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If the indicator is significantly higher than normal, then some kind of inflammation develops in the body. If a woman is pregnant, then the norm for her is completely different.
Coagulability measures how quickly blood can clot. Platelets are directly involved in the clotting process.
Leukocytes are also an important indicator. If the analysis shows too much of them in the blood, then this may be a sign of such a serious disease as leukemia. A reduced content indicates a decrease in immunity and exhaustion of the body.
Deviations from the norm of leukocytes in a large direction can make you think about the presence of asthma, tuberculosis, drug addiction and other things. A reduced level indicates a possible acquired immunodeficiency, lupus erythematosus, the influence of radiation, and so on.
The patient can judge the state of his own health based on the test results. But don’t panic right away if the deviations are significant. The correct decoding is available only to a doctor. He will be able to make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
What can a biochemical blood test show?
This method allows the doctor to understand the condition of important human organs. A blood biochemistry test is crucial for diagnosing many serious ailments.
The following table reflects the main indicators of biochemistry norms for women:
Total protein may be increased due to dehydration in the presence of infectious diseases in the subject. Oncological diseases will also show its high level.
A decrease in protein is caused by liver disease, bleeding, and thyrotoxicosis.
Bilirubin is called bile pigment. It is formed when red blood cells are destroyed. An increase in its level occurs with viral hepatitis and bacterial liver diseases.
Bilirubin increases with cholelithiasis, inflammation of the bile ducts and other diseases associated with the outflow of bile.
Enzymes are an important indicator in diagnosis. An increase in their activity in the blood occurs during acute hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, heart attack, muscle injuries, and tissue hypoxia.
Urea is synthesized by the liver. Its increased level in the blood is observed in cases of kidney disease, insufficiency of the cardiovascular system, large blood losses, and problems with the outflow of urine. The level decreases with fasting or vegetarianism, poisoning with pesticides, and liver dysfunction. Pregnancy can also cause a decrease in urea levels.
Uric acid is formed during protein metabolic processes. It is mainly excreted by the kidneys and feces. Its increase is provoked by renal failure, leukemia, fasting, and alcoholism.
When testing blood for biochemistry, in addition to the main indicators, quite specific ones can also be examined. The doctor prescribes them for diagnosing diseases of endocrinology, genetics and some others.
The patient, having received the results, can compare his indicators with the norm. But only an experienced specialist can draw conclusions and make a diagnosis.
What other blood tests are there?
Recently, sugar testing has become very common. It detects glucose levels. The norm is from 3.3 millimoles per liter to 5.5. This test is performed on all patients over 40 years of age. And if there is a suspicion of diabetes, then blood sampling is done regardless of age. Blood is taken from a finger, always on an empty stomach.
Immunological analysis informs the doctor about the patient’s immunity and diagnoses various types of immune deficiency. The doctor refers patients with frequent infectious diseases, allergies, oncology and some others for such a study. Blood from the patient's vein is examined.
Hormone analysis makes it possible to diagnose many diseases, including those related to the genitourinary organs.
Blood sampling occurs on certain days, depending on the menstrual cycle. Blood from a vein taken on an empty stomach is examined.
Blood group and Rh factor analysis is carried out on venous blood. No patient preparation is required for collection.
This is an incomplete list of all possible tests that examine blood.
A complete blood count (CBC) is a medical test that almost every person has had to deal with. People have a natural curiosity that they try to satisfy, especially when it comes to their health. In clinics you can often see how a sympathetic therapist explains in detail to the patient all the implications of his analysis.
How to decipher a general clinical blood test obtained from a hematology analyzer without the help of a specialist? It is not enough to read Latin letters and numerical designations - knowledge is needed in order to decipher such information. Fortunately, there is the Internet and it contains everything you need to decode any information. Online decryption is available on many resources on the World Wide Web; it can be used by a person who does not have special knowledge.
General (clinical) blood test
What is a general blood test and why is it called clinical? A general blood test is a diagnosis of the patient’s health using laboratory methods for studying blood parameters – white and red cells. This blood test is called clinical because this examination is included in the group of general clinical research methods.
In what cases is clinical analysis prescribed?
The purpose of the general analysis is to provide generalized information about the physiological state of the patient. When a person complains about his or her health, the doctor examines the patient. The examination procedure is the first stage of diagnosing a patient. Based on the data obtained, the doctor forms a primary clinical picture of the patient’s health status. The second stage is diagnosis based on physiological parameters - blood, feces, and urine tests.
The interpretation of the results by the general practitioner is compared with the findings of the initial examination and, as a result, treatment and regimen are prescribed. In cases where the doctor remains in doubt, he may prescribe additional examinations, for example, a biochemical blood test, ultrasound diagnostics, serological analysis, and a test for thyroid hormones.
Using a general analysis, a diagnostician can identify such ailments as:
- leukemia;
- anemia of various types;
- problems with blood viscosity and clotting;
- infectious invasions of various etiologies;
- inflammatory process.
Even a child can describe the procedure for collecting blood - a laboratory technician uses a scarifier (a needle for piercing the skin) to pierce a finger tuft, wipe off the first drop of blood with a cotton swab, then use a glass adapter to draw the blood into test tubes. In some cases, a laboratory assistant can collect material using a vacuum or closed scarifier - such instruments are already found in laboratory practice.
Attention! A detailed clinical analysis involves actions that require blood of a special quality and in a larger volume, so blood for it can be taken from the cubital (ulnar) vein.
How to properly prepare for a general blood test?
Many medical posts and clinics have thematic posters and wall newspapers - reading them is always useful for self-educational purposes. They contain rules for visiting a doctor the day before blood sampling. Usually people sitting in line at the doctor, trying to somehow occupy themselves, read this information. While the patient has read everything, the turn is approaching and time passes unnoticed.
Do the age and gender of the patient play a role in deciphering the general blood test?
Decoding a general blood test, in addition to general values, takes into account additional factors - age and gender.
When deciphering the values in a general blood test, we be sure to pay attention to the person’s age - the indicators of a child are significantly different from those of an adult. Children have a different metabolism, different digestion, different immunity, and their blood has a different composition. The situation changes with age. A child ceases to be considered as such after hormonal changes in the body: in girls this happens at 11-13 years of age; for boys - at 12-14 years old. Moreover, a sufficient period of time is needed for the child’s body to be fully formed. The period of children's lives before hormonal changes is called prepubertal in medicine, after - puberty.
The norms of general analysis for women also have their own characteristics; their difference from men’s is not very significant, but there are some nuances: a) the menstrual cycle; b) gestation (pregnancy).
Attention! Menstruation is a limiting factor for donating blood for a general analysis. The doctor must be warned about the monthly cycle and wait for his decision.
Decoding a blood test using a table
The interpretation of a clinical blood test is based on normal indicators, thanks to which you can find out about the presence of pathological changes in the patient’s body. The norms for clinical blood tests are shown in the table. A separate table is provided for adults (women and men) and children.
| Options | Index | Units | Normal range in adults | ||
| In men | Among women | ||||
| Monocytes | *MON* | % | 3,04-11,04 | 3,04-11,04 | |
| Lymphocytes | *LYM* | % | 19,43-37,43 | 19,43-37,43 | |
| Leukocytes | *WBC* | 10 9 cells/l | 4,02-9,01 | 4,02-9,01 | |
| Basophils | *BAS* | % | 0,1-1,0 | 0,1-1,0 | |
| Neutrophils | stab | % | 1,01-6,10 | 1,01-6,10 | |
| segmented | % | 46,80-66,04 | 46,80-66,04 | ||
| *RBС* | x10 12 cells/l | 4,44-5,01 | 3,81-4,51 | ||
| Eosinophils | *EOS* | % | 0,51-5,03 | 0,51-5,03 | |
| Color index | *CPU* | — | 0,81-1,03 | 0,81-1,03 | |
| *PLT* | 10 9 cells/l | 180,0-320,0 | 180,0-320,0 | ||
| Thrombocrit | *PCT* | % | 0,12-0,41 | 0,11-0,42 | |
| ESR | *ESR* | mm/hour | 1,51-10,51 | 2,11-15,11 | |
| Hemoglobin | *Hb* | g/l | 127,0-162,0 | 119,0-136,0 | |
| Hematocrit | *HCT* | % | 128,03-160,03 | 117,0-137,0 | |
Attention! The information in the tables is published for informational and self-educational purposes only. It is approximate and cannot be a reason to start self-medication. If a person is sick, he should see a doctor!
| Options | Units | Normal values for children | ||||
| first days of life | up to 1 year | from 1 to 6 years | from 6 to 12 years | from 12 to 16 years old | ||
| Reticulocytes | ppm | 3,1-15 | 3,1-12 | 2,1-12 | 2,1-11 | 2,1-11 |
| ESR | mm/hour | 0,11-2,01 | 2,01-12,0 | 2,01-10,0 | 2,01-10,0 | 2,01-10,0 |
| Thrombocrit | % | 0,16-0,36 | 0,16-0,36 | 0,16-0,36 | 0,16-0,36 | 0,16-0,36 |
| 10 9 cells/l | 181,50-400 | 181,50-400 | 181,50-400 | 157,10-380 | 157,10-387,50 | |
| % | 0,83-1,13 | 0,73-0,93 | 0,83-1,10 | 0,83-1,10 | 0,83-1,10 | |
| Eosinophils | % | 2,10-7,14 | 1,10-6,14 | 1,10-6,14 | 1,10-6,14 | 1,14-5,10 |
| x10 12 cells/l | 4,40-6,60 | 3,60-4,92 | 3,50-4,52 | 3,50-4,72 | 3,60-5,20 | |
| Segmented neutrophils | % | 30,10-50,10 | 15,10-45,10 | 25,10-60,14 | 35,10-65,21 | 40,10-65,21 |
| Band neutrophils | % | 0,52-4,11 | 1,10-5,01 | 1,11-5,0 | 1,11-5,0 | 1,11-5,0 |
| Basophils | % | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 |
| Hemoglobin | g/l | 137-220 | 98-137 | 108-143 | 114-148 | 114-150 |
| Leukocytes | 10 9 cells/l | 7,22-18,50 | 6,14-12,04 | 5,10-12,0 | 4,41-10,0 | 4,33-9,51 |
| Lymphocytes | % | 22,12-55,12 | 38,12-72,12 | 26,12-60,12 | 24,12-54,12 | 25,12-50,12 |
| Monocytes | % | 2,0-12 | 2,0-12 | 2,0-10 | 2,0-10 | 2,0-10 |
Attention! The tables provided the most common units of measurement for the results of a general blood test. Some research medical centers may vary these values, which are designated relative to the qualitative and quantitative components of the study. Because of this, results must be interpreted with caution.
Parameters of general clinical blood test
Indicators of a general blood test can be divided into three groups: leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Each of these groups has its own subgroups: in the first - granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytic (lymphocytes and monocytes); in the second - red blood cells plus ESR, hemoglobin plus hematocrit and color index; in the third - platelets plus thrombocrit.
Leukocytes
| Parameter | Description | Blood levels are elevated | Blood levels are low | Notes |
| Leukocytes | The norm for a general blood test for leukocytes is 4-9 per 10 9 cells/liter. Leukocytes are the general name for all white blood cells. The parameter is needed to determine the number of white cells in human blood. An increased level of leukocytes is called leukocytosis, a decreased level is called leukopenia. | The vast majority of infectious diseases, various internal inflammations, after eating, after vaccinations, during menstruation, the development of oncological pathology (with some types of leukemia, the level of leukocytes in the blood decreases), a good diet. | A small part of infectious diseases (immunodeficiency syndrome, consumption), radiation injuries of all types (solar radiation, radiotherapy, radiation exposure), leukemia (some forms of reticulosis), poor diet. | The parameter provides the most general information about the nature of the disease. Based on the indicator, it is impossible to accurately determine the cause of the disease, only its presence. All pathologies indicated in the sections of increased and decreased levels apply to all types of leukocytes. |
| Granulocytes | ||||
| Eosinophils | Microphages. They carry granules with Ig E. They have the ability to attack antigens with histamine, so eosinophils are one of the causes of allergies, but at the same time these cells can absorb histamine and prevent allergies. | Autoimmune reactions, infections, after blood transfusion, after vaccinations, helminthiases, leukemia and other oncological diseases. | Heavy metal poisoning,
reticulosis, radiation injuries of all types, sepsis, chemotherapy, rheumatism. |
|
| Basophils | The largest of the granulocytes are white blood cells. Their amount in the blood of a healthy person is negligible. They contain histamine, serotonin and other powerful biological irritant substances that cause allergies and allergic reactions. Microphages. | Autoimmune diseases of varying intensity, rheumatoid factor, allergic reactions, dysfunction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, nephritis and other inflammatory kidney lesions, gestation with Rhesus conflict, rehabilitation after surgical removal of the spleen, after blood transfusion, after vaccinations, during nematodosis (enterobiasis, ascariasis and others), leukemia, consequences of taking corticosteroids, stomach and duodenal ulcers. | No | Since normally there should be no basophils in the blood of a healthy person, pathologies of low levels are not indicated. |
| Neutrophils | They are divided into 2 types - rod and segmented. Microphages. The most common of all leukocytes - the number of the total mass of leukocytes is 70%. | Bacterial infections, leukemia, uremia, diabetes (mellitus),taking immunostimulants | Viral infections, reticulosis, hyperetirosis, radiation injuries of all types, after chemotherapy. | |
| Agranulocytes | ||||
| Monocytes | The largest type of leukocyte. Macrophages. | Allergies, infections, leukemia, phosphorus isoform poisoning. | Reticulosis and hairy cell leukemia, sepsis. | |
| Lymphocytes | Body fighters No. 1. Resist any threats of biological and non-biological types. They are divided into three main types - T lymphocytes (75% of all lymphocytes), B lymphocytes (15%) and null cells (10%). | Infectious invasions of various origins, leukemia,heavy metal poisoning (lead, mercury, bismuth, arsenic), ptaking immunostimulants. | Consumption, immunodeficiency syndrome,reticulosis, radiation injuries of all types, chemotherapy, rheumatism. | |
Red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, color index
Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Visually, these are scarlet plates, concave in the middle. The form of red blood cells that we have described is the form of normal red blood cells; There are forms that indicate pathological abnormalities in the structure of red blood cells as a result of severe hereditary diseases, infection (sickle erythrocytes are a symptom of the development of malaria), and abnormalities in metabolism. The red color of red blood cells is given by the pigment protein hemoglobin, its main property is the retention of iron atoms in its structure. Thanks to iron, hemoglobin is able to bind oxygen and oxygen oxide - this ability allows metabolic processes in cells. Oxygen is an important participant in many biochemical processes in the body.
General analysis, studying the state of red blood cells, is interested, first of all, in how much hemoglobin is in the red blood cell. For this purpose, ESR and color index methods have been developed. ESR – which means “erythrocyte sedimentation rate”. Hemoglobin is a heavy protein, and if you draw blood into a test tube, then, after an hour, the red blood cells will descend in relation to the intercellular fluid. Based on the sedimentation rate and depth of red cell subsidence, one can conclude how much hemoglobin is contained in red blood cells and what quality it is - normal or defective. There are no clear standards for this procedure; further diagnosis will depend on the interpretation of other clinical data.
Attention! The mass fraction of red blood cells relative to a unit volume of blood is called hematocrit.
The color index also examines the hemoglobin content of red blood cells. A laboratory technician, studying red blood cells under a microscope, looks at the center of the red cell (hemoglobin is concentrated there): if the red blood cell has a transparent center, this will indicate the absence of hemoglobin in the cell or dysfunction of the peptide chain (hypochromia); if the center is orange, hemoglobin is normal (normochromia); if the center of the cell merges in color with the body of the erythrocyte, there is excess hemoglobin (hyperchromia).
Platelets, thrombocrit
Platelets are cells that play an important role in the blood clotting process. Platelets do not have a nucleus. Structurally, platelets are a piece of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, so studying them provides a lot of information about the state of the bone marrow. The number of platelets in the blood and their qualitative composition are an important clinical marker of bone marrow function.
The norms of a general blood test for platelets are 180-320 in 10 9 cells per liter. The total number of platelets, like red blood cells, is measured in absolute values relative to a unit volume of blood. This parameter is called “thrombocrit”.
– one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can identify a number of serious ailments in the early stages, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply the correct treatment and cure them.
The nurse collects blood for testing within a few minutes. Every patient should understand that this procedure does not cause any discomfort. The answer to the question of where blood is taken for analysis is clear: from a vein.
Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be taken into account that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general condition of the body. However, when trying to independently understand whether the analysis is normal or whether there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what CK is (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea), etc.
General information about blood biochemistry analysis - what it is and what you can find out by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get results, should be found out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.
How do you prepare for biochemical analysis?
Before donating blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. Those who are interested in how to pass the test correctly need to take into account several fairly simple requirements:
- You need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
- in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you should not drink strong coffee, tea, consume fatty foods, or alcoholic beverages (it is better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
- do not smoke for at least an hour before the test;
- the day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bathhouse, and also the person should not expose yourself to serious physical activity;
- laboratory tests must be taken in the morning, before any medical procedures;
- a person who is preparing for tests, upon arriving at the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
- the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before the test you need to ignore this hygienic procedure, and also not drink tea and coffee;
- You should not take hormonal medications, diuretics, etc. before taking blood;
- two weeks before the study you need to stop taking medications that affect lipids in the blood, in particular statins ;
- if you need to take a full analysis again, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.
If a clinical blood test has been performed, the readings are deciphered by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of biochemical blood test results can be carried out using a special table, which indicates normal test results in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult with a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: extended profile.
Interpretation table for biochemical blood tests in adults
| Indicator in the study | Norm |
| Total protein | 63-87 g/l |
|
Protein fractions: albumin globulins (α1, α2, γ, β) |
|
| Creatinine | 44-97 µmol per l – in women, 62-124 – in men |
| Urea | 2.5-8.3 mmol/l |
| Uric acid | 0.12-0.43 mmol/l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol/l - in women. |
| Total cholesterol | 3.3-5.8 mmol/l |
| LDL | less than 3 mmol per l |
| HDL | greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per L - in women, 1 mmol per L - in men |
| Glucose | 3.5-6.2 mmol per l |
| Total bilirubin | 8.49-20.58 µmol/l |
| Direct bilirubin | 2.2-5.1 µmol/l |
| Triglycerides | less than 1.7 mmol per l |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as AST) | alanine aminotransferase - normal in women and men - up to 42 U/l |
| Alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as ALT) | up to 38 U/l |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (abbreviated GGT) | normal GGT levels are up to 33.5 U/l in men, up to 48.6 U/l in women. |
| Creatine kinase (abbreviated as KK) | up to 180 U/l |
| Alkaline phosphatase (abbreviated as ALP) | up to 260 U/l |
| α-amylase | up to 110 E per liter |
| Potassium | 3.35-5.35 mmol/l |
| Sodium | 130-155 mmol/l |
Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to assess the functioning of internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately “read” which macro- and microelements, needed by the body. Blood biochemistry makes it possible to recognize the presence of pathologies.
If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than CBC. After all, decoding the indicators of a general blood test does not allow one to obtain such detailed data.
It is very important to conduct such studies when. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not provide the opportunity to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is performed more often.
In modern laboratories they are able to conduct research and decipher the obtained indicators within a few hours. The patient is provided with a table containing all the data. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how normal blood counts are in adults and children.
Both the table for deciphering a general blood test in adults and biochemical tests are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, like the norm of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.
Hemogram is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.
Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Decoding the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (the GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.
Cholinesterase determined for the purpose of diagnosing the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.
Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. You can find out what a blood sugar test is called directly in the laboratory. The sugar symbol can be found on the results sheet. What is sugar called? It is referred to as "glucose" or "GLU" in English.
The norm is important CRP
, since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Index AST
indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.
Index M.I.D. in a blood test it is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development of infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the state of the human immune system.
ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MSHC is elevated, the reasons for this are associated with a deficiency of or, as well as congenital spherocytosis.
MPV - average value of the volume measured.
Lipidogram provides for the determination of total, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined to identify lipid metabolism disorders in the body.
Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.
Seromucoid – this is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about what seromucoid is, it should be taken into account that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined to predict development.
LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - This is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.
Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnostics.
Analysis on ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular iron depot) is carried out if hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, or tumors are suspected.
Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing types of complications after a streptococcal infection.
In addition, other indicators are determined, and other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women; the table also provides information about normal values in men. But still, about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in a comprehensive manner and prescribe the appropriate treatment.
Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by the specialist who ordered the studies. For this purpose, a table is also used, which indicates the norm for all indicators in children.
In veterinary medicine, there are also standards for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - the corresponding tables indicate the biochemical composition of animal blood.
What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.
Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral proteins.
The composition of proteins includes 20 main proteins; they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.
The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, and their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:
- globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
- fibrinogen .
Since protein production occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.
If a proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein levels in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is observed in the following cases:
- during protein fasting - if a person follows a certain diet, practices vegetarianism;
- if there is increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease;
- if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
- in case of serious burns;
- with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
- with the development of malignant neoplasms;
- if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
- when absorption of substances decreases – when , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
- after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.
An increased level of protein in the body is hyperproteinemia . There is a distinction between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.
A relative increase in proteins develops in the event of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.
An absolute increase in protein is noted if inflammatory processes or myeloma occur.
The concentrations of this substance change by 10% with changes in body position, as well as during physical activity.
Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?
Protein fractions – globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.
A standard blood biotest does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the blood clotting process. - analysis in which this indicator is determined.
When are protein levels elevated?
Albumin level:
- if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
- for burns.
A-globulins:
- for systemic connective tissue diseases ( , );
- with purulent inflammation in acute form;
- for burns during the recovery period;
- in patients with glomerulonephritis.
B-globulins:
- for hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes;
- with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
- with nephrotic syndrome;
- at .
Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:
- for viral and bacterial infections;
- for systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
- for allergies;
- for burns;
- with helminthic infestation.
When is the level of protein fractions reduced?
- in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
- for lungs;
- during pregnancy;
- for liver diseases;
- with bleeding;
- in case of plasma accumulation in body cavities;
- for malignant tumors.
Not only cell construction occurs in the body. They also break down, and in the process, nitrogenous bases accumulate. They are formed in the human liver and are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism
elevated, then there is likely to be a dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. Basic indicators of nitrogen metabolism – creatinine
, urea
. Less commonly detected are ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid.
Urea (urea)
- glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
- nephrosclerosis;
- poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
- arterial hypertension;
- crash syndrome;
- polycystic disease or kidney;
Reasons causing the decrease:
- increased urine output;
- administration of glucose;
- liver failure;
- decrease in metabolic processes;
- starvation;
- hypothyroidism
Creatinine
Reasons for the increase:
- renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
- decompensated;
- acromegaly;
- muscle dystrophy;
- burns.
Uric acid
Reasons for the increase:
- leukemia;
- vitamin B-12 deficiency;
- acute infectious diseases;
- Vaquez disease;
- liver diseases;
- severe diabetes mellitus;
- skin pathologies;
- carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.
Glucose
Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends specifically on oxygen and glucose. After a person has eaten, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . These pancreatic processes are controlled - and glucagon . Due to a lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops; its excess indicates that hyperglycemia is occurring.
Violation of blood glucose concentration occurs in the following cases:
Hypoglycemia
- with prolonged fasting;
- in case of malabsorption of carbohydrates - with enteritis, etc.;
- with hypothyroidism;
- for chronic liver pathologies;
- with chronic adrenal insufficiency;
- with hypopituitarism;
- in case of overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
- with, insulinoma, meningoencephalitis, .
Hyperglycemia
- for diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
- with thyrotoxicosis;
- in case of tumor development;
- with the development of tumors of the adrenal cortex;
- with pheochromocytoma;
- in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
- at ;
- for injuries and brain tumors;
- with psycho-emotional agitation;
- if carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.
Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin
is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of a red blood cell in the spleen ends, biliverdin reductase produces bilirubin, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since its rapid connection with blood albumin occurs, poisoning of the body does not occur.
At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis and hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows a high level of bilirubin. Next, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in liver cells, and it is converted into conjugated or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is observed when Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesias . If liver tests are performed, they may show high levels of direct bilirubin if liver cells are damaged.
Rheumatic tests
Rheumatic tests – a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, and the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumatic tests can be carried out independently, as well as as part of studies that involve immunochemistry. Rheumatic tests should be carried out if there are complaints of joint pain.
conclusions
Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a full extended HD blood test or OBC in a clinic or laboratory, it is important to take into account that each laboratory uses a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other equipment. Consequently, the norms of indicators may vary, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the form issued by the medical institution indicates the standards in order to interpret the test results correctly. The norm of OAC in children is also indicated on the forms, but a doctor must evaluate the results obtained.
Many people are interested in: blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is a test to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. An f50 analysis is done both when HIV is suspected and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth properly preparing for such a study.
Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from Vinnitsa State Medical University named after. M.I. Pirogov and internship at his base.
Experience: From 2003 to 2013, she worked as a pharmacist and manager of a pharmacy kiosk. She was awarded diplomas and decorations for many years of conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.
The results of blood tests show an overall picture of the health status of a particular person. This type of analysis is required in all surveys. Of course, the doctor should decipher it, but it would also be nice for the patient to know what indicators of the biochemical blood test, and, of course, the general one, exist, what they can mean, how they are connected and correlated with each other, etc. In this article you will learn about all the indicators of general and biochemical blood tests, as well as what norm is provided for each of them.
A general blood test (which is just as familiar to many of us as a clinical test) is taken from the blood of a finger or vein. The study of such biological material is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach, or during the day, but provided that the person did not eat or drink for 2 hours before blood sampling.
In different laboratories, the forms and tables of results may differ, but the normal indicators themselves are always the same. This article will present the indicators of the Russian standard, which are found in most public and private medical institutions.
An adult can easily read the results of a general blood test, because each form has a column where it is customary to indicate the standard normal value, and a column for the individual results obtained. It is enough just to compare them. But! Most people, seeing that the result is different from the norm, begin to panic. This cannot be done, because there are many reasons for such phenomena, for example, increased hemoglobin occurs in people who drink little water, or an increased number of leukocytes is often found in those who engage in sports or fitness due to physical activity. And those who smoke or take oral contraceptives may have lower hemoglobin and increased platelet counts. Those. These are also variants of the norm. That’s why it’s so important to go to the hospital with the test results so that the readings are deciphered and assessed by a qualified specialist. People with medical education know the designation of each analysis, and therefore know how to “read” them correctly, taking into account all the factors.
So, we bring to your attention: a table of CBC (complete blood count) indicators.
| Indicators | Description | Norm |
| RBC (red blood cells), erythrocytes | Red blood cells. Shows how well cells “breathe”. | For women - 3.5-5 pieces per 1 liter. For men, 4.5-5 pieces per 1 liter. Above normal – blood is too thick, risk of blockage of blood vessels. |
| HGB (Hb), hemoglobin | Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells. | For women 120-160 g/l. During pregnancy or menstruation, 110-120 is acceptable. For men - 130-170 g/l. Below normal - anemia, lack of oxygen. Above normal - increased number of red blood cells. |
| NCT, hematocrit | The ratio of red and white cells in the blood (percentage of red cells). | For women - 0.36-0.46%. For men - 0.41-0.53%. Above normal - blood thickening. Below normal - anemia. |
| PLT (platelets), platelets | Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. | For women and men the same - 180-360 x 109 per liter. Above normal – varicose veins, thrombosis. Below normal - problems in the hematopoietic system. |
| L, WBC (white blood cells), leukocytes. | White blood cells provide immune protection. | For women and men it is the same - 4-9 x 109 per liter. Above normal - inflammation, viruses, bacteria, fungi, blood loss. Below normal - some viral diseases. |
| ESR, ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate | Indirect indicator of the inflammatory process. | For women - 12-20 mm/h depending on age. For men - 8-15 mm/h depending on age. Above normal – possible inflammation. Below the norm is a rare case. |
Biochemical blood test indicators
A biochemical blood test is much more complex, and it is prescribed when any disease is suspected. Doctors also recommend taking it as a preventive test during a comprehensive examination of the body. This type of analysis shows how well the organs - liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, etc. - are working. Blood is taken only from a vein 6-12 hours after eating, i.e. It is optimal to draw blood in the morning on an empty stomach. Here you also need to take into account individual characteristics. For example, increased urea levels can be found after playing sports.
Table of biochemical blood test indicators.
| Indicators | Description | Norm |
| Blood sugar (glucose) level | All carbohydrates are eventually converted into glucose and enter the bloodstream. By how quickly glucose leaves the blood, thanks to the hormone insulin, one can judge some pathologies. | For women and men it is the same - 3.3-6.1 mm/l. Below normal - hypoglycemia due to hunger, diet, physical activity. Above normal – diabetes mellitus. |
| Urea | During the digestion of protein, ammonia is formed, which is absorbed by urea and excreted through the kidneys. | For women and men it is the same - 2.5-8.3 mm/l. Below normal - pregnancy, lactation, protein deficiency. Above normal – renal failure. |
| Creatinine | A product of protein metabolism in complex with urea. Shows kidney function. | For women - 53-97 µmol/l. For men - 62-115 µmol/l. Above normal – hyperthyroidism or renal failure. Below normal - fasting, vegetarianism, taking corticosteroids. |
| TC - total cholesterol, LDL - low-density lipoprotein, HDL - high-density lipoprotein. | Fat level. LDL shows the risk of developing atherosclerosis, HDL cleanses blood vessels. | LDL: For women - 1.92-4.51 mmol/l. For men - 2.25-4.82 mmol/l. HDL: For women - 0.86-2.28 mmol/l. For men - 0.7-1.73 mmol/l. Any deviations indicate problems with the cardiovascular system or liver. |
| TG, triglycerides | Their levels may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis or indicate the risk of obesity. | For women - 0.41-2.96 mmol/l. For men - 0.5-3.7 mmol/l. Above normal - thrombosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cardiovascular diseases. Below normal - hyperthyroidism, injuries, chronic lung diseases. |
| Total (TB), direct (PB) and indirect bilirubin (NB) | Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin, forms bile, and therefore must respond to and demonstrate the quality of liver function. | OB - 3.4-17.1 µmol/l. PB - 0-3.4 µmol/l. Above normal – liver problems. Below the norm - hypobilirubenemia. |
In addition to the indicators presented in the table, the following may also appear:
How to recognize an infection using a blood test?
To determine an accurate diagnosis if you suspect various types of infections, inflammation, acidification of the body, or oncology, you need to take a general blood test with a leukocyte formula. The results will include the following indicators:
The appearance of any problems in the body is a reason to contact a therapist. And usually the first thing a doctor begins with an examination concerns a referral for a clinical blood test. It is also called general (GAC) because it gives an idea of the state of the body as a whole.
What will a clinical blood test show?
If there is an inflammatory process somewhere or deviations from basic norms occur, this will be clear from the results.
A clinical blood test is the most common of all studies. It can be done at any clinic, paid medical center or hospital. It is affordable and very informative, making it possible to reduce the range of further tests and examinations and focus on specific diseases.
What is examined during the OAC?
So, what will the clinical test show? This test reveals whether the functioning, integrity and number of blood cells are normal, and also gives an idea of other basic parameters:
- Red blood cells are responsible for maintaining optimal levels of oxygen in the bloodstream.
- Platelets give blood the ability to clot and prevent bleeding. If they are less than normal, there is a high risk of bleeding; if more, blood clots form on the venous walls.
- Leukocytes form the human immune system, so an increase in their number indicates a decrease in immunity, the presence of inflammation, or a disease of the circulatory system such as leukemia.
- Hematocrit shows the ratio of blood cells to plasma. This is why a clinical blood test is so important.
- ESR is an indicator that directly shows whether there is an inflammatory process in the body. It is being studied with the addition of anticoagulants - substances that prevent blood clotting.
- Leukocyte formula - a count of all types of leukocytes and the ratio of each of them to the total number, expressed as a percentage.
- Hemoglobin content, which determines the thickness of blood. A low concentration of this substance is typical for anemia of various etiologies, a high concentration is for blood that tends to thicken, or a tumor caused by too rapid proliferation of red blood cells.
- shows whether there is enough hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Standards for clinical blood tests in adults
It should be taken into account that in childhood normal indicators differ, therefore, when deciphering a child’s CBC, one cannot rely on the data of ordinary tables. The norms are also slightly different for men and women.
A deviation upward or downward clearly indicates the presence of pathological processes in the body. An experienced doctor, based on the nature of the complaints and the results of a clinical blood test, can make a primary diagnosis, which, however, must be clarified. Here is an informative clinical blood test. Let's look at the indicators in more detail.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin has normal values of 135-160 g/l for men and 120-140 g/l for women. If it is higher than these numbers, we can assume:
- erythremia;
- dehydration of the body.
Figures below normal indicate:
- lack of microelement iron;
- anemia;
- excessive saturation of blood cells with moisture (overhydration).
All this can be revealed clinically and is carried out by specialists.
Red blood cells
Red blood cells should show 4-5x10 12 /l in males and 3.7-4.7x10 12 /l in females. Excess is usually caused by:
- oncological diseases;
- prescribing corticosteroids and steroid drugs;
- Cushing's syndrome (disease);
- polycystic kidney disease;
- severe burn, stomach upset and loose stools, or diuretics give a slight increase in red blood cells.
A low number of red blood cells is usually observed with:
- pregnancy;
- bleeding;
- overhydration;
- anemia;
- the destruction of these blood cells and the low rate of formation of new ones in the red bone marrow.
Leukocytes
This is exactly the information that a clinical blood test provides.
Leukocytes and their norm are the same for men and women: 4-9x10 9 /l. Causes of leukocytosis:
- a sharp course of inflammatory and purulent processes;
- diseases caused by various infectious agents;
- malignant neoplasms;
- condition after a heart attack;
- the final three months of gestation;
- tissue injuries;
- lactation period;
- heavy physical activity.
Leukopenia occurs for the following reasons:
- consequences of radiation exposure;
- anaphylactic shock;
- bone marrow hypoplasia or aplasia;
- Addison-Biermer disease;
- viral infection;
- typhoid fever;
- changes in connective tissue fibers of various origins.
All this will be shown by the result of a clinical blood test.
Platelets
The platelet count is also the same for both sexes - 180-320x10 9 /l. Since they are responsible for blood clotting and are able to stick to each other, their increase suggests:
- oncology;
- recent surgery or bleeding;
- diseases of the circulatory system;
- chronic illnesses at the acute stage, in particular diseases of the stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver;
- infectious diseases and viruses;
- consequences of prescribing many medications.
Thrombocytopenia is characteristic of:
- autoimmune diseases;
- hepatitis;
- rheumatoid polyarthritis;
- lymphogranulomatosis;
- hemolytic diseases.
To identify all these diseases, there is a clinical blood test. Deciphering it doesn't take much time.
ESR
ESR has a wide range of indicators, from 1 to 15 mm/hour; different ages and genders have their own ESR. Exceeding the norm occurs when:
- infections and inflammatory processes;
- liver and kidney diseases;
- disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system;
- after fractures and operations;
- menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding;
- anemia of various origins;
- collagenosis.
A low ESR may indicate:
- increased bile production;
- problem with insufficient blood supply to organs and tissues;
- increased bilirubin in the blood serum;
- slow coagulation and blood thinning, the formation of defective clots that are unable to completely prevent bleeding.
A hematocrit outside the range of 0.39-0.49 indicates a lack of iron in the body, the development of anemia and diseases of this kind.
The leukocyte formula must contain the correct percentage ratio of all 5 types of leukocytes to their total number:
- eosinophils: 1-5%, destroy allergens entering the body;
- band neutrophils - 1-6%, and segmented neutrophils - 47-72%, clean the blood from bacterial infection and protect the body from it;
- basophils: 0-1%, help leukocytes recognize foreign particles and neutralize inflammation;
- monocytes: 3-9%, remove dead and destroyed cells, bacteria, pairs of antigens with antibodies;
- support the immune system, protect against diseases associated with decreased immunity, and form an immune response.
The color index norm is 0.85-1.15. Increases if:
- lack of folic acid and vitamin B12;
- oncology develops;
- there are polyps in the stomach.
Decreases if anemia with iron deficiency and anemia of pregnant women is diagnosed.
In addition, if necessary, you can conduct a coagulation test, that is, a coagulogram, which also includes the duration of bleeding. Now it is clear what a clinical blood test will show.
How to prepare for taking the UAC?
Clinical analysis should be taken strictly on an empty stomach, preferably in the morning before breakfast. As a last resort, you can eat no later than 2 hours before. The day before, you should not consume alcohol, spicy, sour or fatty foods, because of which the blood serum becomes chylous, that is, cloudy, and the isolation of components will be difficult.
Usually blood is taken from the finger, the hand is not important, but the ring finger is needed. However, in some cases, the doctor recommends taking a vein. If you need to take several repeated tests, it is advisable to carry them out at the same time, since the indicators may change during the day.
Conclusion
CBC can help identify various diseases at an early stage. Therefore, for prevention purposes, it is worth taking it at least once a year. In old age and childhood, when it is especially necessary to carefully take care of your health, it is better to do this every six months. This is what a clinical blood test will show.
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