The subordinating relationship is expressed in certain formal indicators - subordinating conjunctions and relative (conjunctive) words.
The difference between conjunctions and allied words is that a conjunction is a function word used in in this case only to connect the predicative parts of a complex sentence, while the conjunctive word is a significant word that also serves for this purpose, but simultaneously performs the functions of a member of the sentence (subordinate part): They understood other_ug__other_ha__by_ ShRmu. despair, which they read in each other’s words (A. Kuprin). Instead of a conjunctive word, you can put another significant word, which is often found in the main part, for example: “which we read in each other’s eyes” - “we read despair in each other’s eyes.”
In Russian, what, how, when can act both as a conjunction and as a conjunctive word:
| Union word | Union | |
| What |
What happened to Nekhlyudov is what often happens to people living a spiritual life (L. Tolstoy); The Chairman asked Mitya what he could say about given indication(F. Dostoevsky). | In other cases: The violin jerked, begging, and suddenly burst into tears so childishly, lt;Dtf the drum could not stand it (V. Mayakovsky); And on this gloomy land I am happy because I breathed and lived (S. Yesenin); Nothing, little dove Eurydice,lt;DtOgt; We have a cold winter (O. Mandelstam); But I feel that our muses are friendly with a carefree and captivating friendship (A. Akhmatova). |
| When |
|
|
| Union word | Union | |
| shade of the condition: Mother fell asleep and did not hear when Rybin left (M. Gorky); Word by word I had to tell him when and why I ran away from the orphanage (V. Kaverin); The doctor wanted to know when the boy ended up in the ocean, but a conversation with the patient turned out to be absolutely impossible (K. Stanyukovich). | if only out of melancholy, lt;krVa) if only she was at least a little like her (I. Krylov); What is the benefit of such a teaching (when) there is no fear in a person (A. Kuprin). 3. In explanatory clauses, if they have a connotation of condition (when = if)". Instead, Omgda) you have a friend, but it’s absolutely great (if) the friend and his wife are accepted as relatives in your family (Yu. Nagibin) . |
|
| How |
(Yu. Levitansky). | In other cases: The slate on the roof crumbled from the heat and shot out with these crumbs, (like) nuts shoot and bounce on a hot frying pan (V. Rasputin); My verse, through the labor of many years, will break through and appear weightily, roughly, visibly, (as) in our days a water supply system, built by the slaves of Rome, has entered our days (V. Mayakovsky); And you will live on earth, $sakgt; Blind worms live (M. Gorky). |
The parts of a complex sentence are in a semantic and structural relationship. The independence of the main part is relative: often the main part needs a subordinate clause with it.
Depending on whether the subordinate part refers to the entire main part or explains only the word or phrase in it, two types of complex sentences are distinguished: complex sentences of a dissected structure (bivocal); complex sentences of undivided structure (monomial).
In the first type, the connection between the parts of the sentence is quite free, since the main part of a two-member sentence expresses a relatively complete thought, can exist without a subordinate clause, and structurally does not require its distribution in general and the distribution of a certain subordinate part in particular. For example, in the sentence the Doctor did not like our household because it prevented us from arguing (A. Chekhov), the main part expresses a relatively complete thought and can exist without a subordinate clause, the use of a subordinate clause with the meaning of reason depends on the specific purpose of the statement. The same main part freely attaches other types of subordinate clauses (cf.: The Doctor did not like our economy, although he found it quite tolerable; The Doctor did not like our economy, which he did not hide at all). The relationships between the parts are formed as syntactic ones, since the subordinate part does not depend on morphological composition main part. The means of communication of a binomial sentence are semantic conjunctions: temporary, causal, conditional, etc. Binomial sentences include complex sentences with subordinate clauses of time, place, connecting, cause, effect, comparative, conditional, concessive, purpose: When Elizaveta Sergeevna spoke, his face flashed with delight (M. Gorky); She was excited, as if she had just received the most joyful news in her life (V. Soloukhin).
In complex sentences of an undivided structure (single-term), the subordinate part is attached to one word or phrase in the main part, complementing or specifying this word or phrase. Communication between parts complex sentence very close, since the subordinate part is a necessary part of the main part, which cannot exist in isolation: it is included in the structure of the main part. For example, in the sentence Hut, where Nakolka lives, stands on a ravine above the Don (M. Sholokhov), the subordinate clause extends the noun hut (cf.: Hut with lodger Nakolka...; Hut with Nakolka lodging in it...). Particularly closely welded together are structures with a main part containing a word that necessarily needs to be disseminated or specified in meaning: At first, he felt some embarrassment for his wrinkled jacket and stale cap, but then he decided that the front-line soldier, perhaps, had nothing to be ashamed of. appearance (M. Sholokhov) (the subordinate clause that a front-line soldier, perhaps, has nothing to be ashamed of his appearance is structurally necessary, because the verb decided to which the subordinate clause refers requires clarification); I was flattered and pretended that I had not forgotten any of these outlandish names (A. Kuprin) (the subordinate part refers to the indecomposable phrase pretended): Three years have passed since I saw him (M. Gorky) (subordinate clause part refers to a combination of that time, which is unthinkable without a definition, since it has no specific content); Anyone who feels slightly dizzy from the first sip of salty and warm air sea coasts, will immediately feel the authenticity of Grinov’s landscape (K. Paustovsky) (the demonstrative pronoun that in the main part requires specification, which is carried out by the subordinate part relating to it); As we walked around the city, Nadya suddenly began to notice either an old house, which she had not paid attention to before, or unusual platbands... (V. Soloukhin) (adverbial clauses are used for the purpose of additional characterization).
The relationships between the parts of a single-member sentence are morphological and syntactic, since the function of the subordinate clause depends on the word to which part of speech it is attached; the means of connecting the parts of a single-member sentence are allied words and functional conjunctions, which play a purely syntactic role, without determining the semantic nature of the relationships between the parts. Monomial sentences include complex sentences with subordinate clauses of explanatory, attributive, manner of action, measure and degree.
In terms of their functions, subordinate clauses differ in that some of them fill the missing member of the main part:
And it seemed to him that the steppe was alive (M. Sholokhov); others reveal the meaning of a pronominal word or phrase with a pronominal word in the main part: Grandmother did not understand what he said (A. Fadeev); still others extend the main part as a whole or its predicate: He [Zhenya] took a branch and raked the fire so that it would burn more cheerfully (V. Panova).
The means of connecting parts of a complex sentence can be not only conjunctions and allied words, but also correlative words.
Correlative words are attributive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs, located in the main part of a complex sentence and attaching a subordinate part to themselves, which specifies their meaning. Pronominal words usually appear in relation to allied words in the subordinate clause and form correlative pairs with them: that... who, that... which, that... whose, there... where, there... where, then ... when: The one who invented writing was smart (M. Lermontov); As is the master, so is the work (Proverb).
The subordinate clause can be attached to a correlative word (or a phrase with a correlative word) in the main one and with the help of a conjunction: The outbuildings were dilapidated and looked as if they had not been touched by caring people for many years human hands(M. Sholokhov); He was surprised at his sister; she did not seem so beautiful as to arouse such love in a young man (M. Gorky).
The role of correlative words is structurally different. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the structure of the sentence, or they are not necessary, and then they are used only as emphasis words. Wed: I love and am used to seeing you so holyly pure that even a stain of dirt on your dress casts a black shadow on my soul (M. Gorky). - ... Lopatin noticed that the regiment commissar was one run behind them (K. Simonov). In the first sentence, the correlative word such is constructively necessary, without it the following subordinate clause (with this structure and this semantics) is impossible; in the second, the pronoun is easily omitted without damaging the overall meaning of the sentence, and the main structural feature of the sentence (monomial) is also preserved.
So, a correlative word is necessary:
- if in the main part there is a particle (only, only, even, nor, etc.), highlighting the meaning of the subordinate part: A person grows old when he recognizes himself as old (V. Povolyaev);
- if the subordinate part is included in a series of homogeneous members when listing: “Perhaps this is my last spring,” thought Lermontov, but immediately began to hastily think about something else - about Shcherbatova, about the fact that the ferry must have already been repaired and in a few hours he will part with her (K. Paustovsky);
- if the subordinate part explains a word with which it cannot be directly combined: Once Zakhar Stepanovich was expelled from the fifth grade of the seminary because an inspector found several Darwin books on the table of his apartment (A. Serafimovich).
The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. A grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the neighboring sentence, which are consistent with each other.
Lexical means of communication:
Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word.
Around the city, forests spread across the low hills, mighty and untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.
Similar words.
Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and a less talented person, but he also knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more talented person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent. (V. Belov)
Synonyms.
We saw a moose in the forest. Sokhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
Antonyms.
Nature has many friends. She has significantly fewer enemies.
Descriptive phrases.
They built a highway. A noisy, fast-moving river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Grammatical means of communication:
Personal pronouns.
1) And now I’m listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people. She should live and manage this land, she should decorate it. (L. Leonov) 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother. (A. Chekhov)
2) demonstrative pronouns 1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated above the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev) 2) The corncrakes screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision. (B. Zaitsev) – in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”.
Pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. That’s what he did (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).
Conjunctions (mostly coordinating)
It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy flew into the sky like lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; put the samovar on again dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron” (L.N. Tolstoy)
Particles
Introductory words and constructions (in one word, so, firstly, etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In short, the society was quite disgusting. (A. Pushkin).
Unity of types of tense forms of verbs - use identical shapes grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked about our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis that refer to previous elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread and distributes the slices. He puts it on me too: it’s huge, you’ll cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)
Syntactic parallelism is the identical construction of several adjacent sentences.
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. In count grammar basics All sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.
Types of complex sentences in Russian
A compound consists of two or more simple sentences, connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.
Compound Sentences
Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, they distinguish the following types complex sentences with coordinating connections.
- With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, the parts of the compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences X.
The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.
A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).
- With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
- With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).
Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.
Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections
The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.
Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.
Types of subordinate clauses in SPP
It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.
Subordinate clause type | Question | Means of communication | Example |
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Definitive | Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc. | There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin. |
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Explanatory | Cases | What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc. | Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem of. |
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Circumstantial | When? How long? | When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc. | The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all. |
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Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, where | Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them. |
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Why? From what? | Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc. | The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort. |
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Consequences | What follows from this? | By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on. |
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Under what conditions? | If, when (= if), if, once, in case | If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry. |
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For what? For what purpose? | In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only, | Frolov was ready for anything to get this place. |
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Despite what? In spite of what? | Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc. | Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization. |
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Comparisons | How? Like what? | As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if, | Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag. |
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Measures and degrees | To what extent? | What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much | There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy. |
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Connection | what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this | There was still no car, from what The anxiety only grew. |
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SPP with several subordinate clauses
Sometimes complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.
Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).
- With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
- With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
- With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and belong to different words(the whole part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.
Non-union complex sentence
The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.
Types of non-union complex sentences
- The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
- The parts are unequal, the second:
- reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
- complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
- indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).
3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:
- the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
- in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).
JV with different types of communications
Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words, or only punctuation marks(intonation and semantic relations). This complex sentences(examples are widely presented in fiction) With various types communications. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.
The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:
Communication means that form structural mechanism, which determines the dependence of the subordinate part on the main one:
1) unions: a) by structure: simple, complex, compound; b) by the number of positions occupied: single / double; c) in connection with certain syntactic meanings: semantic (although, if) / asemantic, i.e. syntactic ( What, How and etc.); d) by participation in the differentiation of syntactic meaning: conjunctions of differentiating / non-differentiating type;
2) allied words, which are relative pronouns or pronominal adverbs and correlate with certain reference words;
3) intonation completeness or incompleteness;
4) correlates– demonstrative pronouns used in the main part and indicating its incompleteness;
5) support words– words in the main part, extended by the subordinate part;
6) predicative order parts: fixed and non-fixed;
7) paradigm: free and unfree;
8) typed lexical items: a) emotional vocabulary; b) modal vocabulary; c) antonymic vocabulary;
9) private means of communication: a) parallelism in the structure of predicative parts; b) incompleteness of one of the parts.
- - A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification, for example: And having done this, ...
A reference book on spelling and style
- - are placed as a single sign: 1) before the main sentence, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the breakdown of a complex whole into two parts is emphasized, for example: Who is to blame...
A reference book on spelling and style
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A reference book on spelling and style
- - With intonation emphasis, subordinate clauses, less often conditional clauses and clause clauses, standing in front of the main clause, can separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash, for example: Will...
A reference book on spelling and style
- - 1) coordinating and subordinating conjunctions; 2) allied words, or relata in a complex sentence; 3) correlates; 4) supporting words in complex sentences of undivided structure; 5) intonation...
- - 1) connecting unions; 2) dividing unions; 3) adversative conjunctions; 4) explanatory conjunctions; 5) connecting...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - Means, which include structural features of predicative parts, due to the need for their connection with other parts: 1) the paradigm of a complex sentence, including about 49 members, reflecting...
Syntax: Dictionary
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Syntax: Dictionary
- - 1) widespread use of double conjunctions: if... then, if... so, etc.; 2) a combination of conjunctions: what if, what although, etc....
Syntax: Dictionary
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Syntax: Dictionary
- - Means, which include structural features of predicative parts, due to the need for their connection with other parts: 1) the paradigm of a complex sentence, including about 49 members, reflecting the ratio...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - Particular syntactic meanings, which are determined by the lexical content of the predicative parts: 1) syntactic specialized elements that specify the syntactic meanings of the consequence, result,...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - 1) widespread use of double conjunctions: if.. then, if... so, etc.; 2) a combination of conjunctions: what if, what although, etc....
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - 1) supporting words with a predictive function in the first part: a) verbs of perception, verbs of mental and speech activity and correlative nouns, adjectives, category words...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - Means of communication that form a structural mechanism that determines the dependence of the subordinate part on the main one: 1) conjunctions: a) by structure: simple, complex, compound; b) by the number of positions occupied: single / double...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
"means of connecting predicative parts in a complex sentence" in books
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
authorPunctuation marks in a complex sentence § 115. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing that, if (if... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only,
in a complex sentence
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovichin a complex sentence, a comma between the main and subordinate parts of the sentence § 115 before the words especially, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only and others, if they stand before the subordinating conjunction § 116 before intensifying-restrictive particles just,
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence § 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma, or is separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause, for example: How many
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses 1. Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, not connected by conjunctions, a comma is placed, for example: It seemed to me that my father was looking at me mockingly and distrustfully, that I was still a child for him
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence When intonation is emphasized, explanatory subordinate clauses (additional and subject), less often conditional and concessive, standing in front of the main sentence, can be separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash, for example: If he asks
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point there is a long pause and
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence Comma and dash in a complex sentence are placed as a single sign: 1) before the main sentence, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the splitting of a complex whole into two is emphasized
XXVIII. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXXVIII. PUNCTION MARKS IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE § 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause, for example: When we
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by conjunctions, for example: It seemed to me that my father was looking at me mockingly and incredulously, that I was still a child for him
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence When intonation is emphasized, explanatory subordinate clauses, less often conditional and concessive, standing in front of the main sentence, can be separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash, for example: If someone asks you about something, keep quiet... (Pushkin);
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point there is a long pause,
§ 37. Semicolon in a complex sentence
author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 37. Semicolon in a complex sentence If homogeneous subordinate parts of a complex sentence are common, especially if there are commas inside them, then a semicolon can be placed between such subordinate parts instead of a comma: What is it about?
§ 38. Dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 38. Dash in a complex sentence 1. A dash is placed to intonationally separate the main part of a complex sentence from the subordinate one. Most often, a dash is used in cases where the main part is preceded by: 1) subordinate explanatory: How he
§ 39. Colon in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 39. Colon in a complex sentence A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding main part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point it is done
§ 40. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 40. Comma and dash in a complex sentence Comma and dash as a single sign are placed in a complex sentence: 1) before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the splitting of a complex sentence into two is emphasized
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