How to develop intuition. Intuition in terms of philosophy Intuition definition

The development of human knowledge occurs as a result of experimental activities, conclusions, and the formation of concepts. However, for the progress of civilization, logic alone is not enough. Of great importance in the emergence of new knowledge are conjectures, sudden insights inexplicable by common sense.

Intuition gives a new impetus and direction to the movement of thought. This is a phenomenon based on the ability to make the right decisions, bypassing the intermediate steps of reasoning.

Since ancient times, intuition has been the subject of discussion of philosophers, psychologists, inventors and just curious citizens. Let's try to understand what intuition is and what role it plays in science and everyday life.

Definition

Intuition is (in philosophy) a way of knowing the truth by direct observation of it without proof. Intuitive solutions arise as a result of long reflections on the solution of the issue.

Psychologists explain intuition as the activity of the subconscious. A person thinks for a long time, reflects on the problem, despairs of finding a solution, but it comes as if by itself, and unexpectedly. Psychology explains this by the continuation of mental activity at the subconscious level and the subsequent transfer of the result of intellectual work to the sphere of consciousness. So intuition is (in psychology) knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it.

Intuitive does not include inferences, the premises of which are not formulated explicitly. Also, intuition is not behavioral reactions, which are based on instincts and physiological manifestations.

Historical development of the concept

The problem of intuition was of interest even in Antiquity. So, Plato argued that intuition is the contemplation of ideas. A person has absolute knowledge, but, getting into the material world, he forgets about everything. Teaching, the discovery of something new, is a recollection of what was known before. Intuition helps to do this. This is not about passive perception, but about a suddenly revealed truth after a long preparation of the mind.

Recognizing the phenomenon of intuition, Aristotle considered it insufficient to obtain reliable scientific knowledge. According to the scientist, true ideas about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world are formed as a result of sensory experience and deduction.

In the Middle Ages, attempts to scientifically explain intuition were made by Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham. F. Aquinas saw the role of intuition in the organization of human thinking. W. Ockham singled out simple and complex knowledge. To the first he attributed the knowledge obtained by direct perception of objects and phenomena, to the second - the formation of concepts. Intuition manifests itself at the level of simple knowledge, when the obvious is accepted without evidence.

The interpretation of the concept of "intuition" has changed in modern times. The rapid development of the natural sciences necessitated a revision of the theory of knowledge, the development of new methods for substantiating concepts and laws. Intuitive knowledge began to be seen as a way out to a higher level of intellectual activity. This point of view was expressed by R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz, I. Kant and others. Intuition is (in philosophy) the path to truth.

A. Bergson, O. Lossky, S. Frank created a new philosophical doctrine - intuitionism. The essence of the theory lies in the fact that a person is open to knowledge of the world around him. An objectively existing cognizable object is reflected in the consciousness of the individual. The initial ideas about the subject, formed during direct perception, are intuitive. This is not yet true knowledge, but the basis for rationalization, conclusions.

S. Frank singled out contemplative intuition and intuitive knowledge. In the latter case, we mean a holistic, systemic perception of the world in the unity of knowledge and relations of things. Intuition is the continuation of mental activity where logic is powerless.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of "intuition" was excluded from scientific use. At that time, it was believed that knowledge about the world can only be obtained with the help of logic. Later, intuition was considered as an insight, a guess, a "jump into the unknown" (S. Submaev, S. Mikhoels, etc.). The study of intuition has been updated due to the development of the psychology of creativity. The well-known psychologist Ya. A. Ponomarev created the doctrine of a by-product - an unexpected, but original and important result of creative activity, obtained as a result of the hard work of the subconscious. Intuition is the ability to find a non-standard solution to a problem.

Today, interpretations of intuition range from "semiconscious premonition" to "higher forms of creative thinking." The complexity of studying the phenomenon is determined by the problematic nature of the description and logical analysis of what is illogical by its nature.

Sensory and rational cognition

A person learns the world through the senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste) and with the help of thinking. Sensory cognition makes it possible to obtain ideas about objects in their direct perception. Generalization, transfer of perceived features and properties to other homogeneous objects does not occur. So, for a child of 1-2 years old, a cup is only the cup from which he drinks. The kid can name the object, but the word does not yet perform a generalizing function.

Rational knowledge is carried out with the help of concepts, judgments and conclusions: “a triangle is a geometric figure consisting of three segments connected by three points that do not lie on one straight line”, “friction is a source of heat”, “all predators eat meat, a tiger is a predator therefore he eats meat,” etc.

Sensual and rational cognition are closely related. One or another type of cognitive activity becomes dominant depending on the specifics of the problem being solved. The form of conjugation of the sensual and the rational is intuition. Talking about intuition makes sense when moving from the sensual to the rational, and vice versa. Unique images appear in the human mind, and new concepts are formed without preliminary conclusions. An example is the discovery of the formula of benzene by F. Kekule (a snake biting its tail).

Can it be argued that intuition is sensory knowledge? Yes, if we mean sensations and perceptions that are opposed to reason, but not devoid of it. Research results show that even elementary forms of sensory reflection of reality are mediated.

Types of intuition

Intuition is intellectual, sensual, emotional, mystical (inexplicable premonitions) and professional (technical, medical, artistic, etc.).

By the nature of the activity, intuition is standardized and heuristic. For example, a doctor makes a correct diagnosis without a preliminary examination of the patient. This is a standardized intuition, since the doctor does not invent anything new. It is appropriate to speak of heuristic intuition when sensory images and abstract concepts interact, resulting in the formation of new images and concepts.

intuition and science

Most scientific discoveries were made "on a whim." So, the idea of ​​an alternating current electric motor came to Nikolai Tesla while admiring the sunset. The idea of ​​the relativity of the speed of the processes taking place in the world came to A. Einstein after waking up in the morning. D. A. Mendeleev saw the periodic table of elements in a dream. Psychologists and physiologists explain such phenomena as follows.

People with developed intuition have a good long-term memory. Elements of past experience are linked into a system that exists both in consciousness and on a subconscious level.

The mechanism of intuition also includes an emotional component. The emotion that arises in the process of solving a problem affects the area of ​​the brain responsible for long-term memory. The associations formed in this way contribute to the appearance of images, including original ones.

Thinking is closely related to speech. But there is also non-verbalized thinking. The speed of its flow is much higher, therefore, the processing of information with the participation of this cognitive process proceeds much faster.

Making an intuitive decision is impossible without taking into account ethical, aesthetic and value factors. The success of scientific activity depends not only on the intellectual and creative abilities, but also on the personality of the scientist.

The truth is not in doubt for the one to whom it was revealed, but evidence is required for the acceptance of a new idea by the public.

Conditions for the manifestation of intuition

Premonitions don't just happen. It illuminates, as a rule, those who are well versed in the profession, have deep scientific knowledge or relevant life experience.

The next condition is the presence of a problem. The subconscious begins to work where the available knowledge is not enough. Intuition is a step towards discovery. The subject really wants to solve the issue, so he is in a state of reflection. Intense mental activity continues until a clue is found.

People have long known that a dog salivates at the sight of meat, but only IP Pavlov was able to use this fact for scientific purposes. Apples have fallen on the heads of passers-by before, but only I. Newton succeeded in discovering the law of universal gravitation. The success of the work of intuition depends on how much a person manages to get carried away with the problem, free himself from stereotypes and not lose hope for success.

Intuition and everyday life

Subconscious decision making is common to most people. Relying on intuition, we choose which university to enter, whether to trust a new acquaintance, we learn about a person’s condition by the voice from the handset. Intuition is a feeling that defies rational explanation.

Do not confuse intuition with desire. Desire is associated with need, and intuition is associated with experience. So, the cyclist understands how to turn the wheel on a certain section of the road in order to maintain balance. This is due to the previous fall. An experienced mother determines what a baby needs by the intonation of his crying. The desire to buy a new bag or boots is based not on a presentiment, but on the need to be beautiful and not freeze in winter.

Women's intuition: myth or reality?

It is generally accepted that intuition at the ordinary level is more manifested in women. They are able to predict events, judge a person by appearance, understand their children and loved ones. In the ancient world and the Middle Ages, it was believed that the fair sex has magical powers and can work miracles.

With the development of science, ideas about women have changed, and relevant studies have been carried out. Thus, the American psychologist W. Argor discovered that women's intuition is not a myth. The ability to anticipate is formed on the basis of experience. Women have a wider circle of communication, participate in conflict resolution, social activities. Success in interacting with people is impossible without sufficient flexibility and sensitivity.

Ladies better understand facial expressions and gestures, body language. This allows you to notice the discrepancy between the statements and non-verbal reactions of the interlocutor, to understand the true intentions of the person.

Development of intuition

While working on intuition, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of observation and the improvement of the senses. Look carefully at objects, pay attention to things that have gone unnoticed before, analyze the sensations of delicious coffee, touching the bark of a tree, a new velvet dress, etc. Try to imagine a yellow sound or an enterprising chest of drawers. What feelings arise with such associations?

Good results are given by auto-training, a break from everyday worries, attempts to predict the events of the current day, the text of an unread letter, to determine who is calling on the phone before picking up the phone. Eastern cultists use meditation to free the mind.

Intuition is the ability to comprehend the truth, but you should not overly trust the sixth sense. Sometimes it fails, and a person pays for mistakes. As in science, so in life, intuitive decisions should be tested by logic or experience.

Not everything in this world lends itself to human explanation. Many phenomena continue to remain secret to knowledge. They cause admiration and desire to possess supernatural abilities. One of these phenomena is intuition. What it is? How to develop intuition?

What is meant by intuition in the ordinary sense of the word? This is a kind of foresight of the future, a feeling that comes from nowhere and tells a person what to do next. The human brain is really very complex and interestingly arranged, that many phenomena occurring in it cannot be explained.

In the old days, intuition referred to a power that is given from outside (by God). Not everyone was considered to have intuition. Today the theory has changed. Almost all people have faced situations when their sense worked and suggested the right solution to the problem. Intuition today is considered an internal manifestation of the work of the brain, and not a gift from the outside.

Intuition is a decision that pops up subconsciously based on the lack of logical information. This quality is based on imagination, empathic perception of the world and a wealth of experience. With the help of intuition, a person makes a decision when he does not have sufficient information, does not see the logic of the events taking place, and cannot build a chain of cause and effect relationships. Multi-modal factors combine and give an answer, which can also be illogical.

Intuition is based on:

  • Unbiased gaze.
  • Personality features.
  • Independence of thought.
  • Emotional realm.
  • A combination of problem factors.

Each time an individual solution is issued. It is dynamic, impermanent. This is due to the changing circumstances in which a person lives.

Intuition is the opposite of consciously thinking about a situation when a person resorts to logical thinking. Intuitive solutions appear suddenly and at lightning speed. The person has not yet thought of anything, but there is already a solution. It seems that intuition should be listened to and logical thinking should be ignored. In fact, logical thinking and intuition complement each other, creating a single whole when making the right decision.

Psychologists note factors that contribute to intuitive thinking:

  1. Concentration on the task at hand.
  2. Avoid prejudice and stereotypes.
  3. A distraction from the problem to allow the unconscious to work.
  4. Taking care of your own health.
  5. Switching to another activity.
  6. Comfortable mental state.

What is intuition?

It is difficult to define what intuition is, since much depends on the form of its manifestation and the area of ​​​​use. Intuition means:

  1. Feeling and feeling logical patterns.
  2. Analysis without the availability of information or specific conditions.
  3. Instant correct decision, explained by experience.

Intuition is a subconscious decision, in which consciousness and logical reasoning did not participate. It usually occurs instantly, and a person understands, feels (feels) or experiences it. This is a ready-made answer that a person receives without conscious reflection.

We are talking about a well-developed intuition when a person can perceive his own sensations and understand what they indicate. So, a good intuitive signal is the internal sensations in a given situation. Remember that you also had incomprehensible sensations: you found yourself in a certain situation where nothing clearly threatened you, but you felt danger. Or vice versa, you found yourself in a comfortable environment at first glance, communicated with an interesting person, but for some reason you constantly felt uncomfortable and uncomfortable.

Intuition can be understood as the ability of the brain to perceive the information of the surrounding world in general, and not in particular. When a person pays attention to something, he does not notice everything else. The brain at this time perceives absolutely all the information that surrounds a person, automatically analyzes it and gives an answer. This is why conscious decision and intuition sometimes contradict each other:

  • A person draws conclusions based on what he paid attention to.
  • Intuition gives out information on the basis of the totality of information from the outside.

Intuition manifests itself in different ways, depending on the way of thinking and the characteristics of the person himself. There are 3 types of intuition:

  1. Emotional - answers come in the form of images.
  2. Physical - the body signals about various changes with certain sensations.
  3. Mental - answers come in the form of ideas, thoughts.

There is an assumption that intuition is the result of previous experience that a person has been accumulating since birth. For example, a person does not think about where and how to put his foot, because he already solved all these issues in childhood, when he was just learning to walk.

Why does a person choose one or another partner for love? Why does a person pay attention to certain colors in clothes? Why does a person prefer to communicate with some people and not with other people? Here, we are often talking about previous experience, when chains were created in his head between external circumstances and the concepts “I feel good”, “I feel comfortable”, “I was lucky in this”, etc. If a person always quarrels with people whose name is Julia or Petya, then every time he will have a negative attitude towards strangers, who have the same name.

Intuition in philosophy

Philosophers also faced the challenge of how to define intuition. This is why there are many definitions in philosophy:

  • Plato evaluated intuition as insight, intellectual knowledge.
  • Bergson defined intuition as .
  • Feuerbach called sensual contemplation intuition.

Intuition at one time was a phenomenon sent down by God. The divine origin of intuition frightened people at one time, and inspired them at another. Not everyone, then it was believed, was given intuition. And also everyone who was given intuition as a gift was often called magicians, sorcerers, witches.

From a material point of view, intuition is perceived as an intuitive type of thinking, in which a person is aware of only the final result. This is called knowledge that does not need proof.

They tried to characterize intuition, but nothing more was revealed except for the lack of initial analysis, the independence of the solution from the proposed circumstances, and the belief in the irrefutability of the idea. Here are the features of intuition:

  1. Going beyond and seeing the picture more broadly.
  2. The dynamics of the solution, not its static position.
  3. Information is perceived as a whole and with a clear vision of its individual details.
  4. Lack of causes, results and logical connections.

Since intuition has become an interesting topic for philosophers, a trend was singled out separately - intuitionism, the founder of which is Henri Bergson. The main thing here was the opposition of intuition and intellect. That is why the sciences were divided into mathematical and natural. As for everything creative, it was considered something detached from reality.

Intuition in psychology

In psychology, intuition is understood as the rejection of stereotypical, logical and sequential types of thinking when solving a problem. Carl Jung became the founder of biological explanations of intuition. He believed that the door to intuition opens when a person abandons stereotypes, excessive intellectualization and attempts to logically predict everything.

Intuition is based on two components:

  1. Patterned thinking is stereotypes, experience, faith that a person does not subject to criticism and a logical explanation.
  2. Unconscious understanding - reading information without analyzing it.

Various trends in psychology have tried to explain the phenomenon of intuition and the mechanism of its formation. Some talk about the coincidence of pictures of the inner and outer worlds. Others point to the accumulation of information in the process of life, which then resonates with external circumstances. Still others base intuition on the knowledge of various sciences, where they fit together and draw a certain conclusion that cannot be completely true. Fifths refer to the truth of intuition specifically for one person in a particular situation, the decisions of which cannot be conveyed or fully explained.

Psychology does not divide all concepts, trying to find one and only. By intuition is understood everything that is supposed to be under it.

How to develop intuition?

The development of intuition is often discussed at a conscious age. Adults need to develop intuition, unlike children, because babies already have intuitive thinking. As a person grows up, he gains stereotypes, learns logical and pattern thinking. That is why intuitive thinking becomes little noticeable and even inaccessible.

To develop intuition, various practices will help with this:

  1. Recall the sensations that in the past accompanied intuitive decisions. Now relax and ask yourself questions, paying attention to the occurrence of these sensations.
  2. Anticipate, guess. For example, guess who is calling, or the suit of an inverted card.
  3. Pay attention to signs from the outside world (signs, sounds, snippets of phrases, etc.). They can also encourage intuitive thinking.
  4. Paying attention to your own bodily sensations or slipping emotions. Pay attention when certain feelings indicate a positive, kind, good response, and when they indicate denial, rejection, rejection.
  5. More contact with the outside world to collect information. It doesn't have to be done consciously. It is enough that the brain picks up numerous signals, creates its own connections and associations, and then quickly issues them at the right time. The more experience of contact with the outside world, the more developed intuition.
  6. Pay attention to the prompts of intuition and follow them, remembering the result.

Outcome

All people have intuition, just not everyone listens to it. With age, a person begins to think only logically or stereotypically. This makes it impossible for him to pay attention to intuitive signals. The result is the absence of solutions in those situations that seem difficult or insoluble.

Intuition is always in contact with a person. Another thing is that he does not pay attention to her. Ignoring intuition is just as wrong as not using logical thinking. These are two sides of the coin, which should be used together to achieve the greatest result.

About ideas, in which there is the concept of non-discursivity (without reasoning) of their comprehension. The Epicureans fixed this phenomenon of direct knowledge or comprehension in the word επιβολή. The terms for designating the two types of knowledge appeared in Philo of Alexandria, and then in Plotinus, who distinguished between επιβολή (direct, instant comprehension (vision, insight)) and διεξοδικός λόγος (consistent, discursive knowledge, with the help of logical conclusions).

The translation of the concept of επιβολή into Latin by the term “intuitus” (from the verb intueri, meaning “to peer”, “penetrate with a look (vision), “instantly comprehend”) was made in the 5th century by Boethius.

In the 13th century, the German monk Wilhelm of Mörbecke (1215-1286) repeated the translation of Boethius, and the term "intuition" became part of Western European philosophical terminology.

The English, French, Italians, Spaniards translate Anschauung with the term "intuition" (French, English - intuition, Italian - intuizione, Spanish - intuicion). The Kantian Anschauung is also translated into Russian by the term “contemplation” to convey the meaning of direct comprehension, non-discursiveness, instantaneous “vision”.

Intuition in terms of philosophy

In some currents of philosophy, intuition is interpreted as a divine revelation, as a completely unconscious process, incompatible with logic and life practice (intuitionism). Various interpretations of Intuition have something in common - emphasizing the moment of immediacy in the process of cognition, in contrast (or in opposition) to the mediated, discursive nature of logical thinking.

Materialistic dialectics sees the rational grain of the concept of Intuition in the characteristic of the moment of immediacy in cognition, which is the unity of the sensible and the rational.

The process of scientific knowledge, as well as various forms of artistic development of the world, are not always carried out in a detailed, logically and factually demonstrative form. Often the subject grasps a complex situation in his mind, for example, during a military battle, determining the diagnosis, guilt or innocence of the accused, etc. The role of Intuition is especially great where it is necessary to go beyond the existing methods of cognition in order to penetrate into the unknown. But Intuition is not something unreasonable or superreasonable. In the process of intuitive cognition, all the signs by which the conclusion is made, and the methods by which it is made, are not realized. Intuition does not constitute a special path of cognition that bypasses sensations, ideas and thinking. It is a peculiar type of thinking, when individual links of the thinking process are carried in the mind more or less unconsciously, and it is the result of the thought that is most clearly realized - perceived as "truth", with a higher probability of determining the truth than chance, but less high than logical thinking.

Intuition is enough to perceive the truth, but it is not enough to convince others and oneself of this truth. This requires proof.

Intuition in decision making from the point of view of psychology

The formation of an intuitive solution proceeds outside of direct conscious control.

In the psychological concept of K. Jung, intuition is considered as one of the possible leading functions of the personality, which determines the attitude of a person to himself and the world around him, the way he makes vital decisions.

Intuition - the ability to direct, immediate comprehension of the truth without prior logical reasoning and without evidence.

Another interpretation of intuition is a direct comprehension by the mind of the truth, not derived by logical analysis from other truths and not perceived through the senses.

Computer simulation of intuition

Adaptive AI programs and algorithms, based on learning methods for automatic systems, exhibit behavior that mimics human intuition. They produce knowledge from data without a logical formulation of the ways and conditions for obtaining it, due to which this knowledge appears to the user as a result of “direct discretion”.

Neural-like devices called neural networks and neurocomputers, as well as their software imitators, are convenient to simulate intuitive decision making. M. G. Dorrer with co-authors created a non-standard for computer techniques intuitive approach to psychodiagnostics , which consists in developing recommendations with the exception of the construction of the described reality . For classical computer psychodiagnostics, it is important formalizability psychodiagnostic methods, while the experience gained by researchers in the field of neuroinformatics shows that using the apparatus of neural networks it is possible to satisfy the needs of practicing psychologists and researchers in creating psychodiagnostic methods based on their experience, bypassing the stage of formalization and building a diagnostic model.

Development of intuition

Many authors offer various trainings for the development of intuition, however, it is worth remembering that some of them have not been experimentally proven, that is, they are the authors' "reflections" on the topic. One of the aspects of intuition is based on life experience, so the only way to develop it is to accumulate experience in a certain field of knowledge. “Positive thoughts and the conviction that you deserve not just an answer, but the very best answer, move intuition to positive activity.” - one of these trainings based on affirmation or self-hypnosis in order to remove barriers. The discovery by D. I. Mendeleev of the periodic law of chemical elements, as well as the definition of the formula of benzene, developed by Kekule, made by them in a dream, confirm the value of life experience and knowledge for the development of intuition, for obtaining intuitive knowledge.

Sometimes trainers offer, for example, such exercises for the development of intuition, which are rather exercises for the development of clairvoyance or clairaudience. Here is one of those exercises:

“Before the start of the working day, try to introduce each of your employees. Feel what is hidden behind the words, and what is hushed up. Before you read the letter, intuitively imagine what it is about and how it will affect you. Before picking up the phone, try to intuitively guess who is calling, what and how this person will talk. ... "

Other meanings

The term "intuition" is widely used in various occult, mystical and parascientific teachings and practices.

see also

Literature

  • Intuition // Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  • Asmus V.F. The Problem of Intuition in Philosophy and Mathematics (Essay on History: 17th - early 20th centuries). - M.: Thought, 1965.
  • Bunge M. Intuition and science. M., 1967. - 187 p.
  • Garifullin R. R. http://psyfactor.org/lib/intuition5.htm Intuition and creativity: new psychological approaches, Psi-factor.
  • Popovkin A.V. To the comprehension of the experience of metaphysical intuition in the traditions of Eastern metaphysics and Russian intuitionism // Religious Studies (magazine). - 2005. - No. 1. - S. 38-51. - ISSN 2072-8662.
  • Chopra, Deepak, and Judith Orloff. The Power of Intuition. Hay House, 2005. (Audio) ISBN 978-1-4019-0622-1
  • Intuition. Opportunities and Perils - David Myers, (Book Review)

Notes


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Synonyms:

See what "Intuition" is in other dictionaries:

    - (from late Latin intuitio, from Latin intueor close, attentive peering, contemplation) the ability to direct observation of the truth, comprehending it without any reasoning and proof. For I., a surprise is usually considered typical, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

    Intuition- Intuition ♦ Intuition Translated from Latin, the verb intueri means "to look" or "to see". Hence, intuition is a kind of mind's eye with all its characteristic features - immediacy, instantaneity, simplicity, but also ... ... Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville

    See Creative Process. Literary encyclopedia. In 11 tons; M .: publishing house of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Friche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929 1939. Intuition ... Literary Encyclopedia

    - (lat.). Unconscious impulse, guessing, conjecture. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. INTUITION [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Intuition) - a mental function that informs us about the possibilities that the present carries; the implementation of the intuitive process is achieved through the action of the unconscious, penetrating into consciousness in the form of insight or insight (cf. sensation).

"Intuition (from intucri - to contemplate) is in my understanding one of the main psychological functions. Intuition is that psychological function that conveys perception to the subject in an unconscious way. The subject of such perception can be everything: both external and internal objects or their combinations. The peculiarity of intuition is that it is neither sensory sensation, nor feeling, nor intellectual inference, although it may appear in these forms. or discover how this content was created. Intuition is a kind of instinctive grasping of all the same contents. Like sensation, it is an irrational function of perception. Like the contents of sensation, its contents have the character of givenness, in contrast to the character of "derivation", "produced", inherent content of feeling and thought. and confidence, which gave Spinoza the opportunity to consider scientia intuitiva as the highest form of knowledge. This property is equally inherent in intuition and sensation, the physical basis of which is precisely the basis and reason for its certainty. Likewise, the certainty of intuition rests on certain psychic data, the realization and existence of which, however, remained unconscious. Intuition manifests itself in a subjective or objective form: the first is the perception of unconscious mental data, which are essentially of a subjective origin; the latter is the perception of factual data based on the subliminal perceptions received from the object and on the subliminal feelings and thoughts evoked by these perceptions. One should also distinguish between concrete and abstract forms of intuition, depending on the degree of involvement of sensation. Concrete intuition conveys perceptions relating to the factual side of things; abstract intuition conveys the perception of ideal connections. Concrete intuition is a reactive process, because it arises without further, directly from the actual data. On the contrary, abstract intuition needs - just like abstract sensation - some guiding element - will or intention.

Intuition, along with sensation, is characteristic of infantile and primitive psychology. In contrast to the impressions of sensation, vivid and imposing, it gives the child and primitive man the perception of mythological images that constitute the preliminary stage of ideas. Intuition relates to sensation in a compensatory way: like sensation, it is the mother soil from which thinking and feeling grow as rational functions. Intuition is an irrational function, although many intuitions can later be broken down into their components, so that their occurrence can be consistent with the laws of reason. A person who orients his general attitude on the principle of intuition, that is, on perception through the unconscious, belongs to the intuitive type. Depending on how a person uses intuition - whether he turns it inward, into cognition or inner contemplation, or outward, into action and execution - one can distinguish between introverted and extraverted intuitive people. In abnormal cases, there is a strong fusion with the contents of the collective unconscious and an equally strong conditioning of these contents, as a result of which the intuitive type may seem highly irrational and incomprehensible (PT, 733-734).

INTUITION

lat. intueri - closely, carefully look) - the ability to quickly find the right solution to a problem and navigate in difficult life situations, as well as foresee the course of events.

INTUITION

finding, often almost instantly, a solution to a problem with insufficient logical grounds; knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for obtaining it - as a result of "direct discretion". It is interpreted both as a specific ability (for example, artistic or scientific intuition), and as a holistic grasp of the conditions of a problematic situation (sensual and intellectual intuition), and as a mechanism for creative activity (creative intuition) (=> creativity; imagination). The concepts of intuitionism (A. Bergson, N. O. Lossky, Z. Freud, etc.) are characterized by the interpretation of intuition as the root cause of the creative act hidden in the depths of the unconscious. Scientific psychology considers intuition as a necessary, internally conditioned by the nature of creativity, the moment of going beyond the boundaries of the existing stereotypes of behavior - in particular, logical programs for finding a solution to a problem.

INTUITION

from lat. intueri - closely, carefully look) - knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for its receipt, due to which the subject has it as a result of "direct discretion"; the ability to find the right solution to a problem without logical thinking.

INTUITION

lat. intueri - closely, carefully look). The ability to directly, as if "suddenly", without resorting to a detailed logical conclusion, to comprehend the truth; inner "illumination", enlightenment of thought. In reality, I. is such a leap on the path to the knowledge of reality, which is based on already accumulated knowledge, previous experience. I. arises only on the basis of previous sensory experience. A thought that has appeared intuitively requires logical verification by comparison with other thoughts regarding the phenomenon under study and can be transmitted if it is formulated, that is, built according to the rules of logic [Kondakov N.I., 1975].

INTUITION

English intuition from lat. intueri - closely, carefully look) - a thought process consisting in finding a solution to a problem based on search landmarks that are not logically related or insufficient to obtain a logical conclusion. I. is characterized by the speed (sometimes immediacy) of formulating hypotheses and making decisions, as well as insufficient awareness of its logical foundations (cf. Insight).

I. manifests itself in conditions of subjectively and / or objectively incomplete information and organically enters into the ability of extrapolation inherent in human thinking (replenishment of existing and anticipation of still unknown information). Therefore, the role of I. is so great in creative activity, where a person discovers new knowledge and possibilities for transforming reality. With high reliability of intuitively formulated hypotheses, I. constitutes a valuable quality of the intellect, called "good I."

The term "I." different mental phenomena can be indicated, in which individual signs of intuitive decisions come to the fore: their visual, objective regulation and insufficient rationality (especially in the child's thinking); the immediacy of the discretion of the decision before the performance of logical operations, which is characteristic, in particular, for visual forms of activity, in contrast to verbal reasoning; a well-known element of involuntary, random occurrence of an intuitive solution, typical of scientific discoveries, etc. All these signs characterize not the mechanisms of I., not its essence, but only certain aspects of its manifestation. At the heart of I. are special forms of information processing by a person, which can be. both figurative and verbal and be carried out arbitrarily or involuntarily, depending on the nature of the activity. It is wrong to oppose intelligence to logic: in the process of solving problems, these aspects of the intellect form a single whole.

Mechanisms of I. consist in the simultaneous combination of several informative signs of different modalities into complex landmarks that guide the search for a solution. Such simultaneous accounting of information of different quality is the difference between intuitive processes and discursive ones, in which in one mental act (logical "step") only one modification of the attributes of the task, interconnected, can be taken into account (see Discursive Thinking). The structure of an intuitive act is individual and dynamic; it contains a sufficient number of degrees of freedom in using the initial data of the problem. The success of an intuitive solution does not depend on the selection of any one informative feature, but on the mosaic of features that has developed during the search, in which this necessary feature can occupy different places. On this also depends the possibility of its realization as the basis of the decision.

Search guidelines in intuitive and discursive processes do not have a fundamental difference in the composition of the information included in them. Logical signs, including formal ones, are included in an intuitively formed informative complex and, being insufficient in themselves for obtaining a solution, in combination with other information connections determine the direction of the search. The main role in I. is played by semantic generalizations related to a given area of ​​problems. Such is the I. of a doctor or scientist who is comprehensively oriented in the field of their tasks, or geometric I., also based on the presence of experience associated with orientation in geometric space. The individual structure of an intuitive act makes it particularly sensitive to such personal phenomena as intellectual attitudes, emotional attitude, the ability to make unbiased decisions, etc. There is no doubt that aesthetic information is involved in intuitive decisions, the perception of which is very different for different people. Therefore, the development of I. is associated not only with the acquisition of specific experience, but also with the general level of development of the individual.

INTUITION

The ability to quickly understand or recognize. Intuition implies the ability to silently and effortlessly (that is, preconsciously) organize and integrate a multitude of observations spaced apart in time. The process of intuitive understanding is achieved without awareness of the intermediate steps; the acquired knowledge seems sudden, unexpected and therefore surprising. Intuitively acquired knowledge requires purposeful validation on the basis of objective knowledge.

Intuition is related to empathy, and the distinction between the two is not always correct. Empathy usually refers to general emotional experiences, while intuition refers to individual thoughts and ideas that may not be communicated to anyone at the time they occur. Empathic reactions are information, but often based on intuitive understanding. And finally, empathy acts as a function of the experiencing Self, and intuition - of the observing Self.

Intuition

from lat. intueri - to contemplate) is in my understanding one of the main psychological functions (see). Intuition is that psychological function which conveys perception to the subject in an unconscious way. The subject of such perception can be everything - both external and internal objects or their combinations. The peculiarity of intuition lies in the fact that it is neither a sensory sensation, nor a feeling, nor an intellectual conclusion, although it can manifest itself in these forms. In intuition, a content presents itself to us as a complete whole, without first being able to indicate or reveal how this content was created. Intuition is a kind of instinctive grasping of any content. Like sensation (see), it is an irrational (see) function of perception. Its contents, like the contents of sensation, have the character of a given, in contrast to the character of "derivation", "production", inherent in the contents of feeling and thought. Intuitive knowledge has the character of certainty and certainty, which gave Spinoza (like Bergson) the opportunity to consider "scientia intuitiva" as the highest form of knowledge. This property is equally inherent in intuition and sensation, the physical basis of which is precisely the basis and reason for its certainty. Similarly, the certainty of intuition rests on certain psychic data, the realization and existence of which, however, remained unconscious.

Intuition manifests itself in a subjective or objective form: the former is the perception of unconscious psychic data, having essentially a subjective origin, the latter is the perception of factual data based on subliminal perceptions received from the object, and on subliminal feelings and thoughts caused by these perceptions. One should also distinguish between concrete and abstract forms of intuition, depending on the degree of participation of sensation. Concrete intuition conveys perceptions relating to the factual side of things; abstract intuition conveys the perception of ideal connections. Concrete intuition is a reactive process, because it arises without further, directly from the actual data. On the other hand, abstract intuition needs, like abstract sensation, some guiding element—will or intention.

Intuition, along with sensation, is characteristic of infantile and primitive psychology. In contrast to the impressions of sensation, vivid and imposing, it gives the child and primitive man the perception of mythological images that make up the preliminary stage of ideas (see). Intuition relates to sensation in a compensatory way; like sensation, it is the mother soil from which thinking and feeling grow as rational functions. Intuition is an irrational function, although many intuitions can later be broken down into their components, so that their occurrence can be consistent with the laws of reason.

A person who orients his general attitude (see) on the principle of intuition, that is, on perception through the unconscious, belongs to the intuitive type. Depending on how a person uses intuition - whether he turns it inward, into cognition or internal contemplation, or outward, into action and execution - one can distinguish between introverted and extroverted intuitive people. In abnormal cases, there is a strong fusion with the contents of the collective unconscious and an equally strong conditioning of these contents, as a result of which the intuitive type may seem highly irrational and incomprehensible.

Intuition

intuition) The term "I." applied to a variety of phenomena and processes, some of which occur explicitly, while others are far from obvious manifestations. I.'s concepts in philosophy vary from its understanding as the simplest mental. functions to the elevation of I. to the rank of the highest function, and the role assigned to it ranges from the usual awareness of existence to the grasp of final truths. However, Mario Bunge rejects all t. sp. on I. According to him, the phenomenon in question is just a quick conclusion. Thus, in philosophical circles there is no unanimity regarding the nature of I. or the legality of the process or phenomenon, to-rye are so called. Psychological concepts of intuition In psychology, this term is used quite widely, which reflects the philosophical disputes surrounding this concept. When discussing I. self-evident truths, Hermann Helmholtz argued that I. is a quick unconscious conclusions formulated on the basis of everyday experience. The idea of ​​grasping events as wholes through I., defended by the Gestaltists, was opposed to the positions of the associationists, who argued that wholes are built by inference from individual sensory data. At the dawn of these disputes, the positions of the opposing sides were quite clear: intuitionists emphasized comprehending, understanding and grasping the phenomenon in its entirety, and psychometrists strove for successful predictions. The first position was a scientific, aesthetic understanding of individuality, while the second was different in practice. orientation and was based on the movement of psychol. testing and studying individual differences. In principle, there is reason to believe that these two positions have nothing in common, and therefore their opposition is meaningless. But their obvious differences faded over time, and clinical (intuitive) methods turned out to be opposed to statistical (psychometric) methods in the problem of forecasting. In almost all circumstances, the statistical method proved to be equal or superior to the clinical method in this task. However, no assessment has been (perhaps cannot be) of a global understanding or grasp of the individual in its entirety. If the aims of the two methods had remained as different as they were originally, then perhaps there would not have been any controversy. Basic theories K. Jung represented I. as one of the four mental. functions - others were sensation, thinking, and feeling - to-paradise is more or less developed in all people. I. is focused on seeing possibilities, consequences, and principles at the expense of details. I. can exist in an introverted or extroverted form, helping intuitive introverts to be in especially close contact with archetypes, and intuitive extroverts especially well to understand external events, such as politics, business or social. relations. The most recent work in this area is notable for its comprehensive coverage. Bastik reviewed a large number of definitions and descriptions of I. in various fields and deduced 20 different properties, such as emotional involvement, transience, empathy and subjective validity, indicating that they are characteristics of this process. He suggests that in these properties I. contrasts with logic, which requires a conscious step-by-step analysis, independent of the emotions and past experience of the thinker. But Bastik proves that thinking, which is usually called logical or analytical, intertwined with intuitive processes and cannot exist independently of them. There appear to be two broad views of intelligence among psychologists. First, intelligence is understood as solving problems or making judgments based on data and/or processes that are informal, vague, or obscure. A criterion for accuracy, plausibility, or value is usually implied, and sometimes explicitly stated; a random assumption is not usually regarded as a manifestation of I. Secondly, I. is understood as a cognitive / emotional step that takes the subject beyond judgment, decision-making or learning in order to achieve a complete understanding and assessment of the individuality, situation or essence of the subject, sometimes with an aesthetic component, and often significantly changing its phenomenal field. Empirical studies of intuition Most of the empirical work, in which the concept of I. is used, was aimed rather at studying the results of decision-making or assessments, rather than at research. the most intuitive process. Nevertheless, there are works in which this process or its sides or correlates are chosen as the main ones. research subject. One line of research that emerged more than 50 years ago is the study of "good judges of personality" and is focused on identifying characteristics of people who have shown particular accuracy in evaluating others. These research. social estimates culminated in the work of Nisbett and Ross on the successes and failures of intuitive social. assessments in a wide range of situations. Nisbett and Ross argue that most people generally act as intuitive scientists, using knowledge structures and evaluative heuristics brought to them by past experience, expectations, informal theories and beliefs, to apply them to a particular situation and reduce complex logical problems to several . appraisal operations. Estimates of situation parameters, probabilities, causal efficacy, relevance, etc., may or may not be accurate. Nisbett and Ross compare estimates given by subjects who act as intuitive scientists with estimates made by scientists using explicit methods. In general, the estimates of intuitive scientists are less accurate than the judgments of professional scientists. Generally, this lack of precision is not a big deal, although it can be fatal at times. In addition, by making predictions in the social. situations, people tend to act in such a way as to make them come true, confirming that. their ratings. Nisbett and Ross analyzed in detail the foundations of intuitive value judgments that are expressed by every person throughout life, and proposed methods that allow people to become more skilled and accurate in their inferential behavior. Then, according to these authors, it is obvious that I. or intuitive behavior is a natural person. tendency to draw conclusions based on incomplete information. and incomplete transactions. Unfortunately, there are no data on individual differences, i.e., it is not clear whether some people are consistently more successful than others, or even more successful than a professional scientist. In contrast to the work of Nisbett and Ross, Res. Malcolm Westcott focuses on individual differences, proceeding from the definition of intuitive thinking as "drawing conclusions based on missing data, for which a much larger amount of information is usually required." This definition clarifies the minimum explicit data base as well as the accuracy of the conclusions, as evidenced by reaching a consensus. On a large number of samples of subjects with higher education, convincing evidence was obtained that different people needed different amounts of information. before they were ready to propose solutions, and that people varied widely in their share of success in solving problems. Most importantly, these two behaviors did not correlate with each other. That. people who corresponded to the definition of "intuitive" with great constancy solved problems accurately and demanded values. less information. for this than others. In addition, it turned out to be possible to identify three other groups of subjects: those who used a small amount of inform. and was constantly mistaken in his decisions; those who demanded significantly more information than others and were consistently successful in their decisions; and those who demanded excessive information, but, nevertheless, were often mistaken. Finally, an empirical phenomenological description of I. as an experiment was undertaken by Margaret Denis. She used the concept of I. as "integrative and holistic knowledge beyond reason" ("an integrative and holistic cognition beyond reason"). In interviewing adult learners, Denis identified an incomplete set of 18 intuitive learning characteristics that can interact with each other in the learning process and create experiences that go beyond more traditional notions of learning. The experience of I. reaching this holistic cognition was described by various interviewees in cognitive terms, in a physiologist. terms as focused on self-consciousness, as involving expression of the unconscious, etc. Summary The term I. has many meanings and a very long history of research, both in philosophy and psychology. The parameters given below outline the space within which the concepts of I. 1. I. lie as a non-sensory process of cognition of non-empirical truth, as in the intuitive cognition of God (Spinoza). 2. I. as a non-sensory process of cognition of empirical truth, as in the perception of possibilities (Jung). 3. I. as a conclusion or assessment, osn. on partial or obscure information. or processes (Nisbett and Ross, Westcott). 4. I. as a step beyond reason and logical conclusion to complete understanding or comprehension (Allport, Bastik, Denis). 5. I. as the disclosure of truth, by definition (Spinoza). 6. And as an error-prone process (Nisbett and Ross). It should be noted that the unification of all the above concepts of I. is a task of a different scale. There are concepts of I., which see a gap between I. and reason and place them in relation to each other as complementary, antagonistic, or alien. Dr. concepts of I. see the continuity of the transition from reason to I., based on the dimension "implicitness-explicitness of signs (tips) and data", or on the dimension "informal-formal use of inference strategies". See also Abstract Intelligence, Contextual Association by M. R. Westcott

Intuition(Late Latin contemplation, from Latin intueor - I look closely), the ability to make the right decisions, bypassing intermediate results. An intuitive solution can arise both as a result of intense reflection on the solution of the issue, and without it.

Intuition- the ability of direct, immediate comprehension of the truth without preliminary logical reasoning and without evidence.

In some currents of philosophy, intuition is interpreted as a divine revelation, as a completely unconscious process, incompatible with logic and life practice (intuitionism). Various interpretations of Intuition have something in common - emphasizing the moment of immediacy in the process of cognition, in contrast (or in opposition) to the mediated, discursive nature of logical thinking.

Materialistic dialectics sees the rational grain of the concept of Intuition in the characteristic of the moment of immediacy in cognition, which is the unity of the sensible and the rational.

The process of scientific knowledge, as well as various forms of artistic development of the world, are not always carried out in a detailed, logically and factually demonstrative form. He often grasps a difficult situation in his mind, for example, during a military battle, determining the diagnosis, the guilt or innocence of the accused, etc. The role of Intuition is especially great where it is necessary to go beyond the existing methods of cognition in order to penetrate into the unknown. But Intuition is not something unreasonable or superreasonable. In the process of intuitive cognition, all the signs by which the conclusion is made, and the methods by which it is made, are not realized. Intuition does not constitute a special path of cognition that bypasses sensations, ideas and thinking. It is a peculiar type of thinking, when individual links of the process of thinking are carried in the mind more or less unconsciously, and it is the result of the thought - the truth - that is most clearly realized.

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